VDE_282.fm Page 23 Saturday, February 9, 2002 2:11 PM Veterinary Dermatology 2002, 13, 23 – 28 sBlackwell Science Ltd Evaluation of topically applied enilconazole for the treatment of dermatophytosis in a Persian cattery KEITH A. HNILICA* and LINDA MEDLEAU† *College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA †College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7390, USA (Received 21 November 2000; accepted 12 September 2001) Abstract Many Persian catteries have long-standing dermatophyte infections and are particularly difficult to treat. Enilconazole is a topical antifungal agent that has demonstrated good efficacy in recent studies. Twentytwo Persian cats naturally infected with Microsporum canis in a breeding cattery were treated with topical 0.2% enilconazole and monitored for 180 days. The treatments were repeated every 3 days for a total of eight applications. All the cats improved clinically and became culture negative by day 28. By day 180, four cats had developed clinical dermatophytosis and all cats had positive fungal cultures. In this study, topical 0.2% enilconazole was generally well tolerated but may have caused hypersalivation, idiopathic muscle weakness and slightly elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations. This study suggests that enilconazole may be used safely with little risk to the young, aged and gravid animals. Keywords: cats, cattery, dermatophytes, enilconazole, ringworm, treatment. INTRODUCTION Persian cats are predisposed to generalized dermatophytosis and often become chronically infected.1 Many Persian catteries have long-standing dermatophyte infections and are particularly difficult to treat because of the diverse animal demographics and breeding status.2 Operators of Persian catteries are often reluctant to stop their active breeding programmes or cull chronically infected animals. This makes attempts to close the cattery and isolate infected cats, necessary during traditional treatment protocols, difficult, if not impossible. Topical antifungal therapy is frequently used to treat dermatophytosis; however, recent studies have demonstrated that the commonly used topical therapies (chlorhexidine, miconazole and iodine) are not completely effective.3–6 A recent trial evaluating a 2% chlorhexidine −2% miconazole shampoo combined with systemic griseofulvin identified no statistical difference in mycological cure in a group of cats treated with the shampoo and griseofulvin compared with cats receiving only griseofulvin.6 Based on one in vitro study, the only topical agent available in the United States demonstrating excellent efficacy is a lime sulphur solution but, because of its unpleasant characteristics, its use is often refused by owners.3 Enilconazole (imazalil), an imidazole compound, is an effective topical antifungal agent with slight antibacterial properties.3,5,7,8 Enilconazole works by Correspondence: Keith A. Hnilica, Assistant Professor of Dermatology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, 2407 River Drive, Rm c247, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. Fax: 1-865-974-5554; E-mail:
[email protected] © 2002 Blackwell Science Ltd interfering with fungal ergosterol synthesis required for normal fungal cell membrane function.7,8 Enilconazole is active in its vapour phase and remains stable when mixed with many commonly used disinfectants including quaternary ammonium compounds, glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde or hydrogen peroxide.9 Because of its stability and active vapour phase, enilconazole is used to control fungal diseases on vegetables and fruit before and after harvest and to treat Aspergillus spp. contamination in poultry facilities.9,10 Recent studies have demonstrated that enilconazole is highly effective when used to treat dermatophyte-infected hairs, contaminated environments and infected animals.3,5,7 In an in vitro comparison of seven topical ingredients, enilconazole and lime sulphur were superior to all other ingredients tested demonstrating efficacy after only two topical applications.3 More recent studies suggest that, although effective, topical enilconazole requires prolonged contact through repeated application.5,7 Enilconazole has been approved for use on animals in Europe and Canada. Reported adverse effects are few but include salivation, anorexia, weight loss, emesis and mild increases in liver enzyme concentrations.7,8 In Europe and Canada, enilconazole is available for use in animals as Imaverol™ (10% enilconazole; Janssen Pharmaceutica, Mississauga, Ontario). In the United States, enilconazole is only available as a poultry premise disinfectant, Clinafarm® EC (13.8% enilconazole; Clinafarm® EC, Schering-Plough Animal Health, Union, NJ, USA). The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and relative safety of topically applied enilconazole (Clinafarm® EC) in a large Persian cattery chronically infected with Microsporum canis. 23 On day 28. several cats had less severe disease manifested by multifocal lesions. 28. 2002 2:11 PM 24 Keith A. All disposable materials were discarded. Schering-Plough Animal Health). Most of the cats had upper respiratory infections typical of viral respiratory complex with a secondary bacterial component. After the first treatment. 14. All cultures from all animals were positive for M. Two cats began drooling for several minutes to 1 h following the topical treatment. canis. tables. Hairs were sampled from skin lesions and a new toothbrush was used to sample nonlesional areas. On day 10 the facility was treated with an enilconazole smoke fumigant (Clinafarm® Smoke. all 22 cats had clinical lesions and all of the cultures form all cats were positive for M. The cats were currently being treated with monthly baths using a shampoo mixture of 0. canis. The therapy was continued and the cats were dried more thoroughly to reduce the consumption of . however.5 cm) to remove as much infected hair as possible. © 2002 Blackwell Science Ltd. Veterinary Dermatology. The cats were removed from the facility and the surfaces were cleaned. The adult male cats were housed in two large cages and the female cats and kittens were allowed to roam freely in the remaining space. All cultures from all animals were positive for M. Complete blood counts (CBC) and serum chemical profiles were assessed from 20 cats at the study’s onset and on day 28 (after the final topical treatment). After allowing the smoke product to set for 8 h. floor. canis. Clinically apparent infection recurred several months after each therapeutic episode. 28. window frames. walls. There was no history of feline infectious peritonitis or other abnormal medical conditions in the colony. the crusting lesions were slightly improved.fm Page 24 Saturday. The treatments were repeated every 3 days for a total of eight treatments. Material was collected from eight sites (cages. All cultures from all animals were negative for M. The discoloration persisted until after the treatments were completed. dishwashing liquid and bleach. On day 14. subsequent Wood’s lamp examinations were not performed.5% chlorhexidine. the clinical lesions were resolved and all cultures from all animals were negative. 23 – 28 Two of the three pregnant females were treated without disruption prior to parturition. The majority of the cats had generalized dermatophytosis. therefore. 66 and 180. There was no evidence of flea infestation and no flea control products were being used. canis. The cats were placed in a kennel and blown dry with cool air.8% concentrate added to 1 L of water) applied to the dry hair coat. activity levels and normal social interaction throughout the treatment period.VDE_282. On day 180. The topical therapy was discontinued and the queen’s abdominal area was cleaned to remove any remaining enilconazole solution prior to nursing the kittens. topical enilconazole therapy was initiated. The third pregnant female delivered her kittens normally after her fourth treatment. The cats were isolated until two topical treatments had been applied after which time they were established in the general population. erythema and alopecia) typical of dermatophytosis. The previous itraconazole treatment used adequate dosages (10 mg–1 kg every 24 h) and therapy was continued for 5 months. CBCs and serum chemical profiles were evaluated from any animals demonstrating possible side-effects and from three of the kittens. the cats with white coats developed a grey discoloration of the fur. four cats had clinical lesions (crusting. Each kitten was treated with 1–2 weeks of systemic griseofulvin prior to being sold. Previous tests for feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus were negative. Each cat was treated topically with 100 mL of 0. Three of the males were adults and used for breeding. after four topical treatments. Hnilica and Linda Medleau METHODS Twenty-two Persian cats (6 males and 16 females) chronically infected with M. RESULTS On day 0. On day 66. Three female adults were pregnant at the onset of the study. The cattery had been infected with M. air conditioner. 66 and 180. The cabinets and drawers were cleaned and left open to allow the enilconazole smoke product to adequately circulate. canis for more than 5 years and the owner had unsuccessfully treated the adult cats with systemic griseofulvin and itraconazole on separate occasions. 20 cats were clinically normal but two female cats had new focal areas of crusting and alopecia on their faces and tails. Samples were inoculated onto Mycosel culture media and incubated at 27 °C.2% enilconazole solution (diluted from Clinafarm® EC. These animals appeared clinically normal but. The enilconazole treatments were generally well tolerated. the alopecia persisted. The cattery owner was unwilling and unable to restart treatments every 3 days and instead began treating each cat with the topical enilconazole solution every 3 weeks. The facility was evaluated for Microsporum contamination by using sterile gauze to collect material for fungal culture. 14. The colony was recently diagnosed with intestinal parasitism and was being treated with pyrantel pamoate and sulfadimethoxine. Sixteen cats were adults of breeding age and six animals were 3-month-old kittens. The cats were housed in a free-standing oneroom building with an independent ventilation system. February 9. however. the windows were opened and the facility was allowed to ventilate for 2 h before the cats were reestablished within the facility. The initial Wood’s lamp examination was negative. canis in a breeding cattery were included in this study. On day 14. television and smoke detector) within the facility on days 0. Each cat was cultured at the study’s onset and on days 14. All of the cats had miliary dermatitis with areas of alopecia and erythema. All the cats continued to demonstrate excellent appetites. The cats’ hair coats were clipped (to ≈ 0.5 mL of the 13. as a precaution. 13. The owner introduced two new cats into the cattery during the treatment period. In our study. During that 10-week study. all cultures from all areas were positive for M. tables. February 9. On day 14. Complete blood counts performed on day 0 identified eight cats with mild microcytic anemia likely due to chronic intestinal parasitism. On day 28. The initial fumigation with enilconazole smoke resulted in transiently negative cultures.8 Dogs ingesting more that 640 mg kg–1 vomited immediately following dosing so that higher doses could not © 2002 Blackwell Science Ltd. The positive fungal cultures from all of the cats suggest complete recurrence of dermatophyte infection. walls.fm Page 25 Saturday. a total of six cats had mildly elevated ALT concentrations (99– 181 U L–1) (including the cat with an ALT elevation on day 0 and the female from day 14). 23–28 . television and smoke detector) grew M. this cat’s ALT concentration was normal but was elevated again on day 28 (181 U L–1). Even if the cats were only dermatophyte carriers. The dramatic clinical improvement in all of the cats and the lack of clinical recurrence in 18 of the cats indicates that the therapy was partially effective. 13. necropsies were not performed. canis.9. weight loss. however. In de Jaham’s study. the constant exposure to infectious material in the facility would likely lead to recurrence of the infection over time. The failure of enilconazole to disinfect the environment could be associated with many factors including the thoroughness of cleaning. This death rate was typical for this cattery based on the queening records of each gravid female. emesis and mild increases in liver enzyme concentrations.VDE_282. all cultures from all areas were positive for M. canis. This eliminated the hypersalivation. All cultures from all other areas were positive for M. canis on day 0. This is a difficult distinction to make and almost impossible to prove. Following the environmental treatment on day 10. the clean facility and short housing interval likely helped limit exposure to Microsporum organisms allowing the control cats to clear the infection even without treatment. it is possible that the clinically normal cats were only carrying the organisms and were not actively infected. One adult female developed rear limb muscle weakness after four treatments.11 Reported side effects are few but include salivation. Serum chemistry panels performed on day 0 revealed no significant abnormalities. Both studies determined that topically applied enilconazole was a relatively safe therapy in felines for the treatment of dermatophytosis. all the cats became culture negative and were clinically free of lesions. The owner began using a 0. Thirty-eight days after the final treatment.2% enilconazole. Enilconazole is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and skin. normal = 25–97 U L–1). On day 180. anorexia. Treatment of the facility using the enilconazole smoke product resulted in negative cultures on day 14 but on day 28 cultures identified M. The brief treatment interval (eight applications) and the severe contamination of the facility likely contributed to the relapse of the infection in the four cats. floor. four cats had developed lesions consistent with dermatophytosis. all cultures from all of the cats were positive. canis. which was also increased on day 28 (149 U L–1) even though the muscle weakness had resolved. On day 14. the enilconazole smoke product left a thin film of discoloration on all surfaces within the cattery. During the treatment period.2% enilconazole solution applied two times each week for only 4 weeks failed to resolve the chronic dermatophyte infection. canis. Despite the elevated ALT concentrations.7 That study used cats housed in a clean research facility and incorporated four infected cats as nontreated controls. On day 28. including the controls.7 In our study. The gestation periods. air conditioner. an adult female with muscle weakness had a slightly elevated ALT concentration (103 U L–1). During the treatment period. however. By 25 day 180.8 The oral LD50 of enilconazole in dogs is over 640 mg kg−1. canis. all of these cats remained clinically normal. Two kittens were still born and two failed to thrive and died after several days. One adult female had a slightly elevated ALT concentration (102 U L–1. On day 14. 10 Persian cats experimentally infected with M. All materials from all sites within the cattery (cages. DISCUSSION In this study. In addition. Perhaps repeated fumigation every 7–14 days would have resulted in decontamination of the facility. In a previous study evaluating topically applied 0. the cultures from the walls were negative and the cultures from the air conditioner unit grew only a very small colony of M. On day 66. which are impossible to clean with a surface application of solution. The topical treatments were continued and the cat recovered after 1 week. topical enilconazole was used to treat naturally occurring dermatophytosis in a functioning Persian cattery. delivery and birth weights were normal in all of the cats. The material was easily wiped away during routine cleaning. This cattery had a active dermatophyte infection for more than 5 years. eventually cleared the dermatophyte infection and became culture negative. however. The importance of the environment as a source for re-infection was apparent in this study. 10 kittens were born. window frames. The anemia persisted and improved slightly during the study.7. the frequency and method of application and the materials being treated (unfinished wood surfaces). A thorough physical examination failed to identify any gross evidence of a medical or neurological disorder. 2002 2:11 PM Dermatophytosis treatment in a Persian cattery the enilconazole through grooming the wet solution. topically 0. canis demonstrated good response with minimal side effects. all of the cats. television and smoke detector. all cultures from all areas were negative. organisms were collected from the air conditioner. clinical lesions consistent with dermatophytosis were recurring on only two cats. the more severe environmental contamination provided constant exposure to a large source of organisms which contributed to the eventual relapse of the infection.2% enilconazole solution to clean the surfaces every 7 days. Veterinary Dermatology. which is irritating and potentially harmful.2% enilconazole did not appear to affect the pregnancy. there was no adverse effect of enilconazole (40 mg kg–1 administered orally. These adverse reactions included hypersalivation. 13. vomiting.2% solution did not cause any irritation throughout this study. none of the cats with elevated ALT concentrations demonstrated clinical signs typically associated with liver disease (anorexia. During our study.8% enilconazole). several enilconazole-related abnormalities were identified. the operator’s refusal to discontinue their breeding programme is the root of many treatment failures. Significant increases in ALT concentrations typical of severe hepatic toxicity were not reached.8 Using treatments with potential systemic side effects in gravid cats is not recommended. The mildly elevated serum ALT concentrations suggest a mild hepatitis.15 The 13.16. which is then applied to the animal’s entire hair coat every 3– 4 days for a minimum of four treatments.8 During the study. In dogs. in rats. however. the Clinafarm® EC was diluted to a final concentration of 0. enilconazole is only available as a poultry premise disinfectant. dishwashing liquids and laundry detergents. These findings and the lack of significant hepatic toxicity are consistent with previously reported safety studies. three pregnant females were treated. 23 – 28 The alkyl sulfosuccinate is similar to surfactants and foam stabilizers found in bubble baths. the short interval of treatment was not effective in a cattery setting with large populations of chronically infected Persian cats. it has been demonstrated to be safe and effective.9 Unlike the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). fever and oral ulceration.2% solution (2 mg mL–1) was used for all treatments with each cat receiving a total topical dose of 200 mg (100 mL) per treatment. Adverse transient effects included serosanguinous nasal discharge.fm Page 26 Saturday. enilconazole (up to 80 mg kg–1) had no adverse effects on fertility. human exposure can be limited. The elevated ALT concentration in the cat prior to treatment suggests that random mild elevations may occur normally in a population of cats.7–9. Clinafarm® EC differs from Imaverol™ in that it contains aromatic alcohol (benzyl alcohol) and alkyl sulfosuccinate.2% and only applied to the haired skin (based on the treatment protocol for Imaverol™). These anionic surfactants are slightly more irritating than the surfactants in Imaverol™ (polysorbate 20 and sorbitan monolaurate) and can cause irritation to mucous membranes. teratogenicity or reproductive capacity. inhalation of the misted solution should be avoided.17 Although not ideal for topical use on animals. This product is diluted in water to form a 0.9.2% enilconazole applied two times each week for 4 weeks maybe effective in resolving dermatophytosis in single or multiple pet households. therefore. 2002 2:11 PM 26 Keith A. however. icterus.17 Contact dermatitis caused by Imaverol™ has been reported in a female veterinary technician. This . horses and cattle in Europe. In our study. however.12. The benzyl alcohol has a similar toxicity profile as isopropyl alcohol.9 These ingredients act as wetting agents and improve the dispersion when used as a surface disinfectant. no necropsies were performed to determine the cause of death. in Persian catteries. Although topical 0. and on dogs and horses in Canada.18 Enilconazole is active in its vapour phase. When diluted. the formulation of Clinafarm® EC when applied as a 0.8% solution was diluted to a final concentration of 5% and applied to the mucosa of the nasal cavity. topically applied 0. salivation.7.17 The product information sheet supplied by Janssen Pharmaceutica for both Imaverol™ and Clinafarm® EC state that the diluted emulsion is not irritating to the skin or to the eyes and can be licked up by the animals treated without there being side effects.8 In our study. idiopathic muscle weakness and elevated serum ALT concentrations. which resolved within 24 h. Although reproductive studies in cats are lacking. Hnilica and Linda Medleau be tested.7 In the United States. The owner reported that this was a typical mortality rate for her cattery and these particular female cats. The tremendous difference in concentrations of the applied solution.2% solution.15 The application of a concentrated solution of aromatic alcohol and alkyl sulfosuccinate directly to the nasal mucosa was likely the cause of the mucosal irritation. Both Imaverol™ and Clinafarm® EC are supplied in a concentrated form. Prolonged treatment and more aggressive environmental disinfection may have provided superior results and warrants investigation. as well as limiting the application to the skin and preventing oral ingestion. Ten kittens were born from the three females. which allows veterinarians in the United States to use FDA-regulated medications in a manner other than indicated on the label.16. Imaverol™ and Clinafarm® EC seem to be well tolerated and with proper precautions (safety glasses and gloves). Clinafarm® EC has been used as an intranasal lavage to successfully treat nasal Aspergillosis. however. Two kittens were still born and two died shortly after birth. Clinafarm® is regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency and off-label use is restricted. the Environmental Protection Agency does not allow similar flexibility in product usage. It is approved for use on dogs. February 9. likely explain the lack of irritation observed in our study. In this study. In mice. daily for 24 months) on mortality or tumour incidence. more cats need to be evaluated. Veterinary Dermatology. The females remained healthy during the treatment period with no significant clinical or laboratory abnormalities. emesis.13 © 2002 Blackwell Science Ltd. a topical 0. diarrhoea).8%) can cause irreversible corneal damage and contact with the skin may be harmful. The topical therapy was continued without interruption in two of the females.14 Diluted Clinafarm® solution has been shown not to cause skin irritation in humans or birds but the undiluted solution (13.VDE_282. The remaining kittens thrived with no apparent clinical abnormalities. Clinafarm® EC (13. Although Imaverol™ is not labelled for use on cats. The only enilconazole product currently labelled for use on animals is Imaverol™ (10% enilconazole). These adverse reactions were transient and generally benign. Van Cutsem. En este estudio. The biological and toxicological properties of imazalil. Louis. C. 40: 163–6. une fatigabilité et une augmentation modérée des ALT sériques. cuatro gatos habían desarrollaron una dermatofitosis clínica y todos los gatos mostraron un cultivo positivo. L’énilconazole est un agent antifongique topique. Vol. 11. âgés ou en gestation. DE: Mallinckrodt Veterinary Inc. T. et al. W. Canada: Janssen Pharmaceutica. Tous les chats ont présenté une amélioration clinique. Mississauga. 17.2% fue bien tolerado generalmente pero podría haber causado ún exceso de salivación.. In: Kwochka. D. et al. REFERENCES 1. benzoyl alcohol 2000. T. eds. International Labour Organization. C. International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre. Les traitements étaient répétés tous les 3 jours pour un total de 8 applications. eds. D. Y. C. D. Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat. B.be/jah /pdfbestanden / Clinafarm. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1998. In: Kwochka. B. 9: 19. aged. International Labour Organization International Occupational Safety and Health Information Centre. qui a montré une bonne efficacité dans des études récentes.. S.. ont été traités par l’application locale d’une solution contenant 0. L. Veterinary Dermatology 1991. 1998: 299–307. C. 1995. Resumen Muchas gateras de gatos Persa tienen infecciones persistentes por dermatofitos y son especialmente difíciles de tratar. K.fm Page 27 Saturday. K. Janssen Animal Health. Fungicide Technical Manual. Product Sheet Clinafarm™ Spray and Smoke. 2th edn. J. E.. Lewis.. vivant dans un élevage. quatre chats ont présenté une dermatophytose.. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.. Van Hecke. Cette étude suggère que l’énilconazole peut être utilisé sans danger chez des animaux jeunes. 15. Millsboro.). De Vos. 5. M.2% d’énilconazole et suivis pendant 180 jours. C. l’énilconazole à 0. Moriello.2% y fueron monitorizados durante 180 días. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 1977. DeBoer. MO: Mosby Year Book. as well as gravid animals but further investigation is warranted. C. Environmental decontamination of Microsporum canis: in vitro studies using isolated infected cat hair. ICSC0833. Hosgood. Vol.. Drug Research 1981.. 3.. C. isopropyl alcohol 1999. avec culture négative à J28. W. B. ClinafarmR. 3. 31: 250–3. K. mais il est possible qu’il ait provoqué une hypersalivation. El enilconazol es un agente antifúngico tópico que ha demostrado una buena eficacia en estudios recientes.. Pesticide residues in food − 1977. 10. 1998: 309–18. T. E. 4. J. Current Veterinary Dermatology. 13. Product Information Sheet Imaverol™. S. Inability of two topical treatments to influence the course of experimentally induced dermatophytosis in cats.. A. Evaluation of topical therapies for the treatment of dermatophyte-infected hairs from dogs and cats. 14. 23–28 . Jackson. 37–8. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1995. Fitzpatrick.. Endoscopically placed tubes for administration of enilconazole for treatment of nasal Aspergillosis in dogs. particulièrement difficiles à traiter. Saunders. 9: 212–15. A. S. Vingt-deux Persans. Miconazole/chlorhexidine shampoo as an adjunct to systemic therapy in controlling dermatophytosis in cats. Epidemiology and clinical features of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats at Louisiana State University: 1981–90. 3. S.. Dermatophytosis. Journal of Small Animal Practice 1999. L. Para el día 180. Von Tscharner. © 2002 Blackwell Science Ltd. Von Tscharner.. 207: 52–7. Willemse. 2.. Este estudio sugiere que el enilconazol pude usarse de forma segura con poco riesgo para los animales jóvenes. 212: 67–9. Greene.VDE_282. con enilconazol tópico al 0. 2: 53 – 8. et tous les chats avaient des cultures fongiques positives. E. Willemse. 6. M. 31: 309–15.2% a été généralement bien supporté. Van Cauteren. J. Contact sensitivity to enilconazole. 16. International chemical safety cards. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. D.34.janssenpharmaceutica. W. de edad avanzada y hembras preñadas. In: Griffin. Contact Dermatitis 1983. 27 8. K. De Jaham. Résumé Un grand nombre d’élevages de Persans présentent des dermatophytoses chroniques. February 9. DeBoer. debilidad muscular idiopática y una discreta elevación de las concentraciones serológicas de ALT[Q1]. Advances in Veterinary Dermatology. K. Theinpont. Advances in Veterinary Dermatology. H. N. 13. Grodsky. E. Comparison of the irritancy of children’s liquid bubble bath using a modified human repeat insult patch test.. 9. A J180. 2002 2:11 PM Dermatophytosis treatment in a Persian cattery study suggests that enilconazole may be used safely with little risk to the young. J. 1995. imazalil 4.. 12. 1998: 843.pdf 18. eds. Medleau. el enilconazol tópico al 0. Se trataron veintidós gatos persas infectados de forma natural con Microsporum canis en una gatera.. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. MacDonald. N. Available at (accessed 15 May 2001): http://www. Veterinary Dermatology. Philadelphia: W. International chemical safety cards. White-Weithers. G. Todos los gatos mejoraron clínicamente y resultaron negativos al cultivo el día 28. C. St. naturellement infectés par Microsporum canis. ICSC0554. Dans cette étude. Enilconazole emulsion in the treatment of dermatophytosis in Persian cats: tolerance and suitability. 10 (Suppl. Paterson. Kwochka. J. Moriello. 7.. Foil. American Journal of Contact Dermatitis 1998. Foil. Los tratamientos fueron repetidos cada 3 días hasta un total de ocho aplicaciones. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 1995. S.. McCullough.. E. 1993: 22–33. McKiernam. West. und leicht erhöhte ALT Konzentrationen verursacht haben. Diese Studie deutet darauf hin.2% Enilkonazol gut toleriert.VDE_282. 23 – 28 . Nach 180 Tagen waren alle Katzen kulturpositiv und 4 Katzen zeigten klinische Symptome. canis infizierte Perserkatzen in einer Katzenzucht wurden mit lokalem 0. 13.2% Enilkonazol behandelt und für 180 Tage beobachtet. könnte aber Hypersalivation. Alle Katzen besserten sich und waren nach 28 Tagen kulturnegativ. February 9. Hnilica and Linda Medleau Zusammenfassung Viele Perserzuchten haben langdauernde Dermatophyteninfektionen und sind besonders schwierig zu behandeln. © 2002 Blackwell Science Ltd. Behandlungen wurden alle drei Tage wiederholt und Katzen wurden achtmal behandelt. 2002 2:11 PM 28 Keith A. In dieser Studie wurde lokales 0. Veterinary Dermatology. dass Enilkonazol mit wenig Risiken für junge.fm Page 28 Saturday. Enilkonazol ist ein lokales Antimykotikum dass kürzlich in Studien gute Wirksamkeit gezeigt hat. alte und tragende Tiere verwendet werden kann. Zweiundzwanzig mit M. idiopathische Muskelschwäche.