Environmental Science and EngineeringENVIRONMENT, ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERSITY DEFINITION, SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE Environmental science is the study of nature and the facts about environment. Basically environment can be defined as “all the social, economical, physical & chemical factors that surrounds man” (or) “all abiotic and biotic components around man-all living and non living things surrounds man”. Environment Components can be divided into biotic and abiotic components. According to ancient man the environment was the Panchaboodhas (i.e) air, water, land, sky and energy. The human were disciples of nature. They were able to protect themselves from harmful one and protect the others. But according to modern man the env. is only air land and water. Exploitation of various earth resources to satisfy the increasing needs of human population has resulted in 1) depletion of various resources of earth 2) pollution. Principles of environmental education: Examine the major environmental issues discover the root cause develop problem solving skills promote co-operation in solving problems emphasis active participation in prevention and solution to problems. Scope of environmental science: Studying the interrelationship between the components of env. Carrying out impact analysis and env. Audit Preventing pollution from existing and new industries Stopping the use of biological and nuclear weapons Managing unpredictable disasters etc. Public awareness: Environmental Pollution or problems cannot be solved by mere laws. Public participation is an important aspect which serves the environmental Protection. Public awareness of environmental Is at infant stage 30-40% of public of developing country are aware of environmental. Problems but they do not bother about it. Ignorance and incomplete knowledge has lead to misconceptions Environmental Science and Engineering Development and improvement in std. of living has lead to serious environmental disasters Debate on environmental Issues are treated as anti-developmental Reasons for environmental Ignorance: science, technology and economics failed to integrate the knowledge on environmental Aspects in curriculum the decision makers do not process environmental Angle of decision making consideration of economic growth, poverty eradication has lead to environmental Degradation only few developmental activities are made considering the environmental Aspects. Need For Public Awareness: The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held at Reo de Janeiro in 1992 (popularly known as „Earth Summit‟) and world summit on sustainable development at Johannesburg in 2002, have highlighted the key issues of global environmental concern. They have attracted the attention of people. Any government at its own cannot achieve the goals of clear environment until the public participate in action. Public participation is possible only when the public is aware about the ecological and environmental issues. Eg. Ban- the littering of polythene. Methods to propagate environmental Awareness: 1. Among students through education – introducing environmental studies in the curriculum. 2. Among public through mass media- environmental programmmes through TV, radio etc. 3. Among decision makers, planners, leaders etc. Role of NGOs 1. Advise the government in interacting with ground level people 2. Organize public meetings to create environmental awareness Eg. Recent report of „centre for science and environment‟ on permissible limits of pesticides in cola drinks. Public awareness is needed in the area 1. study of natural resources-conservation and management 2. ecology and biodiversity – conservation 3. environmental Pollution and prevention Environmental Science and Engineering 4. social issues related to development and environment 5. human population and environment. Concept Of Ecosystem: Living organisms cannot be isolated from their non-living environment because the later provides materials and energy for the survival of the farmer. An ecosystem is therefore defined as a natural functional ecological unit comprising of living organisms and their non-living environment that interact to form a stable self supporting system . Eg. Pond, lake, desert, grassland, forest, etc. Ecosystems Ecology – earnest Haeckal- 1869 –derived from „oikos‟ – home , logy – study -deals with the study of organisms in their natural home interacting with their surroundings. Ecosystem – Tansley (1935) – self regulating group of biotic communities of species interacting with one another and with their non-living environment exchanging energy and matter Ecosystem characteristics Structural features – composition and organization of biological communities and abiotic components constitute – Structure of Ecosystem Biotic structure – Plants , animals , microorganisms – form biotic components – nutritional behavior and status in the ecosystem – producers or consumers – how do they get their food. Structure of Ecosystem 1. Abiotic or non-living components or physical components 2. Biotic or Living components 3. Energy components. Abiotic Components: Abiotic components enter the body of living directly or indirectly take part in metabolic activities and return to environment. Abiotic components are as follows 1. Atmosphere –The cover of air that envelopes the earth is known as atmosphere. Compostion – Nitrogen-78%, oxygen- 2%, other gases- 1% 2. Lithosphere or Interior of Earth – Solid Earth –Radius 6371- density -5.5 3. Hydrosphere – 97% earth‟s water is in oceans – Fresh water – 3%. animals .extends from 50-85 kms. photo.Temperature (-2ºC to -56ºC ). Crust – top most layer.3 – Thickness – 2860 – density increases with depth.temperature very high due to solar radiation. It is home for human beings and wild life.Ozone layer 3. temperature- 2.Temperature drops to (-95ºC) 4. Mantle – average density 3.solid thickness 30 – 40 Km in continents and 5 – 6 km in oceans.essential for photosynthetic activity of plants. Ionosphere or Thermosphere –extends up to 500 kms. Exosphere – extends up to 1600 km. N2 . Interior of Earth or Lithosphere: Three major Zones 1. 2.50 kms. Co2 . Core – (outer core – solid . Oxygen – support life on living organism. Mesosphere. It is store house of minerals and organic matter. Metamorphic. Environmental Science and Engineering Structure of Atmosphere: Five Layers 1.light) Chemotrops or Chemosynthetic organisms – Chemicals Consumers – feeding upon other organisms . Troposphere –lower portion – extends from 0-18 kms. Stratosphere -18. Temperature – raises up to 1200ºC 5. Functions of Atmosphere: It maintains heat balance on the earth by absorbing IR radiation.essential nutrient for plant growth. microorganisms – form biotic components – nutritional behavior and status in the ecosystem – producers or consumers – how do they get their food. 2. Sedimentary. 3. Producers – Photosynthesis – photoautotroph (auto – self. depth – 2900 km from the surface of the earth – density -12 – not exact composition. inner core – liquid). Functions of Lithosphere: 1. Functions of Ecosystems Ecosystem characteristics Structural features – composition and organization of biological communities and abiotic components constitute – Structure of Ecosystem Biotic structure – Plants . Rocks of the earth crust – 3 types – Igneous . rat. Functional Attributes. 1. P. Food chain. Humans. major essential nutrients – C. Sequence of eating and being eaten in an ecosystem. crabs. Environmental Science and Engineering Types – Herbivores – Plant eating animals – primary consumers Eg . Primary and secondary production 5. H. Physical factors – sunlight .annual rainfall. Food web and trophic structure. Omnivores – feed on both plants and animals – eg. – physical and chemical components of an ecosystem. Ecosystem development programme Food Chains . Cycling of Nutrients (Biogeochemical cycles) 4. S. fox. O.(Detritus feeder or Saprotrophs ) – feed on dead on organisms or decomposed matter eg. matter cyling. soil type. termites. –strong influence on the ecosystem. temperature . beetles.feed on other carnivores – Tertiary / Consumers. rabbit Carnivores – Feed on consumers – Secondary Consumers . Detritivores . water currents etc. Grass Grasshopper Frog snake Hawk (Grassland Ecosystem) Grazing food chains – Starts with green plants. N.ants . 2. Energy flow 3. Abiotic Structure. Biotic Components – Abiotic components and viceversa – linked through – energy flow. earthworms. Decomposers – nutrition breaking down in to complex organic molecules to simpler organic organic compounds – bacteria and fungi. Chemical factors. water availability. Grass Rabbit Fox Phytoplanktons Zooplanktons Small fish Carnivores (fish) . produces transfer of food energy known as food chain. Producers Consumer I order Consumer II order Decomposers (Plants) (Deer) (Tiger. Environmental Science and Engineering Food Web . It flows from producer level to consumer level and never in the reverse direction. The process of energy flow involves transfer of energy from autotrophs to various components of heterotrophs and help in maintaining bio diversity. For living organisms. fungi) FOOD WEB: The food relationship between various organisms is being depicted by linking all the possible prey and predators of different food level. Network of food Chains ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM: Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. it is the basic force responsible for running all the metabolic activities. In an ecosystem linking of feeding habit relations will provide a food web. The flow of energy in an ecosystem is unidirectional. About 80% of energy is lost during flow of energy from one trophic level to the next one. The flow of energy from producer level to top consumer level is called energy flow. Small herbivores consume the vegetable matter and convert into animal matter which in turn eaten by large carnivores. Lion) (Bacteria. This sequence of eaten and being eaten . The main source of energy in the ecosystem is sunlight. Mouse snake Grass Rabbit Hawk Grasshopper Lizard . Sun Producer Herbivores Carnivores Top carnivores Decomposers ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION FOOD CHAIN Plants by photosynthesis convert solar energy into protoplasm. Grassland ecosystem – pyramid of number – upright pyramid birds insects Worms grass Parasite ecosystem – pyramid of number – inverted pyramid Bacteria. biomass and energy of various energy levels is called ecological pyramid. fungi Parasites Birds Tree . The graphical representation of the number. Types of ecological pyramids: a) pyramid of numbers b) pyramid of biomass c) pyramid of energy Eg. Environmental Science and Engineering ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS: The energy biomass and number of organisms gradually decreases from the producer level to the consumer level. In any ecological pyramid the producer forms the base and the successive levels form the tires which can make the apex. The total mass of herbivores in an ecosystem will generally be less than the total mass of plants. Similarly the total mass of carnivores will be less than the total mass of herbivores. FOREST ECOSYSTEM Definition: It is a natural ecosystem consisting of dense growth of trees and wild animals Types: tropical – deciduous. deer etc. temperature etc Biotic : forest trees. evergreen. Secondary – snakes. wet green Littoral and swamps Sub tropical Characteristics: Abiotic: soil. tigers etc Decomposers : fungi. lizards etc Tertiary – lions. bacteria Functional components: Ecological pyramids (upright) lions lizards deers trees . sun light. Environmental Science and Engineering MAJOR TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS a. birds. shrubs and animals Structure: Producer : trees and shrubs Consumer : Primary – elephants. – fires are common in dry seasons – termite mounds produce methane – leads to fire – high in photosynthesis – deliberate burning leads to release of high CO2 – global warming. Components: Structural Components: Abiotic: soil pH. Environmental Science and Engineering GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM: dominated by grass – few shrubs and trees are also found – rainfall average but erratic – overgrazing leads to desertification. climatic conditions. Functional components: Ecological pyramid birds insects Worms grass . etc. Three types – depending on the climate 1. Polar grasslands – found in arctic polar region – organism – arctic wolf. etc. – A thick layer of ice remains frozen under the soil surface throughout the year – known as permafrost – summer insects and birds appear. nutrients. soil moisture. Eg. 2. Biotic: grass. 3. worms. temp. Very cold winter and very hot summer . Tropical grass lands – found near the boarders of tropical rain forests. caterpillar. Temperate grasslands – flat and gentle slopes of hills. etc. fox. insects. giraffes etc. Savannas in Africa. Animals – Zebra. butterfly.dry summer fires do not allow shrubs and trees to grow – soil is quite fertile – cleaned for agriculture. birds. Fresh water systems are classified as lentic and lotic ecosystems. especially during summer is a common one. swimming etc. cold desert-China-Gobi desert Characteristics: 1. aquatic plants. cattle bathing. 2. .AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM Definition: Deals with water bodies and biotic communities present in them-Classified as fresh water and marine ecosystems. Climate is hot 3. bathing. tropical desert-found in Africa-Sahara and Rajasthan –Thar 2. fishes etc. insects. Pond ecosystem: Small fresh water ecosystem – seasonal in nature – organisms: algae. Annual rainfall is less than 25 cm 4. Types: 1. Air is dry 2. Lake ecosystem: Big fresh water ecosystem – Zonation or stratification. temperate desert-south California-Majave 3. Environmental Science and Engineering Energy flow: Grass worms Insects small birds huge birds Decomposition sediments c. Ponds are very often exposed to anthropogenic pressure like cloth washing. Vegetation is poor d. DESERT ECOSYSTEM Types: 1. nutrient rich. euphotic zone – abundant sunlight 2.oligotrophic lakes – with less nutrient content – eutrophic lakes – with very high nutrient content due to fertilizer contamination – desert salt lakes – that contains high saline water due to over evaporation – volcanic lakes – formed by water emitted from magma due to volcanic eruptions – dystrophic lakes – that contains highly acidic water (low pH) – endemic lakes – lakes that contain many endemic species – etc. oils. River ecosystem: large streams flowing from mountain highlands are rivers. – provide Fe. This is because large surface area of running water provides more oxygen supply. Mg. Dal lake in Srinagar. Oceans: Gigantic reservoirs of water covering >70% of earth surface – 2. nutrients are brought – deposited in plains and delta – very rich in biodiversity.50. prone to anthropogenic activities – Littoral zone Second layer – enough sunlight. Second phase – gentle slopes of hills – warmer – supports the growth of plants and fishes that require less oxygen are seen. Stream organisms have to face extreme difference in climatic conditions but they do not suffer from oxygen deficiency as pond and lake organisms. 4. mountain highlands – rushing down water fall of water – large quantity of dissolved oxygen – plants attached to rocks and fishes that require more oxygen are found. Rotifers Nektons – that swims in water eg. 3. 3. sand etc. Estuary: coastal area where river meet ocean – strongly affected by tidal actions – very rich in nutrients – very rich in biodiversity also – organisms are highly tolerant – many species are endemic – high food productivity – however to be protected from pollution. warm. natural gas. Two zones: coastal zone – warm. 1. shallow – high sunlight – high primary productivity.000 species – huge variety of sea products. Snails Types of lakes : Many types. Fishes Neustons – that float on the surface of water Benthos – that attached to sediments eg. Streams: fresh water ecosystem where water current plays a major role. The animals have very narrow range of tolerance towards oxygen deficiency. Naini lake in Nainital Organisms: planktons – phytoplankton eg. 2. Algae – zooplankton eg. drugs etc. Three phases: 1. Thus stream are worst victims of industrial pollution. Third phase: river shapes the land – lots of silts. – major sinks of carbon di oxide – regulate biochemical cycles. high primary productivity – Limnetic zone Third layer – very poor or no sunlight – Profundal zone Eg. abyssal zone – dark zone – world‟s largest ecological unit. Environmental Science and Engineering Top layer – shallow. bathyal zone – dim sunlight 3. Open sea – away from continental shelf – vertically divided in to 3 zones. . Oxygen and nutrient content are uniform. varieties and species. Environmental Science and Engineering Characteristics: Structural Components: Abiotic: pH. diversity-variety). fishes. Functional components: Ecological pyramid birds fishes Worms. plants and animals (producers. .O. Thus biodiversity is the total variety of life on our planet. the total number of races. Biotic: Phytoplankton. The sum of total of various types of microbes. snails insects. etc. etc. climatic conditions. nutrients. insects phytoplankton Energy flow: Phytoplankton Insects small fishes huge fishes Decomposition sediments INTRODUCTION TO BIODIVERSITY Biodiversity is the abbreviated word for “biological diversity” (bio-life or living organisms. D. consumers and decomposers) in a system. birds. temp. makes the world beautiful. colour and inter relationship). Species diversity describes the number of kinds of organisms within individual communities or ecosystems. desert or mountain can also have high conc. environment with similar climatic. Insects make up more than one half of all known species and may comprise more than 90% of all species on earth. by research expeditions. Biodiversity Hotspots: Most of the world‟s biodiversity are near the equator especially tropical rain forest and coral reefs. Each species in the biosphere has its own significance. Of all the world‟s species. topographic and soil conditions and roughly comparable biological communities (Eg. There are 1. New Zealand. It is the combination of different organisms that enables the biosphere to sustain human race. life occurs in a marvelous spectrum of size. shape. food webs and material recycling. unusual collection of species. But based on new discoveries. They are 1 ecosystem diversity 2 species diversity 3 genetic diversity Ecosystem or ecological diversity means the richness and complexity of a biological community. The biomes shelter an astounding variety of living organisms (from driest desert to dripping rain forest. only 10-15% live in North America and Europe. taxonomists estimate there are between 3-50 million different species may be alive today. ecological processes (which capture energy). with an area twice as large. Significance of Biodiversity: Biosphere is a life supporting system to the human race. including tropic levels. South Africa and California are all mid-latitude area isolated by barriers that prevent mixing up of biological communities from other region and produce rich. has only 1400 species. for instance. The concept of biodiversity may be analyzed in 3 different levels. the biodiversity. Genetic diversity is a measure of the variety of versions of same gene within individual species. mainly in tropics. South America has 200 000 species of plants. The Malaysian Peninsula. Grassland. forest). of unique species and biodiversity. The variety of living organisms. Areas isolated by water.4 million species known presently. . while Britain. has at least 8000 species of flowing plants. Biodiversity is must for the stability and proper functioning of the biosphere. Biodiversity is vital for a healthy biosphere. Environmental Science and Engineering Biomes can be considered life zones. from highest mountain to deepest ocean trenches. nutrient cycling and food production all depend on biodiversity. animals and microbes to be more than $30 billion per year. About 80. Environmental Science and Engineering Besides these biodiversity is so important due to having consumptive use values.000 edible plants could be used by human. Removal of forest-cover for road laying and also due to soil erosion Illegal trade of wild life Population explosion. farmers prefer hybrid reeds. construction of dam.Malaria treatment Morphine – poppy bark – Analgesic Twenty years before. discharge of industrial effluents use of pesticides. The United Nations Development Programme derived from developing world plants. Threats to biodiversity: Due to Habitat loss Deforestation activities (cutting trees for timber. In many environments. air and water purification. . Now the remission rate for childhood leukemia is 99%. For natural medicinal products Penicillin – fungus is the source – Antibiotic Quinine – chincona bark . waste disposal. childhood leukemia was fatal. many plant species become extinct Increase in the production of pharmaceutical companies made several number of medicinal plants and species on the verge of extinction. removal of medicinal plants) Production of hybrid seeds requires wild plants as raw material. social values. ethical values and aesthetic values. high diversity may help biological communities to withstand environmental stress better and to recover more quickly than those with fewer species. Benefits of biodiversity: We benefit from other organism in many ways. Drugs and medicine: Living organisms provides many useful drugs and medicines. productive use values. solar energy absorption. Even insignificant organisms can play irreplaceable roles in ecological systems or the source of genes or drugs that someday become indispensable. Eg. Ecological benefits: Human life is inextricably linked to ecological services provided by other organisms. once the drugs were not introduced. Food: Many wild plant species could make important contributions to human food suppliers either as they are or as a source of material to improve domestic crops. Soil formation. Species die put and are replaced by others as part of evolutionary change. can support more individuals of given species and therefore less likely to suffer extinction due to genetic problems and natural catastrophes. In-situ or on-site conversion 2. Conservation of biodiversity: In general biodiversity is generally disturbed by human activities. Habitat fragmentation reduces the biodiversity because many animals like bears and large cats require large territories to subsist. Human caused reduction: The climate change caused by our release of green house gases in the atm. the elimination of species. illegal trade and smuggling activities most of our valuable fauna are under threat organised crime has moved into illegal wild life smuggling because of huge profit Eg. Elephant – for ivory tusk. Environmental Science and Engineering Poaching of wild life Due to poaching. Eg. Fragmentation. To solve the problems. The American passenger pigeon was the world‟s most abundant bird. Deer – for hides. market hunting and habitat destruction caused the entire population to crash with in 20 years. horns and folk medicines also affect the biodiversity in an abrupt manner. Commercial products: Smuggling of fuels. it is essential to protect our bio diversity by two ways. (Extinction. could have catastrophic effects. Rhinoceros – for horns. Woodlands and grasslands are converted now use about 10% of the world‟s land surface for crop production and about twice the amount for pasture and grasslands. In spite of this vast population. Ex-situ conservation In-situ conservation: Conservation of species in its natural habitat. Tiger.) Hunting: Over harvesting is responsible for depletion or extinction of many species. A large island for example. Star turtle – sold to foreign market. Human disturbance of natural habitat is the largest single cause pf loss of biological diversity. is a normal process of the natural world. there are 9800 protected areas and 1500 national parks . Sea Horse. Some forest birds reproduce only in deep forest or habitat far from human settlement. in place where the species normally occurs The strategy involves establishing small or large protected areas. called protected areas Today in world. hides. 1. national parks and sanctuaries (Eg) Mudumalai.g. seed bank 5.situ conservation: It involves maintenance and breeding of endangered plant and animal species under partially or wholly controlled conditions in zoos. shortage term propagation and release 3. transpiration. precipitation of surface run off and ground water 4. vedanthangal 3. What are the important components of environment? Abiotic or non-living components Biotic or living component Energy component 3. gardens and laboratories The crucial issue for conservation is to identify those species which are more at risk of extinction. vegetables and fruits to maintain traditional crop varieties. reproductive technology (i) embryo transfer technology (ii) cloning Review questions: 1. animal translocation and re introductions 4. its biotic and abiotic components and their interrelationships.e. from the environment to the organism and back to the environment. Give example. The continuous circulation of all the essential elements and compounds required for life. long term captive breeding 2. Environmental Science and Engineering Methods: 1. Ex. What are the processes involved in hydrological cycle? Continuous evaporation. It is a store house minerals and organic matters . 2. carbon cycle 5. Nature or biosphere reserves (Eg) Nilgiri Bio reserve 2. Methods: 1.. What are the functions of lithosphere? It is a home for human beings and wild lives. on farm and home garden conservation for plants. Define Environmental science Environmental science is the study of the environment. Define biogeochemical cycle. Pressure group Watch dog Advisory council Enforcing the environmental laws 7. hydrosphere and atmosphere in which living organisms live and interact with one another is called biosphere . Explain biosphere? The part of lithosphere. Environmental Science and Engineering 6. Mention the various types of public participation. carbon oxides. Gaseous pollutants – sulphur oxides. radioactive substances etc. Types of environmental pollution:- a) Air pollution b) Water pollution c) Soil pollution d) Marine pollution e) Noise pollution f) Thermal pollution g) Nuclear hazards a)AIR POLLUTION: It is an atmospheric. which can cause undesirable effects on man and his environment. particulate matter. chemical or biological characteristics of any component of the environment (air. soil) which can cause harmful effects on various forms of life or property. Ex. condition where certain substances are present in conc. Environmental Science and Engineering UNIT 2: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION-DEFINITION:- Any undesirable change in the physical. dust. liquid droplets. volatile organic compounds Particulate pollutants – smoke. nitrogen oxides. pollen grains Radio active pollutants – Radon 222. soot. aerosol. fumes. Sr 90 . Gases. water. Iodine 131. Volcanic eruption thermal power plants (fly ash. CO2) Fertilizer plants Textile mills Refineries Paper and pulp mills Classification of air pollutants: Air pollutants According to origin According to state of matter Primary pollutants secondary pollutants (SO2.more NOX and SPM Petrol vehicles – CO & HC) 4. mist) . aldehydes) Gaseous air particulate air pollutants pollutants (CO2. Forest fires industrial units 3. smoke) (PAN. NOX-8%)- (Heavy duty diesel vehicles. NOX) (dust. Environmental Science and Engineering Sources of air pollution Natural sources man made sources(anthropogenic) 1. SO3. Pollen grains of flowers Agricultural activities Metallurgical plants (SO2. Biological decay vehicle emission- (CO-77%. SO2) 2. NOX. HC-14%. Sea salt spray fossil fuel burning 5. oil damages lungs and heart and coal furnaces 5 Cadmium oil and coal furnaces Damages kidney 6 Chlorine Chemical industries Attacks respiratory tracks. soot and many other like formaldehyde. Burning of fuel produce pollutants like CO. Irritates eyes. concrete. Upper respiratory passage dye making. Pollutant Sources Effects on human 1 Aldehydes Thermal Irritates nasal and respiratory tracts decomposition of fats and oils 2 Ammonia Chemical processes. Environmental Science and Engineering Indoor air pollution: Radon is an important air pollutant. Effects of air pollution: Effects on human: Human respiratory system has a number of mechanisms for protection from air pollution. tiles etc. Bigger particles (> 10 micro m) can be trapped by the hairs and sticky muscus lining in the nose. lung and skin cancer 4 Carbon Monoxide Motor exhausts. which are derived from soil containing radium. No. BAP is also found in cigarette smoke and is considered to cause cancer. explosives and fertilizers 3 Arsenic Coal and oil furnaces Damages kidney. benzo(a)pyrene (BAP) are toxic and harmful for health. It can be emitted from building materials like bricks. cause jaundice. A person using wood as fuel for cooking inhales BAP equivalent to 20 packets of cigarette a day. SO2. S. bad refineries odour 9 Nitrogen oxides Motor vehicle Bronchitis exhaust . causes nausea. mucous membranes 7 Hydrocarbons Unburnt gasoline Fog formed with combination of vapours NOx affects respiratory system 8 Hydrogen Sulfide Sewage treatment. Using mass transport 7. asthma. radioactive waste. 8. pathogens (bacteria. protozoa fungi) 4. suspended matter 2. industrial effluent etc. aggressive asthma reactions 11 Sulphur dioxide Coal and oil Obstructs breathing. Using less polluting fuels 6. Using non conventional energy 2. sediments . lung cancer Control of air pollution: 1. Non-point source Ex: agricultural land (pesticides. Environmental Science and Engineering 10 Ozone Photochemical Eye irritation. Setting of industries of EIA 9. Using bio filters 3. fungi. thermal discharge 3. cyclone filter etc. Reducing vehicle exhausts 5. construction sites) Classification of water pollutants: 1. inorganic. air manufactures suffocation. mining. biological) in such quantities so as to constitute a health hazard by lowering the water quality and making it unfit for use. oil. Removal of particulate matter using electrostatic precipitator. synthetic organic pollutants 6. irritates eyes combustion 12 Suspended solids Industrial Eye irritation. Causes: Point source Ex: flow of water pollutants from sewerage system. Removal of NOX from vehicle exhaust b)WATER POLLUTION: Presence of foreign impurities (organic. natural organic pollutants 5. inorganic chemicals 7. fertilizers. Planting more trees 4. phosphate. affect the flora cause creates anaerobic conditions 7. highly turbid and very hard water is unpleasant to drink. domestic treatment screening sedimentation filtration. thermal discharge in stream depletes D O 9. radioactive pollution enter human body through food and get accumulated in thyroid gland. Environmental Science and Engineering Effects of water pollution 1. Objectionable colour and odour is unacceptable and unsuitable for drinking and other purposes. monitoring 3. lead may reach human body through contaminated food. nitrate. acid and alkaline water cause serious health problem 4. cholera. Control measures of water pollution 1. waste water treatment preliminary treatment primary treatment secondary treatment advanced treatment . Industrial effluents result in addition of poisonous chemicals such as arsenic. non biodegradable waste and pesticides travel the food chain and ultimately reach human where they accumulate in fatty tissues 8. liver. bones and muscles 6. lay down standard for a. promote the growth of algae and encourage eutrophication 10. dysentery. pH adjustment disinfection b. water borne infectious enteric disease like typhoid. disposal of waste water into water course/sewer/land 2. food processing 3. mercury. drinking water b. 2. treatment a. are the predominant health hazard arising from drinking contaminated water 5. biodegradable waster deplete D O in the receiving stream. Causes:- Industrial waste Urban waste Agricultural practices Radioactive pollutants Biological agent Effects:- Affect human health Affect soil fertility Reduce soil productivity Cause abnormalities Control measures:- Properly collect solid waste Microbial degradation Recovery of products from waste For methane generation. hindrance to fishery and impairment of quality for use of sea water. hazards to human health. Sources: waste disposal oil spill thermal pollution (plants located nearby coastal areas) ship breaking activities aquaculture practices nuclear test conducted in seas and oceans Effects: disturb entire aquatic or marine ecosystem oil has suffocation effect on most aquatic animals . Causes:- Rivers Catchment area Oil drilling and shipment. use cattle dung For biogas generation. Environmental Science and Engineering C) SOIL POLLUTION:- The contamination of soil by human and natural activities which may cause harmful effects on living beings. use biodegradable organic waste d) MARINE POLLUTION:- The discharge of waste substances into the sea resulting in harm to living resources. Noise is measure in terms of SPL which is a log ratio of sound P to a std. Sound can affect ears either by loudness or by pitch (frequency). e) NOISE POLLUTION:- Sound is mechanical energy from a vibrating source Unpleasant and unwanted sound is called noise Sound can propagate through air. birds and mammals. Prevent sewer overflows Minimize coastal developmental activities Oil ballast should not be dumped into sea. P. liquid or solid Sound is pressure perturbation in the medium through which it travels. coral reefs. hazards waste and sewage sludge. The international reference P is 2X10 power -5 Pa. There may be chances for bioaccumulation and bio magnification in the food chain due to the disposal of non-degradable wastes Oil promotes anaerobic conditions by preventing diffusion of oxygen from air Disposal of radio active wastes cause chronic. The number of c and r per unit time is called frequency. zooplankton. Sound pressure creates alternate compression and rarefaction. . algal species. of water and DO may be depleted which causes danger. A logarithmic scale has been devised. acute and genetic damage Affects the recreational activity along the beaches Affect sensitive flora and fauna Loss of buoyancy Affect phytoplankton. Control measures:- Ban to dump the toxic. It has a dimensionless unit decibel (dB). Environmental Science and Engineering smaller animals can be caught in oil envelope and die thermal Pollution may increase the temp. The CPCB has recommended the permissible noise levels for various places. Sound pressure does not produce linear impact on human. fish. Motor cycle – 90 dB 7. Air conditioning unit/ Light traffic – 60 dB 9. Construction works. Electric home appliances Nanjing – 105 dB Rome – 90 dB Calcutta – 85 dB Mumbai – 82 dB Delhi – 80 dB Effects of noise pollution: Interferes communication Hearing damage (90 dB) Physiological and Psychological disorders . Threshold of hearing – 0 dB Sources of noise pollution: 1. Celebrations 5. Recorded music (max) – 130 dB 5. Industrial units 2. Normal living room – 50 dB 10. news paper press – 100 dB 6. Construction activities 4. Library or soft whisper – 30 B 11. Rocket engine – 180 dB 2. Environmental Science and Engineering Area Permissible noise level(dB) Day Night Industrial 75 70 Commercial 65 55 Residential 55 45 Silent Zone 50 40 Sounds and their decibel scale: 1. Threshold of pain – 140 dB 4. Ordinary conservation – 70/80 dB 8. Transportation modes 3. Jet plane take off – 150 dB 3. Environmental Science and Engineering Noise pollution during Diwali: The environmental (protection) (2nd amendment) Rule 1999 has given the permissible limit of noise level produced from fire crackers to be 125 dB. According to recent test reports on fire crackers by National Physical Laboratory, the fire crackers available in the market produce noise beyond the permissible limit. Atom bomb – 135-138 dB Hydrogen bomb – ” The Union Government and all the state governments shall follow the guidelines of amendment 89 of env. (Protection) Rule 1986 framed under Env. (Protection) Act 1986 which says 1. The manufacture, sale or use of fire crackers generating noise level exceeding125dB shall be prohibited. 2. For joined fire crackers the limit is taken as 5log 10 (N) dB; where N= no. of crackers joined together 3. The use of fire crackers shall not be permitted except between 6.00a.m and 10p.m. 4. No crackers burning is permitted in/near silent zone – areas near hospitals, educational institutions, courts, religious places, etc. 5. The State Education Resource Centre shall take appropriate steps to educate students about the ill effects of air and noise pollution. Control of noise pollution: Reduction in source of noise] Noise making machines should be kept in containers with sound absorbing media Proper oiling will reduce noise from machinery Using silencers – fibrous material Planting trees Legislation can prevent excess sound production, unnecessary horn blowing etc. f) THERMAL POLLUTION:- Addition of excess undesirable heat to water Causes:- Nuclear power plant Domestic sewage Hydro electric power Effects:- Reduction inn dissolved oxygen Increase in toxicity Environmental Science and Engineering Direct mortality Control measures:- The following methods should be adopted to control thermal pollution Cooling towers Cooling ponds Spray ponds g) NUCLEAR HAZARDS:- OR RADIO ACTIVE POLLUTION The physical pollution of air, water and soil by radio materials. Causes:- I) Natural causes: Solar rays Radio nuclides in earth‟s crust Environmental radiation II)Anthrogeneic causes:- Medical X-rays Radio isotopes Nuclear test Nuclear installations Nuclear reactor Effects:- Causes skin burns, loss of teeth, vomiting anemia Blood cancer Brain damage Control measures:- Radiation exposure protection Radiation contamination protection Controlled area Disposal of radioactive waste SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:- Any material that is thrown away or discarded as unwanted is considered as solid waste. Types:- Garbage or food waste Rubbish Agricultural waste Environmental Science and Engineering Industrial waste Hazardous waste Cause:- Over population Affluence Technology Effects:- Health hazard Environmental impact Control measures:- Solid waste management include the waste generation Solid waste generation Collection of waste Transportation Storage Segregation of waste Disposal methods Land fills Incineration Composting Collection of solid waste Disposal of solid waste Land fill- Disposal of municipal waste in the upper layers of the earth‟s mantle. Incineration- Burn highly combustible wastes at very high temperature, Composting or Bio degradation- Decompose the organic components of the municipal solid wastes. Take some bag from home to market to purchase.Small hostel village in Japan –Chicago-chemical company produces Venyl polymer plastics-industry release its effluent into Minamata sea-Effluents . Environmental Science and Engineering Waste utilization o Reuse o Recycling o Reclamation Role of an individual in prevention of pollution. Recycle glass metal and paper.India-midnight on December 3.(Air Pollution) Pesticide factory-Union Carbide. television sets and computer when not in use. water and vegetation around 60 km. Gulf War: (Marine Pollution) Gulf war was fought between Iraq and US-Period of 6 weeks in 1991-American fighters dropped a lakh of bombs-force the Iraq army to withdraw from Kuwait- retreat of Iraq-burning of 700 oil wells-near sea shore –oil from well spills out into the sea-the floating oil oversea water nearly 80 km long-burning of oil wells nearly 10 months-released huge amounts of pollutants likeCO2 and SO2 into the atmosphere-1 million birds killed. Chernobyl Disaster : ( Nuclear pollution) Occur at Chernobyl in USSR 28 th April. 4.1984-city.corporation leak large volume of methyl iso cyanate –atmosphere Bhopal.change- gas chamber-within a week 10.- Use stairs instead of elevators Use public transportation walk or ride a bicycle Plant trees around building Turn off lights. Pay immediate attention to leaks in pipes. Bhopal gas tragedy:.000 people died – 1000 people turned blind-lakhs of people still continue to suffer various diseases 2. Compost garden waste Segregate waste and recycle Buy locally made long losing material Buy environmentally degradable products.1986-the reactor exploded.000 people-damage to soil. Minamata Disease :( Marine Pollution) Minamata. Install waste saving equipments.result of uncontrolled nuclear reactions-radioactive fuel spread out in to the surrounding areas –killed at least 20. POLLUTION CASDE STUDIES:- 1. 3. Depending on the severity of the quake collapses house and people died in 1000 eg. Clearing of forest for agriculture 4. Pressure of manmade dams. movements of plates of earth Effects: 1. Building wall prevent spilling out the flood water over flood pains 2. FLOOD: Submergence of waste areas of land under water for many days in continuation Causes: 1. Deformation of ground surface 3.Heavy rainfall 2. Earthquake in Bhuj town . reservoir and lakes 4. Underground nuclear testing 2. Sudden Snow melt 3. In hilly and mountain areas may cause land slides which damage the settlement and transport system 4. Volcanic eruption 3. Environmental Science and Engineering containing mercury ions-converted into methyl mercury. Cause Tsunami 2.flood in Bangladesh 1974 EARTHQUAKE: Earthquake is the motion of the ground surface caused by wave motion starting from a focal point Causes: 1. Any product submerged by flood water cannot be rescued Control measures: 1. Industries increase the value and rate of water discharge after a storm Effects: 1.highly toxic consumed by fishes –affect human being through food chain-damage central nervous system-loss of vision and hearing-loss of muscular coordination and severe headache. reduction of run off by increasing infiltration through appropriate forestation eg.nervous disorders DISASTER MANAGEMENT. advance meteorological information will prevent flood damage 3. Soil erosion is the major loss of agriculture 3. Damage to building and property 2. Deep water ground mining 3. Planting of deep rooted vegetation 2. mud. crop yield. block the roads 3. shock.g. Create national parks. transport. Encouragement for construction of bridges water ways 3. damage the houses. Depends on the intensity of the cyclone 2. communication could be very heavy Control measures: 1. construction of dams 3. Radar system is used to detect cyclone eg.P . Earthquake. building should be designed to withstand tremors CYCLONE: Cyclone is meteorological phenomena intense depressions forming over the open oceans and moving towards the land Effects: 1. sanctuaries biosphere.e. Increase erosion of soil 2.land slides in U. The movement of eart materials like coherent rock. planting more trees on hostel areas 2. vibration 2. Environmental Science and Engineering Control measures: 1. life stock Control measures: 1. Government can inform the earthquake prone zone and caution residence 2. soil and debris from higher region to lower due to gravitational pull is called landslide Causes: 1.Cyclone in AP LANDSLIDES. Damage to human life crops roads. movement of heavy vehicles on the unstable sleepy region Effects: 1. What are the types of solid waste? Municipal waste Industrial waste Hazardous waste What is waste minimization? Industrial manufacturing system the primary concern should be reducing the quantities of waste materials produced. 4. 7. What is point source of water pollution? Point source is discharge pollutants at specific locations through pipes. This activity displaces the overlying water in the ocean . 6. Give any three methods of air pollution control equipment Catalytic converters Cyclone collectors Electrostatic precipitators 2. Environmental Science and Engineering Review questions 1. 3. Define the term Tsunami. It is a large wave that are generated in a water body where the sea floor deformed by seismic activity. This avoids the necessity to threat and disposal off such materials. When a sound causes noise pollution? Noise beyond 120 dB 5. Name the chemical constituent of gas that caused death in Bhopal gas tragedy in India. ditches into bodies of surface waters. What is smog? It is a mixture of smoke and fog which forms droplets that remain suspended in the air. Methyl iso cynaide. Around 1/3rd of world land area was found to be forests. 1/5 th of world forests were found in Brazil and 6-7% was in Canada and USA. gum. non edible oils. But the matter under high concern is the declination of forest cover year by year. They act as a blanket on the surface of the earth. wind Human skills water minerals energy Considered to be Available only in Considered to be renewable with finite quantity – available always. Any component which can be transferred in a way such that it becomes more valuable and useful is termed as resource. Environmental Science and Engineering UNIT 3:NATURAL RESOURCES Any component of the env. bamboo and many other important items. Apart from having high commercial importance they provide high environmental services also. food material. FOREST RESOURCES: Forests are one of the most important resources of the world. Ecological uses: 1. drugs. considerable life their rate of renewal span-as long as they is so slow that they have the capacity to are considered as renew – unless they non-renewable are affected by catastrophes or anthrophogenic activity. Reducing global warming – sink for carbon di oxide 3. Solar energy. Clean air. Production of Oxygen: Photosynthesis – earth‟s lungs 2. fire wood. fibers. clean Ground water. resin. rubber. Regulation of hydrological cycle – prevent surface run off – giant sponges – 50-80% moisture . Resources Renewable Non renewable Continuous Extrinsic Eg. Which has intrinsic value of its own is called as resource. Wild life habitat – 7 million species in tropical forests alone 4. medicine. USES OF FOREST: Commercial uses: Forests provide timber. threatens many wild life species due to destruction of natural habitat 2. MAJOR CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION: 1. we have a target of achieving 33% forest area. expansion of urban. flood.90. Soil conservation – hold solid particles tightly and prevent soil erosion – wind breaks 6. hydrological cycle is affected (loss of rainfall. It is estimated that in next 60 years we would lose more than 90% of our tropical forest. Environmental Science and Engineering 5. But it is alarming in tropical countries. wood. drought etc) . Shifting of Cultivation – 300 million people – 5 lakh hectares of forest for slash and burn culture 2. growing food needs 6. road building and clearing of forests. Excessive use of charcoal. soil erosion and loss of soil fertility 5. During this period it is estimated that about 1. hilly regions are made prone to landslides 4. Deforestation rate intemperate countries are relatively moderate. overgrazing CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION 1. As per our NFP. But we still have only 19. INDIAN STATUS: Stabilized since 1982.44 mha land was brought under afforestation. fuel and medicine with growing civilization etc.04% declaration per year between 1982 . developmental projects 5. agricultural and industrial areas and overgrazing have lead to over exploitation and rapid degradation of forests.27% of our land area covered by forests(satellite data). fuel requirement 3. DEFORESTATION: The total forest area of the world in 1900 was 7000 million hectares -1975 – 2900 mha – 2000 – 2300 mha. shelter. biodiversity is lost along with that genetic diversity 3. Pollution moderators: absorb toxic gases and purify air reduce noise pollution OVER EXPLOITATION OF FORESTS: Human beings depend heavily on forests for food. fuel wood. raw materials for industrial use 4. with about 0. shooted up resulting in large scale mining. a developing country can sell its credits to an industrialized country that has exceeded its quota of emissions. that is. For example. Surface mining 2. particularly tree breading species iii) soil erosion and loss of soil fertility iv) migration of tribal people from one place to another in search of new forest v) extinction of tribal people and their culture MINING: Mining is a process of removing ores from area which is very much below the ground level. a country with forests earns emission credits. Forests hold more than 50 per cent of the carbon that is stored in terrestrial vegetation and soil organic matter. Even now. Au. They play an important role in the carbon cycle and the way we manage forests could significantly affect global warming. The Kyoto Protocol on climate change may have a great impact on forest management. the 1999 storms in Europe caused heavy damage to forests and also to trees outside forest areas. If the predicted global warming occurs. Ag. Mining is done for the extraction of several minerals of metals like Fe. Hence. Environmental Science and Engineering TIMBER EXTRACTION AND MINING: The major activities in forest area are 1. and long-lasting. since its forests absorb carbon dioxide. The minerals are especially found in thick forests. underground mining or sub-surface mining The effects of under ground mining on forest reserves is comparatively less than that of surface mining Relation between forest and climate change: Forests both influence and influenced by climate change. mining The important effects of timber extraction are i) thinning of forests ii) loss of biodiversity. Under the Protocol. These credits are tradable. deforestation contributes significantly to net emissions of carbon dioxide into the atm.etc. . Mn. we can see how any extreme weather has great impact on forests. dramatic. the impact on forests is likely to be regionally varied. timber extraction 2. Mining can be carried out in two ways 1. The latter would invest in afforestation and reforestation projects in the developing country. Loss of flora and fauna 3. help in checking flood 5. contribute for economic uplift and growth 4. provides large scale employment of tribal people and increase the std. growth of aquatic weeds 6. Environmental Science and Engineering DAMS – BENEFITS AND PROBLEMS River valley projects with big dams are considered to play a key role in the development of a country. generate electricity 6. Water logging and salinity due to over irrigation 2. salt water intrusion at river mouth 4. India has large number of river valley projects 1. reduce power and water shortage 7. Displacement of tribal people 2. of living of them 3. 2. siltation and sedimentation near reservoir 4. . Environmental problems: The environmental problems can be at upstream as well as downstream Level Upstream problems 1. micro climatic changes 7. loss of fertility due to sediment deposits 5. out break of vector born diseases. breeding of disease vectors Downstream problems 1. provide irrigation water 8. promote navigation and fishery. stagnation and water logging near reservoir 5. micro climatic changes 3. These dams are regarded as symbol of national development. RIS causes earthquakes 8. provide drinking water to remote areas 9. Effects of over utilization of ground water: Reasons: Economic development. Aquifer: The layer of soil which is permeable has the ability to store water is called an aquifer. In our country ~93% of water is used for agricultural purposes. High specific heat 2. 20% for industrial usage. Tropical rain forest 2. Environmental Science and Engineering WATER RESOURCES Water is an indispensible resource. Unconfined aquifer: it is covered by permeable layer. Unique features of water 1. nutrients and pollutants 4. High latent heat of vapourisation 3. Confined aquifer: sandwiched between impermeable layers. High surface tension Global distribution of water is very much random depending on the geographical conditions. Ground water: 9. sand etc. Most of the animals and plants have 60-65% of water in their body. rapid industrial growth and population explosion The use of ground water and surface water rates which are higher than that of recharge ultimately leads to Water scarcity Water logging Salination alkalization . Good solvent for oxygen. Around 97% of world surface is covered with water. It is generally made up of gravel. irrigation and also industrial purposes Out of the total available water 75% is used for agriculture. The recharge of this layer is by rainfall or snowmelt. The recharge is through unconfined aquifer layers.86% of fresh water is ground water and it is 35-50% greater than surface water. 1. ground subsidence. lowering of water table and water logging. Anomalous expansion on freezing 5. Over utilization of ground water: Over utilization of water leads to rapid depletion of water resources. Temperate regions 3. The availability of water decreases in the following order. Deserts Water is used for domestic. are formed. Submerges the flooded area 2. overgrazing. Decrease of run off by infiltration through afforestation or rain water harvesting etc. Deforestation. Water is a valuable commodity and it has to be conserved. surface water body like lake. pond. Forecasting or flood warning 5. mining increases water run off 5. It is the responsibility of everyone to ensure the purity of water. which in turn force to utilize the ground water. whenever the water in flow is greater than the carrying capacity of the channels flood occurs. Flood way should not be encroached 4. snow melt. 2. Prolonged down pour leading to overflowing of rivers and lakes 3. Causes: 1. Flood: over flow of water. sudden release of water from dams. river. Dams and reservoirs can be constructed 2. streams etc. 4. Environmental Science and Engineering water pollution or contamination creates declining of water levels crops failure and reduction in agricultural production over pumping of ground water create drought. famine and food shortage over pumping of ground water sea water intrusion in coastal aquifers land subsidence may due to over pumping of ground water river pollution due to industrial activities and dumping of waste into rivers. . heavy rainfall. Reduction in carrying capacity due to obstructions or sediments etc. Loss of soil fertility due to soil erosion 3. ultimately leads to over pumping Clean water is universal right. Extinction of civilization at costal area Flood management: 1. Surface water: When evaporation and transpiration rates are lower than the rainfall. Removal of dense forests from hilly regions Effects: 1. Embankments and proper channel management 3. subsidence of soil. industrial effluents etc makes land useless and dry Population explosion in man and livestock leads to enhanced requirement of timber. fuel wood. actual moisture supply at a given place consistently falls below critical level. drying of wetlands Pollution of soil with solid waste. Over drafting of ground water. grazing Shifting cultivation Effects: Increase of water in stream pond Ground water table get declined Loss of agricultural crops Loss of biodiversity Government spent a lot of money as drought relief f und Control measures Rain water harvesting Watershed management Prevent deforestation Encourage afforestation . Types: Meterological : in order of month or year. Hydrological: deficiency in surface and subsurface water supplies Agricultural: inadequate soil moisture to meet the need of a particular crop at particular time or susceptibility of crops during different stages in its development Socioeconomic: reduction in the availability of food and social securing of people Causes: Deforestation and lesser rainfalls coupled with cutting of trees for timber leads to desertifictation. Environmental Science and Engineering Drought : Unpredictable delay in climatic condition occurring due to monsoon rain failure. Colorada and Rio Grande. Environmental Science and Engineering CONFLICTS OVER WATER Due to increase in population and decrease in water resources conflicts over water starts Conflicts over the water around world was classified as Control of water resources Military food resources Political resources Terrorism Military targets Development disputes Causes: Conflicts through use 1. reduced in lower basin due to extensive use.Europe Distributional conflict-relative storage Euphrates. Anatolian dam project by turkey Farakka dam in India Distributional conflict: Absolute shortage. Ganges .plataneous in upper basin.2 dam construction Construction of power stations on Conflicts through pollution-rhine river. Shipping traffic in international water . Nile. Jordan Conflicts management: Enact laws to check practices to control water pollution Sharing river solved by interlinking river Power must be given to national water authority and river basin authority and river s-basin authority for equitable distribution of basin water- demand fo0r nationalization of water needs . Deforestation takes place due to removal of vegetal covers. underground mining. Environmental Science and Engineering MINERAL RESOURCES Environmental impacts of over extraction of mineral resources: Depending on the conditions of terrain and depth of ore deposits 2 types of mining operations are carried out. blasting of rocks not only annoying the people nearby. 1. In both types each steps in mining processing produce several environmental effects such as. which leads to drying of wells or sea water intrusion In stone quarries. Deeper excavation of ground causes lowering of water table. Great volume of debris has been generated which disrupt the surface and ground water circulation. FOOD RESOURCES: PROBLEMS FACED BY FOOD RESOURCES Overgrazing modern agriculture Land degradation high yield variety crops Soil erosion micronutrients imbalance Loss of useful species nitrate pollution Eutrophication Pesticide related problems Water logging Salinity . It also reduces the water carrying capacity of streams very close to mining area The stacking of over burden and building of soil banks creates problems of landslides Under ground fire in coalmines is a hazard that is difficult to control Mining and ore processing normally causes air pollution and water pollution The acid water generated in coalmines can pose a serious problem of water pollution. which adversely affects the flora and fauna. but also cause hazard from fly rocks and dusts and damage to buildings due to vibrations The disposal of waste material produced after concentrations of ore create increase concentration of heavy metals and toxic elements in the environment. open cast mining and 2. bacteria. flood. Lantane. drought. pesticides and irrigation water e.eg. compacted soil cannot be used for further cultivation Soil erosion-cover of vegetation gets removed from soil Loss of useful species-good quality grasses and herbs with high nutritive value. viruses. storm Disease and medical facilities Pest damage:-insects. high tech equipment and lots of energy subsides in the form of fertilizers. parasites consume 60% of world‟s food production Hunger Population explosion in rural areas Environmental pollution Lack of water for irrigation Less rainfall due to deforestation Livestock overgrazing Overfishing CHANGES CAUSED BY OVERGRAZING AND AGRICULTURE: Overgrazing: Process of eating away the vegetation along with its roots without giving a chance to regenerate Land degradation-leads to organically poor. Xanthium etc To prevent –match the forage supplement to the herd‟s requirement.g. green revolution Damage to soil Water contamination Water scarcity Global climate change Water logging-results when soil is over irrigated Soil salinity-increase plant productivity. gale. when grazed lose even the root stocks which carry the reserve food for regeneration get destroyed which gives raise to secondary species like parthenium. earthquake. dry. Disease spread easily Micronutrient imbalance e.Switch grass Modern agriculture: The practice through which specific plant species are cared and managed so as to obtain maximum yield of consumable parts of plants –agriculture Makes use of hybrid seeds and selected and single crop variety.g Zinc deficiency-affect soil productivity . Environmental Science and Engineering WORLD FOOD PROBLEMS: Problems mainly under nutrition and malnutrition Natural calamities:-famine. interferes with water uptake by plants Fossil fuels and pesticides produce air pollution Impacts related to high yielding varieties: Monoculture ie the same genotype is grown over vast areas. soil root zone becomes saturated with so much water blocking oxygen supply for growth and soil becomes unsuitable. Tidal. hydropower. Occurs in clayey soil. Environmental Science and Engineering Nitrate pollution-nitrogenous fertilizers applied deep soil contaminates ground water. Industries. mining. transportation. biofuel. electrical energy. washed away into rivers. biomass.coal. water. oil. streams. Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification Mobility through soil. petroleum. cause blue baby syndrome methaemoglobinemia. Solar. heating. Fossil fuels like coal. cooling. So that water table rises close to surface. lighting. Agriculture. Luxurious life.Resources which have accumulated in nature over a long span of time and cannot be quickly replenished when exhausted. natural gas Secondary-petrol. when it rains can harm fishes Creating super pest Death of non starget organisms Salinity Water logging Water logging / salinisation: Saturation of soil with irrigation water or excessive precipitation. hydrogen Non – renewable energy. Water logging results when soils are over irrigated without drainage. Carbondioxide and ethylene accumulate around roots and affects plants ENERGY RESOURCES Growing energy needs: Population explosion.affects infants Eutrophication: Over nourishment of lakes due to agriculture field wash out-leads to algal bloom-dead organic matters increases due to decomposition-leads to oxygen demand Problems associated with pesticide use: Evolution of genetic resistance Imbalance in ecosystem Creation of new pest Persistence. air.wood. building all need energy. wind. natural gas produce 95% of energy Sources of energy Primary- Renewable energy-resources which can be generated continuously in nature and are in exhaustible and can be used again endlessly. geothermal. coal burning . highly pollution renewable concentrated form Available only in few places 2. Difficult to store 4. Lower cost day get exhausted Use of alternate energy sources: Refers to energy sources which are not based on the burning of fossil fuels or the splitting of atoms. Unreliable supply 2.000 times the energy used by man Used to run car. Cost more 5. Reliable supply Limited supply and will one 4. Available in high 1. Produced in small 3. Available for the future Energy non 1. Solar energy: Total energy from sun per year-35. Low cost 2. power plants and spaceships Energy harvesting devises: Solar heat collectors Solar cells „ Solar cooker Solar water heater Solar furnace Solar power plants Wind energy: Average wind velocity of earth -9 m/sec and power produced when a windmill is facing the wind od 10 miles/hr-50 watts.largest wind farm-Kanyakumari in tamilnadu is generating 380 MW electricity . Wide availability 1. Environmental Science and Engineering Energy Advantage Disadvantage renewable 1. Easy to store High running cost 3. Low pollution 4.eg. Decentralized power quantity production 3. natural geysers in Manikaran. The surface of the tropical ocean and at deeper level is called OTE. .g Leucaema.potato. eg.Sugarcane.Energy plantations: Solar energy is trapped by green plants through photosynthesis and converted to biomass e. „About 1/3 of this is lost in sea while the rest in reservoirs and rivers leading to flood. Environmental Science and Engineering Hydro power: Comes from damming of rivers and utilization of high pressure. It has been estimated that more than 5000 million tonnees of top soil is eroded annually along with 5 million tones of nutrients. The soil profile of land determines its ability to serve socio-economic needs. A difference of 20 0c or more is required for operating OTE power plants.kully.cereal-energy plantations Produce energy by burning directly or by getting converted into burnable gas or converted to fuels by fermentation. Sea weeds.sohana Biomass energy Organic matter produced by plants Types: 1. Geothermal energy Energy harassed from the hot rocks inside earth. Sweetbeet aquatic weeds like hyacinth. oil palms rich in hydrocarbons and yield oil like substance under high temperature and pressure-refined to form gasoline LAND RESOURCE Land is critically important national resource which supports all living organisms including plants and animals. its kinetic energy is transformed into turbine blades and used to generate electricity Minimum water falls height-10 m Hydro power potential of India-4x1011KW/Hr Tidal Energy Uses the natural motion of tides to fill reservoirs which are then slowly discharged through electricity producing turbines Ocean thermal energy Energy available due to the difference in water temperature. Petro crops Latex containing plants Euphorbias. sweet sorghum. Simultaneously. level terraces. The definition is also based on 1. slides induced by man and his activities Some of the human activities that cause land sliding are massive deforestation erratic agricultural practices road building Unscientific quarrying etc. rockslides etc. Landscapes generally undergo degradation but are usually compensated by nature‟s inherent recovering ability. This involves planting crops in rows across the contour of gently sloped land. carrying capacity or the number of people and animals the land can normally support without significant stress. These hazardous features have reduced the overall progress of the region as they obstruct the roads. Whenever degradation occur exceeding nature‟s restorative capacity. quantity goods and services. Terracing: Terracing reduces soil erosion on steep slopes by concerting the land into a series of broad. 2. There are two types of slides 1. landslips. Engineering. 2. Some land would be required for other activities (to maintain urban area). Effective steps have to be taken for preventing diversion of land suitable for sustainable farming to non-farm uses. Constructions Soil erosion: 1. the result will be a disaster. Man induced landslides: The hill slopes are prone to land slides.37 hectare in 1901 to 0. Land Degradation: Land degradation is defined as the reduction in soil capacity to produce in terms of quality. degraded lands and waste lands have to be improved by ecological restoration. slides due to natural factors 2. Environmental Science and Engineering About 38% of the area in India suffers from moderate to high degree of water based erosion. The per capita availability of land in the country has declined from 1. This retains water for crops at each level and reduces soil erosion by water run off. Contour Farming: This method is adopted for gently sloped land. All these lands cannot be utilized for agricultural purpose. communication media and water flow.33 hectare in 2000. The Department of Land Resources was setup in April 1999 by ministry of Rural Development to act as nodal agency for land resource management. sustainability or ability to produce continuously and indefinitely. . quality of land resource that makes it sustainable or resistant to degradation 3. Environmental Science and Engineering 3. 15% of income Gap arises due to increase in population distribution of resources and wealth Problem solved by equitable distribution of resources and wealth Global consensus has to be reached for more balanced distribution of basic resources like safe drinking water. Canada. 12% Usage of natural resources.soil. So poor low developed countries able to sustain their life Two basic cause of unsustainability are over population in poor countries and over consumption of resources by rich countries generate wastes Rich countries lower down their consumption level Poor countries fulfilled by providing them resources Review questions . Australia have 22% of natural resources. food.water. ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL IN CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES: Natural resources-forest. The trees and shrubs provide shade which reduce water loss by evaporation and preserve soil moisture.fan when not in use Use solarcooker for cooking Try riding bicycle Protect soil: Don‟t uproot plants Grow grass which binds soil andprevent erosion Make compost Use green manure Don‟t over irrigate Use mixed cropping EQUITABLE USEOF RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE IFE STYLE: Most developed countries like USA.mineral and energy Overuse of these resources cause problems Conserve water: Don‟t keep water taps running Install water saving toilets Check forwater leaks Reuse soapy water Use drip and sprinkling irrigation Conserveenergy Turn off lights. use 88%. Wind Breaks or Shelter Belts: Wind breaks and shelter belts or trees are established to reduce wind erosion and also for retaining soil moisture.food. Japan.73%of its energy and command 85%of its income Less developed countries has 78% of population. 27% of energy. fuel etc. Alley Cropping or Agro forestry: In this method crops are planted together in strips or alleys between trees and shrubs that can provide fruits and fuel wood. 7. electrical energy 6. a thermal gradient (i.chemical extractions 4. bringing the benefits of irrigation. Smelting. rain water 9. all the water is not absorbed in the soil. Environmental Science and Engineering 1. What is integrated pest management? The process of controlling crop pests using ecological system .. 5. such water evaporates leaving behind a thin crust of dissolved salts in the top soil. sea water. What are the sources of water Ground water. Give two examples of primary and secondary sources of energy? Primary source-fossil fuels. surface water. What is sardar sarovar Narmada project? It is a multipurpose project on river Narmada. This concept is OTEC. Meadows. power and drinking water to Gujarat. What is wetland?give examples and use Wetlands are the natural water storage bodies on ground surface Eg.Swamps. State the major process which have major environmental impact while processing of minerals. hydro energy Secondary source-petrol. 10. Give any four environmental benefits of dam Source of cleaner and safer power For irrigation of agricultural lands Helps in recharging of ground water Habitat for many fishes and wildlife 8. Marshes 3.e. This difference can be harnessed to produce power. What is artesian well? A well or hole in aquifer flows freely at the surface 2. the temperature difference) of about 200C exists between surface water heated by sun and colder deep water. What is salinization? During over irrigation. Mathya Pradesh and Rajasthan. What is ocean thermal energy conversation? In oceans. employment etc Causes. transportation. trade. Cities are main centers of economic growth.So cities spread into rural areas Urban energy requirement: Residential and commercial lighting Public and private transportation Electrical and electronic appliances . education. medical facilities and employment Urban sprawl: Urban growth is fast . so difficult to accommodate with their limited area . recycle of natural resources Providing environmental education and awareness Consumption of renewable resources Conservation of nonrenewable resources Population control Urban problems related to energy: Urbanization: Movement of human population from rural areas top urban areas for betterment of education. health. Environmental Science and Engineering UNIT 4:SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT From unsustainable to sustainable development: Brundland commission describes sustainable development as the development that meet needs of present generation without compromising ability of future generations to meet their own need Concept of sustainable development A symbiotic relationship between consumer human race and producer natural system Compatibility between ecology and economics Aim of sustainable development: Inter generational equity Intra generational technology Significance of sustainable development: Developing appropriate technology Reduce . communication. reuse. play ground diverted to surface tank Advantages of rainwater harvesting . penalty. Environmental Science and Engineering Solution: Use public transport instead of motor cycles Energy consumption must be minimized Use solar and wind energy Impose strict laws. and energy audit Water conservation: Process of saving water for future utilization Water source: Fresh water River Stream Pond Ocean Need for water conservation: Population increases water requirement also increases Due to deforestation annual rainfall decreases Over exploitation of ground water Ways of water conservation Reducing evaporation loss Reducing irrigation loss Reuse water Avoid sewage discharge Water conservation method Rain water harvesting Watershed management Rain water harvesting Objective: To meet increasing demands of water Raise water table by recharging ground water Reduce ground water contamination from salt water intrusion Roof top rainwater harvesting Involves collecting water that falls on roof of house Rainwater from roof top. road surface. Increase in crop yield. ponds. repair of old channels . Types 1. dams. provide vegetative cover. Aims to increase agricultural productivity in sustained manner and to diversify crop production . Pits. Environmental Science and Engineering Increases the well water availability Raise ground water level Minimizes soil erosion Watershed management: It is defined as land area bounded by divide line from which water drains under influence of gravity in to stream.Construct check dams. . Animal husbandry Energy conservation Community participation Training and awareness programme Advantages of Watershed projects . Improved availability of fodder for animals and increase in milk yield . Increase in net returns from all crops. storage tanks and channels . water harvesting tanks. lakes. Farm. Mini 3. Improved access to drinking water in project areas during drought . The management of rainfall & resultant runoff. training camps and exposure visits. Eg. Increase in employment & involvement of women . Increase in cultivation area leading to increase in employment . Macro Watershed Management. Forestry Halt deforestation. resulting better income to rural population . . implementing measures to check soil erosion Horticulture establishment of private orchard Rejuvenation of existing orchards Distribution of horticulture plant for home garden planting. reservoir.Major objective shall be achieved through organizing farmers. Micro 2. degraded land and supplement folder and fuel wood resources available to rural communities Agriculture . Himalaya. it is the duty of each and every one to protect our nature. Adopt sustainable and eco friendly development. Provide safe land for building Repair damaged infrastructure. laws. water as well as various living components of biosphere and failure to tackle the problem of pollution and environmental degradation are exposing the humanly to the thread of a global environment crisis. To sacrifice the consumption of some of the good which reduces environment quality 2. land. 1. waste management and harvesting non conventional energy If we change as individuals then the society will also change by itself. . The environment ethics literally means conscious efforts to protect environment and to maintain its stability from the pollutants. recycling. Following are some of the ways to safeguard environment. regulations.Restoration of ecological balance. Includes replacing the lost economic assets. Minimize the resource utilization and conservation 3. policies. Safeguard Employment. Rehabilitation – making. . system to function naturally. Effects: Loss of land Loss of recourse Unsatisfactory comp[enasation Social and cultura problems Changes in tradition of indigenous people Spread of disease Submergence of valuable forest Waterlogging Extinction of wild life Environmental ethics:- Over exploitation of forests.g) reduction of waste. Therefore human beings are ethically responsible for the preservation of the world‟s ecological integrity. It emphasis that real development cannot occur unless the strategies which are formulated are implemented are environmentally sustainable. (e.Decrease in soil erosion. The society is nothing but an extension of the individual. Resettlement and Rehabilitation of people: Resettlement – simple relocation or displacement of human population. Even though our government is formulating several rules. system to work again by allowing. Environmental Science and Engineering . Ozone layer depletion: Ozone is an important chemical species present in the stratosphere. Damage immune system 3. Restricted growth and crop damage . It acts as a protective shield for the life on the earth. is about 10 ppm. Causes: Over the last century. Melting of mountain glaciers and polar ice. Chlorine released from CFC and Bromine released from halogens are the most important chemicals associated with ozone layer depletion 2. Increase evaporation of surface water – influence climate change 2. the level of nitrous oxide by 19% and the level of methane by 100%. the level of carbon dioxide in the atm. industrialization. The halogens are used in fore extinguishers and CFC are extensively used in air conditioners and refrigerators. Leads to declining biodiversity 3. by burning of fossil fuels. Shorter life of paints and plastics 5. and will makes the average global temp. which cause rise in sea level 4. 4. Of green house gases may double in the atom. Ozone is produced and also broken down by photochemical reactions. 3. Effects: 1. with in next 50 years. This cause heavy damage to ozone. The biological productivity of ocean also decreased due to warming of earth‟s surface 6. the plants will grow bigger with increase in yield and resulting in the soils getting poor quality 7. mining. Effects: 1. With more carbon dioxide in the air. These 3 major global warming gases are released into the atm. exhaust from increasing automobiles and other anthropogenic activities. the conc. Causes for ozone layer depletion: 1. Marked rise in cause skin cancer 2. High altitude aircrafts and chemicals emitted by industrial plants and automobiles. Environmental Science and Engineering Green House Effect and Global Warming: The raise of earth‟s surface temperature due to intense green house effect is called global warming. Methyl bromide used during packaging of fruits to prevent bacterial action flows out into the atmosphere as soon as the packing is opened. Its conc. If proper precautions are not taken. Eye ailment such as cataract 4. to 45 0 C. Has increase by 25%. thus maintaining equilibrium. Change the climate and rainfall – reduction in food production 5. deforestation. Environmental Science and Engineering 6. 1.e. Population has increased tremendously.) per capita consumption is high. Early human societies used to consume much less resources. Population size is smaller but the resource consumption is high due to luxurious life style (i. More consumption of resources lead to high waste generation – greater is the degradation of the environment. World Bank estimates our population to reach 11 billion by 2045. effective participation of the people. desertification. But the consumerism has increased to a very large extent. Two types of conditions of population and consumerism exists.17% of the total geographical area of India. Reasons for formation Over grazing and over exploitation Toxic effluent discharged from sewage and industrial wastes Mining activities destroy forest and cultivable land Use of pesticides also produce wasteland Erosion. There is less per capita consumption although the overall consumption is high. water and other resources in an area – causes degradation of limited resources – poverty and under nourishments. Destruction of aquatic life Waste land reclamation: Any land which is not put to optimal use is defined as waste land. The waste land do not fulfill their life sustain potential wasteland contributes about 20. 2. Consumerism is related to both population size and increase in demands due to change in life style. According to Paul Ehrlich and John Hodlren model Overall environmental impact = no. of people x per capita use of resources x waste generated per unit of resources . voluntary agencies and government is very important Consumerism and Waste Products Consumerism refers to the consumption of resources by the people. This can be done by growing grasses and shrubs To reclaim the land/soil. water logging also degrade land Wastelands can be reclaimed by the following way Conserving the soil – land is brought under vegetal cover. Consumption over – population: These conditions occur in more developed countries (MDC). People over – population: When there are more people than available food. Low Developed Countries (LDC) are more prone to these conditions. 7 16 Production of goods 21 1 Energy use 25 3 Pollutants and wastes 25 3 CFC Production 22 0. Prohibition and restriction of certain industries in certain area 6. 1986 CG is to take action to protect and improve environment and SG to co ordinate actions. Std of quality of ]air. Environmental Science and Engineering Parameter MDC LDC No. Procedure and safe guard for prevention of accidents Environment (Protection) Rules. Maximum permissible limits of concentration of pollutants (including noise pollutant) 3. Some are as follows . water or soil 2. 1986 SPCB is to follow the guidelines provided in schedule VI. Prohibition of using hazardous items 5. of people low High Per capita consumption of high Low resources Waste generated high Low Over all environmental impact of these two types of consumerism may be same or even greater in case of MDC.7 Environment (Protection) Act. Comparison of consumption and waste generation Parameter Global value % USA India Population 4. procedures and safe guard for handling hazardous items 4. CG to set up 1. took up the task of setting National parks and sanctuaries. Confers powers and functions to CPCB and SPCB 4. Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act. 1981 Salient features 1. 1972: Land mark in the history of wildlife legislation. CPCB & SPCB similar to water pollution board 5. Environmental Science and Engineering 1. Advises industries for treating the waste water and gases – use of technology – achieve prescribed std. Water (prevention and control of pollution) Act 1974: Maintaining and restoring the wholesomeness of water by preventing and controlling its pollution. energy and reusable matter 4. Section 19 provides for SG to declare „air pollution control area‟ in consultation with SPCB 7. To emphasize clean technology to increase fuel efficiency and decrease environmental pollutants The act provides for environmental Audit for checking complying with the environmental laws and regulations. The act provides penalties for the defaulters and duties and powers Wildlife [protection] act. Encourage recycling and reusing the wastes 3. 1972. Encourage recovery of biogas. 1. 2. Noise pollution – inserted in 1987 4. The act provides for funds. Discharge of effluents and emissions into environment is permitted by SPCB after taking into account capacity of the receiving water body 5. 1976 the powers are transferred from state to central government. Direction of PCB can be appealed in the appellate authority. . [I B of W L] was created in 1952 in our country which after WLA. Prevention. 3. Section 20 provides for emission std to auto mobile 6. Air pollution has been defined as the presence of any solid. control and abatement of air pollution 2. Establishment of central PCB and state PCB 3. The salient features and provisions of Act are summed as follows. Maintenance and Restoration of Quality – surface and ground water 2. accounts and audits of the CPCB & SPCB 5. budgets. liquid or gaseous substance (including noise) in the atmosphere in such a concentration that may be or tend to be harmful to human being or any other living creature or plants or property or environment. Deer 1981. However construction in forest for wild life or forest management is exempted from non forestry activity. Forest (conservation) Act. wild life sanctuaries etc. 7 The Act imposes ban on trade & commence of scheduled animals. 3 Prohibition of hunting of endangered species [was first] mentioned. 2. Non forest activity means clearing land for cash-crop agriculture. 2 Provide appointments of advisory Board. Advisory committee appointed for funding conservation 3. protected forest and any forest land irrespective of ownership. Salient features 1. mining etc. . wildlife warden. 6 Provides grants for setting up of national parks. Provision for conservation of all types of forests. seismic surveys. 4 List of endangered species is provided. Many conservation projects for endangered species were started under this act. 5 Guides central 200 authorities. Tigers 1973 Crocodile [1974]. 1992 Amendment: 1. State government can use forest only forestry purpose. This amendment allows transmission lines. 9 Provide captive breeding programme for endangered species. Environmental Science and Engineering Wildlife [protection] Act 1 Defines wild life related terminology. 1980 It deals with conservation of forest and includes reserve forest. Lion 1972. their powers & duties etc. exploration drilling and hydro electric project in forest area without cutting trees or with limited cutting of trees – prior approval CG to be sought. 8 Provides legal proves to officers to punish the offenders. Illegal non-forest activity within a forest area can be immediately stopped under this act. rubber. Lays std for water quality parameters 7. 4. rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures”. tea (cash crop).t. location of any industry that might pollute . Tusser (a type of silk yielding insect) cultivation in forest area is allowed since it discourages monoculture practices in forests and improves biodiversity. 5. Has this may create imbalance to ecology of the forest.r. National parks etc. By these two articles one constitution makes environment protection and conservation as one of our fundamental duties. lakes. Training programs for prevention and control of pollution by mass media and other ways 4. control or abatement of pollution 8. Environmental Science and Engineering 2. Constitutional Provisions: Added in 1976 – Article 48A – “The state shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife of the country” Article 51A (g): “It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests. trees of medicinal values are also prohibited in reserved forest area with out prior approval from CG. Proposal sent to CG for non-forestry activity must have a cost benefit analysis and environmental impact statement (EIS). fruit bearing trees. Prepares manual for treatment and disposal of sewerage and trade effluents 6. 6. are prohibited from exploration except with CG prior approval. oil yielding trees. There after every year 5th June is celebrated as Environment Day. sewage or trade effluents State pollution control Board (SPCB): SPCB has similar functions as SPCB and governed by CPCB 1. Advices CG in matters – prevention and control of water pollution 2. Publishes statistical and technical details about pollution 5. Environmental Legislation 1972 June 5th – Environment was first discussed as an agenda in UN conference on Human Environment. plans nation-wide programs for prevention. Cultivation of coffee. Laboratories for analysis of water. Co ordinates SPCB and provide technical assistance and guidance 3. Plantation of mulberry for rearing silk worm is prohibited. Central and state pollution control Board: Central pollution control Board (CPCB): 1. 3. SPCB advises state government w. Wild life sanctuaries. EFP (Effluent Treatment Plant) or Air Pollution Control devices are expensive – leads to closure of units. Define the term environmental ethics. Samples taken are analysed at recognized labs. deforestation. Explain the factors affecting watershed Overgrazing. construction activities degrades watershed . mining. birds and animals have marginalized poor people. Wild life endangered 5.25000/. This act not applicable to J&K Offender to get just 3 years imprisonment and or Rs. Draw backs of wild life (protection) act Fall out of Stockholm conference not localized Ownership certificate of animals article – illegal trading Trade through J & K. Enforcement of environmental legislation – major issues 1. 8. Every industry to obtain consent from PCB before commencing an effluent unit by applying in prescribed form with fee. Hence political interference. Involving public in decision making envisaged by policy statement of the ministry of environment and forest (1992) is only in paper. What are the effects of global warming? Increase the sea level Negative effect on crop production and forest growth Decrease the water resource Increase the drought 3. Draw backs of the forest (conservation) act 1980 Inheritance of exploitative and consumerist elements of the British period Tribal people (i.) inhabitants of forest are left by the act Instead of attracting public support (tribal) it has intrigued in the human rights. Environmental ethics refers to the issues. Chairman of PCB – political nominee.e. principals and guidelines relating to human interactions with their environment 2. then the unit is neglected 3. 6. Target of 33% of land to be covered by forest not achieved 2.fine. Pollution control laws not backed up by policy pronouncements or guidelines 7. wells or trade effluents or sewage passing through an industry. Review Questions 1. Lays std for effluents to take samples from streams. Protection of trees. Rivers turning to open sewers 3. Big towns and cities polluted 4. Government should provide subsidy for small units. Environmental Science and Engineering 2. If the sample is not confirming to the water quality std. 5 Write the consequences of ozone layer depletion. Affect the aquatic forms Global warming Degradation of paints. To make the land more productive for agriculture 7. What are the state enactments of environmental legislations of India Smoke control Landuse Pest control Water pollution . What is waste land reclamation? The restoration of disturbed land to ecologically stable condition. Damage genetic materials in the skin cells which cause skin cancer. Environmental Science and Engineering 4. plastics 6. What is meant by Environmental audit? Environmental audits are indented to quantify environmental performance and environmental position. Reason for population explosion: 1. In agriculture based families children are said to be assets who help the parents in fields. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is 1. Population explosion increase disease. Invention of modern medical facilities reduces mortality rate. 4. It is a known fact that the increase of population is playing vital role of all environmental damage. In India 22. 10^2 etc. Infant mortality: % of infants died out of those born in a year last 50 years.3 in 1900 & 60. In Japan and Sweden 77-77. Environmental Science and Engineering UNIT 5: HUMAN POULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT Population growth: Stone age – quite stable Droughts. education and prosperity. If the exploitation of resource is going on in this trend. 14 th century A. Replacement level: Under low life expectancy and high infant mortality 2.4 & 82-84 years. Doubling Time Td = 70/r 2% 3. 5. Science and technological advancement has increased the expectancy of human.1 in 1950 4.3.5 in 2000.7 in developing countries and 2 in developed countries. the resources will be exhaust shortly.3 and 60. Therefore. 2. Life expectancy: The average no.D experienced large scale mortality due to plague – about 50% of people in Asia and Europe died due to the disease. Exponential growth: 1. Therefore we need population stabilization to achieve good health. of years a new born baby is expected to live.5 years. Most of our natural resources are under threat because of the population growth.9 developing countries. Increase in birth rate in developed countries due to illiteracy 2.4% per year. The life expectancy of global males and females has risen from 40 to 55. Family welfare programme: Population explosion must be differenced Population is not controlled will deplete all resources Family planning . Population explosion: Population explosion means the tremendous increase in the number of people. People started living with good sanitation food and medical facilities increase in population exponentially.7 developing countries and 6. Population characteristics and variation among nations: 1. economic inequity and environmental abuse. 6. in developing countries the population increase is at a rate of 3.6 and 23. outbreak of diseases lead to human deaths.5…… If a quantity varies by a fixed % 10^1. diseases caused from improper disposal of solid wastes and also due to noise pollution. air and landscape pollution. lacks clean drinking water. they in turn affect our health. creating water. It highlights on protection to all individuals against injustice and human right violation 4. Environmental Science and Engineering Allowscouples to describe their family size and also time spacing of their offspring Provide importance.1948 3. radiation effect of nuclear water. liberty. Every one of these has implications for the health of the individual as well as society as a whole. security. education etc. desertification. UNDHR defines specific rights to life. Foundation of human was laid in 13th century. Therefore. right to form or join union. abiotic and sociological components. use of pesticides enters through food chain. dignified and secured living condition wee raised only after “Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR) by UNO on 1012. unregulated urbanization. air pollution. 5. Health hazards may be arising from: water contamination or pollution. The environmental dangers created by man are many: Population explosion. Poverty and population leads to violation of human rights. association. None can be ignored because the scale of potential calamity is increasing day by day. -one out of 3 lack fuel for cooking -1/5 is desperately poor -every year 40 million people die due to contaminated water 7. which surrounds us. Human rights means that a human being must enjoy on this earth 2. But positive hopes for all people for a happy. when we cause danger to these components. Acute scarcity of employment . lacks hygienic conditions and health facilities. 300 million couples not assessed to family planning Environment and human health: Environment is defined as man along with his surroundings. use of pesticides in agriculture etc. knowledge and benefits of their small family to people Education in held and family welfare system Sex education awareness WHO estimated 50% of worlds married couples adopted family planning measures. freedom of thought. Human rights: 1. Universal declaration rights are universal but disparity between developing and developed countries. 6. right to health care. WHO estimates -One out of every five is malnourished. deforestation. which consists of biotic. freedom of movement right of equal pay for equal work. The objective of education should not be merely coaching the students to get through the exams with good results and get some good job.a sense of commitment towards the management of the resources in a sustainable way so that our children and grand children too have a safe and clean planet. Education does not simply mean acquiring information but using the resources within the limits of ethical value. Therefore moral education should be included in the school curriculum. national integration. Good citizens are the only hope for the progress and prosperity of the country. enjoyable and sustainable future. Schools should provide a healthy environment for sharing responsibilities of community life and relationships. Value based education has a very significant role in providing proper direction to youth to inculcate positive attitude and to teach them the distinction between right and wrong. Education should give overall development of the student personality. It teaches them to be compassionate. peaceful. peaceful and harmonious society. Value education increases awareness about our national history. It is crucial to the retention of national identity. our cultural heritage. aommunity development and environment. Value education shall prepare individuals for participation in social life and acceptance of social rules. helpful. peace loving. Value education help in arriving value based judgements based on practical understanding of various natural principles. . But in the drive to development man has become too materialistic. Life based upon good principles is an essential requisite. Value based environmental education: Environmental education is something that every person should be well versed with. Environmental Science and Engineering 8. The scientific and technological advancements have shrunk the world into a village. The curriculum should provide enough opportunity for pupils to acquire a considerable amount of knowledge that is essential for morally responsible living in our democratic society. The main of education is to produce citizens with sound character and health. Value Education: Education is one of the most important tools in bringing about socioeconomic and cultural progress of a country. constitutional rights and duties. The principles of ecology and fundamentals of environment help to create a sense of earth citizenship and a sense of care for the earth and its resources . Merit of universal education and child labour prevention is of much less importance than his struggle for existence 9. self centered and over ambitious. generous and tolerant so that they can move towards more harmonious. Developed and developing country give importance only to „respect to human rights‟ and „non social – economic rights‟ respectively. national pride. Preparation of text books materials on environmental education – to built a positive attitude towards environmental factors. Spiritual values: highlights on self contentment. compassion can be woven into env. Environmental Science and Engineering Following the Supreme Court directives 1998 environmental education has been included in the curriculum right from the school stage to university level.virus is passed through iinfected blood. Value based env. conservation can be easily attained. discipline. weekness Diarrhea Wait loss Low number of T cells in blood Swelling lymph nodes. 1. If this harmony is disturbed it may lead to imbalance in ecology and catastrophic results. Global values: Stress on the concept human is part of nature and all natural processes are inter linked and they are in harmony. HIV/AIDS AIDS-Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome Acquired means disease is not hereditary but develops after birth from contact with a disease causing agent. Education. reduction of wants etc. Social values like love. 2. Therefore these values can be added up with env. The objective of it is to make everyone environment literate. 3. the goal of sustainable development and env. tolerance. Education should stress on earth centric views rather than human centric view such that it include the ethical values. Education. 4. This will reduce our consumerist approach If the mentioned values are incorporated in env. Cultural and religious values: Our culture and religions teach us not to exploit nature – but to perform such functions which project and sacred nature.semen Transmission of AIDS Prostitution Homosexual activity Use of contaminated syringe in blood transfusion and drug addicts Maternal-fetal transmission Symptoms: Persistent fever Fatique. our attitudes and life style to protect nature. Immune deficiency means that the disease is characterized by a weakening of immune system HIV-Human immuno deficiency virus cause AIDS disease. Env. This will help to nurture all forms of life and biodiversity. education. Let us see how environmental education can be made value based one. 5. 6. neck . education can bring about a total transformation of our mind set. 3. 1. statistical analysis and the status of environmental pollutions can be high lighted 6. Unknown parameters can be stimulated by computer techniques 3. Environmental Science and Engineering Susceptible to infections Treatment: AZT-Azidi thymidine DDI – Dideoxyinosine Screening test: ELISA-Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay Western blot Polymer chain reaction Saliva and urine test Branched DNA test Immuno fluorescent antibody assay The major precautions to avoid AIDS education prevention of blood borne HIV transmission primary health care counseling services drug treatment Role Of Information Technology In Environment And Human Health: Computer based instruments for environment studies: There are several on-line use instruments by which data can be collected automatically at fixed interval of time. Inventories of emission sources are compiled and maintained 5. Inductive coupled plasma spectrometer (ICPS). Net-work analysis. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) – performs complex chemical and heavy metal analysis in water and waste water. attached with powerful computers to facilitate easy manipulations. EIA(Environmental Impact Assessment) problems can be analyzed 4. Instruments for monitoring and analysis of meteorological parameters. the acoustic sounding system. is used for waste water analysis. Application of computers in the field of Environment & human health: 2. Eg. . Comprehensive administrative system can be developed by using computer network techniques. radar is used 2. What is ameobiasis?Give its source.e. Entameoba histolytica and charecterised by liquid stools with mucous and blood Source. food chain-fruits.. They are also useful to access the loss of biodiversity/hot spots etc. Environmental Science and Engineering Remote sensing-Graphical Interface System are useful for coral reef mapping and ocean resources. Review questions: 1. What is silicosis and asbestosis? Silicosis is caused due t contamination of free silica Asbestosis is due to asbestos fibres deposited in lungs 5. This is a water borne disease. 7. vegetables. What are the factors influencing human population Unwanted fertility To increase the income for family and support Lack of knowledge on population control methods 4.lation size that an ecosystem can support under particular environmental condition 2. What are the two primary strains of HIV HIV-1 Strain HIV -2 strain . contaminated drinking water. List any four vector borne disease Malaria Dengue Filaria Encephalitis 6. What are the reasons for population explosion? Improved sanitary conditions Better heath care increase in productivity of agriculture and industry 3. What do you mean by carrying capacity of population? The maximum popu. caused by amoeba i. cold drink 8. Consumers. animals eating species. List any two applications of information technology in environment Data on environmental degradation will help to restore the conditions Geographic information system by application of information techniology will help in environmental conservation FIVE YEARS ANNA UNIVERSITY EXAM QUESTION AND ANSWERS UNIT 1: ENVIRONMENT. Environmental Science and Engineering 9.. trees. it does not affect other tropic levels so seriously. Differentiate between genetic diversity and species diversity Genetic diversity – diversity within species ie. Eg. Net work of food chain – Food web – if one species gets affected. What are ecological pyramids? . 3. if one species gets affected or becomes extinct.is the basic functional unit of Ecology. 2. ECOSYSTEM AND BIODIVERSITY 1.depend directly or indirectly on the producers eg. 4. Differentiate between a biome and an ecosystem On earth there are many sets of ecosystems which are exposed to same climatic conditions and having dominant species with similar lifecycle. 5. Plant eating species. .diversity between different species. Define the terms producers and consumers Producers – depend on their food themselves through Photosynthesis.. This set of Ecosystem is called Biome (Small ecosystem) A group of Organisms Interacting among themselves and with environment is known as ecosystem. Define: Food chain and Food Web In linear food chains. All green plants . The sum of varieties of all the living organisms at the species level is known as species diversity. List any two drugs used in treatment of AIDS AZT-Azidothymidine DDi-Dideoxyinosine 10.Climatic adaptations and physical structure. Species diversity . variations of genes within the species. then the species in the subsequent tropic levels are also affected. What are the causes of water pollution? Domestic sewage Industrial effluents . Define biodiversity. What are the effects of noise pollution? Interferes with man‟s communication Hearing damage Physiological and psychological changes 4. What is marine pollution? Marine pollution is defined as the discharge of waste substances in to the resulting in harm to living resource. Define ecology. hazards to human health. Ecology – study of interactions among organisms or group of organisms with their environment (Biotic and Abiotic Organisms) 9. Define “Hot spots of biodiversity” The hot spots are the geographic areas which possess high endemic species.incineration. hindrance to fishery and impairment of quality for use of sea water. 2.composting 5. Environmental Science and Engineering Graphical representation of structural and function of tropic levels of an ecosystem is called ecological pyramids. How solid wastes are disposed ultimately? Landfill. UNIT 2:ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 1. 6. 3. Define a) Decibel b) COD a) Decibel:-Decibel (dB) is defined as the one tenth of the longest unit Bel. 8. 7. What is ecological succession? The progressive replacement of one community by another till the development of stable community in a particular area is called ecological succession. b) COD:-COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) is the amount oxygen required for chemical oxidation of organic matter using some oxidizing agent like K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4. Biodiversity – the variety and variability among all groups of living organisms and the ecosystem in which they occur. landslide. Differentiate between primary and secondary air pollutants with examples: Primary pollutants Secondary pollutants These are emitted directly in the These are pollutants in which atmosphere in harmful form some of the primary air pollutants may react with one Examples:CO. creation of pollutants and waste or environmental disturbances and reduse risk to human health 8. earthquake and Tsunami 7. flood. measures practiced to products or energy that minimize the pollution avoid or minimize the level.g.SO2 another to form new pollutants Examples: NO.NO.. Differentiate between pollution prevention and pollution control Pollution prevention Pollution control It means using processes. What is disaster? Give few examples Disaster is a geological processes and is defined as the sudden calamity which brings misfortune and miseries to human community e. cyclone. The proper control practices. materials.NO2------HNO3/NO3 . Environmental Science and Engineering Synthetic detergents Agro chemicals Oil Thermal pollutants Run off from land fills 6. beyond the foreseeable future. Give any six air pollutants Sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxides Sulphur trioxide Carbon dioxide Hydrocarbons Carbon monoxide UNIT:3 NATURAL RESOURCES 1. Reason-deforestation. Desertification means degradation of one fertile land to desert like land. overgrazing. Distinguish renewable and non-renewable sources of energy Energy Advantage Disadvantage renewable Wide availability Unreliable supply Low cost Produced in small Decentralized power quantity production Difficult to store Low pollution Cost more Available for the future Energy non Available in high highly pollution renewable concentrated form Easy to store Available only in few places Reliable supply High running cost Lower cost Limited supply and will one day get exhausted 2. 3. What is desertification? Give any two reasons for it. 4. without exhausting resources. or extending progress. What is sustainable development? Sustainable development is defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Environmental Science and Engineering 9. Write any two adverse effects caused by overgrazing.mining. What are the reasons for deforestation? . Land degradation Loss of useful species.overgrazing 5. What does strategic metals and minerals mean? These are the metals and minerals that a country uses but cannot produce itself. increasing demands for wood resources 6. Write any two effects of ground water depletion. cobalt. What is water logging and how it is prevented? Saturation of soil with irrigation water or excessive precipitation so that the water table rises close to surface.manganese 9. Environmental Science and Engineering Deforestation means increasing agricultural production. increasing industrial activity. lower the surface water level Land subsidence Salt water intrusion Climate change 11. Land degradation means process of deterioration of soil or loss of fertility of soil. e. List any four adverse affects of mining. 7. What is an aquifer? A highly permeable layer of sediment or rock containing water 8.g. What are the advantages of rainwater harvesting? Reduction in the use of current for pumping water Mitigation by effects of droughts and achieving drought proofing . What is green house effect? Green house effect may be defined as the progressive warming up of the earth‟s surface due to blanketing effect of man made carbondioxide in the atmosphere 3. essential for defence. Define watershed management. Define Land Degradation. Prevent excessive irrigation Subsurface drainage and bio drainage by trees like Eucalyptus trees are adopted Leakage from water pump are detected 10. Scarring and disruption of land surface Land subsidence Smelting causes air pollution Acid mine drainage contaminates ground water UNIT 4:SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT 1..iron. The management of rainfall and resultant run off is called watershed management 2. bridges and fences. nationality.virus is passed through iinfected blood. Immune deficiency means that the disease is characterized by a weakening of immune system 3. AIDS-Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome Acquired means disease is not hereditary but develops after birth from contact with a disease causing agent. Environmental Science and Engineering Increasing the availability of water from well Rise in ground water level Minimizing the soil erosion and flood hazards 4.semen. What is acid rain? The presence of excessive acids in rain water is acid rain. statues. What are the major precautions to avoid AIDS? education prevention of blood borne HIV transmission primary health care counseling services drug treatment 4. biomass. forest fire. Write any two applications of information technology in environment. which are possessed by all human being irrespective of their caste. 6. HIV-Human innuno deficiency virus cause AIDS disease. Human rights are the fundamental rights. droughts and landslides To develop rural areas in the region with clear plan for improving the economy To generate huge employment opportunities To protect the soil from erosion by run off To rise ground water level UNIT 5 : HUMAN POPULATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT 2. Deteriorate the paint and stone 6. What is population explosion? The enormous increase in population due to low death rate (mortalityt) and high birth rate (natality). monuments. pest and disease. . sex and language. 5. What are the effects of acid rain? Acid rain corrodes houses. Land and water management Information on type. 5. What are the objectives of watershed management? To minimize the risk of foods. Define “Human rights”. density. Differentiate between HIV and AIDS. is termed as population explosion. death and marriage encourage late marriage and later child birth constrain the spread of AIDS/HIV . 9. Improve the integral growth of human being create attitude and improvement towards sustainable lifestyle to understand about natural environment. What are the reasons responsible for population explosion? Invention of modern medical facilities reduces the death rate and increases the birth rate. Increase of life expectancy Illiteracy 8. What are the major objectives of family welfare programme in India? reduce infant mortality rate to below 30/100 infants achieves 100% registration of birth. Environmental Science and Engineering 7. Write the value of education to the society.