THE ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND BATTERY TECHNOLOGY REPORT Published by SupplierBusiness Ltd, An IHS Global Insight Company 2 St Paul’s Street Stamford Lincs PE9 2BE United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 1780 481712 Fax: +44 (0) 1780 482383 Internet: http://www.supplierbusiness.com E-mail:
[email protected] SupplierBusiness Ltd., An IHS Global Insight Company is a specialist consultancy providing analysis of the automotive industry for the automotive industry. SupplierBusiness has focused on developments in the supplier sector and has published a range of reports on industry issues in the last twelve years. Contributors to this report include Ian Adcock, Alex Boekestyn, Edmund Chew, Gaby Leigh, Stewart Pedder, © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009, All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, SupplierBusiness Ltd. Contents Electric Vehicles Background .............................................................................................. 2 Battery Technology ............................................................................................................. 9 Lead‐acid ....................................................................................................................... 11 Ultrabattery or Advanced Lead‐acid ............................................................................. 11 Lead‐infiltrated‐ceramic bi‐polar battery ..................................................................... 12 Valve‐regulated lead‐acid (VRLA) ................................................................................. 13 Absorbent glass mat (AGM) .......................................................................................... 14 Gel Battery .................................................................................................................... 14 Firefly Energy ................................................................................................................ 14 Atraverda ...................................................................................................................... 19 Axion Power .................................................................................................................. 19 A123 Systems ................................................................................................................ 20 EEStor ............................................................................................................................ 21 Altairnano ..................................................................................................................... 21 Nanowire ....................................................................................................................... 22 Beltway Battery ............................................................................................................. 22 Thin Metal Film lead‐acid ............................................................................................. 24 Nickel‐iron ..................................................................................................................... 24 Nickel‐zinc ..................................................................................................................... 25 Nickel‐cadmium ............................................................................................................ 27 Nickel‐metal hydride ..................................................................................................... 28 Sodium‐sulphur ............................................................................................................. 28 Sodium‐nickel chloride ................................................................................................. 29 Lithium‐iron sulphide .................................................................................................... 30 Lithium‐solid polymer ................................................................................................... 30 Lithium‐ion .................................................................................................................... 30 Zinc‐air .......................................................................................................................... 31 Ultracapacitors .............................................................................................................. 32 Motor technology ............................................................................................................. 34 DC Motors ..................................................................................................................... 34 Brushed Motors ............................................................................................................ 34 Synchronous DC Motors ............................................................................................... 35 Switch reluctance machines ......................................................................................... 36 In‐wheel motors ............................................................................................................ 37 EV Programs ...................................................................................................................... 38 BYD ................................................................................................................................ 38 Chrysler ......................................................................................................................... 38 Citroën .......................................................................................................................... 39 . Daimler .......................................................................................................................... 39 Detroit Electric .............................................................................................................. 41 EWE E3 .......................................................................................................................... 41 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 74 ....................................... EEStor ...................................................... LG Chem ................................................................................................................. 81 Ener1 .......................................................................... 97 JEOL ....................... 54 Venturi ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 72 Continental . 52 smart .................................................................... 50 Renault Z............. 48 Quicc DiVan DuraCar ................................................ 101 ........................................... 65 Axion Power ........................................................................... 63 Asahi Kasei .................. 44 MINI E ...... 44 Nissan Nuvu ............................................................................................. 83 Energy Conversion Devices ..................................... 42 Heuliez ................................................................................................................................................................. 59 Advanced Battery Technologies ........................................ 68 BYD ...................................................... 90 ....... 53 Subaru R1e and Stella ........................................ 43 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Ford .......... 44 Mitsubishi i MIEV ................. 77 Electrovaya ........................... 43 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 49 Th!nk .................................................................................... 51 eRuf Porsche ....................................................................................................................................................................... 46 Pininfarina‐Bolloré Bluecar ............ 47 Protoscar Lampo ........................................... Fiamm ........................................................................................................... 104 © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 4 ................................................................. 66 Bolloré ...................................................................................................................................... 99 Johnson Controls ....................................................................................................... 93 GS Yuasa ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................E.................................................................................................Kangoo ............. Lightning ........................................................................... 45 Peugeot .......... 70 Cobasys .. Magna‐Steyr mila ev .................. 59 A123 ....................................................................... 78 Enax ..................................................................................................................... 55 ZAP ................................................................. 56 Zenn ..................................................................................................... 88 Exide Technologies ........................................... 54 Volvo ........................................................................................................................................................... 49 Tesla ......................................................... 86 Evonik ...................................................................................................... 94 Hitachi ....................................................................................... 61 Altair Nanotechnologies ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 57 Company Profiles .................................................................................................................................................................... .. 125 SK Energy ........................................... MOLL ......................................... 122 Sanyo .................................. 109 ................................................................ TDK ................... 116 Nippon Chemi‐Con ....................... LS Corporation ....................................................... 120 Saft ........ 133 © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 5 .......................................................................................................................................................... 112 NEC Tokin ................................................. 118 Panasonic ................................................................................................ 106 ....................................................... 128 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 113 NessCap ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 129 Valence ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 131 Company Directory ...................................................................... 115 Nichion .............................................................................................................................................................................The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Lithium Technology Coporation ............................................................. 108 Maxwell Technologies ...................................... These developments were closely watched by the Siemens brothers who created the Double T Iron/Armature generator which was patented in England in 1870. Eleven years passed before one G.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Electric Vehicles Background Electricity. economical. Gaston Planté created the first primitive lead plate/sulphuric acid/lead plate battery. Similar tricycles appeared in the ‘States and the UK. It’s the static ping you get on a cold winter’s day as you get out of your car. Julien developed a battery with zinc plate in an alkaline electrode which consumed the zinc plate when in use. It might be a ubiquitous source of energy. Whilst the invention of the electric light bulb revolutionised manufacturing. although it’s not for want of mankind trying. the forerunner of contemporary car batteries. economical and environmentally friendly ways of creating it. separately built electrically powered vehicles. No-one is quite sure who first mated electricity to a horseless carriage. The challenge with electricity today is what it has always been – finding an inexpensive. and by 1896 partners Morris and Salom had 13 EVs running as New York taxis with a 48-mile range. at about the same time that an American. And just to prove © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 6 . The difficulties that producers of Electrical Vehicles (EVs) face today are no different and no less daunting from those faced by the 19th century pioneers who were the first to try and woo mankind off horseback and onto wheels for personal mobility. Thomas Davenport. and we have the technological foundations for early EVs. Invisible. All these attempts. also a Belgian. Trouvé from France used a pair of modified Siemens motors and a Planté battery in a tricycle to propel it at speeds up to 12 Km/h. Nevertheless progress continued: in 1896 the Spanish engineer. after having solved the problems of developing cheap. By now the internal combustion engine was appearing on the market to rival the EVs. but it doesn’t power our personal transport. warm and cool your home and office. especially in endurance races that were popular on both sides of the Atlantic and where the EVs’ poor range disadvantaged them. for that is what they essentially were without the shafts. and it wasn’t until 1859 when Belgian. and subsequent ones. Holland. G. lightweight means of storing it. harnessed it will cook and freeze your food. Roberts Anderson and Davidson. allowing factories to work through the darkest nights and days. Combine that with Zenobe Theophile Gramme. both Scottish. that made storing electricity practical. but it was Alessandro Volta’s assembly of copper and zinc plates to form the first crude battery combined with Michael Faraday’s work in 1821 and an operating electric motor being demonstrated in Paris in 1832 that led to these first rudimentary electrically-powered horseless carriages being built. were little more than novelties. It’s around us all the time. not dissimilar in principle to a modern zinc-air battery. building the first direct current electric motor. There were numerous ‘firsts’: in 1835 Professor Stratingh demonstrated a small electric car in Groningen. unveiled an electric vehicle. In the same period. and in the UK. 15 were plying their trade in the capital. Innovation was coming thick and fast as well: in 1900 the French Electroautomobile and the 1903 Krieger utilised a petrol engine with an electric motor. dusted down and considered once again as a viable alternative to the internal combustion engine.000 were in use. rightly. Not content with his EVs. the death knell for the EV had already been sounded. especially in the Los Angeles basin. Why? Environmental awareness was growing. Charles Kettering introduced the electric starter motor on a Cadillac. Kettering. there was a surge of interest in EVs. Porsche created the MixtWagen that used a petrol engine to drive a generator which charged onboard batteries that powered the electric motors driving the vehicle. The nascent EV went into terminal decline and by 1935 the industry was to all intents and purposes dead bar a few exceptions: Japan in the post Second World War years had a small percentage of EVs. leading to the world’s first tailpipe emissions © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 7 . Inevitably. perhaps with hindsight. Ever the pragmatist. Although it proved more efficient than lead-acid batteries. especially as London taxis. Once the UK’s ‘Red Flag Act’ had been reformed. that unless a more efficient and economical means of storing electricity was discovered then gasoline or naphtha would power vehicles. especially in California where smog was emerging as a health problem. where by 1912 some 30. His wasn’t the only famous name to catch the EV bug: Ferdinand Porsche created the No.200 was four times the price of a ‘Tin Lizzy’). went on to found Delco. in 1897 Darracq built an EV which featured regenerative braking for the first time to feed energy back to the batteries and extend the EVs’ range. By 1912 there were some 900. its costly bill of materials mitigated against its success. Such was the enthusiasm for EVs that even Thomas Edison was caught up in it and in 1901 revealed his nickel-iron battery. and the crank handle disappeared making it easier for women to drive. incidentally. cheap oil was discovered in Texas and the Middle East and. in 1911.5 kW in-wheel motors. Transport in the years running up to the First World War was dominated by EVs both in the UK and the USA.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report there’s little new under the sun. Camille Jenatzy achieved 98 Km/h in 1899 to capture and hold the land speed record for three years. so that by the summer of 1897. As if to demonstrate that there was more to EVs than taxis. Sound familiar? However.1 Lohner-Wagen in 1900 with electric motors in the front wheel hubs and the following year when he revealed the gargantuan Lohner-Porsche Rennwagen with 1800 Kgs of batteries powering four 1. it was the 1960s that saw the EV taken off the shelf. A number of factors had contributed to this rapid rise: in 1908 Henry Ford put the Model T on sale ushering in the age of mass production and motoring for the masses (an electric car at $1. Edison is also credited as observing. the early morning whir of an electric motor accompanied by tinkling bottles was the nation’s alarm clock as the milkman did the early morning rounds on his float.000 petrol driven vehicles on the roads of both Europe and the USA. In 1970. but none of this deterred the Florida-based Sebring-Vanguard Company. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 8 . the second version of which employed zinc-air batteries to power it. A second model appeared two years later: its power source was a silver zinc battery pack.180 Kgs. The trouble was it looked like a kiddies car and cost twice as much as a Mini. fuel prices were on the increase and in 1964 GM embarked on a $15 million program to electrify its Corvair saloon. the batteries alone would have weighed more than 1. even with the comparatively light and compact silver zinc battery pack. General Electric revealed its GE Delta that used a combination of lead-acid and nickelcadmium batteries. In 1967 Ford of Great Britain unveiled its Comuta car that seated two adults and children with a claimed range of 64 Kms at a steady 40 Km/h. In 1972 it launched a two-seater Citicar runabout with a 40 Kms range and a 72 Km/h top speed. A tank full of petrol would propel a Corvair upto 480 Kms with a top speed of 129 Km/h. except for its limited range of 64 -129 Kms before recharging. GM in Europe also electrified an Opel Kadette to DC drive using both lead-acid and zinc-air batteries. built as a joint venture between Enfield and the Central Electricity Generating Board for England and Wales. located in the front and rear compartments of a 1966 Corvair Monza sport saloon. in a 532-volt array. The battery pack was connected to a 115 HP AC-Induction motor that produced approximately the same performance as a conventional petrol engined Corvair. Four years later President Nixon created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). the latter providing power for acceleration and the former for constant power. claiming that with the latter it had a 240Kms range at 48 Km/h. over the next four years they managed to sell 2. The big drawback for all these products was their sheer ugliness combined with short range and slow speeds. Over the years GE has co-operated with many OEMs to develop electric vehicles: in 1978 it worked with Chrysler on an EV using lead-acid batteries and six years later the Ford Mercurybased ETX-1 used an advanced AC drive and novel tubular lead-acid batteries which was followed up by ETX-ll based on a Ford Aerostar van that used high temperature sodium-sulphur batteries Ford had developed in-house. Meanwhile over in the US. Weighing 975 Kgs it had a 64 Km/h top speed and a range between 40 and 90 Kms.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report legislation in 1966. approximately the total weight of a standard Corvair. If it had been powered by conventional lead acid batteries. giving the van a useful 160 Kms range and a realistic 96 Km/h top speed. Silver zinc batteries were used because they delivered high peak power and provided good energy storage but they were costly and wore out after 100 recharges. The latest attempts at EVs were simple conversions of standard cars such as the Illinois-based Eureka Williams Corporations who converted 150 Renault Dauphines to run on electricity or the Enfield 8000 electric car. Electrovair II’s total weight was approximately 360 Kgs more than a Corvair.500 of these $3000 vehicles. The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report By the late 1980s there were about 500 EVs in France. While sodium-sulphur appeared a potential player in the early 1990s. and regulations issued by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). the biggest investment in EVs came from GM which pumped a reputed billion dollars into its EV1 project. which required that 2% of the state’s vehicles were to have no emissions by 1998 and 10% by 2003. and then only in California EV1s. The most significant feature of the Ecostar was its hot (315°C) sodiumsulphur battery. but struggled to find adequate funding until Ford bought it in 1999. a technology invented by Ford in the 1960s. several states issued Zero Emission Vehicle Regulations. mainly converted Peugeot 205 or Citroën C15 vans. Nevertheless there are about 1000 in regular use in Scandinavia. Heat was largely contained within the battery’s double-walled. However. A decade ago the Th!nk – as it was then spelt – was powered by 19 water-cooled nickel cadmium batteries and proved an ideal runabout for Oslo where there’s an existing infrastructure of accessible power points where people plug engine heaters in to prevent their cars freezing solid during the long Nordic nights. A claimed Ni/MH range was set at 120–225 Kms. Because the Ecostar’s sodium-sulphur batteries remained hot regardless of outside temperature. specifically California. Nickel/metal-hydrides weren’t used until 1999. Launched at the Los Angeles motor show in late 1996. Its 15-second 0 to 96Km/h acceleration was good for an electric vehicle of that time but sedate by petrol engine standards. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 9 . they offered consistent performance even in the extremely cold weather that otherwise sapped an EV’s driving range. the US 1992 Energy Policy Act. Primary among these was the US 1990 Clean Air Act Amendment. It might have been a stylish little coupé. was repeatedly weakened over the next decade to reduce the number of pure ZEVs required. The battery operated at this temperature to allow a molecular reaction between molten sodium and sulphur that created the substantial electricity needed to power an EV. maximum speed was 100 Km/h. whilst in Germany VW converted a Golf to run on electricity. In addition to more stringent air emissions requirements and regulations requiring reductions in gasoline use. however. with a range of 70 Kms in summer and 40 in winter. Called the City Stromer it was powered by 16 lead-acid batteries that fed the 24hp motor: 0 to 100 km/h (62mph) took 27 seconds. investing some US$150 million over the next four years before withdrawing from the business altogether. Th!nk was launched in 1991 to productionise its City electric car. Several legislative and regulatory actions in the United States and worldwide renewed electric vehicle development efforts in the 1990s. In 1990 California passed its Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) Mandate. mounted beneath the floor. other battery technologies emerged offering fewer technical challenges and greater peak power. but it was only a two-seater with about as much luggage space for a slim briefcase. making them better suited for electric vehicle use. stainless steel vacuum housing. Meanwhile in Norway. the car was powered by lead/acid batteries. Ford responded to this with its Ecostar project which resulted in a 105-strong test fleet of EVs based on the Escort van. The law. which was water cooled plus brake energy recovery. It used a Siemens three-phase alternating current synchronous motor with permanent magnet excitation. The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report It was also expensive. that has led the way in battery research and enabled vehicle producers to envisage a viable future for EVs. is also demanding more electrical © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 10 . whilst the public’s thirst for infotainment systems etc. systems such as power-steering and air-conditioning which are predominantly powered by the engine are. though. When the EV1 program came to an end. Research into advanced batteries was given a boost in 1991 when the United States Advanced Battery Consortium was formed by America’s Big Three OEMs. the Electric Power Research Institute and the battery manufacturers and launched with the intent of developing high power batteries. Battery Technology Vehicle electrification stalled because there wasn’t a cheap. Furthermore recent developments have meant that more strain is being placed on a vehicle’s electrical system. especially in urban areas where their short range and lower speeds are not an impediment. the US Department of Energy. In March 2005. including the Smithsonian Institute. but they are a solution to specific transport issues. As manufacturers seek to improve fuel efficiency and emissions. but it was the advances made in personal electronics.. GM pulled the plug on the project in 2003 with 800 of the 1. Nissan’s Altra EV. lightweight means of storing electricity. The conventional lead-acid battery is far too bulky and inefficient to meet the needs of daily commuting. Over the past decade or so there have been a few half-hearted attempts at vehicle electrification in Europe and elsewhere. the cars were put into storage at a facility in Burbank. the world seems to have woken up to the possibility that electrification might just work. GM donated a number of EV1s to colleges and universities for engineering students. such as the mobile ‘phone. and to several museums. the last 78 in storage were transferred to the GM desert proving grounds in Mesa. Chevrolet’s S-10 EV and Toyota’s RAV4 EV produced by major car manufacturers. In between there have been a few thousand all-electric cars such as Honda’s EV Plus. but most of them were available for lease only. reducing costs to $20/kW and extending service durability to 15 years or whole vehicle life. with a 1997 lease price (before federal and state taxes were invoked) of $33. California. Ford’s Ranger pickup EV. crushing and recycling.995. being converted to being electrically driven to reduce parasitic losses from the engine. Today’s estimate of $500/kW for contemporary lithium-ion batteries illustrates just how far the industry still has to go even after 18 years of research. The combined pressures of rising fuel prices and increasing concern over the environment are pushing EVs back to centre stage. EVs are not the silver bullet. despite an outcry and public protests. increasingly. Arizona. GM’s EV1. The problem is that they’re either very eccentric like the Venturi Fètish or prohibitively expensive like the Tesla.100 built on lease. Now. Those factors together with improvements in battery and motor technology mean that EVs will have a role to play in society’s future mobility and helping to reduce emissions. for “final disposition”. or diesel-powered car that can be refuelled in a matter of minutes at convenient and numerous filling stations. Whereas cars have universally sized fuel nozzles for diesel and petrol. although the consensus of current opinion and research and development seems to be leaning towards lithium-ion as the preferred option. different combinations within a single country. there are 13 plug variations around the world. All these issues will impact on the choice of which battery technology EVs will use in future. In addition to which there is the sheer convenience of the petrol.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report power. nine different voltages ranging from 100 to 240 running at either 50 or 60Hz and. Renault estimates there has been a ten-fold increase in power consumption since 1980 with some larger vehicles now requiring five kilowatts to operate efficiently. Table 1 Properties of EV batteries Battery Type Max energy density Wh/kg 35 45 50 Max power density W/kg 150 250 150+ Fastest 80% Recharge (mins) n. Any EV will have to meet these requirements as well if they are to win over the consumer. When you consider that a C-Class vehicle like today’s Ford Focus requires some 200 Wh/km to travel a respectable distance at a decent speed./a n/a 15 Operating temp. the enormity of the problem becomes apparent. EVs will require a whole new infrastructure to be put in place with standardised plugs. There are other alternatives that will be examined in this chapter. The task of developing future battery technologies is further complicated by the need to meet strict environmental requirements both for production and eventual recycling as well as mining the rare elements needed to create them in the first instance. often. C° ambient ambient ambient 80% discharge cycles before replacement 1000 1500 700+ Estimated production costs $/kWh 60 200 150 Lead-acid Advanced lead-acid Valve regulated lead-acid Metal foil lead-acid Nickel-iron Nickel-zinc Nickelcadmium Nickel-metal hydride 30 50 70 50 70 900 100 150 200 200 15 n/a n/a 15 35 ambient ambient ambient ambient ambient 500+ 2000 300 2000 2000+ n/a 150-200 150-200 300 250 © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 11 . To give an idea of the challenge facing battery makers petrol delivers some 2000 Wh/kg compared to just 35 Wh/kg for a lead-acid battery. The drawback is that they are still relatively bulky and their performance deteriorates rapidly once temperatures fall below 10°C. or three years. Ultrabattery or Advanced Lead-acid Working in conjunction with America’s Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium. Test results so far seem encouraging with discharge and charge power up to 50% higher with a cycle-life three times that of a conventional lead-acid battery. It also eliminates the problem of sulphur deposits building up on the negative plates of the battery cell. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 12 . The capacitor enhances both battery life and power by acting as a buffer during charging and discharging allowing it to provide and absorb charge rapidly during vehicle acceleration and braking. A disciplined charging regime might extend the battery’s life but only by about 24 months. Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) has developed a hybrid battery that combines an asymmetric supercapacitor and a lead-acid battery in one unit.000 80% deep discharge cycles. Westbrook Lead-acid The conventional lead-acid battery has a comparatively low energy density of 25-35 Wh/kg combined with a decent 150W/kg. before failing totally. However. if the battery is allowed to frequently go flat its service life will be drastically reduced. Lead-acid batteries are reasonably robust and will withstand about 1. which is one reason why many cars in colder climates have auxiliary engine heaters and in Oslo. for example. plug-in points to prevent the engines freezing and the batteries going flat. meaning they will give a reasonable rate of acceleration.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Sodiumsulphur Sodiumnickel chloride Lithium-ion sulphide Lithiumsolid polymer Lithium-ion Aluminiumair Zinc-air 110 100 150 150 n/a n/a 350 300 1000 700+ 150 250 150 200 300 350 n/a n/a 450 80-120 1000 1000 200 150 120-150 220 200 120-150 30 80-140 ≤60 n/a n/a ambient ambient ambient 1000+ n/a 200 150 n/a 100 Source: The Electric Car by: Michael H. They are also susceptible to corrosion where the grid and paste meet on the positive side. 000 Kms) durability trial at the Millbrook Proving Ground in Great Britain with batteries built by Furukawa Battery Company of Japan. president of the Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium (ALABC). The battery is based on breakthroughs in the development and design of lead-acid batteries. except the ones at the ends. It employs lead-infused ceramic plates coated with a positive paste on one side and a negative paste on the other. “Not only have we now proven that a lead-acid battery can operate more powerfully than the NiMH battery. A bipolar lead-acid battery is made up of a stack of serially coupled bipolar electrodes. because this type of battery can be produced as either a flooded-electrolyte or valve-regulated design. Swedish Industrial Fund and Gylling Invest (former Gylling Optima Batteries). “Our goal is to help provide the auto industry with a variety of battery products that can help hybrid electric vehicles become even more attractive to consumers. it can do so during the life cycle of a typical automobile and at a far lower cost.” Additionally. it will flow perpendicular to all electrode surfaces. Effpower was established in Gothenburg.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report In 2008 a Honda Insight powered by an ultrabattery operating at a normalised 40kW peak discharge power standard completed a 100. Our industry is also developing other variations of the lead-acid design that we expect will perform impressively as well. or LIC©. allowing the battery to be discharged and recharged in a very short period of time. to form a battery in bi-polar design. Sweden in 1999 to commercialise the technology as a consortium including Volvo Technology Transfer. The plates are then mounted on top of each other with a separator between them. is the result of more than two decades of research in bipolar battery technology. North Carolina. has one side of a conducting partitioning wall covered with porous lead. Since current can pass only through the end electrodes. Because of this the current path is very short and internal resistance low. for example. Each such electrode. and the active materials will be efficiently utilised with a minimum of internal resistance. covered with porous lead dioxide.” said Patrick Moseley. Another form of ultrabattery. they can be manufactured in existing lead-acid factories thus reducing investment costs. that high power can be delivered when a vehicle accelerates and that the battery charges up faster when the vehicle brakes. This means. and the other side (the positive). which is the negative side of the bipolar electrode. Lead-infiltrated-ceramic bi-polar battery © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 13 . The Effpower LIC™ technology is based on lead-acid chemistry in a bipolar arrangement with lead-infiltrated-ceramic (LIC™) bipolar plates as partitioning walls between the cells.000 mile (161. also at very high currents. the lead-infiltrated-ceramic. based in Research Triangle Park. In the bipolar concept the battery cells are connected in series with a battery voltage of two volts per stacked cell. e. Compared to other lead-acid batteries.2 kg 6 Ah 5 kW Effpower has formed a consortium with Austria’s Banner Baterian with the aim of high volume industrialisation starting summer 2009. The valve is purely a safety feature in case the rate of hydrogen evolution becomes excessive. called sealed lead-acid batteries as a sealed battery would be a safety hazard due to excess pressure risks due to overcharging. it contains only half the amount of lead per unit of output. whilst the battery is totally recyclable within the existing infrastructure for lead-acid batteries found worldwide today. Effpower claims its batteries have comparable performance to today’s dominant NiMH batteries but at only one fifth of the cost combined with a lifespan of at least six years. Valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) Development of these batteries started in the early 1990s in an attempt to produce a further improvement over the advanced lead-acid battery. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 14 . The advantages of this design include a higher ratio of power to size and a high-rate power capacity. the oxygen evolved at the positive plates will largely recombine with the hydrogen ready to evolve on the negative plates. Nor does the name “valve regulated” fully describe the technology as they are really “recombinant” batteries.000 shallow cycles (2. 24V Length Width Height Weight Capacity (2 h) Power (30 s) Source: Effpower AB 150V 330 mm 253 mm 203 mm 37. Since VRLA batteries also use much less electrolyte (battery acid) than traditional lead-acid batteries. creating water thereby preventing water loss. VRLA is also known as recombinant batteries and are commonly further classified as: absorbent glass mat battery and gel battery. hence the name “valve-regulated”.5%) with 800 W/kg discharge and 400 W/kg recharge. These batteries are also.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report In hybrid vehicle usage. they are also occasionally referred to as an “acid-starved” design. mistakenly.5 kg 6 Ah 30 kW 90 mm 253 mm 203 mm 5. but of relatively short duration. Effpower claims a very high cycling ability of more than 500. so there is always a safety valve present. Its environmental credentials are strong as well. i. although they need to be stood up for charging. Caterpillar had long been a consumer of batteries for its many heavy equipment products. After a time. and prolonged periods of disuse between jobs all go with the territory for heavy equipment batteries. and decided to put its own brand name on these sourced products.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Absorbent glass mat (AGM) Absorbent glass mat or AGM is a sub sector of VRLA batteries in which the electrolyte is absorbed in a fine glass fibre mat and come in two forms: flat plates in a rectangular case like a conventional lead-acid battery or thin and wound into spirals to form a cylindrical battery. CAT had always set tough standards for the batteries supplied with their products. These. practically eliminate electrolyte evaporation and spillage. put a severe strain on batteries. Gel batteries also have greater resistance to extreme temperatures. with the added benefit that they are more capable of handling higher temperatures and have a slower discharge rate. Due to higher production costs they are currently the preserve of higher end vehicles such as the BMW 5-series which. Caterpillar began experiencing higher-than-normal customer complaints from the field. severe vibration. Because the plates no longer have to support their own weight they can be manufactured from purer lead thus lowering internal resistance because the plates are closer together. Firefly’s technology is an innovative material science that removes most of the limitations of lead-acid batteries. from 2007 onwards. shock and vibration and. This means the batteries don’t have to be stored upright. Inc. Gel Battery These VRLA batteries employ a jellified electrolyte created by mixing sulfuric acid with a silica fume. Heat and cold extremes. used them to capture electricity from regenerative braking to charge the battery. consequently. The materials also hold the promise of major simplification for manufacturing of lead-acid batteries and will potentially deliver more flexible form factors or © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 15 . by their very nature. They have good specific power and can be rapidly discharged and recharged although their specific energy is usually lower than more conventional batteries. The only chemical difference between gel and wet-cell batteries is that calcium replaces antimony in the lead plates making them less prone to gassing. the customers’ expectations were heightened by the Caterpillar branding. Firefly Energy Firefly’s revolutionary battery technology was born in 2003 in the research and development laboratory of Caterpillar. Further investigation revealed that although the batteries’ quality and performance hadn’t eroded. the world-renowned manufacturer of heavy equipment. This leads to enhanced activematerial utilisation levels. but at costs potentially far below these high performance batteries. from the historical 20-50% up into the range of 70-90%) as well as enhanced fast-recharge capability and greater high-rate/low-temperature discharge times. more distant from the plate’s chemistry. and lithium based chemistries. In the advanced battery architectures that Firefly has perfected. This breakthrough delivers a formidable jump in specific power. Each foam wafer contains hundreds or thousands of spherical microcells (depending on the foam pore diameters). This results in much-improved active material utilisation levels (i. Firefly’s Microcell Technology™ fundamentally changes the performance of active materials within the lead acid cell due to its unique architecture. involve the use of a porous three dimensional material in either flooded or VRLA battery designs. energy. and cycle life. These foam electrodes can be used in either flooded or VRLA battery designs. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 16 . North Star Battery and Crown Battery have already signed deals. The resulting products possess performance parameters comparable to advanced materials (lithium and nickel-based) batteries. it is Firefly’s intention to manufacture the pasted foam negative electrodes and supply them to existing lead acid manufacturing partners who will incorporate them into finished battery products. nickel. The two technologies.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report configurations.e. This is in contrast to a traditional lead acid battery where most of the electrolyte is in the separator. 3D and 3D2. Firefly’s 3D cell architecture involves replacing the conventional lead metal-based negative plate with a foam electrode. Overall. which may be the catalyst to change the entire distribution and profitability models of the battery industry. Firefly Energy has developed two significant technologies that will deliver advanced battery performance for an entire spectrum of uses served by lead acid. Because of this relatively seamless integration into established manufacturing techniques. Such a structure results in much higher power and energy delivery and rapid recharge capabilities relative to conventional lead acid products. Implementation of this technology successively does away with the corrodible lead grids found in conventional lead acid battery design. As the initial implementation phase of its MicrocellTM foam grid technology. To all outward appearances. Because of the foam structure. these batteries will be indistinguishable from currently available products. in closer proximity to the lead chemistry. the resultant negative and positive plates have enormous surface-area advantages over conventional lead acid grid structures. Liquid diffusion distances are reduced from the traditional levels of millimeters over linear paths (the conventional “2D” diffusion mechanism) to the level of microns in the three-dimensional space within the discrete microcells that collectively comprise a totally new type of electrode structure (what Firefly calls a “3D” electrode). These products are configured in such a way as to be easily incorporated into existing lead acid manufacturing processes possessed by all existing lead acid manufacturers. because each microcell has its full complement of sponge lead or lead dioxide and sulfuric acid electrolyte. and allows delivery of the full power potential of lead acid chemistry for energy storage. the Firefly foam electrode structure results in a redistribution of most of the electrolyte (the biggest “resistor” in a lead acid battery) into the pores of the foam plate. the MicrocellTM composite foam “grids” are impregnated with a slurry of lead oxides which are formed up to the sponge lead and lead dioxide in the normal fashion. The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Furthermore. Cold cranking is a discharge which needs a high current. Therefore. for example. since electrolyte diffusion paths in the Firefly electrodes are in the order of microns rather than millimeters – a potential improvement of two to three orders of magnitude – this change in electrode design should result in large increases in active-material utilisations and high-rate discharge capacities. and reaction-rates are critical to sizing a battery. utilisation levels well in excess of the practical limit of upto 67% should be achieved due to the dispersed nature of lead sulfate (PbSO4) build-up. the effect of electrolyte diffusion would not be significant unless a full discharge was carried out in five seconds or less. are severely affected by cold temperatures. This condition permits the use of conventional lead acid chargers with Firefly Energy’s 3D batteries. Firefly’s three-dimensional MicrocellTM composite plate will result in a significant increase in active material utilisation levels. Though economical in many applications. In addition. similar to competitive current batteries. This has the obvious benefit of increasing the interface area between the active chemistry and the electrode. tremendously. As a ‘rule of thumb’. This is due to the extremely high electrochemically-available surface area of the MicrocellTM foam coated with sponge lead. This effect. Moreover. The key lies in the basic construction of the Firefly composite plate. yielding better and faster utilisation of the chemistry. results in short warm temperature life. is due to the “slowing down” of the battery’s chemical-reaction and ion-diffusion rates. which means that under very high current loads. Firefly’s diffusion paths are much shorter. the open circuit voltages and recharge float voltages correspond to those of conventional lead acid batteries. and 3D2. lead-acid batteries have a relatively low specificenergy and. Due to the use of an electrolyte compatible with conventional lead acid cell designs. if the proper balance of active materials and electrolyte is achieved in the Firefly design. Beyond that. each with its © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 17 . Because of an acknowledged corrosion rate for the positive lead grids in lead-acid batteries. utilisation efficiencies can potentially rise over 90%. In fact. and this is related to the amount of electrode surface area covered with active-material that is available for conversion. fast charge and discharge rates are now achievable. The Firefly Energy architecture goes well beyond the traditional lead acid construction. A high current implies a lot of active material conversion in a short time. lead sulfate buildup is not as likely to “shut down” the discharge reaction by choking off electrolyte diffusion. Sizing a lead-acid battery for starting applications at -27ºC. Firefly’s technology does increase surface area. or increase in internal resistance. a starter battery needs a lot of surface area (meaning a large number of lead plates). as well as sharp reductions in recharge times. they will have similar charge / discharge performance and other fundamental properties. and a higher percentage of active material is accessible. Lead plates have a linear structure that requires electrolytic diffusion over relatively large distances. The Firefly 3D negative. reaction rates are cut in half for each 10ºC drop in temperature. attempts to increase cold temperature starting power by increasing electrode surface area without “sizing up” the overall battery. Thus. with hundreds or thousands of tiny cells. requires an approximate doubling in size increase over room temperature operation. products are claimed to have outstanding discharge performance at low ambient temperatures relative to flooded lead-acid and VRLA batteries. so efficiency goes up. Firefly’s 3D. The optimum operating temperature for a lead-acid battery is 25°C. Firefly batteries have superior performance in terms of thermal management. A full discharge of today’s lead acid battery causes extra strain. and the net result is that Firefly’s battery does not need to be “sized up” for cold weather performance. and ultimately result in the lead grid “disappearing” into the paste. but the distances travelled to react with the sponge lead are much smaller. is ideal for discharge (and charge) conditions where electrolyte diffusion is limited by surface area. deeper discharges convert larger amounts of charged active-material into lead sulfate. than the charged material. By comparison. over time. the positive plate’s active material. The resulting expansion and deformation of the plates also causes active material to separate from the electrodes with a commensurate loss of performance. due mainly to increased oil viscosity. sulfate crystals can grow together. The Firefly composite plate technology is distinctly different from traditional batteries. batteries made with MicrocellTM foam electrodes will transfer heat out of the battery rapidly as it is generated by the electrochemical reactions taking place. This expansion induces mechanical forces that deform the grid. Even though the Firefly 3D design utilises a standard lead grid positive plate. about 37% more. This enhanced electrolyte supply also results in higher. The thermal response patterns for these materials used mean that the heat transfer performance of Firefly’s carbon-graphite foam-based battery technology is outstanding. flatter voltage-time curves on discharge. thus making thermal runaway less likely. Lead grids corrode in the acidic electrolyte in the presence of lead dioxide. Diffusion rates at low temperatures are reduced in a 3D cell just as they are in conventional commercial products. Additionally. In lead-acid batteries.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report own complement of sponge lead and electrolyte. or it would be more powerful and last longer if its size were comparable to a commercial product. and each cycle robs the battery of a small amount of capacity. The heat-transfer characteristics of the MicrocellTM foam are even better than metals such as aluminum and copper. As the temperature is lowered. resulting in large lead sulfate crystals that are difficult or impossible © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 18 . Lead sulfate has a significantly larger volume. which means higher energy outputs when combined with the lower current densities that accrue from the high foam electrochemical surface area. and generates a “calming” influence to reduce the temperature of the lead grid positive. and enabling overall “cool” battery operation compared to conventional lead-acid batteries. This means that Firefly’s 3D engine-start battery could be smaller to have the same cold-crank amps. and approach that of diamond. it takes more power to start the engine. a Firefly 3D battery will provide almost 70% of its ambient-temperature power at –18°C. distance or temperature. the Firefly negative foam plate operates much cooler. at the same time that the available power from the battery drops to only 40% of what can be provided at ambient temperature when the car is started at –18°C. The fact that heat is generated more uniformly and dissipated rapidly translates to longer life in many applications. and this volume change stresses the electrode structures. Thus. Moreover. Because the sponge lead active material in a 3D cell is deposited on the walls of the many small pores in thin layers. To prevent the battery from being stressed through repetitive deep discharge. and the high surface areas in the foams result in relatively low current densities. Sulfation reversal is achieved because the nature of the lead sulfate deposits in 3D cells is fundamentally different from those in traditional lead acid cells.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report to convert back into the charged state. porous crystal structures (on the order of 3-10 microns. Cycling in irregular applications such as partial-state-of-charge (PSoC) regimes used in hybrid vehicles energy storage are also well suited to 3D technology. as well as residual sponge lead. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 19 . This is in part due to a natural stability of the base material. resulting in a low incidence of crystals which are too large to recharge. much smaller than in commercial products) that are easily dissolved on the subsequent recharge. Depending on the depth of discharge and operating temperature. Float and cycle lifetimes for 3D batteries have yet to be fully determined. The growth of large sulfate crystals is also restricted. a larger lead acid battery and shallower discharges are typically recommended. This is because the conditions of partial or heavy sulfation of the negative plate – a process that can render present-generation lead acid products unrecoverable – are easily reversed in 3D products. electrolyte. the lead sulfate deposits comprise small. This wear-down characteristic also applies to other battery chemistries in varying degrees. A final factor that facilitates recharge is the proximity of the composite foam. Firefly’s composite plate technology provides a design which fully accommodates the volume changes of the active material during charge and recharge. the sealed lead-acid battery provides 200 to 300 discharge/charge cycles. Within each Firefly plate is contained a full compliment of active materials. In the latter. even after long periods of storage. in combination with lower cell impedances and negative plate current densities. Short cycle life also results from grid corrosion of the positive electrode. The strong resistance of Firefly’s electrode material to corrosion also severely reduces the deleterious effects of long recharges. that can act as efficient current-carrying paths during recharge for the small. local deposits of lead sulfate crystals. In contrast. but is also due to the formation process used which maximises exposure of the most chemically resistive surfaces and minimises exposure of chemically less-stable surfaces. somewhat remote from the lead grid members. lead sulfate is deposited on the surfaces of the plates in dense layers of relatively large crystals. These changes are exacerbated at higher operating temperatures. the Firefly approach offers significant improvements over conventional lead-acid technologies in both float and deep-cycle applications. and volume which will allow complete discharge without causing physical stress on the plate itself. but it is anticipated that they will be superior to those of comparable lead acid products due largely to the superior thermal conductivity levels of the composite foam relative to conventional lead electrodes. Because of the removal of grid corrosion as a life-limiting factor. This results in an electrode plate which does not undergo volume change during deep discharges. Firefly’s electrode material is not reactive in the lead-acid chemistry and so does not corrode. these very small crystal sizes grow slowly over time. which undergoes extensive oxidative stress during extended recharge conditions. the individual cells construction is more complex: where the negative electrodes in lead-acid batteries are simple sponge lead plates. geometry and arrangement of the electrodes. Axion’s technology uses negative electrodes made of microporous activated carbon with a very high surface area. Atraverda claims the batteries energy density (WH/l) and specific energy (Wh/kg) to be on a par with the more costly NiCad batteries. The company plans to license its Ebonex® technology to battery manufacturers for them to incorporate it into conventional battery production lines. a current collector. sealed and connected in series to the other cells. Axion Power Axion is developing advanced batteries and an energy storage product based on its patented lead carbon battery. In comparison. Axion’s negative electrodes are five-layer assemblies that consist of a carbon electrode. Axion has been testing laboratory prototypes of its PbC® batteries since April 2004. To avoid the problems of making a seal to the lead a thermal plastic matrix houses the Ebonex® plate with a lead alloy foil on the outer surface. a corrosion barrier.” Like a lead-acid battery. During testing. the prototypes have withstood more than 1. most lead-acid batteries designed for deep discharge applications can only survive 300 to 500 cycles under these operating conditions. a second corrosion barrier and a second carbon electrode. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 20 . These electrode assemblies are then sandwiched together with conventional separators and positive electrodes to make the battery. This is used to build VRLA bipolar batteries with absorbent glass mat (AGM) separators. PbC Technology™. The result is a battery-supercapacitor hybrid that uses less lead. Axion claims its PbC® represents the first major advance in lead-acid battery technology for 30 years. The Axion PbC® is a “platform technology” which means that energy storage devices based on this technology can be configured to accommodate a wide range of energy storage and power delivery requirements by changing the number. Atraverda’s is a lead-acid based technology that uses Ebonex®.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Atraverda As with the Firefly battery. the battery consists of a series of cells.600 cycles before failure. a titanium suboxide ceramic material which has a unique combination of metallic-like electrical conductivity along with the high corrosion resistance of ceramics. However. which is filled with an acid electrolyte. The full technical description of Axion’s proprietary PbC® technology is a “multi-celled asymmetrically supercapacitive lead-acid-carbon hybrid battery. The test protocol requires a complete charge-discharge cycle every seven hours to a 90% depth of discharge. Alternatively. A123Systems currently supplies batteries and battery systems to multiple light duty vehicle programs with leading American and European automakers and tier ones. Axion believe its prototypes will offer several key performance advantages over conventional lead-acid batteries. designed for HEV and PHEV applications offer very low cost per Watt and Watthour. developing proprietary treatment processes for the activated carbon uses in the electrodes. geared for the higher energy requirements of the PHEV marketplace. faster recharge rates. The research has focused on developing the intellectual property. respectively. To that end. Nanophosphate lithium ion technology enables an ultra wide State of Charge (SOC) operating window which allows more extensive use of each cell in a system and further reduces the need for pack oversizing. These two cells. characterising baseline performance. Very high power at lower SOC set points enables higher usable energy in extended range EV platforms. Proprietary M1HD electrode design delivers higher energy density and Wh throughput while maintaining industry leading power density. as well as innovative new companies like Project Better Place and Th!nk. enabling A123 to deliver a lower cost battery system by minimising the need for pack oversizing to meet automotive requirements. A123 Systems A123Systems’ automotive class Lithium Ion™ cells uses proprietary Nanophosphate™ technology to design highly abuse-tolerant products at the cell and system level to deliver safety for automotive applications. The 32 Series automotive class Lithium Ion™ Cells have been developed by A123Systems specifically for the impending transportation revolution. the high power AHR32113M1Ultra and the more energy dense AHR32157M1HD. A123 has developed two automotive class lithium ion cells. longer cycle lives in deep discharge applications and minimal maintenance. developing proprietary designs and manufacturing techniques for electrode assemblies and fabricating a series of material and design evaluation prototypes that range from single cell to multi-cell batteries. offering yet higher power over that seen in the traditional ANR26650M1. A123 batteries have a long cycling life and low impedance growth over thousands of cycles.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Based on the work completed during the laboratory development stage. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 21 . including: higher power delivery rates. the 32157 uses a more energy dense electrode. The AHR32113 uses the new Ultra electrode design. A flatter voltage profile provides more consistent power delivery over the entire drive cycle. while not sacrificing the power capability needed for charge-sustaining operation. EEStor’s system is based on high permittivity (the ability of a material to store electricity) titanate ceramic powder which is double coated. Altairnano’s research into the electro-chemistry of battery materials discovered nano-structured lithium titanate. EEStor is claiming a permittivity rating of more than 18. industry experts are deeply sceptical of EEStor’s claims maintaining that the bulk materials will disintegrate. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 22 . Altairnano set about to solve the limitations associated with conventional lithium-ion technologies.400 Kgs. Only time will tell if there is any validity behind EEStor’s wildly ambitious claims.500. safety. as the EESU would give electric cars a 500 Kms range (300+miles) with rapid recharging. which when used to replace graphite in conventional lithium-ion batteries. Altairnano Altairnano is the first company to replace traditional graphite materials used in conventional lithium-ion batteries with a proprietary. Lockheed Martin. Canada’s Zenn electric car company has signed a multi-million dollar deal with EEStor for exclusive use of the EESU in vehicles upto 1. EEStor claims that its patented method of sintering the grains together eliminates the gaps between the grains of coated barium titanate powder turning it into a bulk ceramic with the same properties as individual barium titanate crystals. first with aluminium oxide and. power delivery. However. including cycle and calendar life. has signed a deal for military applications and GM has admitted to being in contact with EEStor. The downside is that production and delivery have been delayed more than once. nano-structured lithium titanate. recharge time. and ability to operate in extreme temperatures. secondly. In reality this is an electrical energy storage unit (EESU) rather than a battery as currently defined and if their claims are ever verified – specific energy upto 280 Wh/kg compared to a lithium-ion’s 120 and lead-acid’s 32-40 Wh/kg – they will have achieved the modern day equivalent of the alchemist’s search for iosis. Nevertheless. Establishing a research program in 2000 to develop lithium-ion cell technology for powerdependent applications. compared to an ultracapacitor’s 20 to 30. This fundamental breakthrough in battery technology was announced by Altairnano in February 2005 and has since been used as the core technology in the development of the company’s advanced energy storage and battery systems. with calcium magnesium aluminosilicate glass.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report EEStor Perhaps one of the most intriguing developments in the battery field is from this secretive company based in Cedar Park. If this is ever verified then it will have a profound effect on vehicle electrification. Texas. whilst defense contractor. results in distinctive performance attributes required by power-dependent energy storage applications. The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Based on its patented technology Altairnano offers 11 and 50Ah batteries that feature unique fast-charge. fast charge/discharge rates within 10 minutes and. greater temperature versatility with ranges of -40º C to 55º C. which is typically made of carbon. Cui’s battery gets around this problem with nanotechnology. But. Beltway Battery The Beltway Battery is a development of existing lithium-ion batteries that. The work could also allow for the quick recharging © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 23 . The nanowires inflate to four times their normal size as they soak up lithium. the Stanford team grew nanowires on a stainless steel substrate. Silicon placed in a battery swells as it absorbs positively charged lithium atoms during charging then shrinks during use as the lithium is drawn out of the silicon. because it simply changes the process by which the battery is made and uses existing materials. providing an excellent electrical connection. The lithium is stored in a forest of tiny silicon nanowires. lighter batteries. higher levels of operational abuse tolerance than existing batteries. three times more powerful than existing batteries. often in the form of particles or a thin film. to pulverise. could be in production within two years according to its inventor. assistant professor of materials science and engineering. that could recharge in seconds rather than hours. Gerbrand Ceder. Cui predicted that nanowire batteries could be in production by 2012. and extreme long life along with cold temperature charging. unlike other silicon shapes. Research on silicon in batteries began three decades ago but people gave up on it because the capacity wasn’t high enough and the cycle life wasn’t good enough. long cycle life exceeding 5000 charges. the Richard P. degrading the batteries performance. Silicon has a much higher capacity than carbon. they do not fracture. Some key advantages include: large configuration choices. but also has its own drawback. each with a diameter one-thousandth the thickness of a sheet of paper. This expand/shrink cycle typically causes the silicon. USA. Simmons professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). abuse tolerance. The advance could usher in smaller. for mobile ‘phones and other devices. Nanowire Nanowire batteries were invented at Stanford University in the USA in 2007 by a team led by Dr Yi Cui. For their experiments. The electrical storage capacity of a Li-ion battery is limited by how much lithium can be held in the battery’s anode. The new version produces ten times the amount of electricity as existing lithium ion batteries. The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report of batteries in electric cars. devised a way around the problem by creating a new surface. State-of-the-art lithium rechargeable batteries have very high energy densities and are good at storing large amounts of charge. for carrying charge across the battery simply move too slowly through the material. The trade-off is that they have relatively slow power rates and are sluggish at gaining and discharging that energy. there’s no problem: it proceeds efficiently into the tunnel. because less material is needed for the same result. it is prevented from reaching the tunnel entrance because it cannot move to access that entrance. Further calculations showed that lithium ions can indeed move very quickly into the material but only through tunnels accessed from the surface. after the orbital motorway in Washington DC and has been licensed by A123Systems of Watertown. the researchers modified an electrode material called lithium iron phosphate to allow electrons and ions to move in and out of it much more quickly. USA. The advance is based on computer models that Ceder developed in 2004. or enough power for about 20 vacuum cleaners. a graduate student in materials science and engineering. however. The new high rate. Computer calculations of a well-known battery material. To improve the batteries. Ceder notes that further tests showed that unlike other battery materials. predicted that the material’s lithium ions should actually be moving extremely quickly. If a lithium ion at the surface is directly in front of a tunnel entrance. Ceder included extra lithium and phosphorus. The models suggested a way to improve conductivity by directing lithium ions toward particular faces of crystals within the material. would allow a one-litre battery based on the material to deliver 25. This helps form a layer of lithium diphosphate. the researchers calculate. the new material does not degrade as much when repeatedly charged and recharged. About five years ago.000 watts. This could lead to smaller. although that particular application would be limited by the amount of power available to a homeowner through the electric grid. the two went on to make a small battery that could be fully charged or discharged in 10 to 20 seconds (it takes six minutes to fully charge or discharge a cell made from the unprocessed material). To exploit this. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 24 . Traditionally. lighter batteries. a material known for its high lithium-ion conductivity. lithium iron phosphate. along with electrons. But if the ion isn’t directly in front. scientists thought that the lithium ions responsible. Ceder and Byoungwoo Kang. allowing for very fast discharging. Using their new processing technique. Ceder and colleagues made a surprising discovery. He says that ions encountering the material are quickly shuttled to faces that can pull them in. The technology has been nicknamed the “beltway battery”. The new batteries would store nearly ten times as much energy as an ultracapacitor of the same size. To make a battery. and it is known that some of Edison’s batteries are still operational. lithium hydroxide mixed with distilled or de-ionized water. Nova Scotia. especially. given that today’s manufacturing technology is far superior than in the early 1900s. Nickel iron batteries are made up from individual cells: Each cell has a nominal voltage of 1. Outputs as high as 900W/kg and 70% depth of discharge are claimed with recharging taking less than 15 minutes. Electrolyte replacement is inexpensive when compared to battery replacement. all nickel iron cells are 1. Nickel-iron Thomas Edison invented the nickel-iron battery in 1901 in an attempt to provide the nascent electric car industry with a better battery that would deliver greater performance and.. Currently only used as portable starters for automotive and marine engine applications. a professor of physics at Dalhousie University. The electrolyte is a combination of potassium hydroxide. who claims it would be good for acceleration. by discharging the same as you would with a lead acid battery and by replacing the electrolyte when the battery is taking longer to charge or hold its rated capacity. the energy capacity of lithium iron phosphate is lower than that of other lithium-ion battery materials. The great advantage of these batteries is their robustness. This creates a large surface area allowing an increased amount of active material for charge and discharge. you add © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 25 . No matter the size of the cell. Whilst Australia’s Ironcore Power claims its batteries will last up to 20 years with regular discharge to 50%. Water makes up around 85% of the electrolyte. in Halifax. but not as much for long range.2mm glass microfibre. according to Jeff Dahn. However.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report However. range. Ironcore Power believes these NiFe batteries have the possibility of many years in excess of the 20 years. A valve relieves any extra gas that might be created through over-filling.08mm lead oxide on both sides and separated by 0. Unlike a conventional battery the cylindrical TMF has a central insulating core around which are wrapped a double layer of 0. Thin Metal Film lead-acid Thin Metal Film (TMF) is a process patented by Bolder Technologies Pte Ltd. Nickel iron batteries like to be worked and thrive on hard work and cycling.2volts. the advent of cheap petrol killed off the electric car and the nickeliron battery was consigned to commercial. resulting in alternate layers of lead foil protruding from either end. based in Singapore. Bolder also maintains its system has greater cold-weather performance than conventional lead-acid batteries. However. stationary applications. Bolder maintains its system is eight to ten times more powerful than conventional lead acid batteries but weighs six times less and is six times smaller.05mm thick lead foil coated with 0. making Ceder’s advance of limited value.2 volts. but the project seemed to have faded into the wilderness. NiFe batteries will perform adequately down to -20°C with a maximum power density of 100 W/kg. For example: 6 Volts = 5 x 1. The advantage of making a battery up from individual cells is that if one cell fails. A new battery is slightly more efficient and usually levels off as it is used until it reaches its normal efficiency which is then held over the rest of its life.2volt cells. 24 Volts = 20 x 1. James J. Nickel-zinc Like nickel-iron. This means that over the life of a nickel iron battery it will be more efficient than most other batteries as other batteries’ efficiency reduce dramatically nearing the end of their life.000 charge/discharge cycle life claimed by most vendors. In a comparative study published by The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System. This leads to internal short circuits and premature failure.2volt cells. Although successful they were then withdrawn when the batteries wore out. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 26 . Dr.2volt cells. 2. Drumm (1897-1974) and installed in four 2-car Drumm Railcar sets between 1932 and 1948 for use on the Dublin-Bray line. Incidentally. you replace that cell. Thomas Edison was also awarded a US Patent for a recharged NiZn battery system in 1901. However. these batteries were invented well before science and materials were sufficiently sophisticated to take advantage of the theory. conductive crystals that might penetrate the separator membrane between electrodes.2volt cells. With most other batteries. Their relatively higher cost is offset by their durability. “The nickel-zinc system’s sustained power density of 150-200 W/kg is five times better than that of lead-acid traction batteries and twice as good as the sodiumsulphur system. These were developed by an Irish chemist. The NiFe battery has an efficiency of around 80%.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report cells together until you get the voltage you require. 12 Volts = 10 x 1. and two-thirds that of the sodium-sulphur battery. Early NIZn batteries were plagued by a limited number of discharge cycles due to the growth of dendrites which are thin.5 times better than that of the lead-acid traction battery. “The 70 W h/kg (at the 1 hour rate) gravimetric energy density of the nickel-zinc battery is about 3. 48 Volts = 40 x 1. NiZn batteries came out very highly recommended showing that: 1. they differ from NiFe batteries in that nowadays they are under intense development as a possible power source for EVs. long before the 800-1. In 1993 Eagle Picher developed a commercial van powered by NiFe batteries. when a cell fails you need to replace the entire battery. A rechargeable NiZn battery will compete with cells such as nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd). Other means of restricting dendrite growth have involved additives for the zinc electrode and electrolyte. polymer-based. While lead acid batteries are inexpensive. Lead Acid batteries are not environmentally friendly. solid-state.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report 3. lithium-ion (Li-Ion). It is concluded that the nickel-zinc device is the most attractive candidate for medium-term electric vehicle applications.” Critics point out that the fundamental problem of dendrite growth limits the maximum number of deep discharges to less than 300 unless solutions such as electrochemically impregnated sintered nickel positive electrodes or special microporous separators are built in. exciting or mechanically cleaning the zinc electrodes or holding zinc electrode slurry in a matrix. nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH). this unique membrane effectively stops dendrite formation while preserving the high power and energy densities inherent in NiZn batteries without involving costly materials or manufacturing processes. nonporous. hydroxide-ion conducting membrane to solve the dendrite problem. In addition. Based on discoveries made at its parent company. “The volumetric energy densities of nickel-zinc and sodium-sulphur batteries is more than twice that of the lead-acid traction device. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 27 . “The nickel-zinc battery has a flatter discharge profile over its full capacity range than the sodium-sulphur and lithium-sulphur systems. The specific power is three to five times that of a deep-discharge lead-acid battery. and lead acid. but the Xellerion NiZn battery is claimed to be superior to all of these cells as shown below : Comparison of Nickel Zinc to competing battery technologies Type Status Specific Energy(Wh/kg) Acid 30-40 Peak Power(W/kg) 150-200+ Cycle Life(#cycles)100% DOD* 100-200 Charge Time(100%)(Hr) 3-20 Cost($kWh) Environmental Friendly? No VRLA Lead Acid NiCad NiMH LiIon NiZn Commercial 100-250 Commercial Commercial Commercial Development 20-50 50-80 100-150 55-65 100-1000 200-1000 <1000 500-800 800-3000 600-1200 600-1200 300-500 3-8 3-8 3-8 1-4 800-1000 1000-1300 1500-3000 150-500 No Yes Yes Yes *Depth of Discharge Source: Xellerion Deep-discharge lead acid batteries are the closest competitors to the Xellerion NiZn battery in overall performance for transportation applications. New York-based Xellerion claims to have overcome these shortcomings using a patented. 4. The Xellerion NiZn battery has almost twice the specific energy of a lead acid battery. they have lower power and energy densities compared to NiZ. Lead acid and Ni-MH should be the nearest to NiZn in cost and performance. eVionyx. Vented NiCd batteries are used in aerospace applications. typically for starting aircraft engines. The capabilities of the cell were further enhanced with patented advancements in both the positive and negative electrode composition that are free of any heavy metal elements. although the capacity of the battery is not actually reduced substantially. NiZn can be continuously deep-discharged to 100% for over 500 cycles without damage to the cell. especially PSA Peugeot-Citroën in the mid 1990s and the original Th!nk four or five years later. PowerGenix solves the dendrite problem using a patented electrolyte formulation that reduces zinc solubility and prevents dendrite shorting problems. Because of their relatively high 50Wh/kg energy density and 200 W/kg. Hunan Corun HiTech Co. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 28 . Nickel-cadmium These batteries are another example of a technology developed ahead of its time. the company has a strong and broad intellectual property position that addresses all major aspects of the cell chemistry as well as engineering and construction details that enable the use of existing nickel-cadmium equipment manufacturing for production of the cells. USA. Of greater concern is the toxicity of the cadmium which is a heavy metal and calls for costly manufacturing and recycling requirements. Others offering NiZn batteries include France’s SCPS and China’s Shenzhen Optimum Battery Co. but against NiCd batteries suffer from a “memory effect” if they are discharged and recharged to the same state of changes over their life cycle. which cannot generally achieve more than 100 deep cycles. They are made up of a sintered positive nickel electrode and a sintered cadmium negative electrode that can also be plastic bonded. Additionally. Interleaving them is a separator that absorbs the free electrolyte. Ltd. The apparent symptom is that the battery “remembers” the point in its charge cycle where recharging began and during subsequent use suffers a sudden drop in voltage at that point. The first NiCd batteries were made in Sweden by Waldemar Jungner in 1899 but didn’t go into series production in the USA until 1946. as if the battery had been discharged. combined with the ability to cope with high charge and discharge rates. Based in San Diego. its manufacturing partner is Chinese battery maker. they have attracted interest from some OEMs.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report The Xellerion battery has five times the cycle life of these batteries. Although relatively costly they will tolerate as many as 2000 deep discharge charges cycles. Deep discharge lead acid batteries will lose their rechargeability if they are discharged beyond 80% of their capacity.. because of the high operating temperatures © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 29 .2 Volts which means that many cells are required to make up high voltage batteries. Nickel-metal-hydride batteries are related to sealed nickel-cadmium batteries and only differ from them in that instead of cadmium. such as the latest Toyota Prius and Honda Insight. This reconditioning also serves to overcome the problems of the “memory” effect. On the downside there is a very high self discharge rate.000 cycles can be expected. cell voltage is only 1. mercury or lead. but they are considered better for the environment. This electrode is made from metal hydride alloys such as lanthanum and rare earths that serve as a solid source of reduced hydrogen that can be oxidised to form protons. In their favour NiMH batteries have high energy density. Sodium-sulphur Sodium sulphur batteries are constructed from sodium (Na) and sulphur (S) and have a high energy and high efficiency of charge/discharge of 89% to 92% together with a long cycle life. also employ this battery technology. for example at 4% DOD. Rapid charge in one hour is possible and they have a wide operating temperature range and are environmentally friendly with no cadmium. However. nearly ten times worse than lead acid or lithium batteries and the battery deteriorates during long time storage. The energy density is more than double that of Lead acid and 40% higher than that of NiCads They accept both higher charge and discharge rates and micro-cycles thus enabling applications which were previously not practical. Like NiCd batteries. founder of Ovonics. However. batteries have been selected for a range of electric and hybrid cars including the original GM EV1. or NiMH. and is fabricated from inexpensive materials.000 cycles at 100% Depth of Discharge (DOD) has been demonstrated. Finally.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Nickel-metal hydride Nickel-metal hydride. high rate discharge is not as good as NiCads and they are less tolerant of overcharging than NiCads. whilst using NiMH batteries up to 3. hydrogen is used as the active element at a hydrogenabsorbing negative electrode (anode). Today’s hybrids. an anode of hydrogen absorbing alloys and a potassium-hydroxide (KOH) electrolyte.2 Volts The NiMH battery was patented in 1986 by Stanford Ovshinsky. At lower depths of discharge. Toyota Prius as well as other GM and Ford products. more than 350. This problem can be solved by charging and discharging the battery several times before reuse. nickel-metal hydride batteries are susceptible to a “memory effect” although to a lesser extent. The components of NiMH batteries include a cathode of nickel-hydroxide. The electrolyte is alkaline potassium hydroxide and the cell voltage is 1. Honda EV Plus. They are more expensive than Lead-acid and NiCd batteries. The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report of 300° to 350°C and the highly corrosive nature of the sodium polysulfides, these cells are more suitable for large-scale non-mobile applications such as grid energy storage. Ironically, the first sodium-sulphur batteries were developed in the Ford Research Laboratories in Dearborn, USA in 1991 to power an electric prototype of the then Ford Ecostar van. The high temperature of sodium sulphur batteries presented difficulties for electric vehicle use, however, and with the development of other battery types better suited to automotive use, the Ecostar never went into production. Sodium-nickel chloride The history of this battery has been somewhat contorted since it was first developed in South Africa in 1985 by Dr. Johan Coetzer as part of the Zeolite Battery Research Africa Project which gives it its more common name of Zebra. Subsequently it passed on Beta R&D and then AEG-Zebra before being acquired by the Swiss group, MES-DEA S.A. in 1999. It’s similar in structure to the sodium-sulphur battery except that a nickel chloride positive electrode replaces the liquid sulphur positive electrode used in the sodium-sulphur battery. The major perceived drawback of the sodium nickel chloride battery is that it is a high temperature technology. The battery has to be maintained at an internal operating temperature of between 270°C and 350°C for efficient operation. While the battery is being used, this causes no energy penalty since the internal resistance of the Zebra battery converts resistive losses to heat with 100% efficiency. All batteries have internal resistance and in all batteries, this internally generated heat has to be removed by a cooling system to prevent overheating. Therefore in the case of the Zebra battery, the heat generated during operation can be used to maintain the temperature. However, when the vehicle is not in use, the battery will start to cool down. After about four hours, external heat has to be applied to maintain the temperature. The battery contains a heater which can be powered by the mains or powered by the battery itself. If the vehicle is left overnight it can be plugged in to both recharge it and to keep the battery hot. If the vehicle is left for more than four hours in a location without access to a source of mains power, the onboard DC heater switches on to maintain the temperature. The finished battery package with control electronics has a specific energy density of 90 120Wh/kg (depending on format) and a volumetric energy density is 166Wh/l. The Zebra battery will withstand at least 1,000 100% DOD charge/discharge cycles including any type of partial charge/recharge. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 30 The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Lithium-iron sulphide Yet another high temperature battery, this time operating at 450°C, but with the added complication of using lithium which restricts which electrolyte can be used. Furthermore it is intolerant of overcharging and there are recycling issues with the toxic lithium content. However, it does demonstrate very good performance with a potential maximum energy density of 150Wh/kg and a power density of 300 W/kg combined with 1,000 deep discharge cycle. Cells sold today as polymer batteries have a different design from the older lithium-ion cells. Unlike lithium-ion cylindrical, or prismatic cells, which have a rigid metal case, polymer cells have a flexible, foil-type (polymer laminate) case, but they still contain organic solvent. The main difference between commercial polymer and lithium-ion cells is that in the latter the rigid case presses the electrodes and the separator onto each other, whereas in polymer cells this external pressure is not required because the electrode sheets and the separator sheets are laminated onto each other. Since no metal battery cell casing is needed, the battery can be lighter and it can be specifically shaped to fit the device it will power. Because of the denser packaging without intercell spacing between cylindrical cells and the lack of metal casing, the energy density of Li-poly batteries is over 20% higher than that of a classic Li-ion battery. For optimum results these batteries operate at temperatures between 80°C and 120°C, producing 150Wh/kg energy density and 300W/kg specific power. Challenges include longer charge times and slower maximum discharge rates compared to more mature technologies. Li-poly batteries typically require more than an hour for a full charge. Recent design improvements have increased maximum discharge currents from two times to 15 or even 30 times the cell capacity (discharge rate in amps, cell capacity in amp-hours). In recent years, manufacturers have been declaring upwards of 500 charge-discharge cycles before the capacity drops to 80%. Another variant of Li-poly cells, the “thin film rechargeable lithium battery”, has been shown to provide more than 10,000 cycles. Lithium-solid polymer Lithium-ion Lithium-ion cells differ in their structure from lithium-solid polymers by replacing the negative lithium plate with a material such as graphite or tin oxide. When the cell is charged lithium is contained within the negative plate’s atomic structure. As the cell is discharged the lithium ions transfer to manganese, cobalt or nickel oxide positive side via the organic electrolyte and vice versa when charging. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 31 The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Typically cells have energy density in the region of 120 Wh/kg and a 1000 cycle deep discharge life. However with development this has increased to 35kWh, a 3,500 deep discharge life together with 120 Wh/kg. Zinc-air Some might consider this to be closer to a fuel cell rather than battery technology, but it does have potential, especially for urban buses and delivery vehicles. The revolutionary zinc-air fuel cell is the heart of the electric fuel zinc-air fuel cell energy system. Each fuel cell module contains 47 individual air-breathing zinc-air cells connected in series and can discharge 17.4 kWh before it has to be refueled with fresh zinc fuel. Electric fuel’s transit bus carries three trays of six modules each, which means that the bus is fuelled with 312 kWh of on-board energy. In the centre of each individual cell is the zinc fuel: a replaceable anodic fuel cassette made of zinc particles in an electrolyte solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH). The anode, inserted into a separator envelope, is flanked on two sides by high-power oxygen reduction cathodes. When the fuel cell is in operation, oxygen is extracted from the air by electrochemically reducing it at the cathode to hydroxide ions. These ions then react with the zinc fuel inside the cell, producing the zinc oxide (the same material used in sunblock). The other end-product of this reaction is plenty of energy. The on-board zinc-air fuel cell yields a practical specific energy of around 200 Wh/kg and specific peak power of 90 W/kg at 80% depth of discharge. The zinc-air fuel cell is air-cooled to save weight and energy. Because blowing too much reaction air across the cell face would dry out the cell, Electric Fuel developed a unique method of using a second air flow to cool the reaction air through thin plastic heat transfer panels. The cooled reaction air, in turn, cools the cell. Electric fuel has patented this cooling method in the US and around the world. Fleet operators need their vehicles on the go, all the time. To minimise down-time and to take alternative fuel infrastructure offsite, Electric Fuel has pioneered the concept of central regeneration plants for spent fuel cells. Rather than requiring drivers to recharge individual vehicle batteries by plugging them into an outlet, depleted Zinc-Air fuel cell modules are quickly exchanged for new ones. And instead of expecting a transit operator to operate an on-site charging facility, the spent cells are transported to a regeneration plant. At this facility, depleted fuel cassettes are electrochemically recharged, using off-peak electricity if possible, and mechanically recycled. It also provides the fresh zinc fuel which is then delivered back to the fleet. Not only are the electric vehicles powered by the zinc-air system 100% emission-free, but the regeneration of zinc fuel is a clean, non-polluting industrial process. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 32 electron storage. and if that ‘parking’ area can be increased. For instance. typically on the order of thousands of times greater than a high capacity electrolytic capacitor. This was accomplished with a modest surface area grade of Reticle Carbon 1200 square meters per gram. frequently referred to as plates. is that they are more temperature tolerant. therefore. an improvement of about two or three orders of magnitude in capacitance. or as simple as possible. California has been working on using carbon and claims that laboratory studies produced 7. the greater the ultracapacitors storage and power capability. The original capacitor was the Leyden jar developed in the 18th century. are well suited for transportation applications in which onboard weight is a prime consideration. The ultracapacitor field is based on simple. Modern capacitors are constructed using a range of manufacturing techniques and materials to provide the extraordinarily wide range of capacitance values used in practical electronics applications from femtofarads to farads and voltage capabilities from a few volts to several kilovolts. It is the accumulation of charge on the plates that results in capacitance. however. (A farad is the charge in coulombs a capacitor will accept for the potential across it to change one volt. For that to happen the electrons need to ‘park’ on something that will take them on and let them go easily. Because of the lightness in weight of Reticle Carbon. are electrochemical capacitors that have an unusually high energy density when compared to common capacitors. By combining ultracapacitors with lithium-ion you can get the best of both worlds with the power required for long journeys whilst the ultracapacitor is ideal for absorbing sudden bursts of power created under regenerative braking and then quickly releasing it for rapid acceleration. a typical D-cell sized electrolytic capacitor will have a capacitance in the range of tens of millifarads. Reticle has manufactured much higher surface area carbon monoliths. Reticle Inc of Los Altos. Work at MIT’s Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems (LEES) holds out the promise of the first technologically significant and economically viable alternative to conventional batteries in more than 200 years.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Electric double-layer capacitors. electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs). and that higher surface area carbon has a higher power storage capacity. the main one being that whilst ultracapacitors deliver a lot of power they are short on energy. can withstand millions of cycles to zero and rapid re-charging without any of the memory effect seen in some batteries. also known as supercapacitors. There are a number of differences between ultracapacitors and batteries. but usually at a lower working voltage. or ultracapacitors. In their favour. separated by an insulating layer called a dielectic. A coulomb is one ampere second) The same size electric double-layer capacitor would have a capacitance of several farads. supercapacitors built from Reticle Carbon are considerably lighter than metal-carbon capacitors and. Ultracapacitors © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 33 . A capacitor consists of two conducting surfaces.5 kilowatt hours per kilogram of material in a 13 cc (two cubic inch) capacitor. The LEES ultracapacitor has the capacity to overcome this energy limitation by using vertically aligned. Today’s ultracapacitors use electrodes made of activated carbon.000th –the diameter of a human hair and 100. Nanotube-enhanced ultracapacitors could be made in any of the sizes currently available and be produced using conventional technology. high immunity to shock and vibration and high charging and discharging efficiency . the pores in the carbon are irregular in size and shape.physical constraints on electrode surface area and spacing have limited ultracapacitors to an energy storage capacity around 25 times less than a similarly sized lithiumion battery. candidate Riccardo Signorelli are using nanotube structures to improve ultracapacitors. which equates to significantly increased storage capacity.000 times as long as they are wide. and Ph. Kassakian. indifference to temperature change. Storage capacity in an ultracapacitor is proportional to the surface area of the electrodes. single-wall carbon nanotubes – 1/30. which reduces efficiency.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Joel E. “This configuration has the potential to maintain and even improve the high performance characteristics of ultracapacitors while providing energy storage densities comparable to batteries. the Bernard Gordon Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS) and associate director of the Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems. Schindall.a 10-year-plus lifetime.” Schindall said. The LEES invention would increase the storage capacity of existing commercial ultracapacitors by storing electrical fields at the atomic level. and a size that is only several atomic diameters in width. Ultracapacitors need to be much larger than batteries to hold the same charge. which is extremely porous and therefore has a very large surface area. The vertically aligned nanotubes in the LEES ultracapacitor have a regular shape. despite their inherent advantages . EECS professor and director of LEES.D. “Nanotube-enhanced ultracapacitors would combine the long life and high power characteristics of a commercial ultracapacitor with the higher energy storage density normally available only from a chemical battery. However. John G.” © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 34 . The result is a significantly more effective surface area. However. so the motor runs more smoothly. The rest of the time the coil spins on its own and the torque drops to zero. Brushed Motors The brushed DC motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied to the motor by using internal commutation. As more coils are added to the motor. and simple control of motor speed. The resulting torque curve never reaches the zero point. Essentially they can be broken down into DC and AC motors although there are variations in both that make them more or less suitable for EV applications. as well as cleaning or replacing the commutators. stationary permanent magnets and rotating electrical magnets. the torque curve is smoothed out. Another method of increasing the torque and rotational speed of the motor is to increase the current supplied to the coils. thus increasing the current at the same time. Disadvantages are high maintenance and low life-span for high intensity uses as maintenance involves regularly replacing the brushes and springs which carry the electric current. the torque curve approaches a straight line reducing the torque ripple.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Motor technology Unlike batteries there isn’t such a wide choice when it comes to electrical motors. Advantages of a brushed DC motor include low initial cost. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 35 . These components are necessary for transferring electrical power from outside the motor to the spinning wire windings of the rotor inside the motor. This is accomplished by increasing the voltage that is sent to the motor. As more and more coils are added. One drawback to the motor is the large amount of torque ripple that it has. DC Motors A DC motor works by converting electric power into mechanical work by forcing current through a coil and producing a magnetic field that spins the motor. and the average torque for the motor is greatly increased. This is created because the coil has a force pushing on it at only the 90° and 270° positions. high reliability. This type of machine. Traditionally. and stationary electrical magnets on the motor housing. Synchronous motors have the following advantages over non-synchronous motors: speed is independent of load. This results in a reduction in the unsprung mass of the wheel drive. High power brushless DC motors are at the root of most electric vehicle technology. A novel variation of the brushless motor is the Hredzak version. because it eliminates the complication of transferring power from outside the motor to the spinning rotor. Synchronous motors These are distinguished by a rotor spinning with coils passing magnets at the same rate as the alternating current and the resulting magnetic field which drives it. little or no maintenance. require external commutation to generate torque. inducing torque pulsations in the machine. Two separate control strategies to eliminate the torque pulsations caused by the rotor perturbation are being investigated: modulation of the input motor’s current and instantaneous torque control using a variable structure controller. which must slip in order to produce torque. In such an arrangement. There is. however. accurate control is possible © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 36 . and thereby directly drive the road wheel. the stators of the machine can be mounted on to the EV’s chassis with the rotor allowed two degrees of rotational and transverse freedom. Advantages of brushless motors include long life span. provided an adequate field current is applied.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Synchronous DC Motors Brushless DC Motors Synchronous DC motors. and more complicated motor speed controllers. the motors in EVs are mounted either in the vehicle and power the wheels via driveshafts or mounted within the wheel itself. and high efficiency. According to reports the experimental results in each case show that both control strategies are effective in eliminating the torque pulsations. However. the rotor moves between the outer stator assemblies (transversely). Brushless DC motors use a rotating permanent magnet in the rotor. They lock up if driven directly by DC power. The Hredzak solution is a sort of half-way house combining elements of both designs utilising a permanent magnet. the latter solution increases the wheel’s weight and its unsprung mass. axial field double-sided disc motor. particularly the double-sided stator configuration. This design is simpler than brushed motors. a drawback: since the wheel is excited by the roughness of the road surface. A motor controller converts DC to AC. These motors are essentially AC synchronous motors with permanent magnet rotors. They can be said to have zero slip under usual operating conditions in contrast with an induction motor. and a brushless. is attractive because rotor misalignments perpendicular to the motion of the drive shaft can be accommodated. Disadvantages include high initial cost. such as the brushless DC motor and the stepper motor. Switch reluctance machines Switch reluctance machines work through rotation caused as a magnetically permeable rotor moves to minimise reluctance the magnetic field creates by the stator coils. Advanced control system will also allow some 10-15 per cent of energy to be recovered through regenerative braking and fed back into the batteries. particularly considering their low relative cost. Examples of synchronous motors are: brushless permanent magnet DC motors. (current phase leads voltage phase). These characteristics result in the increased use of switch reluctance machines in the automotive sector. switched reluctance motor. To produce 45kW a wound field motor would weigh some 130Kgs. torque ripple (cogging) can be higher than other types of motor which may also cause acoustic noise. The advantages are: they are very robust due to simple rotor with no windings. especially if the EV is used extensively in urban driving conditions where the affect of ram air is minimal because of the overall low average speed and traffic congestion. a “capacitive” power factor. slow speed AC synchronous motors. their power factor can be adjusted to unity by using a proper field current relative to the load. which has a few concentrated coils. those for the latter are coming down in price. nearly all losses occur in the stator. an induction motor or a switched reluctance motor both weigh in at some 80Kgs and a brushless DC motor 45 Kgs. can be obtained by increasing this current slightly. their higher running speed helps to increase their efficiency. a simple inverter (no shoot-through). furthermore. stepper motors.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report in speed and position using open loop controls. Added to that. e. stepper motors.g. Therefore the motor needs to be cooled using oil or water and a radiator perhaps in conjunction with a variable speed fan to draw in additional air as and when required. torque ripple can be improved by increasing the number and shape of poles whilst noise characteristics can be improved by careful housing design. And whilst controllers for DC motors are generally cheaper than those for AC. will still function with one lost phase. Keeping the electric motor cool can also be an issue. only four MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor used to amplify or switch electrical signals) per three phases is possible if only used as a motor. which can help achieve a better power factor correction for the application overall. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 37 . synchronous motors will hold their position when a DC current is applied to both the stator and the rotor windings. Weight and size of electric motors can be an issue for their given output. Their construction allows for increased electrical efficiency when a low speed is required. high starting torque with a wide speed range. ” It features control electronics embedded in the electric motor that manages the control of the motors to provide smooth operation when the EV is being driven at any speed. noting for comparison that the small Renault Clio has 38Kg of unsprung weight on its front axle. Patrick Oliva. Meanwhile the British firm. 75 less than an Opel Agila. 30kW electric motor powered by batteries to provide the vehicle’s motive force with conventional brakes slowing it down. It has been featured on Volvo’s ReCharge concept and the Lightning GT prototype sports car.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report In-wheel motors In-wheel electric motors are anything but a new idea. With battery packs on board. smaller and more powerful than the conventional electronic propulsion systems and generators it replaces. The wheel features a seven kilo. using a unique regenerative system.1 Lohner-Wagen in 1900 with electric motors in the front wheel hubs and the year he revealed the gargantuan Lohner-Porsche Rennwagen with 1800 Kgs of batteries powering four 1. generator or brake and is claimed to be “several times lighter.to mid-1990s. Ferdinand Porsche created the No. Michelin’s system also features fast-reacting.5 kW inwheel motors. In total the wheel weighs a hefty 43 Kgs. 3/100ths second. but it was at the 2008 Paris Salon that the French tire producer announced its major breakthrough. pointed out in Die Welt that the unsprung weight in the Heuliez Will is 35Kg on the front axle and 24Kg on the rear. electric suspension to replace conventional strut-damper arrangement. whilst an integrated power management system distributes drive power to the motor and then recaptures and feeds most of that energy back into the battery. More recently Michelin showed some developments in the early. but Michelin’s director for Sustainable Development and Mobility of the Future. Its Hi-Pa Drive acts as an electric motor. PML Flightlink has developed an integrated in-wheel motor for EVs. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 38 . the prototype Heuliez Will weighs in at 900Kg. ’ plus the Department of Energy. It got a boost of respectability when American entrepreneur and investor. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 39 . That complex should be operational by 2010 and produce more than 20. The Hong-Kong listed company also claimed that its FE battery pack could be charged to 50 % of its capacity in 10 minutes and 100 % in one hour. would pay $224 million each should the proposals be approved and would include an investment of up to $83 million to build a new technology and manufacturing centre in Michigan to help develop and assemble these vehicles. Beyond giving power and torque figures for the car. 200kW and 550Nm respectively. Warren Buffet. The five-door. BYD (Build Your Dream) says it intends to start selling its plug-in hybrid in Europe by 2010 and break into the USA market within five years. Chrysler and its ‘partners.000 vehicles a year. especially in China or even forming a joint-venture to assemble the cars for distribution in China. BYD is also thought to be in discussions with Ford and one other European OEM. 2008 to secure a 10 % stake in the business. how BYD had achieved this battery breakthrough. five-seater hatch is powered by BYD’s own high-performance ferrousbased lithium-ion phosphate batteries and is said to have a range of 400Kms. The applications for matching funds were made as part of two initiatives at the Department of Energy that are designed to speed up the development and manufacturing of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids. which marks a remarkable breakthrough if proven to be true. Volkswagen is also exploring the possibility of BYD supplying it with batteries for EVs. there’s sparse information on the battery pack or the electric motor used or. Founded in 1995 the company is now the world’s largest supplier of lithium batteries for cell ‘phones. Chrysler The beleaguered American car maker announced at the end of May that it had submitted proposals totaling $448 million to the US Department of Energy to research and develop electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid models. accelerating to 100Km/h in eight seconds and a projected top speed of 160Km/h. computers etc. BYD is also claiming 2000 cycle fully charged/discharge. invested $232 million in the company in October. indeed.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report EV Programs BYD China’s BYD caused a stir at the Detroit Auto Show in January when it unveiled its e6 electric vehicle. Chrysler said. Based on a mildly restyled Lotus Europa it appeared at the Detroit show. an advanced lithium-ion battery system to power the electric-drive motor. “Evonik is the only company that can actually bring about commercial series production of battery cells of this kind. “We will also continue our ongoing investment in relevant future technologies.” says Werner Müller. ECC claim the car can be recharged overnight using a standard house hold plug. Li-Tec cells will appear in a range of Mercedes-Benz EVs. Powered by a 200kW electric motor driven by Lithium-ion batteries with regenerative braking. Recharging a Chrysler all-electric vehicle is a simple one-step process: plugging into a standard 110-volt or 220-volt household outlet. rumours started spreading that the program had been abandoned and was only ever intended to be a green headliner grabber for the company. Stuttgart are developing future energy storage systems. The outcome is production-ready hi-tech battery cells that they claim are superior to competitor products in several key areas. both groups will drive forward the research. the UK-based The Electric Car Corporation plc has revealed an electric conversion of the Citroën C1 powered by a 30kW motor running off lithiumion batteries. and a controller that manages energy flow. Daimler engineers have registered over 600 patents associated with battery-powered vehicles – over © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 40 . The recharge time can be cut in half by using a 220-volt household appliance power outlet. Evonik has invested around €80 million. Essen and Daimler AG. Badged as the ‘ev’ie’ it offers owners a full four-seater capable of covering 96 to 112 Kms and a top speed of 96Km/h. However. Daimler Evonik Industries AG. CEO of Evonik Industries AG. This will represent an important milestone in the series production of electric vehicles. Based on lithium-ion technology from Evonik and with Daimler expertise. Following Fiat’s acquisition of Chrysler. development and production of battery cells and battery systems in Germany. zero to 96 Km/h in under five seconds and 241-322 Kms range.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Chrysler’s ENVI-powered electric vehicles utilise just three primary components. there seems to be confusion over its Dodge Circuit EV. whilst this is purely a concept. In the near future. Citroën The French manufacturer showed an electric version of its C-Cactus concept car at Geneva 2009 predicting that it would have a 160Kms range and a 112 Km/h top speed. Chrysler was claiming a 193Km/h top speed. These include an electric motor to drive the wheels. In the last 30 years. En route to achieving its technological leadership in recent years. However. affordable”. The flat cell boasts a high energy density combined with compact dimensions and outstanding safety – the issue that takes greatest priority in the application of high energy density batteries. This is designed around the basic principle of a fuel cell stack and enables standardised production within a modular system. Daimler will hold 90 % of this joint-venture. the company has developed a broad-based portfolio of efficient. the companies will also establish a joint-venture with a clear focus on the development and production of batteries and battery systems for automotive applications. “The energy storage is at the very heart of vehicle electrification and thus the key component for sustainable mobility.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report 230 of which were in the field of lithium-ion technology. with the market for battery materials exceeding €4 billion. Furthermore. including the smart electric drive in London. In Germany alone. According to Daimler. Li-Tec. and today’s Li-Tec cells are the most suitable for electric vehicles. In order to fulfil all the demands for sustainable mobility in the long term. Plans also include series production vehicles with pure battery-powered electric drive. “We have a universal electric drive that is suitable for everyday use and is safe. the electrification of the automobile is the key to sustainable mobility. the sale of cells and battery systems to third parties is planned. Evonik Group subsidiary. Both partners are seeking the involvement of a third shareholder in Li-Tec with expertise in electrical and electronic systems integration. the market size for high-performance lithium-ion batteries will exceed the €10 billion mark within the next decade. The lithium-ion batteries produced by the joint-venture will be used in both the passenger car and commercial vehicle sectors. First generation lithium-ion flat cell batteries will soon be used in MercedesBenz EVs. is set to make a significant contribution to the success of this continued development. said Evonik CEO. Müller. the federal government is striving to see at least one million electric vehicles on city streets by 2020. and Evonik 10 %. Daimler has already successfully proved their everyday usability in numerous fleet tests and infrastructure projects.” comments Dieter Zetsche. The capacity available at Li-Tec and the joint-venture will initially concentrate on the needs of Daimler AG. This year also saw the © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 41 . According to forecasts. Their concept features a ceramic separator.” explains Zetsche. chairman of the board of management of Daimler AG and head of Mercedes-Benz Cars. clean and high-performance powertrain technologies to meet the most diverse range of customer requirements and applications. Further advancements in the storage of electrical energy on-board a vehicle are promised by the flat-cell frame concept brought into the cooperation by Daimler. Beyond that. 5 hrs to charge at 13 amps reduced to about five hours at 32amp. energy and telecommunications business. EWE AG announced in April a joint project with Karmann to build and develop a four-door sporty electric car with a top speed of 140Km/h and a range of around of 150Kms. We hope that this project will provide us with important clues about how to answer this key question. Performance figures of eight seconds to 100 Km/h and a top speed of 180 Km/h are being quoted. Dr. The lithium-ion polymer battery packs have a 40kWh capacity taking 12. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 42 . EWE CEO.000 units a year although Detroit Electric’s CEO. Germany.000 units. “We got involved in the area of electric mobility early on because Karmann’s vehicle development kept making us think about integration. European sales are planned for spring 2010 with USA sales starting later the same year. We don’t believe that simply removing a combustion engine from a car body and replacing it with an alternative engine is enough. Range per charge is estimated at an impressive 320Kms for the E46 and 180Kms for the larger E63. Albert Lam – previously the head of Lotus – has ambitious plans to more than double this to 100. The powertrains are based on Detroit Electric’s patented magnetic flux motor technology developed in Holland and powered by licensed lithium ion polymer batteries. Detroit Electric The resurrected Detroit Electric is aiming to sell two EVs based on the Proton Persona saloon and re-badged E63 whilst the smaller E46 will share its mechanicals with the Proton Gen-2 hatchback. Both the engine and the car body have to match each other”. explained Karmann’s Peter Harbig at its unveiling at the Hanover Fair. A nominal continuous power output of 75kW is being quoted with peak power of 150kW and torque ranging from 350 to 380Nm. Assembly will take place at Proton’s Malaysian Tanjung Malim plant at the initial rate of 40.” The focus of their work together is to investigate how EWE can integrate electric vehicles into the electricity and telecommunications network in future and how intelligent management systems can be used efficiently for battery and network management. The intention was to have six prototypes undergoing field trials by October 2009. EWE E3 The Oldenburg-based. Werner Brinker stressed that EWE’s focus is on developing mobile electricity storage rather than just the car itself: “The storage of electricity derived from renewable energies plays a central role in solving the challenges posed by the energy supply of the future.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report launch of further major Daimler electric vehicle projects in the shape of “e-mobility Berlin” and “e-mobility Italy”. “We know the end game is electrification. Cischke Ford’s group vice-president sustainability. part of the Tanfield Group. Ford is targeting a 160 Kms range for both products when they are launched to the public. while the drive torque is transmitted to the driveshafts by a single-speed transmission. The way in which the car has been designed is such that the electric motor. environment and safety engineering. the market leader in electric vehicles. but in the development of that. Ford announced an aggressive vehicle electrification program that will see a new battery-powered commercial van launched in 2010 followed by a ‘C’ class car 12 months later. to offer battery powered versions of its Transit and Transit Connect commercial vehicles for sale in the UK and Europe as well as being made available for the USA. if you just design a specific platform for the EV it’s going to be hard to drive the cost down.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Despite Karmann’s insolvency the project is on schedule with the first prototype due to run this October and a further five being built between now and 2011. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 43 . controller etc are housed under the bonnet using the same engine mounts as petrol. that will be jointly developed with Magna International. The deal with Magna International is far more ambitious with the tier one not only supplying the electric motor. The EV is powered by seven modules of 14 lithium-ion battery packs producing 23kWh. Ford also has collaborations and partnerships with Southern California Edison and the Electric Power Research Institute to further understand customer usage and the interconnectivity of vehicles with the electric grid. a 21kWh lithium-ion phosphate battery pack accumulates the energy to drive a 50 kW permanent magnet motor. batteries and control systems but also assembling the car that will be based on Ford’s next generation global ‘C’ platform. For the Tourneo Connect BEV Concept. Recharging the vehicle is also an easy exercise: the onboard battery charger can be plugged directly into a standard mains socket.or diesel-powered models. In theory this could lead to the car also being assembled both in Europe and China where Magna also has manufacturing facilities. Smith Electric Vehicles. Ford At the Detroit show in January 2009. So by having a volume platform then we get the economies of scale from all the other cars that aren’t hybrids. and a full battery charge is accomplished in six to eight hours. Using this set-up. is targeting a range of up to 160 Kms and a top speed of 113Km/h. followed up in March at the Geneva Salon. charging time is 12 hours at 110v or half that at 220v.” explained Susan M. In the UK Ford is collaborating with Tanfield. Lightning This small British sports car manufacturer unveiled its proposed electric car at the London motor show in 2008. say Lightning: overnight from domestic supply. using a three-phase power supply it will take just a couple of hours or 10 minutes using a fast charge unit. varying from six to 18 kWh depending on requirements. The lithium-ion phosphate battery packs. both are due to debut in 2010.650. varying the cargo capacities from 350 litres to 1. Both versions are three-seaters with the driver located centrally and the passengers to either side and rearwards. Three charging options will be offered. It is powered by 30 Altairnano Nanosafe™ batteries driving Hi-Pa Drive™ motors in each wheel developing a total of 522kW. Heuliez The French coachwork specialist has two EV projects currently underway: the Heuliez Friendly and the Will. Depending on the pack chosen. Heuliez is claiming ranges from 100 to 250Kms and a maximum speed of 110Km/h. are located beneath the floor powering a 10kW motor. Heuliez is also proposing pick-up and van versions as well. A simple space frame structure clothed in thermoformed ABS allow a number of configurations including a 260cms long version and a 300cms extended model. the latter a co-operation with Michelin and Orange. One prototype is running.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Whilst in China Ford has entered into a four-way “Eco-Partnership” with the Changan Auto Group and the cities of Chongqing and Denver to explore ways of developing projects to help further energy security and environmental sustainability. Lightning is predicting a top speed in excess of 209 Km/h with a zero to 96 Km/h time of four seconds together with a range of at least 300 Kms on a full charge. access is via sliding doors. The Friendly is an in-house project designed to appeal in the first instance to regional and municipal governments and rental car fleets before being sold to private buyers from 2012. The Friendly is designed to meet the same M1 European safety requirements as for petrol driven cars. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 44 . but funding has yet to be secured whilst there is no news of production start-up and delivery dates. or MiEV. Based on the rear-engined Mitsubishi I city car. the rear seats are sacrificed for the battery pack relegating the car to a two-seater. The lithium-ion battery pack produces 330V and 16kWh. says BMW. Based on a standard Mini it is powered by a lithium-ion battery pack with 5. Using the BMW-provided re-charger. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 45 . powered by a Magna developed 10kWh lithium-ion battery. Performance is brisk with a 153Km/h top speed and 100 Km/h coming up in 8. whilst the electric motor develops 152kW and 220Nms. possibly. Mitsubishi i MIEV The Mitsubishi innovative Electric Vehicle. Left-hand drive production. will see a small commercial vehicle spun off the same platform and. The batteries are manufactured by Lithium Energy Japan. a joint-venture established in December 2007 by GS Yuasa Corporation.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Magna-Steyr mila ev Purely a concept study seen at the Geneva Salon. MINI E BMW is making 500 of these available for a year’s lease at $800 a month in Los Angeles and the New York/New Jersey metropolitan areas. the mila ev was intended to showcase Magna’s ability to develop a vehicle platform that could be provided by numerous power sources.5 hours at 32 amps.088 air-cooled cells producing 35kWh. the MiEV has a 47kW permanent magnet synchronous motor developing 180Nm. Mitsubishi will launch the MiEV in Japan in July of this year with exports to other right-hand drive markets such as the UK. enough to give it a 130 Km/h top speed and upto 160Kms driving range. is a serious business strategy that according to company president. said Masuko. Perhaps of more significance was a cutaway of Ford’s C platform complete with the electric motor.5 seconds. the Sport Air concept previewed at the Geneva Salon in 2009. Osamu Masuko. will get between 160Kms and 193Kms range between recharging. In this instance it was a 50kW-120Nm electric motor. Mitsubishi Corporation and MMC. Singapore and New Zealand starting before the end of the year. The average user. will begin in the second half of 2010 with a view to selling the car both in Europe and the USA. controller and battery pack that Magna will be assembling for Ford from 2011 onwards. it takes three hours at 240Volts and 48amps to replenish the batteries or 4. The downside is that whilst the electric motor and its ancillaries occupy the bonnet space. Built on a unique platform.-50. literally a ‘new view’ of the type of car people will be driving in the middle of the next decade. organic and recycled materials within the cabin. Automotive Energy Supply Corporation (AESC). Kanagawa). Motors and inverters. “We can’t say how soon it will happen.” Nissan will produce electric vehicles (EV) at its Oppama Plant (Natsushima-cho. one of Nissan’s affiliated companies based in Zama Operations Centre.000 units a year. Nissan’s vision for the future of urban transportation is encapsulated in Nuvu. it sits on a wheelbase of 1. which will continuously increase for the start of EV massmarketing in 2012. The Oppama Plant is a core base of Nissan’s manufacturing and will be positioned as the plant for best practices in EV production. Yokosuka City. Zama City. Kanagawa) from autumn 2010.000 and from 2012 onwards our target is 30. the plant will start EV production with capacity of 50. Kanagawa). Aimed at urban dwellers it is agile. respectively.700 mm wide and 1550 mm tall to create a large and airy cabin. Across its all-glass roof are a dozen or so small solar panels that feed power to the battery.980 mm but is 1. “However.000 a year. In addition. He also revealed that Mitsubishi is researching into applying electrification to larger cars. Kanagawa-ku. Yokohama City. because of limited battery production. Nuvu also uses natural. These dimensions provide all the interior room needed for the vast majority of city journeys. which are key components of EVs. but it’s in the plans.” said Masuko.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report “Starting in April 2009 and finishing in March 2010. it does share some of the technology that will feature in the planned production vehicle. easy to drive and to park.000. will be built at the Yokohama Plant (Takara-cho. In the autumn of 2010. Nissan has already announced plans to introduce an all-electric car in Japan and the US in 2010 and to mass-market it globally in 2012. and initially in the Zama Operations Centre (Hironodai. will produce laminated-type compact lithium-ion batteries for EVs. Although Nuvu is not that car. Nissan Nuvu © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 46 . Compact – it’s just three metres long – Nuvu is a concept vehicle with unique 2+1 seating. in 2010 it will increase to 5. admitting that there will be “many hurdles to cross” to get lithium-ion batteries in a larger car. but we know the demand is greater but we can’t satisfy that. Nuvu is compact on the outside yet roomy on the inside. Nuvu has two regular seats and a third occasional chair that can be folded down when required with an integral luggage area providing sufficient space for a typical supermarket or shopping expedition. capacity is limited to 2. “However. cost of ownership which we calculate will be 10-20 % lower than the same calculation for a similar car and. “Lithium ion has advantages as it’s quite popular. Pierre Loing. but we don’t expect the whole market to change. So you cannot rule out a major step forward that we don’t see today. You don’t buy a car for an average usage.” explained François Bancon. Product Strategy and Product Planning Division. “When it comes to powertrain you’re talking about the heart of the car. so that’s where the challenge lies. what you have to pay is totally transparent on your electricity bill. we partner with Renault and eventually want to sell whatever we have and I think other manufacturers will want to do the same thing. but some of the calculations I’ve seen that even use Polish dirty coal. “It’s amazing to see how many people work on batteries at the moment trying to break the barriers we consider to be unbreakable. general manager. we expect EVs will win over some people.000 units sold. the power plant is still more favourable in terms of lowering CO2. “That will change in the future. We have this way of stacking the battery which is laminated and not in cylinders which is important for packaging as it takes less space. Nissan Motor Co. Compared to the neighbour with a ‘C’ segment car he only goes to the petrol station every 10 days or so. made with our partner NEC. there is quite a lot of experience with it in non-automotive applications. thirdly. we believe that density wise we’re probably amongst the best. is stepping up research and development on versatile electric vehicles and battery © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 47 .” Peugeot PSA Peugeot Citroën. but it is an entirely credible vehicle. The conditions are there to make the business case sustainable which it wasn’t in the early 90s because of the lead-acid batteries.. Ltd. we’re one actor which is why with Nissan we tried to sign agreements as quick as possible with as many stake holders as possible because we need them to contribute to the infrastructure. but every time he hands over how many euros? “Overall we anticipate that despite the disadvantages. we can’t sustain it on our own either. vice-president of Nissan’s product planning. added “There is one drawback which is the range. but some people will make that trade-off and accept it for three reasons: zero emissions that in some cases might allow you to drive in areas where others can’t. for sure. For instance in Tokyo we have a map where each station is located and we are starting to make them. the world’s leading manufacturer of electric vehicles (EVs) with 10. “I believe the transfer of pollution from the car to the power station is positive. When it comes to ours. “With an EV you can’t drive without stopping as you can with a internal combustion engined car. Exploratory and Advanced Planning Department. I know some people are challenging that.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report “Nuvu is a concept car. you buy it for average usage plus you can do extra things when you want. in lieu of the internal combustion engine. This offers the major advantage of ensuring the same load volume and payload as in a conventional version. It will be manufactured by MMC and sold under Peugeot brand. including: defining business models capable of driving the commercial development of electric vehicles. vehicle recharging systems and protocols to enable vehicles and the network to communicate during recharging. based on MMC’s i MiEV. The cooperative agreement covers several technological programs. in parallel to Mitsubishi’s own European i MiEV. The electric Berlingo/Partners will have a range of up to 100Kms. as well as the standardisation of these systems and protocols. This new step would be mutually beneficial. PSA Peugeot Citroën and Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (MMC) signed a new co-operation agreement in March 2009 to jointly develop an electric vehicle for Europe. The group has also joined forces with electricity utility. The new agreement demonstrates the two groups’ ambition to accelerate the development of the electric vehicle market in Europe. since the collaboration of MMC and PSA Peugeot Citroën will ease and accelerate the introduction of their electric vehicles in the European market. for 500 application specific electric vehicles with the electric Citroën Berlingo First or Peugeot Partner Origin vans. such as lithium-ion batteries. PSA Peugeot Citroën will contribute its automotive expertise and experience. battery and other EV components inside the van’s engine compartment. The Berlingo Citroën/Peugeot Partner will be tested with an entirely new power train proposed by Venturi. La Poste is due to make its decision public in mid-2009. whilst Venturi will provide its particularly compact and innovative powertrain solution. PSA Peugeot Citroën had in March 2008.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report technology. La Poste. This extremely compact technology makes it possible to fit the electric motor. in partnership with Venturi. EDF in October 2008 to assess different battery technologies and recharging systems. decided to respond to the international call for bids launched by French postal operator. with launch planned for end 2010 or early 2011. Pininfarina-Bolloré Bluecar © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 48 . as well as its short-run production capabilities. new energy storage technologies. which is ample to cover their mail delivery routes. together with possible commercialisation systems for EVs. particularly in electric vehicles. with forecast output by 2015 being about 60.5 billion years and has demonstrated to be rather reliable: it’s the sun. manufacturing and distributing an electric car with revolutionary technical features and formal qualities. The 410 V BatScap battery pack has a capacity of 30 kWh. Production will take place between 2011 and 2017. all the materials employed for construction. Protoscar Lampo This is a full size sport cabriolet seen at the Geneva Salon in March. The lightweight lithium-ion battery pack with a capacity of 32 kWh. The Pininfarina Bluecar. it has a life-span of about 200. and peak power output of 45 kW. Part of the car’s bonnet is covered with high-performance solar panels which help power some of the ancillary equipment. the battery and interior trim have been carefully selected for their low environmental impact and are recyclable or reusable. As it does not require any maintenance. this battery stores five times more energy than a traditional type and recharges in just a few hours. They deliver a total output of 200kW and a torque of over 440 Nm. This means greater acceleration.000. The Bolloré group is also looking into the design of photovoltaic cell panels to be installed in private or public places to allow partial or total recharging of the batteries through solar energy alone. Gravimetric energy density is 100 Wh/kg. manufactured in the Bolloré plants at Quimper. is not just a concept but a forerunner of the vehicle which will go into production in Italy at Pininfarina starting from 2010.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Pininfarina and Bolloré set up a 50:50 joint-venture at the beginning of 2008 with the purpose of designing. Recent studies have estimated that in the medium term 1. It is powered by two BRUSA electric motors (one rear and one front). France. The exploitation of solar © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 49 . the compact MPV is conceived as a four-seater five-door. is powered by lythium metal polymer batteries. The primary energy source used for charging the Lampo has been in existence for more than 4. developing. Consistently with an ecologically responsible overall approach. which retrieve and store energy during braking and makes it available when the vehicle re-starts. optimised for maximising acceleration and regenerative braking respectively. The battery is housed below the floorpan and between the two axles.000Kms and provides unparalleled safety. and volumetric energy density is 100 Wh/L. an increased range and longer lifespan for the car’s battery. allows for a range of over 200Kms. displayed at the Geneva Motor Show on the Véhicules Électriques Pininfarina-Bolloré stand. Canada. and Montréal. The LMP battery can be recharged at a traditional mains plug and range is 250Kms.5-2 million electric vehicles will be introduced on the European market alone Powered by a 50kW motor. combined with supercapacitors. At equivalent weight. in order to implement these solutions into their plans for future clean cars. Dipl. Tesla Tesla’s reputation got a huge boost when it was recently announced that Daimler was taking a 10 % stake in the Californian EV producer. Innovative applications include: lithium ion iron phosphate batteries. Johann Tomforde. application of new cradle to cradle plastics. DuraCar mainly focuses on the commercial market.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report energy for Lampo is possible thanks to a 16 kWp photovoltaic plant located in Seggiano. Tuscany. as cities have the highest percentage of air quality problems. Karmann. Considering the EU electricity mix projection scenario for 2020. Protoscar and its partners aim to demonstrate new technologies which include innovations such as “intelligent charging” or interactive GPS-based “range estimator” – and discuss potential applications together with car manufacturers. Through the show car. DuraCar has developed a fully electrically powered distribution van applying an integrated set of breakthrough technologies. carries the brand name QUICC! and DiVa (short for Distribution Van. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 50 . In order to benefit from each other’s know-how. However. plastic body and chassis. DuraCar launched its QUICC! DiVa urban EV at the Paris Salon in 2008 with the intention of putting it on the market within 12 months. the investment enables the partners to collaborate even more closely on the development of battery systems. This distribution van. especially on cars used for inner-city distribution.000 units of Daimler’s electric smart car. spiritual father of the smart ForTwo. elaborated by Eurelectric.). The two companies have already been working closely to integrate Tesla’s lithium-ion battery packs and charging electronics into the first 1.-Ing. electric drive systems and in individual vehicle projects. the collapse of its manufacturing partner. is jointly responsible for the ongoing design process of the QUICC. QUICC! cars will be packaged with lithium ion iron phosphate battery packs or a special bipolar lightweight lead battery pack driving the 50kW motor ensuring a top speed of 120Km/h and range of 150Kms. bipolar lead battery. the WtW CO2 emission would still be limited to about 40 g/km. Prof. developed specifically for inner-city traffic. Quicc DiVan DuraCar Dutch specialist. when the average urban distribution van covers some 50Kms per day. in April 2009 means preproduction of a re-designed model will start at the end of 2009. will take a seat on Tesla’s board of directors. and takes full responsibility for its performance. It is a “hot” battery.831 cells over-heating. A123 Systems and Enerdel. As part of the collaboration. Herbert Kohler. makes some outstanding claims: a near 500Kms range. these batteries operate very efficiently in areas with very hot and very cold climate. two different lithium-based (Li) systems and one sodium battery system: sodium batteries.and EU-certified lithium-ion battery electric vehicle. space for seven and their luggage and zero to 96Km/h in less than six seconds plus a 200+Km/h top speed. been rumours of reliability issues with the car’s lithium-ion battery pack with its 6. Both lithium options operate at ambient temperatures. which remains the only highway capable EV for sale in North America or Europe.9 seconds yet gets the equivalent of 1. Th!nk Of all the EV manufacturers. Active materials in the Zebra battery are sodium and nickel. Th!nk is currently co-operating with two suppliers of lithium-based battery systems. In 2004. Lithium-based systems: A123 and Enerdel Th!nk city will also come with two state-of-the-art lithium-based battery options. Since then the company has struggled financially but a restructuring in 2006 and a rights issue a year later enabled the company to survive and put its fifth generation EV into series production. responsible for Group Research and Mercedes-Benz Cars Development. Norway’s Th!nk is arguably the most experienced.000. Currently. This option is perfect for users who have a regular and frequent usage pattern.” said Dr. €200 which includes a full maintenance service © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 51 . member of the board of Daimler AG. the Zebra (Mes-Dea) battery has high energy density. There have. Tesla began development of its first electric vehicle. Prof. The battery is also made from environmentally friendly materials. 45-minute quick charge. independent of ambient temperature. the S. The hot materials are contained in a vacuum insulated and sealed container. vice president E-Drive and Future Mobility at Daimler AG. Thomas Weber. All for less than $50. however. which means that the operating temperature is between 260º and 360º.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report “Our strategic partnership is an important step to accelerate the commercialisation of electric drives globally. and provides long range performance. the Th!nk features three battery options. the Roadster. Thus. It introduced its first EV back in 1991 and spent four years under the ownership of Ford which invested $150 million between 1999 and 2003. This green supercar accelerates from 0 to 96Km/h in 3. The customer will only pay a monthly mobility fee of. Th!nk owns the battery. The Tesla Roadster is the first production battery electric vehicle to travel more than 320Kms per charge and the first US. Tesla’s second model. This means that the car does not have to be plugged in when not in use.1/100Kms. typically. ideal for commuting. Secondly. This is possible due to a space frame concept featuring the main crash structure and the batteries centrally placed in two compartments in the lower frame. in 2012. Since then Th!nk has announced plans to establish a technical centre and manufacturing plant in the USA with the ultimate capability of producing 60. starting with the Th!nk O crossover five-seater. Technological innovations now make it possible to mass market an electric vehicle at reasonable cost. will retail at the same price as equivalent diesel models. the Th!nk city has been granted the first ever pan-European homologation certificate for an EV. and is intended to help accelerate the introduction of roadworthy EVs. At the 2008 Geneva Salon Th!nk presented the Th!nk O as a platform concept. airbags and three-point safety belts with pretensioners. beyond 2012. launched first in Israel and then in other countries. Fully equipped with ABS brakes. a subsidiary of Mobility Service Netherlands. also in 2012. Th!nk has signed an MoU to deliver 550 Th!nk city EVs to the Spanish market with the first EVs delivered towards the end of 2009. to deliver 500 cars this year. claims Renault. with 80 % of Europeans currently driving less than 60Kms a day. running costs are roughly 20 % lower than an equivalent © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 52 . In addition. Renault will bring its customers a complete range of electric vehicles by as early as 2011: an electric version of new Kangoo (light commercial vehicle) for professionals and fleets. Electric vehicles. Renault will also bring customers access to innovative services making electric vehicle use easier and to advanced battery technology currently under development by the Renault-Nissan Alliance. by 2011. a full-electric city car measuring less than four metres long and with five seats. The new certificate only became available from 1st May 2009. changes in vehicle use make electric cars ideal for the majority of trips. In addition. an electric version of a family car.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report agreement. Renault will continue to extend its electric vehicle range to cover all segments with a typical range of 160Kms.000 EVs a year. It is the basis for a variety of vehicle styles. a new type of urban vehicle. It has also signed Memorandums of Understanding (MoU) with ElmoNet. without the battery which is rented.Kangoo Renault aims to become the first full-line manufacturer to market zero-emission vehicles accessible to the greatest number. the Th!nk city meets all of the primary safety requirements expected of modern passenger cars. carbon offset payments and in some countries even all the electricity used and insurance.E. designed for electric vehicles. The Renault-Nissan Alliance is developing a complete range of 100 % electric powertrains with power ratings of between 50 kW and 100 kW. Renault Z. you could get 1. we would obviously have to standardise the batteries. consisting of battery exchange stations called “quick drop”. or “standard” recharge. have done just that to create an electrically-powered 911 that reaches 100Km/h in under seven seconds. Thierry Koskas. And in three minutes you have a fully charged battery. head of Renault’s electric vehicle project explains there could be a range of different offers. at special terminals in parking lot areas and at “quick drop” rapid exchange stations. eRuf Porsche © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 53 . “We’re developing “quick drop” technology together with Nissan. electric vehicles are easily recharged at home. taking from four to eight hours. The best time to do this is at night. The second possibility is taking the car to a rapid recharge station. where recharges will take 20 to 30 minutes. so the next morning the car’s fully charged and ready to go. partnerships are being formed with mobility operators worldwide.000Kms for a €20 monthly fee. as part of the Renault-Nissan Alliance. only the machine will remove the car’s battery and replace it with another. co-operation with governments on infrastructure development and purchase incentives. German Porsche tuning specialists. The main problem is that batteries today have different shapes according to the vehicle. Ruf. “In terms of recharge stations. The third option is an original idea by Renault. I think that in the long term we will be able to make the “quick drop” stations compatible for all electric vehicles. electric motors are the equal of gasoline and diesel cars in terms of performance. It’s entirely likely that other carmakers will adopt the same principle. since electricity costs much less than petrol (around €1 per 100Kms). It will be a little like driving into an automatic car wash. “Another possibility would be to subscribe to a monthly price plan. “First possibility: you simply pay each time you recharge your car at a station (around €2 to “fill up” the car). “First.” As far as recharging is concerned. Koskas says Renault is looking at three possibilities. we are holding discussions at a European level with all the carmakers to make sure everyone uses the same socket format. An electrically-powered Porsche 911 is. Renault is currently working on a number of fronts in preparation for the launch of its range of zero-emission vehicles: €200 million is invested every year on electric vehicles R&D. seemingly. as in the world of mobile ‘phones. For example. So if other brands wanted to use these stations.” Renault predicts that EVs could account for 15 to 25% of annual car sales in Europe in a decade. a contradiction in terms.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report combustion vehicle. an iconic high performance car that in its most powerful form can emit over 300 g/Kms CO2 turns into an ecofriendly sports car that wouldn’t offend the tree-huggers? Improbable but true. recharging at home. maintenance costs are half those of an equivalent combustion vehicle because electric motors require less servicing. which – without the otherwise necessary additional recharging electronics – is capable of being recharged in less than an hour at a 400-volt power outlet – and can use the same power outlet to feed energy back into the power network if required. As such. is also taking part in the project. Whilst the power and torque produced by the three-phase motor can be used to recover just as much power as it can put out. The 96-cell battery system is constantly monitored by an intelligent bus system from Axeon. smart © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 54 . the system can react within milliseconds to bring the values back in line. lithium-ion batteries currently in use weigh 5. the world’s largest field test with electric cars. the combination of vehicle technology and infrastructure will be tested. Ruf revealed its partnership with Siemens which has developed an adapted power train for the eRuf “Greenster”. Both vehicles are equipped with the latest lithium-ion battery technology. A limited edition based on this concept by Ruf Automobile is expected to hit the streets in 2010. Each individual cell is coupled with a sensor that sends critical information on cell temperature and voltage to the central control system. the eRuf became the world’s first electric vehicle fitted with a bi-directional network connection. During the second half of 2009. The aim of the project is to develop the vehicle technology and infrastructure further. effectively preventing critical lithium-ion overheating behaviour during charging. This. the project “e-mobility Berlin” will begin in the German capital. Milan and Pisa. Daimler is contributing a fleet of over 100 smart electric drives. From 2010. As a project partner in this pioneering initiative. If irregularities appear during operation. The Axeon iron-phosphate. California. goes a step further: for the first time. Enel. The vehicle seen at Geneva was still equipped with a central motor with a power output of 270kW and 950Nm torque but now using a double-motor concept with Siemen’s innovative integral eDrive. This means each one could theoretically deliver 160 amperes of electricity for one hour under normal temperatures or one ampere for 160 hours. the motor becomes a generator producing electricity to charge the batteries. When coasting. At the 2009 Geneva Salon. A small series production of electric smart powered by lithium-ion batteries is due to start from the end of 2009 with planned marketing of larger volumes from 2012. to combine the latest generation of lithiumion batteries with its 150kW motor. the power company RWE AG is providing 500 charging points.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Ruf worked with CalMotors in Camarillo.6Kgs and deliver 160Ah each. Italy’s largest energy supplier. more than 100 electric cars from smart and Mercedes-Benz will hit the roads in Rome. and EVs from Mercedes-Benz will also be used. In 2001. tall wagon type design. set out to develop France’s only true high performance GT. featuring a compact. According to Christian Mohrdieck. has exceptional packaging and utility functions to create an electric vehicle that meets a wider array of market needs. Venturi Venturi traces its origins back to 1984 when its founders. while a special rapid charger can deliver an 80 % charge in just 15 minutes. It has an 80Kms range and top speed of just over 100Km/h. Venturi was bought by Gildo Pallanca Pastor whose grandfather was the most important real estate developer in Monaco from 1930 until today. Between then and 2001 the company delivered some 700 cars and whilst they gained a good reputation they could never quite compete with established manufacturers like Porsche and Ferrari. It can be recharged by simply connecting the power plug to a home power outlet. A further 60 EVs were due to join the Japanese test fleet in 2009 in addition to which two vehicles were delivered to the New York Power Authority in 2009 as part of their green fleet. Demonstration tests of 40 R1e electric vehicles driven on public roads began in June 2006 in a joint effort with Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO. exempt from the city’s congestion charge.” Subaru R1e and Stella The R1e is an electric version of Subaru’s R1 commuter car powered by a 40kw motor and lithium ion batteries. we will soon be seeing battery-powered vehicles that are roughly the same size as the smart or the B-Class. given the physical restrictions.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Since 2007. therefore. and obviously. we can’t expect miracles. Subaru has also transplanted the EV system from the prototype R1e into the Japanese mini-car Stella and further fine-tuned it to create the Subaru Plug-in Stella Concept. The small runarounds do not produce any emissions and are. Their batteries will have charging times of several hours and a range of perhaps 150Kms. head of Fuel Cell and Battery Drive System Development at Daimler Corporate Research and Advanced Engineering. He became the largest private real estate owner in the principality. The base vehicle. The resulting vehicle can reach a top speed of 100Km/h with a range of 80Kms from a single charge. one of the world’s leading power companies. selected customers in London have been testing a fleet of 100 smart electric drive cars with a high-performance sodium/nickel chloride battery. The data obtained from these tests will be applied to electric vehicle designs to make them even more convenient and comfortable than they are today. Further tests were also carried out in September 2007 following collaboration with the Kanagawa Prefectural government. Japan). Claude Poiraud and Gérard Godfroy. owning several thousand apartments. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 55 . “Daimler is working on special highenergy cells for pure battery vehicles. Nevertheless. the Volvo Car Corporation and Vattenfall launched a joint project with the aim of testing and developing plug-in technology. with a view to Eclectic production starting in October 2009 at the eventual rate of 3. More importantly.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Venturi’s first electric car was the Fétish in 2004 powered by a 150kW electric motor producing 220Nm with lithium-ion Liv 7 batteries with a claimed range of 250Kms. Volvo A Volvo that can be fuelled with electricity from a standard wall socket will be a reality in 2012. In January 2007. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 56 . Powered by four of Michelin’s Active Wheel developing 220kW and 232Nm between them. depending on the power source. PSA Peugeot Citroën and Venturi Automobiles joined forces to produce electric versions of the Citroën Berlingo First vehicles. can take between three and six hours to achieve 80 % recharge. Through this cooperation we hope to be able to speed up the introduction of electric cars.000 units a year. The batteries are good for 1. an urban three-seater runabout whose Trojan 48v.” says Lars G Josefsson. in response to the tender launched by La Poste powered by Zebra technology (nickel sodium chloride) which has an energy mass four times greater that of lead acid batteries. Claimed range at 90Km/h is 320Kms with a 150Km/h top speed and zero to 100Km/h in under five seconds. This was followed in 2006 by the Eclectic. Vattenfall and Volvo believe that series production of plug-in hybrid cars and the development of infrastructure can generate new jobs and help Sweden maintain its position at the cutting edge of advanced pro-environmental technology. more likely by plugging it into the mains. the Volage two-seater sports car was unveiled. 52Nm electric motor that can be recharged via on-board photovoltaic cells or wind turbine.500 charge cycles and. Venturi is building a new factory near Sablé sur Sarthé. Vattenfall and the Volvo Car Corporation are launching an industrial joint-venture partnership to introduce plug-in hybrids on the market.500 charge lifecycle. “We want to reinforce electricity’s importance in society and its key role in solving climate issues. Production models now have a 220kW electric motor developing 380Nm driven by 45kWh polymer lithium batteries. it uses liquid cooled polymer lithium batteries producing 45kWh and with a 1. Now their cooperation is being taken to the next level. 180Km/h top speed and under four seconds to 100Km/h. Swedish energy company. president and CEO of Vattenfall. At the 2008 Paris Salon. 145Ah batteries drive a 4kW. France. or. Together we are developing the next-generation technology based on plug-in cars and various charging alternatives. Venturi claim a 280Kms range. 3. The plug-in cars will be driven by a powerful electric motor fuelled by a lithium-ion battery. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 57 . among other things. The battery takes about five hours to charge from a standard wall socket. as yet. This latest wheel motor design is the result of more than five years research to improve the power and efficiency of its EVs. With the assistance of Lotus engineering ZAP has developed Alias. to determine their driving habits and to establish how they want to charge their cars. ZAP unveiled an 8. mainly EVs in 25 years. The ZAP truck and van shuttle both use AGM (Absorbed Glass Mat) lead-acid batteries but have similarly restricted ranges and performance.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report The development of the cars is being carried out and financed jointly by the two companies. that is technically classed as a motorcycle. In the summer of 2009. The design translates to more available space. a two-seater three-wheeler.000 alternative powered vehicles. Volvo will manufacture the cars and Vattenfall will develop charging systems and supply the cars with electricity. which can be dedicated to a larger battery for range extension. ZAP Founded in California in the mid 1990s. of when production starts. Vattenfall will offer customers the opportunity to sign an agreement for renewable electricity sourced specifically from wind power or hydro power. This new design could go into production in various electric car and truck configurations by next year with adequate funding. The 8.000-watt wheel motor powering both rear wheels of a production ZAP electric truck. but their short 40Kms range and 65Km/h top speed are symptoms of its lead-acid batteries. and the battery is also charged every time the car's brakes are applied. test various concepts for high-speed home charging and also for charging stations in public places.000-watt motor powering the Zapino scooter. Although deposits are being taken there is no news. Vattenfall will. ZAP has delivered more than 100. where owners pay to fuel with electricity. It offers a range of small commuter EVs such as the three-wheeler Xebra Sedan and pick-up. but the launch of the demonstration vehicles is a step towards series-producing plug-in hybrid cars specifically tailored to market needs. three Volvo V70 demonstration cars will be used to gather information about the wishes and demands that drivers may have on the new technology. In May 2009. as an alternative to the regular mix of electricity sources.000-watt motor design is almost ten inches in diameter compared to the seven-inch diameter. The cars that are planned for series production in 2012 will feature somewhat different technology. it plans to use an EEStor storage unit to build a vehicle called the CityZenn that will have a top speed of 125Km/h and a range of up to 400Kms on a single charge. if it succeeds. The EV is a three-door five-seater town car restricted to 40Km/h by local Canadian laws.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Zenn The most controversial aspect of this Canadian company is its financial tie-up with the secretive EEStor Inc. sealed lead-acid batteries that can be recharged in four hours using a standard 110 volt electrical outlet. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 58 .7 seconds and 40Km/h in 9.2 seconds. It has a 50 to 80Kms range. valve-regulated. Built on an aluminium spaceframe with ABS body panels. A full charge from 80 % depleted takes approximately eight hours. reaches 32Km/h in 5.6 x 12V x AGM maintenance free. of Texas that is developing a high capacity energy storage unit that. it is powered by a EV31A-A Discover Battery Pack . Though the company has just as many sceptics as followers. Zenn has been waiting for EEStor to deliver since 2007 and it’s now the belief that it will receive its first energy storage units in the final quarter of 2009. will be a eureka moment in the world of electric vehicles. President. Chief Financial Officer & Vice-President. electric grid services. Contracts • In January 2009. In its transportation business.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report A123 Batteries Address A123Systems. Pyenson. Business Development Louis Golato. A123Systems and Cobasys signed a memorandum of understanding to jointly manufacture lithium-ion energy storage systems for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) applications. the company received a funding of US$10m from Michigan Strategic Fund to manufacture hybrid car batteries. the Michigan Strategic Fund approved a US$10m in funding for A123’s new plant in Michigan under the fund’s Centers of Energy Excellence program. GE Energy Financial Services announced it has invested in A123Systems to help the company roll out batteries for the Norwegian electric car maker Th!nk Global. A123Systems signed a contract to supply lithium-ion batteries © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 59 . Tao Zheng. A123Systems applied for a loan of US$1. In November 2008. including Chrysler and GM. Finance & Admin Evan Sanders. Vice-President & R&D Michael Rubino. Vice-President. Joint-venture • In January 2007. electric vehicles (EV) and extended-range EV. wiring. Global Sales Dr. Alliance Capital and FA Technology Ventures.100 (2007) A123Systems is a leading manufacturer of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries and battery systems. hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and consumer applications markets. Johnson. to produce plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) batteries as well as to support the growing demand in the power tool. A123Systems supplies its automotive-class nanophosphate lithium-ion cells and technology. including HEV and electric vehicles. Chief Technology Officer. In 2008. The company expects to employ 14. President & CEO Grace Chang. China Products Lithium-ion battery Plants US Sales US$41.84bn for the construction of new lithium-ion battery manufacturing facilities in southeast Michigan and other parts of the US. and Europe. and portable power markets in North America. Cobasys is a manufacturer of battery system solutions for transportation markets. A123Systems received a funding of US$40m by its investors such as General Electric Commercial Finance. The company submitted an application under the US Department of Energy's Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Incentive Program. GE Energy Financial Services and GE Global Research are backing electrification developments in the transportation sector. thermal management. The company serves numerous automotive companies.com/ Senior Officers David Vieau. Inc Arsenal on the Charles 321 Arsenal Street Watertown. Energy Solutions Group Eric J. A123Systems is also drawing on the research and technology development expertise of GE Global Research in Niskayuna. The company principally serves the transportation. Founder. Vice-President. Investment • In January 2009. The company is working with seven hybrid and electric car makers. • In March 2008. Recent Developments Corporate strategy A123Systems is forming collaborations with electric vehicle manufacturers and other hybrid battery makers. Chrysler and Th!nk. New York (US) to develop batteries. Also.07) Employees 1. Asia. heavy duty and aviation markets. Yet-Ming Chiang.a123systems.84bn for the construction of new lithium-ion battery manufacturing facilities in southeast Michigan and other parts of the US. Vice-President & General Counsel Dr. The company formed a jointventure with Cobasys to jointly manufacture lithium-ion energy storage systems for hybrid electric vehicle applications. Cobasys provides the technical assistance and expertise for the development of battery system products such as packaging. the company recently applied for a loan of US$1. Vice-President & General Manager. Vice-President. Quality Dr. Operations Robert J. Bart Riley. Founder Ric Fulop. Founder & Vice-President. A123Systems announced that it had won a contract to supply lithium-ion batteries for Chrysler’s electric car due to be launched in 2011. electronics and control algorithms.000 workers and manufacture five million hybrid car batteries by 2013.12. plug-in hybrid vehicles. In January 2007.34m (Year to 31. MA 02472 Tel: 617-778-5700 Fax: 617-778-5749 Internet: http://www. including GM. the company manufactures products for hybrid electric. The deal was to manufacture HEV batteries. In January 2007. Year Sales (US$m) 41.7 Operating Income (US$m) (32. For the first quarter ended 31 March 2008. A123Systems secured a contract to supply batteries to GM’s plug-in hybrid Saturn Vue.9) (15.96m. Operating loss widened from US$15.3) Net Income (US$m) (30.3 0.2 8. A123Systems’ recent contracts have placed A123Systems in a coveted position among lithium-ion-battery start-ups. an organisation composed of erstwhile DaimlerChrysler. These batteries provide specific power. After the success of the Toyota Prius hybrid.24m on its R&D activities compared with US$8. Financial Overview For the financial year ended 31 December 2007.54m to US$32.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report • • for Th!nk electric vehicles.3 34. The collaboration with Th!nk helps the company achieve the large-scale production of batteries and integrate them into commercially available electric vehicles.2 2007 2006 2005 Outlook While automakers around the world have been planning to use lithium-ion batteries in future hybrids and all-electric vehicles. lighter weight and smaller overall volume than the existing battery packs. It offers greater volumetric energy density and the lowest cost per watt-hour. The company worked with General Electric and Ballard Power Systems to design these modules for the National Fuel Cell Bus Program (NFCBP) under the Department of Transportation’s Federal Transit Authority. It makes it more suitable for heavy-duty commercial use.9 11. • In October 2006. A123Systems sales were US$41. New Product Developments In 2007. Net loss increased from US$15. A123Systems received a US$15m contract from the US Department of Energy and the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC). the company’s consolidated sales increased over 26% to US$10. The A123Systems batteries comprise a power boost component which provides higher specific power. Ford and GM. safety and abuse-tolerance.22m.85m in 2006. A123Systems introduced its 32-series cells that are specifically designed for HEV and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) use. In 2007.3) R&D Expenditure (US$m) 13.08m to US$14.34m compared with US$34. • In May 2007.77m to US$30.34m in 2007. A123Systems spent US$13.89m.8) (14. A123Systems developed high voltage battery modules for use in a commercial-grade fuel cell hybrid powertrain. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 60 . Net loss widened 203% to US$13. most of the world’s manufacturing of such batteries is in Asia.35m. Operating loss increased from US$5. projections for hybrid sales keep growing.4) (15.29m compared with the same period in 2007.5) (14. com.abat. Contracts • In March 2007 ZQ Power-Tech signed a sales contract with Beijing Advanced Battery Technologies (ABAT) manufactures rechargeable polymer lithium-ion (PLI) batteries. ZQ Power-Tech designs.08) Employees Group: 905 (Year to 30.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Advanced Battery Technologies Batteries Address Advanced Battery Technologies 21 West 39th Street. mine-use lamps. motorcycles. in which Cashtech owns 100% interest. Recent Developments Corporate strategy Advanced Battery Technologies. ABAT signed a deal to acquire Wuxi Angell Autocycle Co. Advanced Battery Technologies is a holding company and is involved in the business of PLI batteries through its subsidiaries. ZQ Power-Tech’s batteries combine chemistry with polymer technology. The company has a strong balance sheet and US$32. agricultural transport vehicles and electric sports utility vehicles.08) n 2008.12. including electric bikes. a manufacturer of electric vehicles. the company announced its intent to acquire 55% of Wuxi Angell. the company has gained efficiency and strengthened its presence in the electric vehicles market. CFO Products Polymer lithium ion battery Plants China Sales Group: US$45. ZQ Power-Tech’s offices and manufacturing facility are located in northern China. The company's products include rechargeable PLI batteries for electric automobiles. In 2008 the company completed an equity placement to obtain the capital necessary for the expansion. ZAP. (ZQ PowerTech). Acquisitions • In December 2008.09. The company has been working on R&D and in 2007 developed the nano material lithium ion battery which is now used in electric vehicles. increase product availability and position its business for the long term.7m cash available as of the end of 2008 that it intends to utilise for production increases and technology related acquisitions. agricultural transport vehicle and electric sports utility vehicles. manufactures and markets rechargeable polymer lithium-ion (PLI) batteries. notebook computers.8 volts per cell. and Beijing Guoqiang Global Technology Development Co. a developer and manufacturer of various types of electric vehicles. hopes to ride the rising wave of electric and hybridelectric vehicle sales.2m (Year to 31. ZQ Power-Tech is a company based in China. Ltd. in the Province of Heilongjiang. The company expects to close the acquisition in the second quarter of 2009. The company is increasing capacity at Harbin and expects the expanded assembly line capacity in Harbin to be operational in the late second quarter of 2009 and believes the facility has the ability to generate approximately US$22m in sales in 2009. PLI batteries produce an average of 3. Suites 2A New York NY 10018 Tel: +212 391 2752 Fax: +212 391 2751 Internet: http://www. Chairman & CEO Guohua Wan. The chairman and CEO Zhiguo Fu formed the company in 2002. which makes them attractive in terms of both weight and volume.cn Senior Officers Zhiguo Fu. ABAT is seeking opportunities to expand production. including electric bikes. Through this acquisition. through its operating subsidiary ZQ Power-Tech. Customers for vehicle battery components include Aiyingsi. walkie-talkies and other electronic devices. By the end of 2009 ABAT expects new production facilities with US$44m of annual potential sales to be fully operational.Ltd.. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 61 . Cashtech Investment Limited (Cashtech) and Heilongjiang Zhong Qiang Power-Tech Co. operating income increased approximately 84.000 384. as a Chinese bus manufacturer ordered five PLI battery packages. For the first quarter of 2009 the company expects sales of US$10.2m during 2007. therefore it enjoys a great potential for application in powering electric vehicles. was issued a patent of invention by The Intellectual Property Bureau of the People's Republic of China for the invention of the nano material lithium ion battery and its technology process. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 62 .7m in the prior year.6% from US$31.1 10. New Product Developments In May 2007. sales were US$45. new customer growth and increased sales of batteries for motorised vehicles.9 16.000 2008 2007 2006 2005 Outlook The company is positive about its future growth. For 2008. the new patent will give ABAT an edge in its effort to address the electric vehicle market in addition to its PLI battery technologies. to US$16. electric scooters. an increase of US$13. The decrease reflected a one-time compensation charge that was recorded in 2007 plus a decrease in R&D costs as the company focused on expanding the company's production facility.2 31. With the granting of this new patent Advanced Battery Technologies holds a total of eight patents. The increase in sales was driven by increased sales volume.16) R&D expenditure (US$) 4.8 10. particularly for usage in electric sanitation vehicles.8% of total revenue.3m from US$3.8m from US$10. The battery has a greater power capacity.2 6 (0.1m compared with US$10.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report • • Guoqiang Global Technology Development Co. which would use its PLI batteries in its gas-to-electric car conversions.2m. The market for large and medium capacity battery cells continued to expand.65m. In July 2006 ZQ Power-Tech received its first commercial order for bus batteries. miners' lamps.3 4.8m in sales and net income achieved in the first quarter of 2008. the increase in production capacity will generate tremendous revenue potential going forward by the end of 2009.000 0 32.2 Operating Income (US$m) 18. In October 2006 ZQ Power-Tech entered into a memorandum of understanding with Left Coast Conversions.7m and net income of US$4. Financial Overview In the financial year ended 31 December 2008.000 PLI battery sets for use in electric garbage trucks being designed for the 2008 Olympics. or 41.2 5. all in the area of battery technologies. electric bicycles. This compares to US$10m and US$3.5m in sales or 29. to supply a total of 3. Sales for full year 2009 are expected to be US$66m and net income is expected to be US$27. a developer and manufacturer of rechargeable polymer-lithium-ion (PLI) batteries. announced that its wholly owned subsidiary. longer cycle life and significantly shorter re-charge time. large capacity battery cells generated US$13. searchlights and other applications. The acquisition of Wuxi Angell will be helpful in getting greater capabilities in the electric vehicles market. Advanced Battery Technologies. ZQ Power-Tech. Operating expenses decreased 11% to US$3. power tools. Ltd.3 0.3m. Also. Year Net Sales (US$m) 45. For 2008. Net income in 2008 increased 57. The company’s R&D team worked with Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT) to make this lithium ion battery technology.3% to US$18.9m for 2007.2m in 2007.14 Net Income (US$m) 16. Also.5m.7%. seven of which are China patents and the other one a US patent. 1619 Internet: http:// www. President & CEO John Fallini. marketing. Altairnano and Alcoa AFL Automotive signed a deal to jointly develop a battery pack system for medium-duty hybrid trucks. Altairnano’s role is to provide NanoSafe cells and batteries for the battery pack based on their proprietary lithium titanate electrode materials. and nanosensor applications. The company signed a mutually exclusive development agreement for lithium polymer batteries in China with Advanced Battery Technologies in 2005. batteries. The agreement combined AFL Automotive's expertise in vehicle electrical © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 63 . • In February 2007. ISE designs the system and utilises its data on operating environments.altairnano.08) Employees 92 (2008) Altair Nanotechnologies (Altairnano) designs and manufactures energy storage systems. Joint-venture • In June 2007. Altairnano and UQM Technologies formed a strategic alliance to collaboratively pursue opportunities for their complementary technologies in advanced transportation and other high potential markets. The company organises its business into three divisions: • Power & Energy Group: designs nano lithium titanate battery cells.775. Vice-President.7m (Year to 31. Recent Developments Corporate strategy Over the last several years. Robert Pedraza. and/or licensing of nano-structured ceramic powders for use in advanced performance coatings. designed to be useful in the treatment of companion animals.856. which is designed for the treatment of elevated serum phosphate levels in human patients undergoing kidney dialysis. and battery packs. The company offers commercial solutions for the electricity grid. batteries. CFO & Corporate Secretary Bruce Sabacky. military and transportation. This division is also involved in the testing. this division deals in the development and sale of products that test electrode materials for use in nano lithium titanate batteries. Inc.775. and applications supporting remote uninterruptable power supply requirements. It also develops nano titanium dioxide materials for use in various applications. VicePresident. • Performance Materials division: produces titanium dioxide pigment for use in paint and coatings. In 2006. Altairnano and ISE Corporation entered into an agreement to jointly develop lithium rechargeable battery packs for use in hybrid electric and all electric heavy-duty vehicles. NV 89502 Tel: +1. This division is also involved in the development of a manufacturing process related to a test-stage active pharmaceutical ingredient. Chief Technology Officer C.12.com/ Senior Officers Terry Copeland. Altairnano signed an agreement with ISE Corporation to jointly develop and commercially supply lithium rechargeable battery packs for use in hybrid electric and all electric heavy-duty vehicles. and data on the proper care and management of their cells and batteries.Corporate Strategy Dan Voelker. development.856.2500 Fax: +1. vehicle duty cycles and proprietary software and control electronics. Altairnano has been forming strategic alliances to develop batteries for the hybrid and electric vehicles’ markets. UQM provides its electric motor. Altairnano also collaborated with UQM Technologies to pursue opportunities for their complementary technologies in advanced transportation and other high potential markets.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Altair Nanotechnologies Batteries and electrode materials Address Altair Nanotechnologies. air and water purification systems. battery packs and electrode materials Plants US Sales US$5. power generator and power electronic products and Altairnano provides its NanoSafe battery packs. 204 Edison Way Reno. utility-scale renewable power integration. In 2007. In addition. Altairnano entered into a deal with Alcoa AFL Automotive to develop a battery pack system for medium-duty hybrid trucks. Engineering & Operations Products Nano lithium titanate battery cells. vehicle shock and vibration criteria. Other cooperative areas include cell equalisation and packaging of the commercial product. a teststage active pharmaceutical ingredient. including those related to removing contaminants from air and water. • Life Sciences division: engaged in the co-development of RenaZorb. It also offers related design and test services. • In September 2006. Year Sales (US$m) 5. The agreement covers the incorporation of Altairnano’s battery electrode nano-materials into ABAT's existing polymer battery product lines.2 Operating Income (US$m) (30. They were engineered and manufactured at Altairnano’s Anderson.5m in 2007.4m in 2007.1 4. development. Altairnano and Boshart Engineering entered into a two-year joint development agreement for the design and engineering of a full-speed electric vehicle.9m compared with US$42. Net loss was US$29. In April 2005. demand for hybrid and electric vehicles are expected to rise in the coming future.5) (6.3 2. The collaboration between Altairnano and UQM Technologies on product development opportunities helps both companies to commercialise their proprietary technologies as well as develop optimised solutions that require motive power. capacitors and supercapacitors from a variety of nanomaterials. Operating expenses were US$35. highpower NanoSafe 35 KWh battery packs for use in sport utility trucks (SUTs) and sport utility vehicles (SUVs) manufactured by Phoenix Motorcars.9) (7.5) (17. Financial Overview For the year ended 31 December 2008.9 15. Altairnano secured a US$2.1) (33. The battery packs were based on the company’s nano-lithium ion battery technology. system design and was completed in early 2007.0) R&D Expenditure (US$m) 16.7 9.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report • • distribution systems and Altairnano's nano-titanate battery technology to deliver a battery pack system that can be integrated into the vehicle's electrical architecture.000 order for its electric car batteries from Phoenix Motorcars.1 2. down from US$9.2 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Outlook With gasoline fuel prices rising worldwide. Altairnano received an initial US$540. Operating loss decreased to US$30.1m for 2007. New Product Developments In 2008. Indiana (US) facility.9m on its research and development (R&D) activities compared with US$15.4 10. Terms of the agreement were not disclosed.7) (10. and one HEV battery pack will be used for a modular testing program.2) (9. The alliances formed in the recent past will help Altairnano to strengthen its position in the hybrid vehicles’ market. second to strengthen the technical and market position of both companies by combining technological and financial assets. which includes batteries. • In May 2007.1m. Altairnano won a US$750.1) (31. and third was to apply for US government grants for the development and testing of the electrodes. Altairnano spent US$16. The joint development agreement also involved prototyping. Contracts • In October 2008.1m from US$33. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 64 . Altairnano reported sales of US$5.8 1. The HEV battery packs will be utilised in buses for three city transit customers.9) Net Income (US$m) (29.000 order for four hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) demonstration battery packs from DesignLine International. including existing manufacturing capabilities.7m.2m in the previous year. onboard energy storage and power generation.1 5.1m compared with a net loss of US$31. Altairnano signed a memorandum of joint development work with Hosokawa Micron International to jointly focus on three strategic initiatives: first was to establish a development program using both companies' combined technologies to develop advanced electrode materials for electrochemical devices. • In June 2006. In March 2004. The car was powered by an Altairnano rechargeable advanced lithium ion battery system.1) (17. • In May 2006. Altairnano and Advanced Battery Technologies signed a mutually exclusive development agreement for lithium polymer batteries in China.21m order for its rapid-charge. The primary reason for overall growth is due to increase in sales in chemical operations. Senior Executive Officer Katsuhiko Sato. Singapore (2). Net income grew by ¥1.7m). Korea (4). Thailand (2). and Asahi Kasei EMD were integrated in a new operating company.8m) to ¥69. US (7) Sales Group: (¥1. Senior Executive Officer Yuji Mizuno. electronics and health care. Director.8bn US$17.1bn). Homes. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 65 . Construction Materials.1bn. The combination of all the related technology and know-how throughout the Asahi Kasei Group in a single strategic entity will enable a heightened level of growth and development. value added products. Asahi Chemicals offers specialty products out of its diverse range of products. Director. Director. Asahi Kasei’s Hipore & Battery material division Products Separator for lithium-ion batteries Plants China (10).co. the company reported a growth of 4. Taiwan (4). consumer products. Planning & Co-ordination group.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Asahi Kasei Batteries Address Asahi Kasei EMD 1-105 Kanda Jinbocho Chiyoda-Ku Tokyo 101-8101 Japan Tel: +81 3 3296 3000 Fax: +81 3 3296 3161 Internet: http://www. Pharma. The expected growth in demand for next generation hybrid electric vehicles has prompted the company to evaluate the opportunities for the adoption of lithium-ion batteries. Vice-Presidential Executive Officer Kiyoshi Tsujita. Asahi Kasei Corporation offers pioneering solutions to a varied range of markets including fibres. housing. the company is planning to venture into automotive applications including both hybrid-electric vehicles and all-electric vehicles. Outlook To meet the targets of Growth Action – 2010. Potential demand has been forecast in nextgeneration hybrid electric vehicles. Financial Overview For the financial year 31 March 2008. the company will promote the development of distinguished.854 (March 2008) Recent Developments Strategy The company launched its “Growth action – 2010. Europe (8). President & Representative Director. which offers Hipore microporous membrane. Hipore separators currently hold a 50% share of the world market. Indonesia.696.5% to ¥1. The key areas of this strategy are to expand and enhance global and domestic businesses.9bn (US$704.4bn (US$11. Executive Officer Yoshio Hayashi. Chairman & Representative Director Shiro Hiruta. Asahi Chemical is focusing on the expansion of the production capacity.1% to ¥127. Electronics Materials & Devices (EMD). Hong Kong (2). The integration of Asahi Kasei Chemicals and Asahi Kasei EMD is expected to increase its market share for batteries. to meet the strong demand for lithium-ion rechargeable battery separatosr.7bn (US$1. In April 2009 the electronics materials-related businesses of the holding company.28bn). The company has its business in Chemicals. It contributes as a separator in lithium-ion batteries. Fibres. as high feedstock costs were reflected in high product prices.2008) Employees Group: 23. Under this plan. chemicals.696. construction. Asahi Kasei Chemicals. Director. Kuraray Medical and Medical. Executive Officer Satoru Yamaguchi. 31 March 2008) (Year to 31.jp/ Senior Officers Nobuo Yamaguchi. Homes and Construction Materials faced the lowest operating profit but Chemicals and Fibre segments kept the overall decline to a minimum.asahi-kasei.03. Asahi Kasei Corporation is a Japan based holding company engaged in eight business segments. Presidential Executive Officer Ichiro Itoh. Operating profit decreased by 0. Director.” strategy for the fiscal year 2006-2010. Currently. Manager.8bn (US$17. its Hipore business. will lead to the final two phases of the agreement. It is expected to generate US$6. which is scheduled to last 10 months and would ramp up at each phase point. hybrid truck/bus/train. load-leveling. Pennsylvania (US). three consecutive phased purchase. assuming successful testing.000 first-year grant.250 flooded lead-acid batteries. The purchase order is the first phase of a relationship that could expand to 50. representing an increase in spending of 46%. with Axion supplying an increasing number of batteries to Exide on a monthly basis. Vice-President & Chief Technology Officer Bob Nelson . Additionally. PEV. Vice-President Manufacturing Products Lead carbon batteries Plants US Sales The company develops solutions for hybrid electric vehicles. which was announced by Governor Edward Rendell in January 2009. Contracts In April 2009.000 units per month by mid 2009. to support the research into two key areas.com/ Senior Officers Tom Granville. truck auxiliary power unit and military applications. at its battery plant located in New Castle. In February 2009.000 from the Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Consortium. global supply relationship with Exide Technologies for the purchase of Axion PbC batteries. Shipments under the agreement would begin in Phase I. in February 2009. electric vehicles.2m for the same period in 2007. The second grant seeks to characterise Axion’s proprietary PbC™ battery in hybrid electric vehicle type duty-cycle testing. No further details on anticipated shipments and schedules were released. develop and Axion Power manufactures lead carbon batteries for a wide range of energy storage and power delivery markets including renewable energy (wind. CEO & Director Don Hillier. and emerging markets. Axion Power International signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for a multi-year. is part of Pennsylvania’s overall effort to invest in businesses that are developing innovative clean energy and bio-fuels technologies. the company received a grant of US$380.9m compared with US$2. grid-based energy storage. The increase was due to the increased costs associated with additional efforts incurred to design. The first two phases will be for 18 months.08) Employees 50 © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 66 . The company’s operations are conducted through its subsidiary. Axion Power Battery Manufacturing. provides protection against accumulation of lead sulphate during high-rate partialstate-of-charge operation.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Axion Power Batteries Address Axion Power International Inc 3601 Clover Lane New Castle. The first grant seeks to identify the mechanism by which the optimum specification of carbon. The grant proceeds are expected to be received in 2009. when included in the negative active material of a valve-regulated lead-acid battery. The company is taking advantage of the grants announced by governments to boost the hybrid market. including hybrid electric vehicles. Recent Developments Corporate strategy Axion Power is focused on manufacturing batteries for use in hybrid and electric vehicles. including hybrids and electric vehicles.axionpower. Axion Power International received a purchase order for 92. The award proceeds will be used to demonstrate the advantages the Axion proprietary PbC battery technology provided in a variety of electric vehicle types. Pittsburgh. the company received notice that it will receive a grant from the Pennsylvania Alternative Fuels Incentive Grant program. CFO Edward Buiel .and test-periods will commence immediately. solar). According to the terms of the agreement. which if successful. The consortium is the leading industry association made up in part by the largest companies supplying the world’s battery market and is expected to be completed in 2009. Axion Power research and development (R&D) expenses were US$3. New Product Developments In 2008.559 (Year to 31. grid-related (uninterruptible power. In November 2008. PA 16105 Tel: 724 654 9300 Fax: 724 654 3300 Internet: http://www. US$679. The US$800.12. peak shaving).4m in sales over 2009. These batteries were produced over the period of next 11 months under a toll-manufacturing contract with a major North American battery manufacturer. Financial Overview For the financial year ended 31 December 2008. pilot product production and demonstration project production activities.3 Net Income (US$m) (10. The increase was primarily due to the sale of legacy lead-acid batteries for antique.3bn in combined annual sales by 2009.7) R&D Expenditure (US$m) 3. The company reported a net loss of US$10.8 Outlook Axion Power has incurred net losses since its inception. DC power applications to increase to US$900m and emerging (hybrid electric vehicles. In 2008.6) (3.2 1. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 67 .7) (9.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report test advanced batteries and energy storage products based on its patented lead carbon battery ( PbC ). grid-related applications to reach to US$600m. the company had one customer that accounted for about 10% of the consolidated sales. Axion Power International sales were US$679.3m in the preceding year. which are projected to exceed US$4.3) (7. collector and racing cars. fuel cells) markets to grow from US$180m annually to US$2bn by 2009.6m compared with a net loss of US$14.9 2.6) (14. including manufacturing activities to prepare the plant for future PbC production.7 0. Year 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Sales (US$m) 0.911 in 2007. Renewable (wind/solar) applications are expected to grow from current estimates of US$400m to US$895m of annual sales by 2009. and it is likely the company may not be able to generate sufficient sales and gross margin in the near future to achieve or sustain profitability.559 compared with US$533. Axion Power sees a number of global market opportunities for its technology.5 0. the company increased its R&D staff by about 50% and signed them to long term contracts.6 1. In 2008. batscap. which gave it new capabilities and a production unit in Canada. Avestor was engaged in the development of lithium polymer batteries for automotive and telecommunication applications. Acquisition • In March 2007.3m) over the period 20072011 announced in March 2007. stevedoring. The research program aims to improve vehicle engine efficiency and contribute to reducing CO2 emissions in vehicles by developing camless systems and a next-generation mild hybrid with ultracapacitors for energy storage. energy.164 (2008) Bolloré is active in numerous areas. Bolloré acquired the assets of Canadian manufacturer Avestor to expand its battery production business. Avestor had also been focusing on developing batteries for stationary markets. Batscap. international logistics.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Bolloré Batteries and supercapacitors Address Bolloré SA Tour Bollore 31-32 quai de Dion-Bouton Puteaux. The first © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 68 .com Senior Officers Vincent Bollore. It also develops lithium metal polymer battery for automotive. energy storage) and space and defence. 92811 France Tel: 33-1-46964433 Fax: 33-1-46964422 Internet: http://www. buildings. Vice-Chairman & CEO Thierry Marraud. near Quimper (France). Under the contract signed with OSEO. the French state financing group dedicated to supporting innovation.bollore.1m) in direct subsidies and the rest in repayable short-term loans. 31 December 2008) (Year to 31. The research program focuses on developing camless systems and advanced mild hybrids with ultracapacitors. BatScap manufactures supercapacitors for automotive. such as freight charters and fuel distribution.6m (US$334. The company is also concentrating its efforts towards CO2 emissions reduction. UPS. transportation in Africa. while BatScap was aiming to focus on electric automobile applications.4m) in funding for its research program LOwCO2MOTION. specialises in the design and manufacture of lithium metal polymer batteries and supercapacitors for industrial use. including plastic films and thin papers for capacitors and packaging. aircraft. shipping lines and railways. Recent Developments Corporate strategy In its automotive business. Bolloré started with manufacturing capacitor films and soon expanded operations to lithium polymer batteries through its subsidiary BatScap. Chairman & CEO Cedric De Bailliencourt. particularly telecommunications. initiated the LOwCO2MOTION research program in March 2007. The company acquired Avestor in March 2007. BatScap along with other partners such as Valeo. the Bolloré Group officially opened its first supercapacitor industrial production unit at Ergué-Gabéric.3bn. Valeo will receive €54. The acquisition includes intellectual property. In January 2008. Valeo signed a contract with OSEO.6m). BatScap.08) Employees Group: 32.com batScap Odet Ergué Gabéric 29556 Quimper cedex 9 Tel: + 33 (0)2 98 66 78 00 Fax: + 33 (0)2 98 66 78 01 http://www. of which €19m (US$30.12. The LOwCO2MOTION program includes a total investment of €211. a subsidiary of Bolloré. military. Nearly €36m (US$53. including freight forwarding. for €61m (US$96. Avestor’s technical capacities were redirected to BatScap and the combined company decided to expand competence and operations in developing batteries for electric vehicles.8m (US$86. space. the company opened its first supercapacitor industrial production unit at Ergué-Gabéric. CFO Products Supercapacitors and lithium metal polymer batteries Plants Canada. research & development material and a 130. near Quimper (France). Investment • In January 2008.22m) was invested and 50 people were hired. Financial terms were not disclosed. It was also active in batteries and battery systems for hybrid and pure electric vehicles. stationary markets (telecommunications.33bn (US$10. France Sales €7.000m2 production site in Boucherville near Montreal (Canada). Around 50 people that were previously employed by Avestor were transferred to BatScap. Valeo’s partners are: PSA Peugeot Citroën. IFP (Institut Français du Pétrole) and INPG (Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble). Joint-venture • In June 2008. or other industrial markets. Year 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Year 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Sales (€bn) 7.5 472. Contracts • BatScap batteries equips Bolloré’s electric car BlueCar.5m).3%. Transportation & logistics contributed 61.4 6. Net profit for the period increased 84% to €50.8 6.4bn. it can be expected that the company might set up more production units in the near future to cater to the increasing demand for electric vehicles.7 143. followed by Fuel distribution at 33. Industry 4. with a maximum capacity of one million units per year was installed alongside the production units for capacitor components.3bn.4%.9 5. Business-wise.4 5.5 55. New Product Developments Being a privately-owned company.7 324.6 Net Profit (€m) 50 321 583 274 41 Net Profit (US$m) 70.8 154. which was exhibited at the Geneva Motor show in 2007. plantations. shareholdings) 1.33bn (US$10.4bn (US$9. • In February 2008.9 Sales (US$bn) 10. 31 December 2008) compared with €6.7% to the consolidated sales. With this addition. telecoms.6% and Others (media.3 6. Operating profit was €124m (US$178.7 Operating Profit (€m) 124 105 102 121 95 Operating Profit (US$m) 174. an increase of 18%.100m². 31 December 2007) in 2007.9 Outlook With the Avestor acquisition. the Gruau electric Microbus powered by lithium metal polymer batteries and supercapacitors developed by Batscap is scheduled to be launched during the second half of 2009.8m).8 769. Bolloré now has manufacturing presence in western Europe and North American automotive markets. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 69 .3m (US$70.4 7.3 9. Bolloré also gained a plant in Canada.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report industrial production line. Bolloré sales increased 14% to €7. which will help the company to serve OEMs directly and hence will strengthen its relationship with them.5 134. This new industrial production line covers a surface area of 2. Financial Overview For the fiscal year ended 31 December 2008. Additionally.3 129. Bolloré does not disclose its research and development (R&D) expenditure.4 4. The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report BYD Batteries, network power systems Address BYD Company Limited No.3001, Hengping Road, Pingshan Longgang District 518118 Shenzhen City Guangdong Province P.R.China Tel: + 86-755-89888888 Fax: + 86-755-84202222 Internet: http://www.byd.com.cn Senior Officers Wang Chuan-fu, Executive Director Lu Xiang-yang, Non-executive Director Xia Zuo-quan, Non-executive Director Products Nickel batteries, lithium-ion batteries, network power systems Plants China (9) Sales Group: CNY26.78bn (US$3.92bn, 31 December 2008) (Year to 31.12.08) Batteries:CNY6.20bn (US$909.45m, 31 December 2008) (Year to 31.12.2008) Employees Group: 130,000 (2008) In 2008, BYD had 73% of total sales from China, 13% from Asia Pacific (excluding China), 7% from Europe, 5% from America and 2% from Others. Recent Developments Corporate Strategy BYD has had a leading position in the global rechargeable battery market for many years. The company’s stratgey to maintain this position is to keep prices of its products competitive in the market and continous innovation with the help of its research and development capabilities. The company also plans to diversify applications of the battery products in different markets to gain additional market share in the rechargeable battery market. A step towards this strategy is the joint-venture (JV) formed with Wuhan Iron and Steel Group in March 2009. Strategy of forward integration in the field of car manufacturing has also proved beneficial to the company. The manufacturing taking place locally and most of the raw material procured internally has reaped profits for the automobile segment. The company has already started earning profits from this new segment within a span of six years. This was possible due to the constant emphasis on R&D activities. Joint-Ventures • In March 2009, BYD and Wuhan Iron and Steel Group (WISCO) formed a strategic co-operation agreement. Both companies benefit in the field of technology, new product research and development, information sharing, steel distribution and processing. WISCO accounted for 60% of the company’s total purchase in 2008. Contracts • In March 2009, BYD won a contract from AUTO EV (An Electric Vehicle Development Corporation of Japan) to supply batteries for its new electric cars to be launched in May 2009. New Product Developments BYD’s expenditure on research and development in 2008, increased by 67.29% to CNY1.16bn (US$170.6m, 31 March 2008) from CNY695.22m (US$95.3m, 31 March 2007) in the previous year. The Central Research Institute and Technical school, sponsored by BYD Company Limited, is situated within BYD Baolong industrial park at Longgang District in Shenzhen, China covering an area of 60,000m2 including 40,000m2 for buildings. The institute offers courses with a combination of learning in class, practice in work-shop and research in lab. Financial Overview For the financial year ended 31 March 2008, BYD’s sales increased by 26% to CNY26.78bn (US$3.92bn, 31 December 2008). The company recorded decrease in profit before tax of 21.7% to CNY1.36bn (US$199.4m) for the year ended 31 December 2008 from CNY1.74bn (US$238.5m) in 2007. The company recorded decrease in net profit of 25% to CNY1.27bn (US$186.2m) in 2008, compared with CNY1.70bn (US$233m) in 2007. BYD Company Limited, established in 1995 in China, has two core businesses namely IT Part business and Automobile Business. Starting with batteries business for handsets today BYD manufactures its own cars. BYD’s IT Part business includes handsets components and assembly service, and rechargeable batteries. The company started with handset components and today provides rechargeable batteries like nickel and lithium-ion batteries. BYD also has expertise in R&D. The company has its own Central Research Institute established in April 2005 and a BYD Technical School sponsored by BYD Company Limited with the approval of Shenzhen Municipal government. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 70 The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report The company’s total sales has contribution from three divisions. Handset components and assembly services contributed 45% in fiscal year 2008, Automobiles contributed 32%, and Rechargeable batteries and others contributed 23%. The total sales of rechargeable batteries amounted to CNY6.2bn (US$909.45m) which decreased 13% in 2008 compared with CNY7.14bn (US$978.87m) in 2007. lithium battery sales amounted to CNY3.93bn (US$576.47m) in 2008 which is in line with 2007 sales which amounted to CNY3.99bn (US$547.02m) whereas, nickel battery sales declined 26% to CNY2.20bn (US$322.71m) in 2008 compared with CNY2.97bn (US$407.18m) in 2007. The rest of the sales in this division was contributed by other related products. Automobile division sales increased 77% to CNY8.64bn (US$1.26bn) in fiscal year 2008 compared with CNY4.87bn (US$667.66m) in 2007. Total units sold amounted to 170,000 in 2008. The company’s geographical sales observed certain changes in countries other than China due to global economic slowdown in 2008. Sales contribution from China increased 45.4% to CNY19.62bn (US$2.87bn) in fiscal year 2008 compared with CNY13.49bn (US$1.84bn) in 2007. Asia Pacific (excluding China) sales declined 13.9% to CNY3.36bn (US$492.86m) in 2008 compared with CNY3.90bn (US$534.6m) in 2007. European sales declined 5.4% to CNY1.98bn year-on-year compared with CNY2.10bn (US$287.9m). America’s contribution to sales declined 3.2% to CNY1.40bn (US$205.36m) compared with CNY1.45bn (US$198.75m) in 2007. Others reported 58% increase to CNY404.36m (US$59.31m) compared with CNY255.29m (US$34.99m) in 2007. Year Net Sales (CNYbn) Profit Before Tax (CNYbn) 1.36 1.74 1.18 0.59 1.06 Profit Before Tax (US$m) 199.4 238.5 151.3 73.1 128.2 Net Income (CNYbn) 1.27 1.70 1.12 0.50 1.00 Net Income (US$m) 186.2 233 143.6 61.9 120.9 R&D Expenditure (CNYm) 1163.09 695.22 404.33 113.64 69.28 R&D Expenditure (US$m) 170.6 95.3 51.85 14.08 8.38 No. of Employees 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Year 26.78 21.21 12.93 6.49 6.42 Net Sales (US$bn ) 3.92 2.90 1.65 0.80 0.78 130,000 120,000 55,000 40,000 28,000 No. of Employees 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 130,000 120,000 55,000 40,000 28,000 Outlook Considering the global economic slowdown in the auto industry which has also affected BYD’s rechargeable battery business, the company is using new product development to overcome the set backs. The company will be able to sustain the global crisis with the help of its strategy to diversify its products in different markets which would add to the income of the company. The JV with WISCO was a step in this direction. The new contracts earned in March and April 2009 will help the company to make up for the declined sales in fiscal 2008. The company can also rely on its recently developed auto market where it provides quality and advanced products at competitive prices. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 71 The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Cobasys Batteries Address Cobasys LLC 3740, Lapeer Road South Orion, Michigan 48359 USA Tel: +248 620 5700 Fax: +248 620 5702 Internet: http://www.cobasys.com Senior Officers Thomas Neslage, President & CEO Scott Lindholm, Vice-President, Systems Engineering & Chief Sales Officer Joseph S Crocenzi, Vice-President, Finance, General Manager, Planning & Business Strategy Jim Greiwe, Vice-President, Manufacturing Gary Absher, Vice-President, Product Development Ed Cozat, Director, Engineering Services Products Nickel metal hydride batteries lithium-ion (Li-Ion): PHEV Systems Plants USA Sales US$14.4m (Year to 30.06.2007) Employees 380 In early 2008, partners of the company planned to provide substantial capital contribution which was necessary to fund approved operations in proportion to their membership percentage interests. In the beginning of 2009, the company restructured its business due to the reduction in the production level. The company laid off 119 people. The move was in response to lower orders from its clients. Investments • In April 2007, Cobasys announced expansion of its headquarters at Michigan (US) to facilitate development of NiMH and lithium systems. Joint-Ventures • In January 2007, Cobasys and A123Systems signed an agreement to form a partnership to develop lithium-ion energy storage systems for HEV applications. Contracts Cobasys has contracts for the majority of its capacity through 2010. • In May 2007, Cobasys supplied its NiMHax®battery systems to Enova Systems for integration into hybrid service vans for Verizon. • In March 2007, Cobasys and A123Systems signed a contract with General Motors to develop batteries for the Saturn Vue. • In March 2007, Cobasys started supplying the 2008 Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid Sedan with the 36V NiMH battery system. In 2007, the company also announced investments of over US$30m in plant and equipment to meet the growing demand for NiMH battery systems at its Springboro, Ohio (US) module manufacturing and system assembly plant. Cobasys is a leading manufacturer and supplier of nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and medium-heavy duty vehicles. The company also supplies to the telecommunication, UPS and distributed generation sectors. In 2001, Cobasys was formed as Texaco Ovonic Battery System, but was later renamed as Cobasys in 2004. It is a joint-venture between ChevronTexaco Technology Ventures LLC and Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. For the HEV segment, Cobasys offers NiMH advanced battery systems for passenger cars, SUVs, buses and trucks. Recent Developments Corporate strategy Owners of Cobasys are exploring strategic alternatives to capitalise on opportunities for energy storage solutions in the growing HEV and stationary power industries. Cobasys is working with OEMs to develop batteries and energy storage systems for HEVs, heavy-duty vehicles and plug-in HEVs applications. The company is developing lithium technology and energy system solutions for rechargeable plugin HEVs. These include providing battery systems for the Saturn Vue Green Line, Saturn Aura Green Line, the Chevrolet Malibu hybrid and a contract to develop lithium battery systems for the new General Motors plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) development program. The company is focusing on the commercialisation of NiMH batteries for the HEV market. The company’s strategy is to conceptualise, design and develop materials, products and production processes and commercialise them internally and through third-party relationship, such as licenses and joint-ventures. In January 2007, the company signed an agreement with A123Systems to use lithium technology of A123Systems to develop products for the HEV market. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 72 Year 2007 2006 2005 Sales (US$m) 14. 778% higher than the previous year’s figure of US$1. In January 2007.5) (41.1) Net Income (US$m) (75. Cobasys received a contract from General Motors to supply the NiMHax® NiMH battery system for the Saturn Aura Green Line hybrid mid-size saloon.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report • • • • • In March 2007. Cobasys signed a technical cooperation agreement with Panasonic EV Energy. the investments that the company is making to increase production capacity at its manufacturing locations are likely to ensure future growth. Cobasys received an order from Denver Regional Transport District (RTD) to convert ten hybrid buses from lead batteries to its NiMH battery systems. • In August 2004. but the process has been put on hold. Cobasys will receive royalties from Panasonic on North American sales of NiMH battery products through 2014. The company might perform better in the future as it has signed major contracts for HEVs till 2010. Cobasys started supplying NiMHax® Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) battery systems for integration in the Lotus Engineering EVE (efficient. Panasonic will sell NiMH battery products for North American transportation applications.5) (41.64m. In June 2005. a joint-venture between Matsushita Electric and Toyota Motor Corporation.32) (41. In 2008. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 73 . Financial Overview: In the financial year ended 30 June 2007 Cobasys’s sales were US$14. which further impacted the prospects of the company. Under the agreement. GM had plans to acquire Cobasys. in cooperation with Azure Dynamics.64 1. due to a breach of contract. the company was sued and jeopardised its relationship with Daimler AG.4m. In August 2005. developed ‘NiMhax 336-70’ NiHM battery packs for HEVs. Further. Its packs range from 144volts and 30KW for light duty automotive applications to 672 volts and 280KW for large commercial applications. The unit forecasted losses of US$82m in 2008 with funding requirements of at least US$92m compared with US$76m losses in 2007 on funding of roughly US$84m. The members of Cobasys OBS and CTV did not approve of 2008’s business plan and budget because of its lower prospects to grow. In December 2006. Cobasys’ future will depend on developing new products such as the lithium technology and energy system solutions for rechargeable plug-in HEVs that the company is currently exploring.17 Operating Income (US$m) (64. Cobasys.27) Outlook Cobasys has been facing losses since its inception. Cobasys introduced NiMHax battery packs for all transportation applications. Cobasys signed an agreement with Motorola to manufacture battery control system components for HEV battery systems. New Product Developments • In November 2004. viable and environmental) vehicle.35) (45.4 1. The partners plan to sell Cobasys because of its uncertain financial conditions. In July 2005. Cobasys won a contract from General Motors to develop a lithium-ion battery system for GM’s Volt plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) program. Temic and the automotive electronic business of Motorola. Mexico (3). chassis components. Romania and Slovakia where it plans to shift its production from high-cost countries. In the last ten years. Fuel Supply and Hybrid Electric Vehicles.2008) Automotive group: €14. North America Products Lithium-ion batteries Plants Powertrain Division: Australia. In the hybrid market. these strategic acquisitions are helping it to broaden its product portfolio and global presence. Its major customers include BMW. approximately 25. USA (7) In July 2007. 22% from Nafta and 1% from rest of the countries.com Senior Officers Continental is a leading supplier of tires and automotive components. The takeover was closed in December 2007. the company also supplied the inverter and the DC/DC converter for the same. The group manufactures brake systems. France (2). CEO. Philippines. The Hybrid Electric Vehicles business unit offers all the basic components for a complete hybrid system. In 2008. Continental acquired shares of Japanese lithium-ion specialist. Sensors & Actuators. 31 December 2008) (Year to 31. and in 2005 it had its first fully functional lithium-ion battery system. Daimler. the company started the project with Daimler to develop hybrid system along with lithium-ion batteries for the planned Mercedes S 400 BlueHybrid model. The powertrain division is setting new standards with the expansion of its battery portfolio to cater to market demands. service life and performance of lithium-ion batteries. 13% from Asia. the most recent being of Siemens VDO. China (4). UK (1). 31December 2008) (Year to 31. 36% from Europe (excluding Germany). Karl-Thomas Neumann. President. Acquisitions • In June 2008. Hungary. Powertrain and Interior.2008) Employees Group: 139. General Motors. Continental Automotive Systems (CAS) is divided into three divisions: Chassis & Safety. vehicle electronics and powertrain controls. Region wise.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Continental Lithium-ion batteries Address Continental AG Vahrenwalder Straße 9 D-30165 Hannover Germany Tel: +49 511 938 01 Fax: +49 511 938 81770 Internet: http://www.2008) Powertrain division: €4bn (US$5. Brazil.244 (December 2008) Recent Developments Corporate strategy Continental is focusing on integration of several acquisitions it has made over the last few years. Ford. These buyouts have transformed Continental from a tire manufacturer to an automotive systems supplier. Commercial vehicle tires and ContiTech. Enax. Malaysia. The company paid €11. The acquisition placed Continental among top five global suppliers. Each group has three divisions. Italy. Toyota. CTO. Russia. It is used in the Mercedes S 400 BlueHybrid which launched in April 2009. Continental started series production of lithium-ion batteries in September 2008 at Nuremberg Site (Germany).12. The two companies intend to improve safety. North America Jeff Klei. Korea (2).000 employees achieved sales of €4bn (US$5. Volkswagen and Volvo. Germany. Czech Republic (4). Continental started lithium-ion battery system development in 2002. Continental supplies almost all major vehicle manufacturers. Head.2bn. Transmissions.155 (December 2008) Powertrain Group: 25.3bn (US$34. 31 December 2008) (Year to 31.12. In addition. Apart from the lithium-ion battery. Romania. Malaysia. The headquarter is situated in Hannover. in which lithium-ion battery also forms the product family of energy storage systems.12. Thailand. Chrysler. Mexico. Philippines. The Continental Group is made up of the Automotive group and the Rubber group.4bn (US$15. Continental acquired Siemens VDO.6bn. COO. Fiat. In 2006. India. Interior and Powertrain divisions Jorg Grotendorst. ContiTech Division Ralf Cramer. The company has 200 sites for production and R&D in 36 countries. The powertrain division is further divided into five divisions: Engine Systems. Continental is developing products for the mild and full hybrid vehicles. The group is also expanding its presence in low cost countries including Czech Republic.9bn (US$21bn.6bn). Chassis & Safety.6m) for the takeover.conti-online. The Powertrain division has presence in 62 locations in 20 countries. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 74 . Germany (9). the automotive electronic division of the Siemens group. COO. in 2008 Powertrain division had 28% sales from Germany. Hybrid Electric vehicle business unit Heinz-Gerhard Wente. The company acquired 16% holding in Enax. the company acquired businesses of Teves. Continental Rubber group is divided into three main divisions: Passenger and Light truck tires. Chassis & Safety Samir Salman. the automotive electronics business of Siemens group. The Continental Automotive group has sales of approximately €15bn (US$21bn) in 2008. Sales Group: €24. Johnson Control supplied battery cells to Continental to supply lithium-ion batteries to Daimler. In Powertrain division R&D expenses increased by 189. Year Net Sales (€bn) 24.498. R&D expenses climbed by 79.1m (US$592. Mercedes introduced S 400BlueHybrid. In the process. Continental’s Automotive Group witnessed extremely adverse market conditions and restructuring initiatives.3 16. Continental predicts large deviations.155151.8% in net sales from €16. integrating four other R&D centres at Yokohama. However. In the first quarter of 2009.3bn (US$34.3%. The centre will be the R&D hub for the company in Japan.004. 2008) in building a manufacturing capacity at Nuremberg site (Germany). Net sales were reported at €24. In 2007. The company registered a growth of 45.9% to €420. Continental started pre-series production of lithium-ion batteries in Berlin (Germany).8 EBIT (€bn) (0. • In June 2007. • In August 2007.52bn) in 2008.2m) compared with €144.077) 1. The expenses accounted for 10. Continental signed a contract to supply lithium-ion batteries to Daimler for Mercedes S 400 BlueHYBRID. GM tested two competing battery packs for use in the GM Chevrolet Volt. The plant can produce 15.4bn) in 2007. New Product Developments In 2008. This capacity can be doubled at a short notice. The plan is to launch the car in late 2010. Investments • In September 2008. Continental expects to generate free cash flow and reduce its debts in 2009. Segment wise. Contracts • In March 2008. In spite of the difficult market conditions. of Employees 139.6 R&D Expenditure (€m) 1. The increase resulted from the acquisition of Siemens VDO.23bn) in 2007. Continental secured a contract from GM for advance development of lithium-ion batteries for the GM Chevrolet E-Flex propulsion system which is to be used in Chevy volt concept car.11bn) compared with €834. The company also assumes that significant restructuring measures will be carried out in 2009. with the comparative figures in 2008. a decrease of €296m (US$417. The powertrain division invested over €3m (US$4.6bn) in 2007.3m). the company developed the first production ready lithium-ion battery for hybrid vehicle.6bbn (US$24.2m.5% to €1. Financial Overview Continental AG has reported growth in net sales for fiscal year ended 31 December 2008.049.2% of sales compared with previous year’s 5%.07bn (US$1.9m (US$213.000 units each year in a production facility covering 300m2. Continental started series production of lithium-ion batteries to be used in hybrid drive cars. 30 September.83bn (US$2.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Joint-ventures • In June 2008.60 Net Income (€m) (1.4% of the divisions sales compared to previous year’s 12.8m (US$1.57bn).2 834.6 14. The expenses accounted for 6.225 2008 2007 2006 © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 75 .9 1.29) 1. one provided by Continental and another by LG Chem.3m. This was mainly due to changes in the scope of consolidation after the acquisition of Siemens VDO and the automotive electronics business of Motorola. Continental’s adjusted EBIT (before amortisation and depreciation of acquired assets) was €1.281. particularly in the first half.67 1. Continental used battery cells designed by A123 Systems.8 677 No. The company planned to start the production from December 2007. Sales in the Powertrain division increased by 243.4m) in 2007.9bn (US$21bn) while adjusted EBIT was €908. Continental and Enax agreed on a cooperative venture for the development of lithium-ion cells for future hybrid and electric drives in automobiles.2% to €4bn (US$ 5. Continental set up a research and development centre (R&D) in Yokohama (Japan) to strengthen its relations with Japanese and Korean OEMs. in January 2009 LG Chem won the contract to supply lithium-ion batteries to GM.2bn) which was largely aided by the acquisition of Siemens VDO.49bn (US$2. In sync with the plan.6bn) from €1. The company reported net loss of €1. Chiba. In September 2008.654 85. Hamamatsu and Hiroshima (Japan). the world’s first lithium-ion battery car in April 2009.9m (US$1.1bn (US$ 1. 31 December 2008) from last year. Net sales of the Group were recorded at €14. In May 2008. Mercedes Benz planned to launch S 400BlueHybrid in the early 2009. of Employees 139.2 716.229.18 589 524 R&D Expenditure (US$m) 2. India and China) mainly driven by volume.54 893.8 12.29) 1. which will offer huge opportunities for Continental’s Powertrain division.11 1.518.07 1.155151.39 17.16 EBIT (US$bn) (0.58 952.40) 2. stricter emission norms and rising oil prices require new approaches to drive systems with minimal environmental and climatic impact.83 977.112.127.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report 2005 2004 Year 13.2 24. Simultaneously.586 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Outlook Continental's take over of Siemens VDO has positioned it among the leading automotive suppliers.654 85.79 1.546.05 1. However.82 697. The acquisition has not only increased its global presence and product offerings but also strengthened its technological capability.64 714.586 No. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 76 . the interest in hybrid drives is growing not just in North America and Asia but in Europe as well.2 Net Income (US$m) (1. This will increase the demand for fuel-efficient and hybrid vehicles.95 79.45 19.225 79.66 16.326. developed automotive markets in Europe and North America will continue to be strategically important due to high margins. Continental has emerged as one of Europe’s best fuel efficient product suppliers due to a strong position in fuel injection and hybrid technologies.34 1. In the future.849 80. Russia. Continental foresees high growth potential in the emerging market especially in BRIC countries (Brazil.849 80.35 1.46 2. which sees hybrid and electric drives as the proper route for those vehicles which are economical yet dynamic.51 1.5 Net Sales (US$bn) 34. out of which US$1. the veil would be off when the company’s ultracapcitors are launched with Zenn’s small electric vehicle – City Zenn by the end of 2009. Zenn purchased 3. backup power and utility storage for renewable power sources.5m. which gave Zenn exclusive rights to use its technology in small and mid-size cars. Joint-venture In August 2004.8% of EEStor after planning to invest US$2. EEStor’s ultracapacitor is based on modified barium titanate ceramic powder which could power a car for 400km. Vice-President & General Manager Products Ultracapacitors Plants US Employees 28c Outlook EEStor’s mysterious ultracapacitor has created ripples in the market and considered to be a breakthrough. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 77 . Kleiner Perkins invested a reported US$3m in EEstor in July 2005. hybrid electric vehicles. However.3m was already paid in the ultracapcitor company in April 2007. Financial Overview EEStor is a privately held company and hence the financials of the company are not disclosed.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report EEStor Ultracapacitors Address 715 Discovery Boulevard Cedar Park TX 78613-2287 US Tel: +1-512-259-7601 Internet: http://www. CEO & President Carl Nelson. EEStor was established in 2001 and is based at Cedar Park. The company has developed an ultracapacitor.eestor. which they have termed as Electrical Energy Storage Unit (EESU). EEStor has maintained a low profile and kept its technology under wraps for quite a long while. EEStor and Zenn had a technology agreement. Co-Founder Tom Weir. Currently. Texas (US). Further details of balanced investment money have not yet been disclosed.us/ Senior Officers Richard Weir. The unit can be charged in few minutes and weighs less than 10% of current lead-acid batteries for the same cost. for electric vehicle. Zenn and Kleiner Perkins invested in EEStor for the research and development of the company’s product. in December 2008. Overall. EEstor manufactures energy storage devices for hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles. EEStor’s first production line will be used to supply Zenn. the target market for the car is set to be Europe. the company secured a US patent for its battery. for battery equipment.3% stake in Miljo. three-wheelers Electrovaya manufactures and markets portable power technology products using its SuperPolymer® technology.electrovaya. Tata Motors European Technical Centre plc. including Changan Automobile.3% from Canada. Electrovaya receives royalties and license fees and also got an option to participate in VV's share structure. Ontario Canada L5J 1K9 Tel: 905-855-4610 Fax: 905-822-7953 Internet: http://www. which is scheduled for launch in Europe during 2009. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 78 . 19. Electrovaya formed a 50:50 joint-venture (JV) with New York-based Visionary Vehicles (VV) to produce batteries for VV's full line of plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs). In addition. using Electrovaya's proprietary and Lithium-ion SuperPolymer battery technology. • In October 2007. Chairman & Chief Executive Officer Paul L.09.08) Employees 175 (2008) The company serves numerous OEMs. Phoenix Motorcars and Tata Motors. Electrovaya receives equity in Miljo. Ltd. Joint-venture • In November 2008. Electrovaya signed three memorandums of understanding (MOU's) in Beijing (China) in the areas of electric cars. followed by 20. The company collaborated with Visionary Vehicles in January 2008 to produce batteries for Visionary Vehicles’s plug-in hybrid vehicles. In 2008. Electrovaya entered into a non-binding MOU with Electrotherm India Ltd. 2645 Royal Windsor Drive Mississauga. aerospace and other low pressure applications underwater. Miljo will also produce electric vehicles based on Tata Motors' products. Recent Developments Corporate strategy Over the years.com/ Senior Officers Sankar Das Gupta. The first agreement was with Chana International Corp. Electrovaya has been forming joint-ventures with OEMs and other battery suppliers to boost the development of environmentfriendly electric vehicles. In 2008. As its technology partner. backup power and mobile energy storage. Further. to establish a Lithium SuperPolymer battery plant in India. a technology licence fee and a royalty based on the value of its proprietary Lithium-ion SuperPolymer batteries used in the electric cars. Electrovaya partnered with Tata Motors and Miljo Grenland/Innovasjon to manufacture batteries and electric cars in Norway. • In January 2008. including plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. • In May 2008. for zero-emission electric vehicles. It was also announced that the JV will provide a significant amount of its proceeds to research and development (R&D). The company offers power systems for a variety of applications.54m (Year to 30. from early 2009. The third agreement was signed with Shandong Shifeng Group Co. Electrovaya signed an agreement for a battery pack design and production program with Phoenix Motorcars. Ltd. The JV was established to produce battery packs for electric two-wheelers. the company signed agreements with Chana International and Shandong Shifeng Group to supply its proprietary batteries for zero-emission electric vehicles in China. with Tata Motors and Miljobil for the electric battery production in Norway. As part of the licensing agreement signed.7% from other regions. the company generated 49.9% from Norway and the remaining 10. with a capacity of up to ten megawatt hours per month. Chief Financial Officer Products Lithium-ion battery Plants US Sales US$2. trucks and manufacturing equipment. for zeroemission electric vehicles for the North American and global specialty truck market. The MOU also provided VV with an option to purchase a small portion of Electrovaya's outstanding shares. The second was with GuangZhou Lange Electric Equipment Co. holds 50. Tata Motors' UK subsidiary. The first such vehicle will be the Indica EV. The project included certain upfront engineering design services and hardware production. Hart. • In October 2008. Electrovaya joined a cooperative R&D consortium in 2005 to develop a prototype plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Electrovaya Battery solutions Address Electrovaya Inc.1% of the consolidated sales from the US. power and safety characteristics. Net loss was US$4.9) (6. taxes. followed by 9.4 6. lower amortisation expenses and the presence of gain from foreign exchange.6% of the consolidated sales were from the US.1% to US$3. Loss before interest.9m compared with US$3.3) (8. amortisation. amortisation. Electrovaya supplied its MN-Series Lithium-ion SuperPolymer battery.06m.3 3. It is powered by Electrovaya's Lithium-ion SuperPolymer battery technology with integrated iBMS (intelligent battery management system).4m.05m over US$4. to develop a prototype plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. • In January 2008. Electrovaya entered into an agreement with Miljobil Innovasjon AS for a licence of Electrovaya's technology related to battery chemistry and the manufacture of battery modules. Gain on sale of investments increased 10.5m from US$4. these types of vehicles are likely to become the future of the automotive industry.54m compared with US$2.8% from Canada and the remaining 2.64m in the previous year. During the quarter. • In January 2007. capital assets write-down widened to US$4. In September 2005.2) (8. The expected hybrid vehicles’ growth is likely to provide significant opportunities to the © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 79 .8 Outlook Over the past several years. With fuel prices rising and government introducing strict environment-friendly norms. Electrovaya received a US$100. The sales growth was due to an increase in sales from large format batteries and higher income from the Other business segment. amortisation.9m from US$2. foreign exchange. The consortium is led by Raser Technologies.5 6. before interest. Electrovaya launched its MN-Series Lithium-ion SuperPolymer® battery technology. For the three months ended 31 December 2008.34m in the same period in 2007.5) (4.5% to US$3. Electrovaya has been strengthening its position in the area of battery production for electric and hybrid vehicles. In April 2007.000 for the quarter ended 31 December 2007.5 2. nearly 87. The license includes a mix of license fee. equity and royalties. It has an extended range of up to 120 miles on a single charge. The new product has up to 50% higher energy density.2) (8.2m. Net income totalled US$26. capital assets write-down (US$m) (4.9) (6. Electrovaya joined a cooperative R&D initiative. taxes. New Product Developments In 2008. lowspeed electric vehicle.5) R&D Expenditure (US$m) 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2. • In October 2007.000 from US$495.1 2. Electrovaya sales increased 60% to US$792. Year Sales (US$m) Loss before interest.9 2.000 compared with US$1.6) (7.6 2.000 contract from the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) to develop and demonstrate a plug-in hybrid concept using the Ford Escape Hybrid vehicle.4 3. foreign exchange. In January 2007.5) Net Profit/ (Loss) (US$m) (4. foreign exchange.1% to US$515. Loss from operations. the Advanced Hybrid Vehicle Development Consortium. Electrovaya also got the exclusive right to export batteries from this plant to overseas customers.23m in the same quarter of the prior year. capital assets write-down and the gain on sale of investments decreased 58.7 2.000 compared with a net loss of US$1. Electrovaya’s R&D expenditure increased 89. Electrovaya received a purchase order for its Lithium-ion SuperPolymer integrated battery system from Raser Technologies for use in a plug-in hybrid demonstrator vehicle.1) (4. a zero-emission.6m in the prior year. Electrovaya won a purchase order for five battery packs for Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) from Miljobil Grenland AS. Contracts • In December 2007. taxes. It is well suited for large-format battery system demands with its high energy density. Electrovaya sales were US$2. Financial Overview For the financial year ended 30 September 2008. Net income reflected a decrease in general & administration expenses. Electrovaya launched the Maya-300.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report • • and four-wheelers produced in India.6% from other regions. especially in light of increasing number of automakers around the world planning to use lithium-ion batteries in future hybrids and all-electric vehicles. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 80 .The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report company. Further. the JVs formed in the emerging markets such as China will provide cost advantage to the company in the long term. The leading product of Enax is laminated sheet battery (LSB). The company also provides consulting services to companies that plan to enter lithium-ion rechargeable battery or lithium polymer battery markets and establish facilities for the same. Enax supplies production machines for lithium-ion batteries to many non-Japanese firms. Al cans. gaskets and safety vents. Hino Motors Co.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Enax Lithium-ion Batteries Address Enax Inc. Recent Developments Corporate Strategy Enax has been expanding its products and services bearing future demand in mind. in Shandong.. • Maufacturing and sales of Battery Pack: procures battery cells and adds battery control cuircuit to form a battery pack. The company has identified potential markets in China and has thus established its manufacturing units there. Business areas of Enax are as follows: • Lithium-ion Rechargeable Battery: develops. JGI. electrolyte. separator. President & CEO Products Lithium-ion batteries Plants China. Enax expanded production lines of electrodes at Yonezawa plant. Mitsui & Co. Enax specialises in lithium-ion batteries. NMP (solvent). Continental bought 16% stake of Enax. Ltd. Ltd. New Product Developments Enax has started manufacturing the Mini car called S3 with the help of the company’s expertise in lithium-ion batteries . Otowa 2-11-19 Bunkyo-ku Tokyo Japan 112-0013 Tel: +81-3-3944-0039 Fax: +81-3-3944-2254 Internet: http://www. Joint-Ventures • In June 2005. steel cans. • Sales of lithium-ion rechargeable battery production line and materials: The company provides consulting services to companies who wish to enter the rechargeable battery markets and also provide production line for the same. primarily used in Ebikes. Japan Sales Group: US$10.jp Senior Officers Kazunori Ozawa. Enax also supplies raw materials like Al foil. Continental owns 16% stake in the company. Along with machines the company provides battery know-how. (Japan). Some of the main clients of the company are ITOCHU Corporation. The company has diversified its business areas from consultation to mass production in the field of lithium-ion battery. The company has successfully upgraded from an R&D contract company to an R&D and manufacturing company. manufactures and sells these batteries to electric car and bike manufacturers. • Manufacturing and sales of Mini Car: The company has developed a new single seated electric car called S3. top caps. NEC Group. Ltd.5m (2006) Employees Group: 80 (2006) The company has clients from various segments of the market.enax. China to produce lithium-ion battery electrodes. Investments • In August 2004. Divestments • In June 2008... The electrodes will be used at Enax’s Tianjing and Yonezawa plants in China and Japan repectively. • Manufacturing and sales of electrodes: has a production line in China which is the main component of rechargeable batteries.Inc.. Ltd. Both companies jointly develop lithium-ion batteries for hybrid and electric vehicles. Expansion of Yonezawa Laboratory enhanced R&D activities and the laboratory now also helps in the mass production of electrodes © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 81 . National Maritime Research Institute. Cu foil.. Nissan Motor Co. Enax and Degussa AG formed a JV called Degussa Enax (Anqiu) Power Lion Technologies Co. The company plans to provide these electrodes to other manufacturers.. Both the companies hold 50% stake respectively.. The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report With greater emphasis on R&D the company has published 15 patents for lithiumion rechargeable batteries. Outlook Enax has identified the potential markets of the future and is already peparing itself for the upcoming demand for lithium-ion battery for the hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicle market. The company has already established facilities for mass production of raw material as well as battery packs which ensures that they gain access in almost all the areas of manufacturing. The synergy between Enax and Continental will be beneficial to the company, as it would give it access to the OEM markets in Europe. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 82 The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Ener1 Batteries Address 1540 Broadway, Suite 25C New York NY 10036 Tel: 01-212-920-3500 Fax: 01-212-920-3510 Internet: http://www.ener1.com/ Senior Officers Charles Gassenheimer, Chairman & CEO Ulrik Grape, Executive Vice-President Naoki Ota, COO Peter Novak, President & CTO Gerard Herlihy, CFO Cyrus Ashtiani, CTO, EnerDel Hiroyuki Yumoto, Director, Cell Development Derrick Buck, Director, Battery Systems Integration Products Lithium-ion batteries Plants Korea, US Sales Group: US$6.8m (Year to 31.12.2008) Employees Group: 486 (March 2009) Geographically, sales in the US were US$4.8m, while South Korea contributed US$5.5m to sales in 2008. The battery segment generated 98.3% sales. Fuel cell attributed 0.5% and Corporate 1.2% sales. The company’s prospective and current customers include OEM automotive manufacturers (light and heavy duty) and tier one suppliers to automotive, truck and bus OEMs. Recent Developments Corporate Strategy Ener1 is aiming to become the leading US based developer and manufacturer of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles. The company is focusing more on increasing strategic alliances. Recently, in February 2009, Ener1 signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with Itochu Corporation. The purpose was to introduce Ener1’s products into Japanese marketplace. Consequently, Itochu will serve as an Ener1’s Japanese sales, marketing and development partner for both the Japanese OEMs as well as the tier one suppliers. Another contract was secured in September 2008 with US Department of Energy (DOE) to develop high energy batteries for hybrid buses. In October 2007, the company managed to win a contract from Th!nk Global which helped increase its revenue by more than tenfold for fiscal 2008. . This mirrors the company’s efforts to increase their customers and market for their batteries. Ener1 anticipated the demand for electric and plug-in hybrids cars to quintuple by 2010. In order to meet the demand the company is expanding their manufacturing capabilities through acquisitions and the grants received from the government. In February 2009, the US government approved a stimulus plan of US$2bn for the development of the advanced battery manufacturing capability. In December 2008, the company applied for US$480m loan under the Advanced Technology Vehicle Manufacturing Incentive Program (ATVM) to increase battery manufacturing capacity in Indiana. In October 2008, Ener1 acquired 83% stake in Enertech International, which will assist the company to expand its production capabilities. In August 2008, Ener1 acquired EnerDel as a wholly owned subsidiary. Currently, EnerDel is undergoing a major expansion at its two Indiana facilities. The company believes full scale production will halve current prices. Simultaneously, in December 2008, Ener 1 secured a commitment of US$30m credit from its principal investor, Ener1 Group. This aims to fully fund the business plan throughout 2009. In turn, it will help the company to focus solely on the business side operations. Acquisitions • In October 2008, Ener1 acquired 83% stake in Enertech International. Ener1 purchased the equity stake in Enertech International for five million shares of Ener1 Inc. common stock, US$2.56m warrants and US$600,000 in cash from TVG Capital Partners. The acquisition is intended to cater to the rapidly growing demand of hybrid and electric vehicles. The acquisition follows the company's plans to expand the manufacturing capacity at its Indiana (US)based lithium-ion automotive battery subsidiary, EnerDel. Ener1, Inc. is an energy storage solutions company that develops high-performance safe lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV’s), Plug-in Hev’s (PHEVs) and Electric Vehicles (EVs). Ener1 manufactures high-performance rechargeable lithium-ion batteries and battery systems for energy storage. The company caters to transportation, stationary power, military applications and small cell markets. In the transportation markets, the company is developing systems to power the next generation of hybrid vehicles, buses, trucks and alternative transportation vehicles. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 83 The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report • In August 2008, Ener1 acquired 100% ownership in EnerDel. It includes manufacturing and intellectual property assets from former joint-venture partner Delphi Automotive Systems LLC. Delphi transferred to Ener1 the 19.5% equity interest in EnerDel. In turn, Ener1 transferred 2.8 million shares and US$8m in cash to Delphi. Joint-venture • In February 2009, Ener1 signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with Itochu Corporation. The purpose is to introduce Ener1’s products into Japanese marketplace. Consequently, Itochu will serve as an Ener1’s Japanese sales, marketing and development partner for both the Japanese OEM’s as well as the tier one suppliers. • In December 2008, EnerDel, Ener1’s lithium-ion battery subsidiary and the Department of Energy formed a partnership to develop high-energy batteries for hybrid bus and heavy duty vehicle markets. The total budget for this program comes up to US$1.25m. • In November 2008, Ener1 signed an MoU with Kyushu Electric Power to jointly manufacture rapid recharging systems for electric vehicles Contracts • In September 2008, Ener1 was awarded US$984,000 in research and development contracts with the DOE to develop high energy batteries for hybrid buses. • In June 2008, Ener1’s subsidiary EnerDel successfully demonstrated a fully functional lithium-ion battery pack in a Th!nk City electric vehicle. In October 2007, EnerDel entered into a supply agreement with Th!nk Global to supply lithium-ion batteries to power its Th!nk city vehicle. The contract incorporated EnerDel to deliver production prototypes by March 2008 and pre production parts by July 2008, which they have met successfully. Once the prerequisite is met, the electric vehicle will incorporate the EnerDel battery over the two-year period until 2010. • In September 2007, Ener1 was awarded a US$2.5m contract from DOE for PHEV battery research. The contract will expire in September 2009. • In September 2007, Ener1 secured a Phase II lithium-ion battery development contract from the USABC to develop further lithium-ion battery technology for hybrid electric vehicles. The contract will expire in first quarter 2010. New Product Development Ener1 spent US$22.9m for R&D in 2008, an increase of 91.6% compared with the previous year’s R&D expenditure of US$11.9m. Financial Overview For the financial year ended 31 December 2008, Ener1 sales were US$6.8m compared with US$280,000 in 2007. The remarkable increase in sales is due to Th!nk supply agreement which attributed US$941,000 alone towards sales. However, the increase has been partially offset by the decrease in engineering services of US$153,000 owing to the completion of the contract at the end of 2007. The sales from the battery segment boosted the overall revenue of the company. Operating loss widened from US$21.04m to US$33.9m. Net loss decreased from US$51.7m to US$42.95m. During 2008, the company witnessed strong customer demand for lithium-ion batteries from all the segments. The company segmented its focus on ten highpriority customers and believes 50% of those customers would make significant contributions to sales in 2009. Year 2008 2007 2006 Sales (US$m) 6.8 0.28 0.10 Operating Income (US$m) (33.9) (21.04) (26.41) Net Income (US$m) (42.95) (51.7) (41.3) Outlook Ener1 has managed to secure grants which are beneficial for the company under the current economic circumstances. However, the company has a history of operating losses since 1997. The company expects to incur negative cash flows and may require additional cash to fund its operations and implement its business plan. The company is investing a lot in expanding its production capabilities, which, in the long term, under full scale production, will give it a competitive edge on pricing, since full scale production will halve prices. Ener1, the first automotive lithium-ion battery company to have its primary © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 84 Overall.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report manufacturing facility in the US also places it ahead of its competitors. with ample opportunities to expand and secure a strong position in the market. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 85 . the company is in a growth phase. 10.2%): includes the royalty-bearing consumer battery business. The company owns a 91. Recent Developments Corporate strategy The automotive operations of ECD Ovonics are confined to the Ovonic Materials segment in which the company develops technologies for NiMH batteries. In addition to this.2%) and Sanyo (2.1% from Japan and 0.768 (August 2008) In fiscal 2008. Inc.4% from Hong Kong. Chief Marketing Officer Products Nickel-metal hydride batteries Plants US Sales US$255. It is engaged in the invention. which were previously part of the company's Production Technology and Machine Building division. the company generated 46. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 86 . fuel cell.7% of the consolidated sales from the US. The company strengthened its United Solar Ovonic segment by adding the photovoltaic machine-building activities. 12. Chief Financial Officer Ken Fox.2%).The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Energy Conversion Devices Battery solutions Address Energy Conversion Devices.4% equity interest in Ovonic Battery Company and the balance is held by Honda Motor Company (3. 2956 Waterview Drive Rochester Hills Michigan 48309 US Tel: 248-293-0440 Fax: 248-844-1214 Internet: http://www. 2. for the Energy Conversion Devices (ECD Ovonics) is a technology and product development company. development and commercialisation of new materials. the company sells its proprietary positive electrode nickel hydroxide materials for use in NiMH batteries.3% came from the corporate activities. Sanoh Industrial Co (3. facility closures and asset disposals primarily in the Ovonic Battery and ECD segments and home office functions. manufacturing of nickel hydroxide materials used in nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries and R&D programs.2% from Germany. • Ovonic Materials (6. metal hydride fuel cells and biofuel reformation. followed by 15. Nearly 3.2%). Other restructuring actions include workforce reductions.5% of the consolidated sales in 2008): It manufactures solar modules based on its proprietary thin-film triple junction amorphous silicon technology. engineering. Ovonyx and Cobasys. ECD Ovonics implemented a restructuring plan to consolidate and realign its business activities and reduce annual costs.9m (Year to 30. Cobasys is focused on manufacturing batteries for the hybrid vehicles market. solid hydrogen storage.06. photonic devices and cognitive computer) and formed the Ovonic Materials business segment.9% from South Korea. The company conducts its NiMH battery technology licensing and materials manufacturing activities through its subsidiary Ovonic Battery Company. products and production technology in the fields of alternative energy technology and information technology. In April 2007. Ovonic Battery Company conducts ECD battery Ovonics’ battery business. President & Chief Executive Officer Sanjeev Kumar. Cobasys is a 50%-owned JV formed to commercialise its proprietary NiMH technology to provide advanced energy storage systems and solutions for transportation and stationary markets. Joint-venture • In August 2005. Cobasys entered into an agreement with Motorola Inc.1% from Italy.2% came from rest of the world. It was completed in the first quarter of fiscal 2008.7% from China. In addition to the two segments. 2.ovonic. The company commercialises its NiMH battery technology principally through its Cobasys JV and third-party licensing arrangements with NiMH battery manufacturers throughout the world. the company has two joint-ventures (JVs). The company operates its business through two segments: • United Solar Ovonic (accounted for 93.com/ Senior Officers Mark Morelli. The remaining 0.08) Employees 1.8% from France. The company consolidated the Ovonic Battery segment with the remainder of the ECD segment (hydrogen storage. 6. 9m over a net loss of US$13m. resulting from increased market for its NiMH battery technology for both consumer and transportation applications. Royalties increased in 2008 compared with 2007. Net income totalled US$26.6) 50. ECD Ovonics sales increased 92% to US$198.7 19. The sales growth was largely due to the higher income from product & royalties.4 (48. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 87 . Cobasys installed its NiGUARD back-up power system at US Steel Corporation's Great Lakes Works steel manufacturing facility in River Rouge. lower preproduction costs and a fall in the restructuring charges. alternative to traditional backup power batteries. Additionally.1) (42. The two-year.3 Income (Loss) from Operations (US$m) (4. Terms of the sale were not disclosed. • In January 2007. New Product Developments In 2008. reflecting sales of its positive electrode nickel hydroxide materials. Contracts • In July 2007. to produce hydrogen for the production of clean energy. ECD Ovonics’ expenditure on its research and development (R&D) activities was US$9. Ovonic Battery Company won a US$900. Product sales.5) Net Profit/ (Loss) (US$m) 3.9 19.6 66. for the development of its Ovonic Biofuel Reformation technology. The increasing demand for hybrid vehicles worldwide provides significant growth opportunities for the company.9m compared with the same period in 2007. • In October 2005. which substantially reduced its product development and research and selling.3m while sales at the Ovonic Materials segment were US$16. an increase of 125%.9m compared to a net loss of US$25. such as bioethanol and biomethanol. The increased cost of product sales was a direct reflection of the higher sales volume. increased in 2008.000 contract from Xcel Energy.9m compared with US$113.6m for fiscal 2007.3 (51.9 16. a decrease in the product development & research expense. the company’s restructuring measures to consolidate the entire business into two segments and make it a leaner organisation would benefit it in the long run. general and administrative expenses. Cobasys won a contract to develop and test lithium-ion battery system technology for the GM plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) program.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report development of battery control system components for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) battery systems. cost-shared technology development contract was to support Ovonic Battery's research and development of a new process for reforming renewable fuels. its future opportunities in the battery production is largely dependent on the performance and expansion plans of Cobasys. The Ovonic Materials segment had income from operations in 2008.4) R&D Expenditure (US$m) 9. primarily as a result of increased royalties (both transportation and consumer segment) and the savings from the restructuring activities.4 156.5 22.5) (27.6 102.2m in 2007. For the six months ended 31 December 2008. The company reported a net income of US$3.9m compared with US$19. The NiGUARD battery system features Cobasys' advanced.9 113.9m in 2007.2) (18.1m. Year Sales (US$m) 255. Cobasys worked with its partner A123Systems to provide complete battery systems featuring A123Systems' nanophosphate technology. Sales at the United Solar Ovonic segment were US$239. Michigan (US). Financial Overview For the financial year ended 30 June 2008. Net income also reflected an improvement in the gross profit margins.2) 43.5 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Outlook Since ECD Ovonics operates its battery manufacturing business through the Cobasys JV. The remaining US$1m sales were related to corporate activities.9 (25. ECD Ovonics sales were US$255. NiMH chemistry which offers a safe. Evonik increased its stake in Li-Tec to 50.9bn. Senior Officers Wilhelm Bonse-Geuking.12.evonik. 17% from Asia.767 (2008) © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 88 . Over the years it has developed many new products with the help of its R&D expertise. it formed an alliance with Daimler AG. Contracts • In April 2009.1% from 40% in May 2008. Evonik had acquired 20% stake in October 2007 to develop lithium-ion batteries for mobile and stationary applications in Germany.08) Employees Group: 40. The facility underwent a second expansion in June 2008. processes and applications developed in the last five years has amounted to 20% of sales in Chemical Business. and Real Estate. The company’s business areas are divided in three main businesses. KG in Kamenz (Germany). The product. The company has many alliances for each of its business areas. For example. In 2008.1% of shares and Daimler has 49.9%. R&D centres have around 2. 23% from other countries in Europe. Acquisition • In December 2008. Evonik holds 50. The batteries will be used in Mercedes Benz electric vehicles.li-tec. Chemical. 350 new patents were added in 2008 to 20. The company has also formed a strategic alliance with Daimler to step ahead in research of lithium-ion batteries. The headcount at the site increased to 100 in 2008 and is expected to increase futher as the demand increases. Energy. Investments • In April 2008.300 employees in 35 locations worldwide. Real Estate 2% and others 2%. Looking at the hybrid vehicle demand in the future. Energy Business 23%. of which SEPARION is an example. In 2008. This alliance will result in the development of battery systems which will have Evonik’s Li-Tec battery technology and expertise of Daimler. 31 December 2008) (Year to 31. the company has already invested in the production of lithium-ion batteries and opened a new facility at Kamenz (Germany) in April 2008. Evonik won a contract from Daimler to provide Li-Tec batteries for upcoming electric Mercedes vehicles and Smart Cars in 2010. CEO Li-Tec Batteries Products Lithium-ion batteries Plants Germany Sales Group: €15. Both companies have acquired a stake in LiTec Vermögensverwaltungs GmbH & Co. Evonik and Daimler AG entered into a jont-venture in December 2008 to form LiTec Battery GmbH & Co KG. the company developed a new facility at Kamenz (Germany) for production of lithium-ion batteries.5m) in next four years. A recent development is a ceramic membrane SEPARION technology which makes lithium-ion batteries safer and efficient for hybrid vehicles. The venture is also supported by the Federal Ministry of Research by providing €60m (US$84.com Battery Li-Tec GmbH & Co. SEPARION is a technology used in lithium-ion batteries which makes their usage more flexible and safe in hybrid cars.4m). New Product Developments R&D expenditure in 2008 amounted to €311m (US$438. and 2% from other regions.000 chemical patents applied by the company.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Evonik Lithium-ion batteries Address Evonik Industries AG Rellinghauser Straße 1—11 45128 Essen Germany Tel: +49 201 177-01 Fax: +49 201 177-3475 Internet: http://corporate.de Evonik has expertise in Chemical business which contributes around 73% of the total sales. 14% from North America 4% from Latin America. Andreas Gutsch. Chairman Dr. Recent Developments Corporate Strategy Evonik’s main focus remains on new product development and new technology. the Chemical Business contributed 73% to total sales. to to the lithium-ion battery market. Evonik had 40% of total sales from Germany. KG On Wiesengrund 7 01917 Kamenz Germany Tel: +49 3578 3092-0 Fax: +49 3578 30922-10 Internet: http://www. The main focus of the alliance is to develop expertise in the lithium-ion battery technology.8bn (US$24. 21bn) from €10.64 Operating Income (€m) 898 993 662 Operating Income (US$m) 1. as with other business areas.290 1.057 46.9bn) and Central and South America sales increased 20% to €589m (US$830. The company recorded a net loss of 67% to €285m (US$401. Asia recorded an increase in sales of 13% to €2.26 18. Sales in the other European countries increased 8% to €3.3bn (US$3. of Employees 40.3bn (US$3.7bn (US$5. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 89 .88bn) from €5. The Energy business sales rose 21% to €3.21bn) from €3.27bn).7 1. Sales in Real Estate business declined 11% year on year to €375m (US$528.87 14.290$m) in the previous year. The project is a three year initiative which covers all stages in production of lithium-ion batteries. Financial Overview For the financial year ended 31 December 2008.6bn (US$5bn) from €2.462m.6bn) from €2.4 452.9bn) in 2007. 31 December 2007) in 2007. compared to €876m (US1.6bn (US$3.3m). The company recorded an operating loss of 10% to €898m (US1. Sales in Germany increased 8% to €6.6m) from €409m (US$602.27bn.54bn) in 2007.37 21.265$m) in 2008 from €993m (US$1.767 43.38bn) the previous year.8bn (US$8.381 R&D Expenditure (€m) 311 307 R&D Expenditure (US$m) 438.3bn (US$8.44 14.3m) from €490m (US$721. The strategic alliance of Daimler AG and Evonik will help it cater to the demand in the future.046 Net Income (US$m) 401.2bn) from €2bn (US$2.462 874 Net Income (€m) 285 876 1.265 1.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report The LIB 2015 initiative the Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF). Year Net Sales (€bn) 15.430 2008 2007 2006 Year 2008 2007 2006 Outlook The company’s sales did not grow substantially in 2008.7bn) in 2007.4bn (US$5bn).057 46. and the demand for battery materials could exceed €4bn (US$6.5bn (US$16.8bn (US$22. North American sales increased 12% to €2.7m) during the year.1 No.7bn (US$3.67bn) in the next decade.767 43. of Employees 40.7bn (US$15.430 No. Sales in the Chemical business rose 9% to €11.12 Net Sales (US$bn) 22. 31 December 2008). Evonik’s sales increased by 10% to €15. and the automotive market is also negatively affected globally due to the economic crisis.6m). will help Evonik and Li-Tec in the development of new materials for lithium-ion batteries by providing funds of €60m (US$94m). The company also anticipates that the market for large-scale lithium ion batteries could reach €10bn (US$15. Overseas sales contributed 60% to total sales. Toyota. aftermarket and OEM sales represented approximately 67. Exide’s Industrial business has headquarters in Aurora. Transportation Europe & Rest of World. Scania. Industrial markets include network power applications such as telecommunications systems. Exide is focusing on optimising manufacture cost structure and enhance research and development. COO Bruce A. Transportation Europe Barbara A. two global product development centres. Vice-President. In the transportation segment. O’Leary.03. Exide is also taking steps to curtail costs through restructuring its human resource. India. agricultural and marine applications. greater productivity. The company has established an Advanced Research and Development Organisation at Exide’s headquarters in Alpharetta. France. John Deere.9188 Internet: http://www. one in Budingen. Exide is investing into research and development to gain efficiency in its product lines and maintain its competitiveness in the market.08) Employees Group: 13.2% and 37. Mitsubishi. In fiscal 2008. both short term and long term. Exide categorizes its business into four main segments: Transportation Americas. Italy. CFO & Executive Vice-President Edward J. Global Procurement Products Lead-acid batteries Plants Group: Australia. Georgia targeting worldwide transportation.7% of its sales from the transport industry. and new technologies for hybrid vehicles and 42-volt automotive applications.7bn (Year to 31. Cole. UAE. Tudor and private labels. Norway.03.7% of the company’s net sales. Simultaneously. Fulmen. International Truck & Engine.exide. mining and other commercial vehicles. Executive VicePresident. Exide generated 61. the company is expanding its market presence by exploiting the opportunities through venturing into new markets. which are used in transportation. electric utilities. Additionally. US Sales Group: US$3. Freightliner. Exide Technologies is a provider of stored electrical energy solutions. Development and Engineering organisation to deliver greater collaboration among the operating divisions. Exide NASCAR Select. Recent Developments Corporate strategy For fiscal 2009. Transportation markets include original equipment and aftermarket automotive. motive power. to manufacture.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Exide Technologies Lead-acid Batteries Address Exide Technologies 13000 Deerfield Parkway Building 200 Alpharetta. Global Research & Engineering Douglas Gillespie. Exide’s automotive customers include BMW. President. Germany. In 2008. Exide. Navistar. heavy-duty truck. France. railroads. Germany focusing on industrial energy and the other in Alpharetta. Illionis (US) and Budingen. Ford. India. It changed its name from Exide Corporation to Exide Technologies in September 2000 after the acquisition of GNB Technologies. Spain (2). the PSA Group. Italy.2008) © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 90 . Exide is investing in Global Research. Transportation Americas Michael Ostermann.8% of net sales respectively. Leoch Battery Corporation. GA 30004 USA Tel: (678) 566-9000 Fax: (678) 566. Vice-President. The company manufactures lead-acid batteries. Poland. Fiat. Georgia (US). The company is expanding its global operations as part of its strategy to put its resources in emerging markets. Ulsh. Exide recently formed a joint-venture with Chinese battery manufacturer. Renault/Nissan. DETA. Hatcher. The company is anticipating capital expenditure of approximately US$100m. especially emerging markets which would be beneficial in the long term. RVI. Case/New Holland.027 ( 31. Exide Select Orbital.com Senior Officers Exide Technologies is one of the world’s largest producers and recyclers of lead-acid batteries. Industrial Energy Americas and Industrial Energy Europe & Rest of World. Executive VicePresident. Exide has a major presence in US and Europe with operations in more than 80 countries and has 34 manufacturing plants in 11 countries. President & CEO Phillip A. US Transportation: Australia. President. General Counsel Paul Cheeseman. Poland. photovoltaic (solar-power related) and uninterruptible power supply (UPS). Exide’s Transportation business has headquarters in Alpharetta. the transportation batteries segment represented 61. (Germany). Kenworth. UK. Damaska. and motive-power applications including lift trucks. network power and military applications. Georgia (US) and Gennevilliers (France). Portugal. The brands which are sold in the transportation market are: Centra. Spain. sell and Gordon A. Volvo Trucks and VW/Audi. New Zealand. Canada based Mountain Power Inc. Acquisitions • In November 2008. LA (US) lead-acid battery manufacturing facility. • In March 2008. line expansions. (TIL) location which increased operational capacity from 600. Exide Technologies signed a contract with Pep Boys to supply Bosch branded automotive starting batteries. Exide is concentrating on inorganic growth by acquiring principal assets of Delta. • In April 2006. Canada-based Mountain Power Inc. L.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report distribute automotive battery products and related components in China. The strategy is to accelerate development of advanced lead-acid systems and other battery chemistries. including lithium-ion for applications in hybrid electric vehicles. Exide technology signed a nonbinding Memorandum of Understanding with Leoch Battery Corporation. The Prestolite® brand of lead-acid batteries will be used for both automotive and inverter applications. Exide Technologies signed a supply agreement with Penske Truck Leasing Co. The Mountain Power transaction is part of the Exide Technologies strategy. British Columbia. including lithium-ion. Exide is restructuring and planning an organisational rearrangement with respect to divisional and corporate functions. for applications such as hybrid electric vehicles. The strategy is to accelerate the development of advanced lead-acid systems and other battery chemistries. Exide Technologies announced the closure of its Shreveport. • In March 2007. The process includes the formation of an Advanced Research and Development Organization and two Global Product Development Centres. Exide Technologies planned to enhance the production capacity at its transportation manufacturing facility in Ahmedabad.000 batteries to one million batteries per year. Investments • In October 2008. Gujarat (India). The contract incorporates the supply of Exide Group 31 RoadForce AGM-200 heavy duty batteries for Penske’s new as well as existing trucks at locations throughout the US. Exide Technologies signed a contract with Toyota Motor Engineering and Manufacturing North America. • In December 2007. Exide Technologies signed a supply agreement with Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America. The joint-venture will manufacture automotive battery products and related components in China. and is also expected to make reductions in headcount to reduce costs. Divestments • In April 2006. for applications in hybrid electric vehicles. Exide holds the majority of the equity interest.P. The Global Product Development Centres will focus on global product design and materials and process development. In this joint-venture. Development and Engineering. The contract is to supply lead-acid starting batteries for the next generation of Toyota Corolla and Matrix passenger vehicles. The contract is to supply lead acid starting batteries for the next generation Toyota Tundra Trucks.. The contract is for the Tennessee facility of Exide Technologies to produce original equipment batteries for a number of different passenger © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 91 . including lithium-ion. The company invested in equipment upgrades. Exide Technologies signed a contract with Ford Motor Company. • In May 2008. infrastructure and utilities at its Tudor India Ltd. Exide Technologies invested in Global Research. Contracts • In February 2009. The organisation will develop advanced lead-acid systems and other battery chemistries. The facility earlier manufactured automotive batteries for several aftermarket customers including Ford Motor Company. Joint-Venture • In December 2008. Exide Technologies signed an agreement to acquire the principal assets of Delta. price reductions due to notably lower average lead prices and overall decrease in unit volumes.9% to US$1. new products and strengthening strategic relationships will help the future growth of the company.93 2.16bn. primarily driven by lower OE production. Overall.8m. The company recorded higher sales in all four operating divisions – Transportation Americas. New Product Developments • In April 2007. the Exide Marathon® and NASCAR® Extreme™ batteries offer power and durability. Excluding the impact of favorable foreign exchange.1 (105. The company reported net income of US$32. Transportation Europe & Rest of the World (ROW).70bn compared with US$2.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report vehicles. the sales of non-strategic assets and business and closely managing capital expenditure would help it cut costs in the long run.1) Net Income (US$m) 32. The company has been hit by adverse foreign currency exchange rates. Higher sales were primarily due to increased prices of products and favorable foreign currency translation.1m in fiscal 2007. It provides advanced starting power for high energy requirements in vehicles including heavy duty trucks and buses.1% to US$1. Transportation segment also experienced lower unit volumes in the current fiscal year quarter.8% to US$3. Sales increased 25. • In May 2006.5 (10.1m. Exide Technologies is facing losses despite gaining new contracts. net sales increased 18%. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 92 .8) (172. Designed for the automotive aftermarket. sales increased in the Americas by 21.7 2. Industrial Energy America and Industrial Energy Europe & ROW. Year 2008 2007 2006 Sales (US$bn) 3.13bn and in Europe & ROW by 38.5m compared with an EBIT loss of US$10. Financial Overview Exide Technologies reported higher sales and earnings in the financial year ended 31 March 2008.7) Outlook For fiscal 2009. In the transportation business. Exide Technologies launched RoadForce® AGM-200 lead acid battery from its Transportation Division. Earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) for 2008 are US$128. and weaker aftermarket sales as customers slowed inventory builds. compared to the previous year’s net loss of US$105. Exide Technologies launched two new automotive battery brands in the United States.82 EBIT (US$m) 128. The company’s focus towards liquidity and cash flow through working capital reduction plans.94bn in the previous fiscal. fiamm. Minda group manufactures valve related lead acid batteries (VRLAs) and technical assistance is provided by Fiamm. Financial Overview The company reported net sales of US$424. The company is expanding its market horizons especially in the European countries where it markets the “FIAMM” brand in conjunction with other strong brands. US (2) Sales Group: US$424. antenna systems and standby batteries. headquartered in Italy manufactures automotive components such as starter batteries. Fiamm S. India.85m (31.87m compared with last year’s operating loss of US$9.8m for the financial year ended 31 December.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Fiamm Starter batteries Address Fiamm Spa Viale Europa 63 36075 Montecchio Maggiore (VI) Italy Tel: +39 0444 709311 Fax: +39 0444 699237 Internet: http://www. spare parts dealers and installers. Johnson Control’s subsidiary.p.2007) (Year to 31. Joint-ventures Fiamm has a technical collaboration with NK Minda group. CEO Products Starter batteries Plants China. acoustic warning devices.2007) Employees Group: 3. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 93 . Fiamm provides starter batteries for motor vehicles and trucks. Additionally. the EU Commission approved of Fiamm’s automotive battery business takeover by VB Autobatterie subject to the fulfilment of certain conditions. horns. This year Fiamm witnessed a growth in net sales of 32% compared with the previous year’s net sales which were US$321. the company engages in the research and development of technological solutions for energy storage in the automotive field. security and communication area of business.8% to US$11.12.71m. The company has strategic relationships with car manufacturers like GM to whom it supplies around nine million pieces a year and Ford North America.12.com Senior Officers Giuseppe Zanetti. including retailers. In 2007. Overall. Fiamm’s operating loss increased by 19. Czech Republic. Italy (3). Recent Developments Corporate Strategy In order to be on track with current market trends and specifications of the car manufacturers the company is investing in R&D to invent new technological solutions for energy storage in the automotive field.600 (March 2008) Fiamm is an Italian industrial group engaged in energy. The company faced acquisition negotiations from VB Autobatterie. The company’s major market for starter batteries is OEMs and aftermarket. Fiamm is striving to become a crucial supplier to the major European car manufacturers and its key customers. 2007. large organised distributors. which were duly met.9m.a. Chairman Steffano Dolcetta. The JV will produce.467 (March 2008) The company is diversifying its business in the EV market. to lower costs and to have its domestic plants concentrate on higher value-added storage products. These were revised by the company in 2008 taking into consideration the increasing manufacturing costs and increased raw materials costs. Products Lead-acid batteries.74bn (US$793. Joint-ventures • In March 2009. for global supply. manufacture and sell Lithium-ion batteries. President. lithium-ion batteries. materials. Chairman. India based Tata Group’s company. Year to 31 March 2008) Automotive Batteries: ¥78. China. Lithium Energy Japan formed in 2007 and Blue Energy Co. especially in China. Ltd. The basic agreement was signed in December 2008.14bn.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report GS Yuasa Batteries Address GS Yuasa Corporation Nishinosho Kisshoin Minami-ku Kyoto 601-8520 Japan Tel: +81 75 312 1211 Fax: +81 75 253 3801 Internet: http://www. Managing Director Katsuyuki Ono. Director Masaaki Nakamura. manufacturing. Senior Managing Director Hideyuki Maeno. Year to 31 March 2008) Employees Group: 12.6% of the consolidated net sales. Established as a holding company in April 2004. the company has been aggressively shifting its production base to Asia. The division accounted for 5. Director Makoto Yoda. Recent Developments Corporate strategy In April 2006 GS Yuasa introduced a new mid-term management plan.. Ltd.UK.1%. Europe and America contributed 13% and others 5. the final year of the plan. Production will start in second half of 2010 with an investment of ¥25bn. to manufacture and sell automotive lead acid batteries. manufacture and sell highperformance lithium-ion batteries. covering natural resources. The main aim of these companies is to apply their strengths in vertical value chains. a JV with Mitsubishi to develop. another company of Tata Group and one of the major OEMs in India. In financial year 2008. alkaline batteries. Kyoto (Japan). Plants Australia. The three-year plan set a sales target of ¥340bn by March 2009. lithiumion batteries and nickel metal hydride batteries. and identification of new applications. President Lithium Energy Japan Masahiko Oshitani. development. Sales Group: ¥312. The company formed a jointventure (JV) partnership in 2005 with Tata AutoComp System (TACO). USA. as it not only enables the company to have presence in the Indian automotive industry. sell and conduct R&D for high-performance lithium-ion batteries for hybrid vehicles. GS Yuasa’s sales in Japan amounted to 62. The company’s operations are broadly classified into four key divisions: Battery and power supplies: deals in lead-acid batteries. Other: made up for the remaining 5. GS Yuasa has 51% ownership and 49% is owned by Honda. with an operating income of ¥13bn by that time. . Ltd.01bn (US$3. In 2008. such as automotive batteries with a double lid structure. Japan (3). Koyoto (Japan). alkaline batteries. President & CEO Blue Energy Co. The company is also working to achieve an operating margin of 3. Japan based GS Yuasa Corporation is one of the leading suppliers of batteries in the world. The company is headquartered in Minami-ku.6% of total sales. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 94 . with Honda Motors to develop. The company has entered into the electric vehicle (EV) market through two significant joint-ventures (JV) with Honda and Mitsubishi – Lithium Energy Japan. Lighting: deals in lighting for facilities and ultraviolet systems. on 1st April 2009. This joint-venture is strategically significant. Over the past few years.. The groundbreaking ceremony for the factory took place on 21 April 2009 at the premises of GS Yuasa’s property in Fukuchiyama. signed a JV agreement and formed Blue Energy Co. Asia contributed 19. but also helps it gain business from Tata Motors. GS Yuasa Corporation and Honda Motor Co. formed in 2009 is a step forward by the company in the emerging market of lithium-ion batteries and also a strategy to achieve its mid-term management plan.8%. GS Yuasa will continue to increase its activities in the Asian market. and Blue Energy Co.8% of total sales. Ltd.8m.6% of the sales. the division accounted for 88.3%.gs-yuasa. The company also manufactures power supply systems and lighting equipment and also caters to the requirements of non-automotive sectors. nickel metal hydride batteries.com Senior Officers Kan Akiyama. sales. 7% in its net consolidated sales to ¥312. Contracts • In August 2008. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 95 . Lithium Energy Japan acquired a plant site and building on lease in Kusatsu City.53bn (US$38. Financial Overview. Net profit decreased 35.77bn (US$65.4m) in 2007.000 units. The joint-venture manufactures batteries for OEMs and the retail market in India.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report • • In December 2007. Sales in Japan increased 9% to ¥195. The company is headquartered at Minami-ku.14m) to double the capacity of the plant. the plant will have a capacity to manufacture 200.8m) in 2008 compared with ¥60.03m) in 2007.39bn (US$342.4% to ¥12. GS Yuasa owns 51%.9m) in 2007. as Mitsubishi Motors has decided to increase its production of i-MiEV to 20.58bn (US$167. There has been an increase in the R&D expenses as the company has entered the lithium-ion batteries market to cater to the EV industry.9m) in 2007.42bn (US$113. Lithium Energy Japan announced plans to invest ¥3bn (US$31.78% to ¥78.09bn (US$1. a joint-venture between Tata AutoComp Systems (TACO) of India and Japanese automotive battery manufacturers – GS Yuasa International – will invest INR1. 31 March 2007) in the previous financial year. Beginning 2009.96bn) in 2008 compared with ¥179. This capacity is enough to power 2000 i-MiEVs (Mitsubishi Innovative Electric Vehicle) manufactured by Mitsubishi Motors Corporation. Europe and American sales increased 45.70bn (US$87.27bn (US$1.74bn (US$793. New Product Developments GS Yuasa spent ¥4.60bn (US$513. In February 2006.25m) in 2008 from ¥2.55bn (US$660.5m) in the previous financial year. Investments • In April 2009.78bn (US$57. The vehicle is expected to enter the market in 2010.7m) in 2008 from ¥7. GS Yuasa Corporation with Mitsubishi Corporation and Mitsubishi Motors formed a JV called Lithium Energy Japan.8m) in the financial year ended 31 March 2008 compared with ¥70.6m) in 2007.9bn (US$24. and has its manufacturing facility near Pune (India).14bn. • In August 2008.3% to ¥2671m (US$26. compared with ¥6.5m) in the previous year.92m) from ¥4131m (US$35. Koyoto (Japan). Others recorded an increase of 23. the company will manufacture 5.9% to ¥8.8m) in 2007.76bn (US$47.01bn (US$3. To fulfill the demand.49bn (US$408. The Automotive batteries segment reported an increase in net sales of 11. Operating loss decreased 99.1% to ¥25m (US$0.1m) in 2008 compared with ¥13.73bn (US$2.60bn (€29. The JV between Honda Motors and GS Yuasa will be manufacturing lithium-ion batteries on EH6 technology for EVs. Mitsubishi Corporation owns 34% and Mitsubishi Motors owns 15% share in the company.8m). Ltd. This was mainly due to the revised selling prices corresponding to increase in lead prices and reduction in personnel costs.38bn (US$124. GS Yuasa International Ltd (GYIN) and Tata AutoComp Systems Limited (TACO) entered into a 50:50 joint-venture to form Tata AutoComp GY Batteries Pvt.95m) for the year ended March 2007. Sales from Asia increased 47. Industrial Batteries & Power Supplies reported an increase of 8. Operating income increased 11.21bn. Shiga Prefecture (Japan) for its first mass production of lithium-ion batteries for EVs. GS Yuasa Group reported an increase of 19.16% to ¥65. The JV was formed to manufacture large capacity and high performance lithium-ion batteries.9m) on research and development in financial year 2008 compared with ¥4. • In April 2007 it was announced that Tata AutoComp GY Batteries Pvt Ltd.51bn) in 2007.82bn (US$235.4) for the year ended 31 March 2007.67% to ¥59. The company’s operating income increased 82.5% to ¥40.2m) for the year ended March 2008 compared with ¥27.16m) over the next year to expand its manufacturing capacity. 31 March 2008) as compared to ¥260.000 units by second half of 2010. GS Yuasa and Mitsubishi Motors formed a JV which resulted in a contract to supply lithium-ion batteries to Mitsubishi Motors for its electric vehicle called i-MiEV. The collaboration started in May 2007.5% to ¥16.3m) in 2008 compared with ¥40.65bn (US$601. In the financial year ended 31 March 2008.000 LEV50 cells.44bn (US$597. 710 12. Anticipating the current scenario of the automotive industry.467 12. Honda Motors and Mitsubishi Motors to supply lithium-ion batteries. there might be decrease in the profits for the company.35 5. GS Yuasa has entered into the EV industry by joining hands with two major OEMs.08 (137.01 260.037 11.5 No.99 38.037 11.437 Outlook The company is working towards its three year mid-term management plan and successfully achieved first year targets in 2007. but investments in new technologies and diversification into new markets will pay off in the long run.21 2.73 243.38 6.06 11.8 57.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Year Net Sales ( ¥bn) 312.07 Net Income (¥m) 2671 4131 598 (14. Despite the unstable conditions the company achieved its 2008 targets and was able to further reduce its operating loss.467 12.14 2.78 5. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 96 .92 35.437 No. (US$m) 26.03 5. of Employees 2008 2007 2006 2005 12.22 2008 2007 2006 2005 Year Operating Income (¥bn) 12.42 37 46.42 239.732) Net Income.76 4.01) R&D Expenditure (¥bn) 4.5 48.710 12.69 Net Sales (US$bn ) 3.19 Operating Income (US$m) 124. giving it strong OEM support for its batteries.53 4.07 2.00 R&D Expenditure (US$m) 47. The increasing raw material prices forced the company to increase its selling price and cut costs in a few areas.65 1. of Employees 12. New Product Developments Hitachi’s Research & Development group operates six laboratories in Japan and some overseas facilities.engine management. High Functional Materials & Components. Hitachi’s automotive business is a part of Power & Industrial Systems segment. Hitachi formed the joint-venture Hitachi Vehicle Energy Ltd with Shin-Kobe Electric Machinery Co Ltd and Hitachi Maxell Ltd. Representative Executive Officer. Contracts • In March 2008. UK. Battery Systems Division Yasuhiko Honda. Hitachi has decided to restructure the whole business. Digital Media & Consumer Products. The company’s product line includes electricity generation systems. consumer products and electronic devices. electronic powertrain. Hitachi Vehicle Energy Ltd Takashi Kawamura. President & Director. Hitachi received an order from General Motors to supply Lithium-ion batteries for more than 100.com Hitachi Vehicle Energy Ltd.03. which is used as an R&D base for all Hitachi Group businesses including Hitachi Automotive Systems (HAS). trim the workforce and consolidate and close manufacturing bases. drive control and car information systems. Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 100-8280 Japan Tel: +81 3 3258 1111 Fax: +81 3 3258 2375 Internet: http://www. (to be transferred to Hitachi’s new Automotive Systems Company. Hitachi is planning to expand its expertise in the area of lithium-ion battery by investing in research and development. The company will separate its Automotive systems group from its parent company. effective 1 July 2009. Mexico.2008) Employees Hitachi Ltd. Hitachi acquired its affiliates Tokico and Hitachi Unisia Automotive. Senior Vice-President & Executive Officer. is one of the world’s leading electronics manufacturers. 2009) Akira Maru. Electronic Devices. Logistics.000 around the world in research and development. Services & Others and Financial Services.226. lithium-ion battery for hybrids. 1410 Inada. General Manager. related business groups and laboratories to develop batteries for hybrid vehicles and other markets. Automotive Systems Business Taiji Hasegawa.73bn . Power & Industrial Systems. effective from July 1. Thailand (3). Vice-President & CEO. The company is also working with its subsidiary Hitachi Vehicle Energy. Japan (13). Vice-Chairman & Executive Officer Hiroaki Nakanishi. Germany (2). Singapore. Investments • In April 2005. Hitachi's Automotive Systems Business is focused on the development of technologies for four types of system. the Hitachi group has a staff of around 6. The strategy’s focal point is to cut fixed costs. Hitachi’s major automotive customers include Ford. President & CEO Kazuo Furukawa. Automotive Systems Group (effective from July 1. Executive VicePresident & Executive Officer. the group’s expenditure on research and development © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 97 .000 hybrid cars. Power Systems Business Division Products Lithium-ion battery Plants China (6). to manufacture lithium batteries for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Recent Developments Corporate strategy Hitachi has been promoting a corporate strategy of “collaborative creation and profits”. Taiwan. including personnel expenses. 2009) Kunihiko Ohnuma. Hitachinaka-shi. Ibaraki-ken 312-8505 Japan Internet: http://www.co.31 March 2008) (Year to 31. Representative Executive Officer. Joint-ventures • In June 2004. Representative Executive Officer. The batteries are being produced for the Chevrolet Malibu and the Saturn Vue. as well as other costs such as procurement. Overall.hitachi. The company has planned series of initiatives to improve business structure and enhance its financial condition. The decision is to split the business into separate companies. General Motors. Representative Executive Officer. US (5) Sales Group: US$113. For the year ended 31 March 2008. Hitachi established Research & Development Corporation in China. to strengthen its automotive products business. Hitachi is focusing on environmental friendly and safety demands for instance. President. The company operates its business through seven segments: Information & Telecommunication Systems. Hitachi will establish the Battery Systems Division to enhance the lithium-ion battery business. Acquisitions • In March 2004.18bn (¥11.jp/en/ Senior Officers Hidetaka Kawamoto.hitachi-ve.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Hitachi Lithium-ion battery Address Hitachi Ltd 6-6 Marunouchi 1-chome. Chairman. Suzuki and Toyota. 1 389.7 3. with the financial market being so volatile and the yen’s steep appreciation. The development of lithium-ion batteries will help drive sales growth in the future. the business environment is filled with uncertainty. However.5 256 279 184 Operatin g income (US$bn) Net Income (¥bn) (58.55% increase in its net sales to ¥11.7) 37. Additionally.94m) which increased compared with the previous year’s ¥32.632 Sales (US$bn) Operatin g income (¥bn) 345. This led to the increase in revenues for the automotive equipment.97bn).74 4. The recorded growth is because of increase in revenues in most industry segments.444 355.9 Net Incom e (US$m ) (585.9 9. of Expenditur Employee e s (¥bn) 428. The increased power from the lithium-ion battery will allow the next-generation to be widely used. the company registered a net loss of ¥58.12) (32.44 3. For the financial year ending 31 March 2009.48bn) compared to the preceding fiscal year which was ¥182.027 8.226.59 1. The company’s acquisition of Clarion is expected to return positive results especially in its automotive business.12bn (US$585. This cost-effective technology would improve fuel economy up to 20% by reducing vehicle fuel consumption and emissions.bn (US$4. The company’s operating income increased by 89% to ¥345.61 3.73bn (US$113.18bn).54 2. However.49 3.020bn. However.94) (277. Hitachi reported a 9. an operating income of ¥40bn and net loss of ¥700bn.5 R&D No. the slowing growth in the Chinese economy and the emerging markets also added fuel to project Hitachi’s worst ever Group net loss. Hitachi’s expansion of its business portfolio is likely to continue to keep company margins under pressure.17 2.3 51. Group: 389. Ltd in December 2006.483 1. having already secured a contract from GM. production increased in the domestic automobile manufacturers for export.226.5 405 389 372 384.465 9.5 83.344 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 113.31bn).752 384.9 80.444 355.52 Outlook After facing losses in 2007. the company is projecting sales of ¥10. Hitachi has identified significant growth opportunities in the environmental and energy-saving related areas over the medium and long term.568.424 326. The growth was due to the consolidation of Clarion Co.5 182. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 98 . of Expenditure Employee (US$bn) s 389.344 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Year R&D No.424 326.18 86. particularly Power & Industrial Systems segment.752 412. Power & Industrial System recorded an 18% growth in sales to ¥3.8% to ¥428.5bn (US$3.7bn (US$277. Hitachi is now trying to improve its margins.54bn).3m).752 ( 2008) Financial Overview For the financial year ended 31 March 2008.879 347. Additionally.9 81.247.31 3.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report increased by 3.3) 317.879 347.5bn (US$1. Hitachi has forecast net loss of ¥700bn for the financial year ending 31 March 2009.1bn (US$35. The company is expected to do well in this segment.2 479 150. Year Sales (¥bn) 11.7 3 10.5 15. JEOL’s sales decreased by 7. President Azuma Ohtsuka. optical communication. features the highest level of effective energy density.1bn (US$121. Musashino Akishima. EcoCache. Chairman Gon-emon Kurihara. Premlis A5000.com Advanced Capacitor Technologies Inc.2m) from ¥13. Sales in Japan were down by 8. JEOL developed a technology called Premlis which advances the previous capacitors. Director & CEO Masaki Saito. 3-1-2. compared with other double layer capacitors. Japan Tel: +81-42-543-1111 Fax: +81-42-546-3353 Internet: http://www.1 (US$619. 31 March 2008) in 2008. President (ACT) Yoshiyasu Harada. The company has develped a capacitor named Premlis which is an upgraded version of EcoCache and has Nanogate carbon technology. to develop advance capacitors for hybrid vehicles. Mexico. Executive Officer Mikio Naruse. US Capacitors: Japan Sales Group: ¥93. a subsidary was established in April 2004 for the development of new technologies in capacitors. 1-2.9m) in 2007. New Product Developments JEOL’s expenditure on research and development. amounted to ¥6.9m) from ¥15. Executive Officer Youichi Shibuki.8bn (US$23.3bn (US$44.03.08) Employees Group: 3.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report JEOL Capacitors Address JEOL Ltd. China (2). forensics and biotechnology.9m. Premlis is considered to be better than lithium-ion batteries which are presently used in the hybrid vehicles. Musashino 3-chome Akishima Tokyo 196-8558. 31 March 2008).7bn (US$672.7% to ¥12.6m. Canada.. UK.8bn (US$945. 31 March 2008) (Year to 31. The company has established a subsidary for the development of capacitors and set up a joint-venture with Nissan Diesel Motor Co.000 units monthly. in 2008. the company is developing products that are technologically advanced and will substitute the existing ones. which was the first capacitor developed by ACT using the Nanogate carbon technology. life sciences. Executive Officer Kazufumi Adachi.5% of consolidated net sales.047 (2008) Financial Overview For the financial year ended 31 March 2008.9bn (US$150. Executive Vice-President Masashi Iwatsuki. and two module capacitors including Capacitor Battery.1bn (US$128) in 2007.7% to ¥66.jeol. Taiwan.6m.5m.13m) during the year.8bn (US$945. Japan (9). Advance Capacitor Technologies (ACT) is a subsidiary of JEOL formed in April 2004. 31 March 2007) in 2007. The initial focus was on hybrid vehicles in the automobile market. compared with ¥2.1bn (US$21. Italy.1m) in 2008 from ¥5.5 billion in the fiscal year of 2009. JEOL’s subsidary Advanced Capacitor Technologies formed a joint-venture with Nissan Motor Diesel Co. With competitive companies expecting growth in demand for hybrid vehicles in the future. ACT and Nissan Diesel Motor Co. The company recorded a net loss of ¥113m (US$1.7% to ¥93. Netherlands. (ACT). Overseas sales accounted for 47. to make advancements towards the development of capacitors and develop new technologies for the same. France. agreed to work together for the production of capacitors in June 2004. Inc. The subsidiary is engaged in developing advanced capacitors for hybrid vehicles. Sales increased by 10% in Europe.4m) in 2008 from ¥73. Asia and Australia to ¥14. Executive Officer Shin-ichi Watanabe.6m). JEOL has been researching in the field of capacitors since 2004. JEOL is global supplier of scientific instruments used for research and development in the fields of nanotechnology. Premlis A5000. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 99 .5% to ¥2. To cater to the automobile market. Advanced Capacitor Technologies. Recent Developments Corporate Strategy The company plans to achieve a target of consolidated net sales of¥120billion and ordinary profit of ¥7. Director & Executive Officer Norimasa Ishida. Tokyo 196-8558 Japan Senior Officers Toru Usami. The company plans to expand its production line in 2009 to manufacture 20.4bn (US$113. In North America and Latin America sales decreased by 19. Director & Executive Officer Masayuki Tajimi. In October 2008. The company will develop three different types of Premlis capacitor. The company recorded an operating loss of 59.4bn (US$64. Executive Officer Products Capacitors Plants Group: Australia.7m). Joint-Venture • In June 2004. These models have superior internal resistance and low temperature properties. Germany. 1 793. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 100 . The new technology.3 50.047 3.06 Operating Income ($m) 21.6 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Year Operating Income (¥bn) 2.289 1.91 87.245 784 Net Income ($m) 1.047 3. of Employees 3. The company has also increased its R&D expenditures this year and plans to contribute more in the next fiscal year.014 3. of Employees 3.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Year Net Sales ( ¥bn) 93.1 No.29 85.816 1.77 93.5 7.9 11.22 4.4 19.5 799.0 17.4 41.98 2.0 824.1 18.4 863.01 1. the Premlis capacitor. will lead to future growth in the area of hybrids.88 101.4 R&D Expenditure (¥bn) 6.68 45. The focus on advanced capacitors for upcoming hybrid vehicles is expected to create avenues of growth for the company.014 3.8 10.020 No.98 5.7 44.31 2.020 - 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Outlook JEOL is banking on the increased future demand for hybrid vehicles.15 5.43 4.09 Net Sales ($m) 946.2 38.5 Net Income (¥m) 113 2.13 23.03 R&D Expenditure ($m) 65. if successful.48 5. This would help them achieve their target for fiscal year 2009. 300 locations in 125 countries worldwide.South America (2).3m sales.06bn (30 September 2008) (Year to 30. Building Efficiency (37% of 2008 sales): facility systems and services including comfort. Mexico (5).5m. The high-margin business division accounted for just 15% of 2008 sales but contributed 26% to the company’s total earnings. Chrysler. JCI received a long-term contract to supply GM with original equipment and original equipment service batteries. The company plans to grow its battery business in China. Roell. Japan & Asia Pacific. Ford. electronics. Vice-President & President.000 (2008) JCI plans to shift operations from high cost to low cost regions such as in Asia and eastern Europe. Isuzu.09. The company’s product portfolio includes seating. South Korea (3). instrument panels. CEO Keith E. It has also integrated electronics into its batteries. Nissan. India. Vice-President & General Manager. JCI has been strengthening its electronics expertise and integrating electronics into nearly every system during development. France (2). The company’s Power Solution division supplies batteries for both original equipment market as well as aftermarket. Plants Power Solutions: China. Toyota and Volkswagen. seating and batteries. Recent Developments Corporate strategy JCI is aiming for a long-term sustainable growth by focusing on improving efficiency. Chery and SAIC. Under the agreement. Hybrid Systems for Johnson Controls. Molinaroli.O.com Senior Officers • Stephen A. Spain (2). General Motors. Automotive Experience Alex A. The company organises its operations into three business groups: • Automotive Experience (48% of sales in fiscal 2008): seats including foam cushions. GM. US generated US$13. Executive VicePresident. the organisation plans to prioritise its organic growth. Mazda.johnsoncontrols. In area of hybrid batteries. (JCI) is a leading supplier of automotive interior systems. lithium ion batteries. COO R. JCI operates 1. In the financial year 2008. Power Solutions (15% of 2008 sales): automotive batteries for the replacement and original equipment markets. Daimler. Automotive Experience Mary Ann Wright. Box 591 Milwaukee. Bruce McDonald. Renault. It secured several supply contracts in 2008 from global OEMs including Ford. Power Solutions Walther Wever. Asia. Vice-President & General Manager.09. developing the first anti-theft battery and power-saving battery. Vice-President & General Manager. Czech Republic. metal frames and mechanisms. JCI acquired Delphi’s global automotive battery business for US$202. • Johnson Controls Inc. seat covers. and the rest of the world generated US$9. entered into a development collaboration agreement with Maxwell Technologies in April 2008 to develop a new technology on electrode manufacturing in order to reduce the cost and environmental impact of automotive batteries on hybrid vehicles. Green Bay Avenue P.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Johnson Controls Batteries Address Johnson Controls Inc. energy and security management for the residential and non-residential buildings market. The company has 36% of global market share in lead acid batteries. It also wants to focus on product lines that are profitable to the company. WI 53201 USA Tel: +1 414 524 1200 Fax: +1 414 524 2070 Internet: http://www. door systems. Daimler.000 (2008) Power Solutions: 12. CEO. Germany (3). JCI has a joint-venture with Saft SA of France. PSA-Peugeot-Citroën. The jointventure.08) Employees Group: 140.7m. new product and technology development and expansion in emerging markets. The company has been restructuring its businesses in North America and Europe so as to become more profitable. Vice-President & General Manager. Europe. The company is aiming to be the leading supplier of lithium-ion battery technology for the next generation hybrid vehicles. In January 2009. Edwards. Johnson Controls-Saft Brian Kesseler.9m. JCI’s customers include BMW. Power Solutions Shu Yang. The Chinese hybrid vehicle market will grow as several domestic OEMs have announced plans to launch these in next three to five years. Vice-President & President. Vice-President & General Manager. overhead components & systems.08) Power Solutions: US$5. nickel metal hydride. cargo management and battery & power management. Johnson-Controls Saft (JCS). CFO Beda Bolzenius. Sales Group: US$38. Honda. 5757 N. President. Acquisitions • In July 2005. Power Solutions Products Lead acid batteries. floor consoles & storage systems.85bn (30 September 2008) (Year to 30. Wandell. Besides acquisitions. US & Canada (8). Americas. and increase low cost sourcing to 54% by 2013. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 101 . Power Solutions Jeffrey S. Chairman. entered a five-year agreement with Azure Dynamics to supply batteries to power its commercial vehicles in North America. The joint-venture is diversifying into commercial vehicles segment. Mitsubishi. Europe contributed US$14. Joint-ventures • In April 2008. Fengfan Ltd. Post the development phase. JCI opened a new Automotive Business Centre in Bratislava (Slovakia). JCS signed a contract with Daimler to supply a cell module and cooling system for the hybrid battery for the Mercedes-Benz SClass 400 hybrid sedan. • In January 2008. China to supply lithium-ion batteries for its demonstration fleet of new energy vehicles. Johnson Controls-Saft Advanced Power Solutions opened its first lithium-ion battery facility in Nersac (France). JCS received a two-year contract from United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) to supply advanced. The plant will become operational by June 2010.28m) in the plant which is the world’s first lithium-ion battery manufacturing facility. Johnson Controls paid approximately US$525m. JCS was the battery supplier for the Ford test fleet of PHEVs. Chery Automobile. to provide a hybrid battery system for its latest vehicle. The project will commence in June 2009. • In August 2006. • In September 2007. of Baoding. In July 2004. JCS and Azure Dynamics Inc. JCI entered into a joint-venture with a Chinese company. the contract is expected to lead to volume production. automotive battery business in Mexico and South America. In November 2007. It will be introduced in 2012 in its first series of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). A5 ISG sedan. Saft Group holds a 49% stake and Johnson Controls holds the rest. JCI planned to expand and remodel its headquarter campus in Glendale (US). JCI and Federal-Mogul signed an agreement to market Federal-Mogul’s famed Champion Brandin the lead-acid storage battery category. It focuses on the development of lithium-ion battery systems for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). In January 2007. JCI acquired its joint-venture partner’s. • In July 2007. JCI and Saft Group formed a joint-venture to supply advanced-technology batteries for current and future-generation hybridelectric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs). For the remaining 51% share of the Group IMSA. • In March 2007. • In September 2006. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 102 . JCS was selected by SAIC Motor Corporation Ltd. JCS was awarded a second contract of US$8. • In January 2009. • In January 2008. JCS received a production contract from Chinese auto manufacturer.2m by United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC). lithium-ion (Lilon) batteries for hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs). JCS received the second production contract to provide lithium-ion batteries for BMW’s 7 Series Active Hybrid Car. the JCS signed a contract with GM to supply Liion batteries for the Saturn Vue Green Line plug-in hybrid SUV. • In January 2009. • In January 2008. In June 2008. The company initially invested €15m (US$22. • In August 2007. to manufacture maintenance-free lead acid batteries for the automotive market in China. • In July 2007. Johnson Controls-Saft (JCS) and Maxwell Technologies entered into an agreement to test and evaluate Maxwell’s lithium-ion battery electrodes for hybrid vehicles. JCS was awarded a development contract for lithium-ion batteries from a major OEM for its late model 2008 hybrid vehicle. The contract will expire in 2010. • In October 2008. The company created 170 new jobs by the end of 2008 in order to help it grow in the eastern European markets. JCS received a contract from Ford Motor Company to supply complete battery system. Contracts • In February 2009. • In January 2006. • In August 2008.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report • Delphi’s automotive battery business includes operations in more than 10 countries with joint-venture interests in China and South Korea. Group IMSA. The agreement incorporates providing the advanced lithium-ion (Li-Ion) hybrid battery technology to power commercial vehicles in North America. JCS received an order to supply nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) and Li-ion battery packs for the Dodge Sprinter plug-in hybrid delivery vans. Investments • In December 2008. JCI entered into a supply agreement to provide automotive batteries to O’Reilly Auto parts. (AZD) entered into a supply agreement. JCI plans to set up a plant in Changxing Economic Development Zone of Zhejiang province (China) to produce lead acid batteries. The agreement will expire in 2014. 90 0.6bn in 2007. Also. JCI believes that 2009 will be a time of stabilisation and recovery after the unprecedented challenges the automotive industry faced in 2008. the company expects that the forecast estimates will not match the actual estimates in 2009. In January 2005. In September 2005.81 Operating Income (US$bn) 0. This increases the company’s prospects in the field of batteries. Year 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Net Sales (US$bn) 38.97 1. Income from continuing operations decreased by 24% and reached US$0. North America and China. JCI introduced re3concept vehicle as part of its product and technology at the 2009 North American International Auto show (NAIS). In 2008 JCI increased its presence in hybrids.4bn. in their second quarter of the financial year ending 31 March 2009.06 34. a 10% increase from US$34.97 1.6 32. Excluding the restructuring charge.02 0.97bn. Wisconsin (US). The company is making significant progress on its development of advanced batteries for fuelefficient.03 0. The NiMH was developed using technologies from its Varta Battery Automotive business. as it opened a Li-ion battery manufacturing plant. which it has achieved.5 24. JCI spent US$829 on research & development (R&D) activities compared with US$767m in 2007.75 0. JCI launched dual-purpose new Group 75/25 and Group 35 YellowTop™ batteries. Although the company expects to continue incurring losses in the Automotive Experience segment. environmentally friendly hybrid vehicles.2 27. JCI introduced nickel-metal-hydride (NiMH) battery technology at the North American International Auto Show.000 Outlook JCI’s investment in the developing markets of Asia and eastern Europe will help the company in its future developments.29 1.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report New Product Developments In the financial year 2008.25 1. a 22% decrease over last year’s figure of US$1. For the fiscal year 2009. This was mainly due to a restructuring charge which was recorded in the fourth quarter and lower volumes in automotive experience in North America and Europe. The US$4m facility located at the company’s Battery Technology Center develops power-storage and powermanagement concepts based on Li-ion technology. The company forecast losses. the company’s investments in the Li-ion R&D activities are expected to drive the future growth. of Employees 140.000 123. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 103 .76 R&D Expenditure (US$m) 829 767 743 817 844 No. net income was US$1. The company is expanding its traditional lead-acid car batteries to next-generation batteries which provide better fuel efficiency. JCIstarted an advanced Li-ion battery development laboratory in Milwaukee.06bn. For the fiscal year 2008. Net income was US$0. the other two operating divisions are expected to report positive segment income in the second quarter. • • In January 2009.6 Net Income (US$bn) 0. The reason being the higher net sales in all three business segments as well as favourable impact of foreign currency. • • Financial Overview For the financial year ended 30 September 2008.000 136.000 140. These efforts are likely to help the company to win development or production contracts for hybrid vehicle batteries in Europe. In January 2005. a 12% increase over the prior year. JCI’s sales amounted to US$38. due to the uncertain economic conditions. Its features include the plug-in hybrid battery system. the company projected sales to increase 10% to about US$38bn.97bn. The company has been awarded grants from the government for the development of hybrid battery technology as well as lithium-ion battery systems for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.000 130.25bn. Contracts • In January 2009.sht ml Senior Officers Peter Bahn-Suk Kim. Troy.8m from Michigan Economic Growth Authority (MEGA) as a tax incentive to move to Michigan. Compact Power Inc. Simultaneously. Research (Cell). Lithium-ion batteries are part of LG Chem’s information and electronic materials business. Recent Developments Corporate strategy LG Chem has plans to spend around US$1bn on lithium-ion polymer batteries by 2013 to grow into a top global supplier for hybrid electric vehicles.8m CPI moved it’s headquarter in Troy. LG Chemical and SK Energy participated in a 16km development project. (CPI). Sales Director. 20. The company has plans to expand by building a facility to produce lithium-ion battery cells for the upcoming 2011 Chevrolet Volt E-REV. The company has plans to invest up to US$20m and add over 150 jobs over the next 10 years. • In May 2005. The three battery suppliers will compete to develop 16km and 32km PHEV battery systems. Director. is Korea’s largest chemical and rechargeable battery maker. Mohamed Alamqir. In 2005. Director.lgchem.2m in tax credits were recommended for the project. Earlier.04bn (31 December 2008) (Year to 31. to bring lithium-ion battery technology in the North American market. Yoido-dong. Chevrolet Volt is scheduled to be launched in 2010. LG Chem signed a contract with GM to supply lithium-ion polymer battery cells for GM’s Chevrolet Volt. 1857 Technology Drive. Executive Vice-President &CFO Prabhakar Patil. The Michigan State tax credit approved US$125. LG Chem. Gardley. in June 2007 Compact Power Inc. LG Chemical and SB LiMotive to develop plug-inhybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) battery systems. Compact Power Damian H. LG Chem teamed up with STMicroelectronics (ST) to develop automotive battery pack for electric vehicles. until GM’s facility is operational. New Product Development • In December 2008. Martin Klein. industrial materials. CEO.2m. Youngdungpo-gu. Compact Power Products Lithium-ion batteries Plants Group: China (10). Michigan 48083 US Tel: +1-248-307-1800 Fax: +1-248-597-0900 Internet: http://www. CPI and GM planned to invest US$200m to create a 660.com/index. The Korean company has three primary businesses: Chemicals & polymers. Compact Power Inc. Investments • In April 2009. where the results will be evaluated after three years to select a final developer to © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 104 .compactpower. Poland. and information & electronic materials. This pack would assist in reducing petrol consumption and CO2 emissions.com Compact Power Inc. The company identifies batteries to be the primary growth area for the company.000ft2 facility employing 300 personnel to produce lithium-ion battery cells for GM’s upcoming 2011 Chevrolet Volt E-REV. as the growth has been five-fold over the past seven years. LG Chem is focusing on increasing its customer portfolio by forming numerous strategic alliances with GM. Vice Chairman & CEO Suk-Jeh Cho. LG Chem and Compact Power Inc. LG Chem is investing into research and development by introducing new products like automotive battery packs for electric vehicles with STMicroelectronics that would assist in reducing petrol consumption and CO2 emissions. with the support of Michigan state tax credit of US$3. The company was formed in 2000 in Colorado (US). Compact Power Inc. North American subsidiary of LG Chem. Engineering. Michigan (US).08) Employees Group:140.000c LG Chem. India. Up to US$125. however the approval is still conditional..The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report LG Chem Lithium-ion batteries Address LG Chem LG Twin Towers. will provide production source for the battery cells to build battery packs for Volt development vehicles. LG Chem formed a subsidiary. • In November 2008. South Korea (2) Sales Group: US$10. Ministry of Knowledge Economy revealed that two project contracts were concluded between Hyundai Motor and three battery producers: SK Energy. The new battery pack combines the lithium-ion battery technology of LG Chem’s with the battery management chip manufactured by ST. CPI received US$3. United States Advanced Battery Corporation (USABC) and Hyundai. Seoul 150-721 Korea Tel: +82-2-3733-7136 Fax: +82-2-3773-7813 Internet: http://www. received a contract from GM to develop a lithium-ion battery system for E-Flex propulsion system to be used in the Chevy Volt concept car. Vietnam Lithium-ion batteries: China.12. but approval is still pending. Ltd. 52bn. LG Chem is slowly and steadily making its way into the hybrid market. The contract will expire in March 2010. Earlier.46% to US$10. Financial Overview For the financial year ending 31 December 2008.71% to US$1. the company’s EBIT increased by 50. This leads to a positive growth cycle for LG Chem in coming years.9m out of which US$4.12 7. The mass production of hybrid motor vehicles will begin in 2009. In December 2007. The company is at the expansion stage and trying to secure a strong foothold in the market. The value of the contract was US$6.3m.3m and it expired in March 2008.3 344. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 105 . The hike in fuel prices and vehicle emissions causing global warming makes the hybrid market all the more lucrative.06bn and net income by 8. The company has invested a lot on research and development on its products and hence several automotive OEM’s are considering LG Chem for their hybrid car batteries.5 734. Additionally.4 523 Outlook Despite the slowdown in the economy.6 405.47% to US$796.6 509. the company won a contract from USABC in October 2006 to develop lithium-ion battery technology for hybrid electric vehicles.5m compared with the previous year’s EBIT of US$708.09 708.52 10.5m will be funded through a cost share by the USABC. subsidiary of LG Chem. secured a contract from USABC to develop lithium-ion battery technology for 10-mile range plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. CPI. LG Chem has to maintain strong standards in order to survive in the market where the company has strong competition from companies such as A123 System and.9 Net Income (US$m) 796.7 366. One of the automakers is BMW who are considering LG Chem for its mega city vehicle project. Year 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Net Sales (US$bn) 10.04bn compared with the previous year’s net sales of US$9.8 423.45 6.7m and net income of US$734. The value of the contract is US$12. Johnson Controls Saft.04 9. net sales increased by 5.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report • • produce a 16km PHEV battery system with an additional two-year support. Simultaneously. LG Chem received a contract from Hyundai Motors and its affiliate Kia Motors to supply rechargeable hybrid car batteries. LG Chemical and SB LiMotive will compete for the 32km development project which will run for five years. The hybrid market has a high potential to expand in the future.95 EBIT (US$m) 1068. In January 2008. LTC merged with GAIA Akkumulatorenwerke GmbH in 2002.7m for hybrid bus applications from Kettering University and Transportation Techniques to supply batteries. the company has secured contracts to supply lithium batteries in the area of light commercial vehicles and hybrid racing.2007) (Year to 31. The company has two principal centres of operations – in Plymouth Meeting. For the financial year ended 31 December 2007. Director Products Lithium-ion polymer batteries Plants Germany. a decrease of 14% from the previous year’s figure of US$3. President Amir Elbaz. • In April 2006. CTO. the domestic operations generated US$1. Pennsylvania and in Nordhausen (Germany). New Product Development In the financial year 2007. They received an order worth US$4. The company caters to National Security Markets. LTC retrofitted Toyota Prius. The contract incorporates the delivery of 90 battery packs in 2009 by LTC.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Lithium Technology Corporation Batteries Address Lithium Technology Corporation 5115 Campus Drive Plymouth Meeting. and introduced the largest lithium ion iron phosphate cells in the world. scientific research facilities and the national defense agencies. Lockheed Martin. LTC received an order of US$4. A project was initiated to exhibit the usage of electricity. US Sales Group:US$2. Manning. COO. research and development expenses.gaia-akkuonline. engineers and builds custom lithium-ion rechargeable batteries for use in transportation and other areas. Overall. Transportation Markets and Stationary Power Market with particular focus on US and European geographic market segments.2007) Employees Group: 79 (31. Exide. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 106 . President. Pennsylvania 19462 United States Tel: 49-36 31-61 67 0 Fax: 49-36 31-61 67 49 Internet: http://www. LTC was selected to participate in a passenger car fleet project for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in June 2008.58m. The order incorporates LTC to supply the batteries. CEO. includes NASA.6m (31. Recent Developments Corporate Strategy The company is gaining a strong foothold in the automotive market place and expanding for further better prospects in this market. Additionally.2007) Lithium Technology Corporation (LTC) designs. such as the iron phosphate cathode development. CEO.08m on engineering. Director Franz J Kruger.12. This has given a technological edge to the company. ThyssenKrupp. The company is prioritising its sales and marketing especially in the automotive sector. President. Over a period of three years. COO Andrew J. CFO. Kremers. LTC has secured contracts with DesignLine International to supply lithium-ion batteries. Director Theo M. LTC signed an agreement with Zytek to provide lithium-ion battery through its subsidiary GAIA for a hybrid vehicle which is being developed by Zytek Systems.12.M. The company has planned to compete on the basis of the competitive pricing structure per kWh for both cells and batteries. LTC spent US$3.de/index. Zytek has ordered three lithium-ion batteries. Executive VicePresident and Treasurer. The reason was due to completion of some R&D projects in 2007.12. LTC signed a contract with DesignLine International to supply lithium-ion batteries. which utilised the company’s new product line of lithium ion phosphate (LiFePO4) cells. LTC sells battery cells and complete batteries to various clients.html Senior Officers Klaus Brandt. Director Kenneth Rudisuela. the company will continue to improve its financial performance at the same time keeping it transparent to its shareholders. generated by renewable energy such as wind and solar for powering up 20 PHEV’s in a fleet trial under real-time conditions. • In May 2007. LTC is investing in new product development. Lithium Technology Corporation (LTC) is a global provider of large format rechargeable power solutions for various purposes.7m for hybrid bus application for a joint program with Kettering University and Transportation Techniques.5m in sales and the European US$1m. and focus on fewer projects in 2007. Contracts • In February 2009. • In February 2008. 6) (11.7) (1.6m for the financial year ending 31 December 2007.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report GAIA will deliver seven lithium ion batteries that are based on iron phosphate cathode chemistry. successful contract developments and R&D expenditure.79 1. This aims to fulfil the needs of the electrical vehicle (EV) and plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) markets.80 Net Income (US$bn) (24. The decrease in sales is due to the expenses on development of the iron phosphate technology in 2007 to address the requirements of the transportation market.3) (20. For the financial year ending 31 December 2007. LTC is estimated to incur more operating losses in the future. Year 2007 2006 2005 Net Sales (US$m) 2. a decrease of 7% from the previous fiscal year. The company expects to incur substantial operating losses in the future. Financial Overview The company reported net sales of US$2. The single manufacturing line was used in the development of the new products and could not be used for the production of standard items. LTC reported a net loss of US$24. the largest cells of their kind in the world. The company cannot guarantee whether it will be able to generate revenues from operations or achieve profitability in the near future. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 107 . • In February 2008.6 2.58) Operating Income (US$bn) (20.6m.3m and operating losses of US$20. This raises substantial doubt about the ability to continue as a going concern. LTC introduced a new product line of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4).74) No.2) (10. The company has faced operating losses and net losses from its inception. of Employees 79 66 49 Outlook The financial performance of the company has not improved despite the promising strategies. The project is partially funded by the German federal government. Research and Development New Product Development In May 2005. Chairman.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report LS Corporation Batteries Address 21F. LS Cable and LS Mtron are actively participating in conducting the next generation large capacity energy storage ultracapacitors. LS Corporation. LS Industrial Systems and LS-Nikko Copper as affiliates and around 20 other domestic and international sub-affiliates.2007) (Year to 31.kr Senior Officers John Koo. Samsung-Dong Gangnam-Gu Seoul 135 090 Korea Tel: 82-2-21899754 Fax: 82-2-21899759 Internet: http://www. Chairman & CEO. LS Cable.37bn (31.38bn (31.12. formerly LS Cable Ltd. LS Corporation holds LS Cable. LS Mtron. holding company LS Corporation and commercial affiliates LS Cable and LS Mtron.2007) (Year to 31.2007) (Year to 31. The market for ultracapacitors is estimated to grow up to US$1bn by 2010. the Korean government invested KRW27. Ultracapacitors are drawing remarkable attention from the industry and are expected to be a core component for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.2007) Employees LS Cable: 3.2007) LS Cable: US$3.5bn (US$27. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 108 . LS Cable. the group’s key affiliate was divided into three independent entities. is a Korea based holding company specialising in the industrial electric. ASEM Tower 159.co. Kia Motors.30bn (31.310 LS Mtron:1.12.12.12. LS Corporation Kwang-Woo Lee. Moreover.lscable. The company worked on electrolyte and other components since it had lower energy density compared with batteries.45m.12. The company’s main clients include Hyundai Motor.12.5 rating voltage. In May 2008. LS Mtron Products Ultracapacitors Plants LS Cable: Korea (5) LS Mtron: Korea (4) Sales LS Corporation:US$7. President & CEO.8 rating voltage higher than its competitor’s 2. Ssangyong Motors. In July 2007. GM Daewoo. LS Corporation Kwang Woo Lee. LS Cable developed ultracapacitors for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. decided to divide LS Cable into a holding company and a business company.386 Outlook The company’s LS ultracapacitor is designed for 2. LS Mtron and LS Industrial Systems together manufacture automotive parts. LS Mtron developed the Electric Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC). LS Cable. LS Group. In July 2008. electronic and material businesses through its subsidiaries. 9 May 2005) for R&D for the next generation battery development.2007) LS Mtron: US$3. formerly LG Cable Group. GM and Nissan.. The new products have applications such as quick-charge cordless tools and electric vehicles. Vice-President. Liedtke. Ultracapacitors are used by hybrid vehicles and trucks. Vice-President. President & CEO Richard D. For Maxwell. • In July 2007. through which it is making inroads in the Chinese market. high-voltage capacitors (46%) and radiation-mitigated microelectronic products (19%). Maxwell Technologies and Johnson Controls –Saft entered into an agreement to evaluate and test Maxwell’s lithium-ion battery electrodes for hybrid vehicles.12. Maxwell Technologies business is divided into three product lines of ultracapacitors (35% of total sales in 2008). The project intended to demonstrate the compatibility of ultracapacitors with hybrid vehicle batteries. In the automotive sector. while rest of the countries contributed the remaining 72% of sales in 2008. Senior Technical Advisor Tim T.12. Maxwell has a cost advantage by expanding in the low cost countries. Recent Developments Corporate strategy Maxwell is working with OEMs and suppliers to strengthen its position as the leading supplier of ultracapacitor-based solutions. In 2007. chassis and interior. Everett. Schramm. the company also opened a sales office in China for its ultracapacitor products. The company formed an alliance with Belton Technology Group.2008) Employees Group: 346 (31 December 2008) Joint-ventures • In April 2008. Maxwell and Argonne National Laboratory entered into an agreement for a collaborative research project. • In November 2007. Systems. Ltd to supply hybrid energy storage products. Maxwell is increasing production capacity to meet the future anticipated demand of ultracapacitors. Vice-President.maxwell.2008) (Year to 31. The company is focusing on the hybrid vehicles market. Senior VicePresident. Hart.. industrial electronics and telecommunications. The company supplies these products to various industries such as transportation.19m (31. Operations Alain R. • In May 2007.. Maxwell broadened its customer focus by supplying its BOOSTCAP ultracapacitors to hybrid vehicles. CA 92123 USA Tel: +1 858 503 3300 Fax: +1 858 503 3301 Internet: http://www. In April 2007. Azure Dynamics Corporation used Maxwell’s BOOSTCAP 390-volt heavy transportation ultracapacitor module (HTM) for the latest hybrid shuttle bus powertrain. high-voltage capacitors and radiationmitigated microelectronic products. Maxwell Technologies is a leading manufacturer of ultracapacitors. Maxwell formed an alliance with Tianjin Lishen Battery Joint-Stock Co. in 2007.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Maxwell Technologies Ultracapacitors Address Maxwell Technologies 9244 Balboa Avenue San Diego. Senior Vice-President. Golden Dragon Co. Maxwell entered into an agreement with Valeo to incorporate its BOOSTCAP ultracapacitors in Valeo’s stop-starts and regenerating braking systems. The company has formed numerous strategic alliances with other suppliers for its expansion in the market. Geographically. Ltd used Maxwell’s BOOSTCAP ultracapacitors for integration into diesel-electric hybrid buses in 2008. the company collaborated with Johnson-Controls Saft in 2008 to test the lithium-ion battery electrode for hybrid vehicles. Also. cells. John M. CFO & Treasurer George Kreigler III. Maxwell Technologies manufactures BOOSTCAP® ultracapacitors. Maxwell collaborated with Mercedes car to develop ultracapacitors for an advanced engineering hybrid-electric drive train program. Maxwell formed an alliance with Tianjin Lishen Battery Joint-Stock Co. Applications & Integration Michael J. The two companies combined their respective capabilities in ultracapacitor and lithiumion battery technologies to develop hybrid energy storage products. US Sales Group: US$82. In order to boost its position in the hybrid vehicles market. Vice-President. CTO Products Electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLC) Plants China. multi-cell packs and modules with applications in powertrain. General Manager. sales in the US accounted for 28%. Maxwell Technologies SA. Switzerland. Balanson. Ltd to supply hybrid energy storage products. Riedo. through which it expects to serve the Asian market.com Senior Officers David J. Production and delivery of initial product samples began in early 2008. Sales & Marketing Michael A. Business Development. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 109 . China is one of the important markets to expand its presence in the automotive industry. Miller. In March 2006. Maxwell Technologies received a purchase order for 100. In April 2006. • In July 2008. to design and produce ultracapacitors for an advanced engineering hybrid-electric drive train. It incorporates a braking energy recuperation system that enables it to increase fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. Maxwell Technologies and AFL Automotive introduced a cold start system for the commercial truck market. for integration into diesel-electric hybrid buses. Maxwell sends it to Belton for final assembly.7-volt BOOSTCAP® BCAP3000 © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 110 . • In January 2007. • In May 2007. Maxwell Technologies launched a 125-Volt BOOSTCAP ultracapacitor module for heavy hybrid and electric vehicles. The module. (Sanjiu). In April 2006. Maxwell Technologies and Azure Dynamics Corporation joined up to use Maxwell’s BOOSTCAP 390-volt heavy transportation ultracapacitor module (HTM) for the latest hybrid shuttle bus powertrain. service customers and support its distribution channel partners throughout Asia.3m. Investments • In April 2007. Maxwell Technologies supplied its BOOSTCAP ultracapacitors to Golden Dragon Bus Co. Maxwell Technologies started a toll manufacturing alliance with China-based Belton Technology Group for the production of BOOSTCAP ultracapacitors. HTM BMOD0063-P125. Maxwell has targeted the Chinese market. United States and China. • In July 2008. the alliance helps Maxwell to expand its market in China. Ltd (YEC) expanded their alliance to supply carbon powder-based ultracapacitor electrode material to assist YEC’s small cell ultracapacitor products. New Product Developments In the financial year 2008. • In March 2007. Maxwell Technologies introduced 390-volt BOOSTCAP ultracapacitor module. The contract will expire in 2012. to commercialise BOOSTCAP ultracapacitors in China. It increases the efficiency level. Canada. electric vehicles and heavy duty industrial applications. Maxwell Technologies supplied BOOSTCAP ultracapacitors to Continental AG as the energy storage component for a broadnet stabilisation system. KG formed an alliance to incorporate Maxwell’s BOOSTCAP ultracapacitors into engine starting system for automobiles. • In March 2007. With this alliance. . The alliance was initiated in February 2003. to distribute BOOSTCAP ultracapacitor products and engineered solutions in Mexico. Maxwell Technologies supplied its 125-volt BOOSTCAP ultracapacitor modules for braking energy recuperation and torque assist in emission free electric buses to Vossloh Kiepe GmbH. • In June 2007. Maxwell Technologies supplied its BOOSTCAP ultracapacitor modules to provide burst power for a retrofit diesel engine starter system to Vanner Inc.000m2 from Shanghai Sanjiu Electric Equipment Company Ltd. Sanjiu planned to introduce a line of ultracapacitor products based on Maxwell’s cell architecture and high-performance electrode for transportation and other markets in mainland China. an increase of 30. The cold start system integrates Maxwell Technologies BOOSTCAP ultracapacitors with AFL's power management system. • In September 2007. Richardson Electronics joined Maxwell Technologies. Maxwell Technologies signed a contract with Mercedes Car group. Maxwell Technologies and Yeong Long Technologies Co. Maxwell facilitated YEC in setting up worldwide marketing and distribution. Additionally. Maxwell Technologies signed a contract and granted a license to Shanghai Urban Electric Power Investment Development Corporation (SUEP). SUEP can manufacture and market ultracapacitor products based on Maxwell’s proprietary large cell and multicell module technology under its own brand in mainland China. Contracts • In January 2009. energy storage and power-delivery solutions for heavy hybrid. Ltd. Post the production of carbon powder electrode material. The product works as the energy storage and power delivery component. is based on 2.8m on R&D activities. • In November 2006. Maxwell Technologies and Kromberg & Schubert GmBH &Co.97% over the previous year’s figure of US$11. Additionally. Maxwell Technologies opened a sales office in Shanghai (China) to market its BOOSTCAP ultracapacitor products.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report • • In September 2006. Maxwell Technologies spent US$14. • In January 2008. In May 2006.88 45. For 2009. Maxwell Technologies introduced the 'C-Cell' BOOSTCAP ultracapacitor for various industrial and transportation applications. improved gross margin from the company’s BOOSTCAP product line and manufacturing & quality improvement. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 111 . such as product cost reductions.49) (6. First quarter of 2009 is expected to be well above than the first quarter of 2008. Maxwell Technologies introduced large cell BOOSTCAP ultracapacitor cells and multi-cell modules. Maxwell Technologies introduced 16 new power-type BOOSTCAP ultracapacitor cells and modules for the automotive market.52 222 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Outlook Maxwell Technologies’ future growth in the global automotive market depends on the successful commercialisation of applications of ultracapacitors.5-volt cells weigh two-thirds less than an ordinary C-size battery and are easily mountable on circuit boards and other electrical devices and systems. The company is undertaking numerous programs to avoid negative cashflows from operations.28% to US$82. In June 2005.29) (9. The new 2. apart from reducing its dependence on a few selected markets in Switzerland and the US.06 377 7. the company gained on embedded derivatives and warrants which was US$1. with OEMs looking for cost-effective.13) (7.8 346 11.24 16. In 2009. Particularly.17 241 5.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report • • • • power cells. Full-year interest expense accounted to US$4.24m from operations compared with US$16.80) (15. Maxwell Technologies developed 'D-Cell' ultracapacitors for automotive electric power network stabilisation. The product stores more energy and deliver more power per unit volume.08m in 2007. In May 2006.36m in 2007.73) (16. Maxwell is expecting to have positive cash flows.07) R&D No.80m in 2008. The new ultracapacitors increase the power and longevity of batteries by ten times. Ultracapacitor and electrode technologies are clearly the main drivers for the company’s future growth.43 32. The new product provides low-cost backup power solutions and avoids microprocessor malfunctions through better management.19m over US$57.8m in 2008 down from US$15. resulting in a loss from continuing operations of US$14. Maxwell has reported growth in net sales by 43.3 30210. The company foresees growth opportunities in the Asian automotive markets as vehicle production increases. The life of the product is longer than any other commercially available ultracapacitors products.7m posted in 2007. as the company is taking numerous measures for a strong financial growth. The company reported an operating loss of US$12.38) (8. The company incurred net loss of US$14. However. reliable and durable power delivery solutions.19 57. The main properties are to increase the fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.2m in 2008. The company’s cost reduction program will enable it to improve its operating performance.36 53. In March 2006. the company is anticipating positive cash flow to finance its operations. The company’s effort to team up with suppliers and OEMs is expected to help in the future. It shows the impact of diminished credit availability and volatile security prices due to slump in the global financial markets. The new ultracapacitor cells are also applicable in distributed power nodes for automotive subsystems. Expansion in China will open further avenues for growth. Financial Overview For the financial year ended 31 December 2008.94) Net Income (US$m) (14. Year Sales (US$m) 82. of Expenditure Employees (US$m) 14.01 (14.81.21 Operating income (US$m) 12. the demand for its BOOSTCAP ultracapacitors and multi-cell modules is expected to rise. Skoda and Lamborghini. the Moll Ocean Power. a German based mid-size company.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report MOLL Lead acid batteries Address Akkumulatorenfabrik Moll GmbH + Co. Despite the development of lithium-ion batteries. Porsche.19m. Germany Moll. has been a battery manufacturer for the past 60 years.. Financial Overview Moll is a privately held company. Moll became the supplier for Lamborghini Gallardo model – Coupé and Spider. In 2007 and 2008 the company made investments of more than €4m (US$5. The company is facing exorbitant price rise in its main raw material. Corporate Strategy Overall. VW. Audi. Seat. the company will continue to manufacture lead acid batteries. The company produces batteries for many applications such as the Moll Kamina Start. 21 April 2009). Moll is investing into research and development to sustain in the market. The current plans for expansions are on hold. Managing Director Products Lead acid batteries Plants Germany Employees 170c Moll independent battery manufacturer in produces lead acid batteries for automobiles. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 112 .moll-batterien.de Senior Officers Richard Moll. the Moll racing and the 32 volt battery for the 42 volt systems. In addition the sales of the company are declining. KG Angerstraße 50 Bad Staffelstein 96231 Germany Tel: +49-0-9573-96220 Fax: +49-0-9573-962211 Internet: www. the Moll aircraft. The company supplies to all the major OEMs such as Mercedes. Managing Director Gertrud Moll-Moehrstedt. hence financial information is not disclosed by the company. Contracts In July 2005. . which caters to automotive electronics market. Infrastructure.5%). Automotive Electronics. NEC Tokin is focusing on the large capacity laminated lithium-ion rechargeable battery business along with the other three main businesses.20bn.com Senior Officers Masakazu Okabe. It was formed to focus on lithium-ion battery business for wide-scale automotive applications by 2009.03. manganese lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. 31 March 2007) in the previous year. Financial Overview In the financial year ended 31 March 2008. Vietnam Sales Group: ¥120bn (US$1. Japan (7). Associate Senior VicePresident Masahiko Yamamoto.14. The main markets which NEC Tokin caters to are: Telecommunications. Network Devices (14. Associate Senior VicePresident Products Capacitors. Associate Senior VicePresident Akihiko Isobe. NEC operates in three product groups: Energy Devices (52. Thailand.3% of total sales for fiscal year 2008). Associate Senior VicePresident Shigenori Oyama. Automotive Energy Supply Corporation (AESC). and 9. Sendai-shi Miyagi 982-8510 Japan Tel: 81-22-3080018 Fax: 81-22. The company is implementing growth strategies by developing business in the environmental and energy markets and launching new products. Associate Senior VicePresident Kouji Suga. NEC Tokin and Nissan Motor Co. Digital Consumer Electronics. NEC Corp. AESC started its full operations in May 2008. formed a joint-venture company. supercapacitors Plants China (2). NEC Tokin has reduced approximately 9. will be conducted in the Kanagawa Prefecture. electric vehicles to fuel-cell vehicles. Associate Senior VicePresident Hiroshi Nagahara. the company will implement drastic business structural reforms including withdrawal from unprofitable business like prismatic lithium-ion rechargeable battery and reed switch businesses and lower its breakeven point in order to stay afloat. Associate Senior VicePresident Yoshihiko Saiki.. To survive in the current uncertain economic conditions. from development through to production. Associate Senior VicePresident Yoshimi Kubo. The structural reforms are scheduled to be completed by December 2009.928 (31. 31 March 2008) (Year to 31. Executive VicePresident Noboru Yasue. NEC Tokin and Nissan Motor Co. New Markets (environmental.7% to ¥120bn (US$1. In November 2002.3081158 Internet: http://www.20bn. the consolidated net sales decreased by 11. Associate Senior VicePresident Hideo Oka.500 employees in total.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report NEC-Tokin Batteries Address NEC Tokin Corporation 7-1. capacitor business. NEC Tokin built a production line for rechargeable batteries used in hybrid vehicles at its Toyama production site (Japan). as well as tantalum capacitors and lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. 31 March 2008) compared with ¥135bn (US$1. In January 2009. Taihaka-ku.2008) NEC Tokin is a leading manufacturer of electronic devices in Japan.000 employees overseas by restructuring. 450 employees in Japan through an early retirement scheme. Joint-Venture • In April 2007. Kohriyama 6-chome. • In March 2005. NEC Tokin is focusing on reorganising the domestic network by closing down three domestic manufacturing operations and five domestic sales bases in Japan. Recent Developments Corporate strategy NEC Tokin is restructuring its business for capital reinforcement. The company is planning to enhance capital through a wide range of measures.03. EMC business and piezoelectric business. set up a new mass production line for battery electrodes at NEC Sagamihara Plant (Japan). NEC Corp. Investments • In May 2008. Ltd. for instance amending the articles of incorporation regarding the issuance of preferred stocks and increasing the number of issuable shares. Associate Senior Vice-President Minoru Okayama. The company reported an © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 113 . President Kunihiko Matsumoto. The Energy Devices unit offers a range of capacitors and batteries that include electric double layer capacitors and proton polymer batteries.nec-tokin. a resolution was passed for NEC Tokin to become a wholly owned subsidiary of NEC Corporation. the company integrated with NEC’s electronic components business to become NEC Tokin Corporation. Associate Senior Vice-President Sukenobu Imai. The focus was on the development and mass production of advanced lithium-ion batteries for a wide range of automotive applications from hybrids. All processes for lithium-ion batteries for automobile application. The companies will spend ¥12bn (US$) over a time period of three years.2%) and Functional Devices (33.2008) Employees 18. It offers a range of capacitors and batteries including lithium-ion rechargeable batteries. Mobile Equipment. medical and welfare industries). 5 40. The financial problems faced by the company due to the weak economy are likely to continue for some time.772m (US$40. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 114 .47m. The company reported a net loss of ¥12.27 119. 31 March 2008) compared with net loss of ¥1.7 40. NEC Tokin has recorded a special loss of around ¥26bn in order to implement the fundamental business structural reform. a significant decrease from ¥4.900bn (US$410bn).5 43.86 121. personnel expense and depreciation cost. The primary reason for this loss is due to the structural reform of its battery business. including the withdrawal of prismatic battery business for overseas mobile phones and the partial reversal of deferred tax assets.4) Outlook The company is taking prompt and major action for capital reinforcement. 31 March 2007) in 2007.757 4.722 Operating Income (US$m) 5.9 Net Income (¥m) (12.873) 921 801 Net Income (US$m) ( 128) (15) (7.8) (7.36 Sales (US$bn) 1. Year 2008 2007 2006 2005 Year 2008 2007 2006 2005 Sales (¥bn) 120. For the financial year ending 31 March 2009.11 135.20 1. The company will be able to reduce approximately ¥20bn in fixed costs annually through the structural reforms. The revised forecast for operating loss is ¥8.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report operating income of ¥575m (US$5. 31 March 2008). The fiscal year ending March 2009 will take the brunt of the slump in the economy as the target markets of NEC Tokin have shrunk drastically and an ordinary loss of ¥10bn is forecast.3bn (US$969m) down 14% from the current year.772 4. The estimated decrease in sales is the result of weaker market conditions and lower demand for major electronic devices associated with weakened consumption.785) (1. the company has forecasted net sales of ¥94.7bn (US$ 128m. The structural reform will help the company to reduce fixed costs. 31 March 2007).8bn (US$15m.79m.3bn (US$85m) and net loss ¥39.03 1.11 Operating Income (¥m) 575 4.14 1. Furthermore. NessCap received a US$4. Financial Overview The company. The program is run by a cooperative research consortium of Chrysler. besides having other applications. pseudocapacitor Plants Korea Employees c. Outlook In the future.7Volt (3000 to 5000 farads).com Senior Officers M. 750-8. The company has integrated R&D laboratories at its manufacturing facility. Ltd in May 2002.5m contract from United States Advanced Battery Consortium to develop ultracapacitors for an automotive research program. Apart from automotive applications. power and consumer markets.nesscap. ultracapacitors produced by the company are also used in applications such as power. NessCap products are available in both cells and modules for transportation. Ultracapacitors are also used to provide peak power supply for stop and go in hybrid vehicles and are also used in Integrated Starter Alternator Damper (ISAD). The company currently supplies start-stop systems.. Globally. Senior Vice-President & General Manager Products Electric double layer capacitor. Ltd. NESS Capacitor Co. The company is mainly looking to capture the “micro-hybrids” market in the future. In 2007. it ranks as one of the four leading producers of ultracapacitors. Its customers include OEMs such as Chrysler. Some of its recent developments include: • The company has developed an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) which comes in 25 models ranging from 2. In September 2005.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report NessCap Ultracapacitors Address NessCap Co. audio and electronics. For hybrid vehicles. being privately held. Besides being used in hybrid electric vehicle. Recent Developments Corporate strategy NessCap started operations with an aim to develop ultracapacitors for various applications. mild & full hybrid motor-generator systems and DC/DC converter and control electronics to these OEMs. is under no obligation to publish its financial results. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 115 . Contracts • In May 2008. New Product Developments NessCap has a focus on R&D initiatives to develop products for the hybrids market.5Volt to 2. Ltd was spun off from NESS Corp and was later renamed as NessCap Co. growing demand for hybrid electric vehicles is likely to positively impact the market for ultracapacitors. mild and full hybrid electric vehicles used in power boosting and regenerative braking applications. NessCap has developed its own electrode technology for its capacitors which distinguishes it from its competitors. These capacitors are used in 14Volt/42 Volt hybrid electric vehicles. ultracapacitors are used in other automotive applications such as cold cranking in extremely cold weather. Daimler. NessCap has developed ultracapacitors for micro. Terms of the contract were not disclosed. NessCap signed a deal with GM to supply its 6 100F supercapacitors for the automaker’s E-Flex series of extended range of electric vehicles. NessCap has formed alliances with other companies on niche automotive applications to increase its presence in the automotive market. Gomae-dong Giheung-gu Yongin-si Gyeonggi-Do Korea Tel: +82 31 289 0721 Fax: +82 31 286 6767 Internet: http://www. Chairman Robert Tressler.Cho. Ford and GM. In 2001. The company has also developed EDLC Module which comes in more than 10 models ranging from 4. CEO & President Sunwook Kim. regenerative brakes and fuel cell cars.6Volts to 120Volts and are used in electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Ultracapacitors made by NessCap are being introduced on an experimental basis in the automotive market for applications such as hybrid buses and trucks.. 65 (2005) NessCap is a Korea-based manufacturer of ultracapacitors for hybrid electric vehicles. Ford and GM. The company is currently concentrating more on automotive applications as the automotive hybrid market is regarded as one of its future growth areas. the US hybrid market grew by 40%. Ltd. • In April 2007. 8. Nichicon Kuatsu is a subsidary of Nichicon Group in Japan.jp Senior Officers Ippei Takeda. In 2008. 604-0845 Japan Tel: + 81-75-231-8461 Fax: + 81-75-256-4158 Internet: http://www. EverCAP is an electric double layer capacitor which does not have cadmium or lead as its main components.7% to ¥3.07bn (US$26m. Japan (5). Kandenko Co. and information and communications devices.2% from America. Director Products Capacitors Plants China (2). and 6% from Europe. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 116 . Director Yoshitaka Morinaga. To cater to the global market.co. The company obtained ISO 14001 certification for most of its manufacturing facilities. Nakagyo-ku. Capacitors for electronics.2bn. Director Kazuo Uzawa. Customer demand is borne in mind during new product development.. and information and communication devices. in China opened a second plant of equal capacity to the existing one to produce aluminium electrolytic capacitors and switching power supplies. the company established manufacturing units in Malaysia (for aluminum electrolytic capacitors). Nichicon had 46. Kyoto. Nichicon Corporation develops. the company diversifies its products only in the field of capacitors. • In March 2006. To implement this policy more effectively.08) Employees Group: 5. Chairman & CEO Sachihiko Araki. Director Katsuhiko Furuya. manufactures and sells capacitors mainly for electronic devices related to digital home appliances. inverter equipped products. Nichicon Electronics (Wuxi) Co.8% of total sales from Asia and Others. Ltd. Director Nobuo Inoue. Nichicon caters to many segments but its main segments are divided into three categories. increased by 8. New Product Developments Nichicon’s research & development and production team work hand in hand to create new technologies and launch them effectively. 31 March 2008) from ¥3.6m.. and Capacitors for Electric Apparatus and Power Utilities. In 1996 Nichicon established itself as the environment friendly company by introducing environmental management system. and Hokuriku Electric Power Company jointly developed an environment friendly electric double layer capacitor called EVerCAP for storage units. The company’s expenditure on research and development in 2008. The capacitor is also used in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) to support the battery back-up. 31 March 2008) (Year to 31.03. inverter-equipped products.437 (2008) Recent Developments Corporate Strategy Nichicon’s business strategy is based on “selection and consolidation” which means focusing more on the stronger areas where the company has maximum market share in the high priority markets of digital home appliances.56bn (US$1.nichicon. The company is also working towards enhancing the supply of products for hybrid cars to achieve an increase in the percentage of sales of automotive-related products from the current 17% to 20%.The result of these developments are capacitors called Geo Cap and Ever CAP.34bn (US$33. the company opened a new plant at Nichicon Kuatsu (Japan) to meet the increasing demand for film capacitors modules used in inverters for the drive mechanism of hybrid vehicles. Circuit products. There are several products that are been developed by the company with environment issues in mind. 39% from Japan. President & COO Hitoshi Chikano. Malaysia Sales Group: ¥119.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Nichicon Capacitors Address Nichicon Corporation Karasumadori Oike-agaru. automotive. as well as at Wuxi (for aluminum electrolytic capacitors and circuit products) and Tianjin (for tantalum electrolytic capacitors) in China. Investments • In March 2007. Nichicon. automotive-related devices. New products are developed by technological developments on the existing ones. 31 March 2007) in the previous year. 9% to ¥1.8 Operating Income (¥bn) 4.56 118. Europe sales increased 7.587 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Year 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Outlook The company has identified the future demand for environment friendly products and is working towards it.80 35.2bn.36m) in 2007.006 909 967.96m) in 2007.99m) in 2007.80m) during the year. The demand for environment friendly cars will boost the company’s sales in the future.07 2.84 Net Sales (US$m) 1.86m).85 2.334 5.96 34.59m) from ¥6.70 37.7% year-on-year to ¥72.398 4.2bn (US$94.07 2. compared to ¥4. Overseas sales accounted for 61% of consolidated net sales.2007).74 R&D Expenditure (¥bn) 3.7% to ¥119.87 104 100.82m) and Asia and others recorded increase of 0.27bn (US$12.48m) in 2008 from ¥6.79 20.2bn (US$35.04 6.6 26 24.7bn (US$56.12. (US$m) 12.34 3.587 No.5% to ¥4.02 2.97bn (US$735. Sales in Japan increased 3% to ¥46. the number of orders received for capacitors and module products increased as a result of the progress in electronic applications for automobiles including hybrid cars.48 56.85 20.65 Net Income (¥bn) 1.437 6. The company recorded decreasing operating income of 31. sales in America decreased 13.71 106.334 5.61 6.99m) (31.205 1. Nichicon has developed capacitors to cater to the hybrid vehicles market with the help of its research and development team.93 No.9bn (US$563.2 954.9% less than in 2007.398 4.72 6. The company has established its manufacturing units in countries like Malaysia and China. Net income decreased 69.5bn (US$468.5bn (US$1.61 Operating Income (US$m) 46.24 4. Year Net Sales ( ¥bn) 119.846 5.35 4.38 59.2bn (US$72.7bn (US$97.79m) in 2008 compared to ¥45.06 43.437 6.5% to ¥9. Nichicon sales increased by 0.8% to ¥7. 31 March 2008). Overseas sales decreased 0.21 R&D Expenditure (US$m) 33. 0.56m) from ¥55.846 5. The company is also looking to be part of some of the large government projects making the best use of their technological advancement.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Financial Overview For the financial year ended 31 March 2008.79m) from ¥11.99 51.65m) in 2008. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 117 .2bn (US$383. of Employees 5.08 4. In the field of automotive-related devices.19 Net Income. This will help the company to capture the global market. of Employees 5.27 4.24 18.8% to ¥55.7bn (US$56. This will help the company in its R&D activities which are its main focus.4bn (US$469.61bn (US$46. 65 1.7bn (US$1bn).20 135.6m. In 2008. NCC developed an aluminium foil which reduced the capacitor size by half.5m). NCC is expanding into various other capacitor fields.7m) from ¥10. This was mainly due to increasing material prices and fall in selling price. Sales Group: ¥143. Malaysia. Executive Managing Director Hidenori Uchi.55 3. 8. Overseas sales increased 11. Recent Developments Corporate Strategy NCC has kept a constant focus on the aluminium electrolytic capacitors as it caters to most of the important markets.5m) and Asia and others recorded the maximum increase in sales of 15. Financial Overview For the financial year ended 31 March 2008. 31 March 2008). New Product Developments NCC’s expenditure on research and development in 2008 increased by 5.30 Net R&D Expenditure (¥bn) 3. Overseas sales accounted for 71. 31 December 2007).79 R&D No.08) Employees Group: 7.7bn (US$87.74 3. Director Yoshifumi Minegishi.1% to ¥3.57 3.2% to ¥11.935 6. Japan (13). President Yuzo Shibata.8bn (US$778. product development capability and facility development capability for the capacitors.8m) in 2007. The company also supplies this raw material to other capacitor makers. 6. Nippon Chemi-Con (NCC) is a producer of electrolytic capacitors in Japan and today has the largest share of aluminium electrolytic capacitors market in the world.7% to ¥81. Divestments In July 2008.3bn (US$78.10 2. Director Products Aluminium electrolytic capacitors.278 6.1bn (US$85.03.461 No. 31 March 2008) from ¥3. Director Noriaki Kakizaki.3m.7m) in 2008 from ¥9. Indonesia.6m) from ¥70. Year Net Sales ( ¥bn) 143. electric double layer capacitors Plants China (3).5bn (US$46.44bn. Taiwan. Osaki Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 141-8605 Japan Tel: +81-3-5436-7711 Fax: +81-3-5436-7631 Internet: http://www. Sales in North America decreased 5. Executive Managing Director Atsushi Kanezaki.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Nippon Chemi-Con Capacitors Address Nippon Chemi-Con Corporation. especially the multilayer ceramic capacitor and electric double layer capacitor.5m) in 2007 to ¥102.1bn (US$817.70 9.5bn (US$97. Director Syuuichi Shiraishi.44bn.854 6. the company recorded decrease in net income of 54.9bn (US$119.63 Operating Net Income (¥bn) 2.098 6. compared with ¥5.10 120.55bn (US$29. NCC dissolved its wholly owned subsidiary in Iware (Japan).8% year-on-year from ¥91.9% to ¥2. of Employees 7. of 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Year © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 118 .14 3.9% to ¥143.43 6.74bn (US$37. The company‘s operating income decreased 7. and 56. NCC had 28.7% to ¥8.2m) during the year. US (2).1bn (US$594. European sales increased 3. Director Satoshi Kikuchi.6m. NCC produces aluminium electrode foil which is a primary element of capacitors.7% from Asia and Others.71 102.12 4.9m) from ¥11.91 105. Korea (2).51 5.29 Net Sales Operating Income (¥bn) 8.098 (2008) • In May 2006. NCC has launched a medium term management plan Q1 (Quality First) to optimise quality levels by anticipating future requirements and targets of zero defects.7% of consolidated net sales.6m).5bn (US$25. The company has collaborated with all R&D departments to achieve links between material development capability.71 3. Due to fast appreciation of the yen.3% from Europe. 5-6-4. Senior Executive Managing Director Junichi Suga.jp Senior Officers Ikuo Uchiyama.chemi-con. NCC’s sales increased by 5.2bn (US$1.2bn (US$1.2% to ¥9.99 2.3% of total sales from Japan.co. 31 March 2008) (Year to 31.6bn (US$96. Sales of capacitors contribute 82% to the sales.7% from North America. multilayer ceramic capacitors. 31 March 2007) in the previous year. 8 1.3 Income. NCC’s investments in the high growth market of capacitors will spur future demand for its products.145.7 28.461 Outlook NCC is focusing on developing the new divisions of multilayer ceramic capacitors and double layer capacitors.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report (US$m) 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 1. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 119 .854 6.4 983.935 6.7 30. The company’s R&D departments will be able to work with better efficiency with the collaboration.6 1.0 43.4 Employees 7.278 6.3 47.3 Expenditure (US$m) 37.1 968. as they seem to be the upcoming fields in the market.2 33.5 Income (US$m) 87.028.6 12.1 26.7 79.9 24.9 52.8 34.443. (US$m) 25.8 26.098 6. The company recorded a net income of 30% to ¥281.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Panasonic Lithium-ion.89bn) in 2007. Production would start in 2010. Global Panasonic) for three years. 431-0422 Japan Internet: http://www. Shizuoka (Japan). Panasonic’s sales were almost on the same level as previous year. and the eco ideas strategy..jp Senior Officers Kunio Nakamura.23bn) in 2008 from ¥459.net Panasonic EV Energy Co.08) Employees Group: 3. The company is establishing new plants for lithium-ion batteries which will cater to the Toyota hybrid cars.08bn (US$4. nickel metal hydride batteries Address Panasonic Corporation. AVC Networks. Products Lithium ion batteries. Panasonic EV announced plans to open two new plants in Miyagi and Shizuoka (Japan) to produce nickel hydride and lithium-ion batteries respectively for Toyota’s hybrid cars. four strategic businesses (which include component and devices business).068. Investments • In January 2009. 31 March 2007) in the previous year. Components & Devices. • In May 2008.48bn (US$5. Ltd. 31 March 2008).068. 31 March 2008) from ¥578.84bn) during the year compared with Panasonic Corporation divides its business in five main business segments. These batteries are used mainly for automotive electronic devices. The company’s long term planning started in 1996 when the decision was made to team up with Toyota to manufacture batteries for EVs.59bn.peve. Constant R&D is been done in this field by the dedicated company Panasonic EV and the result is development of lithiuim-ion battery which are much more efficient than NiMH batteries.53bn (US$5. President Koshi Kitadai. a joint-venture (JV) between Matsushita (Panasonic’s parent company) and Toyota was formed in December 1996 to develop nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries for electric vehicles (EV). The JV is already supplying battery packs to Toyota and Honda.03.42bn. initiated in April 2007.87bn (US$2.42% to ¥9. The battery business is a part of the Component & Devices segment. and Other business segments. Today the demand for EVs is increasing due to stricter emission laws coming into force.828 (2008) Subsidary: 1.panasonic.42bn. A lot of innovations have been made by the company. Managing Executive Officer The Components & Devices business contributes 13% to the total sales.9bn. The factory has shipped its first battery pack consignment for Toyota Camry Hybrid.800 (2008) © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 120 . 31 March 2008) (Year to 31. Home Appliances. Recent Developments Corporate Strategy Panasonic has devised a mid-term managent plan called GP3 (Global Progress. the most recent of which is the lithium-ion battery to replace NiMH batteries in hybrid vehicles. PEW and PanaHome. Financial Overview For the financial year ended 31 March 2008. 1006. Global Profit. Panasonic EV is a joint-venture that caters to the hybrid market. nickel metal hydride batteries Plants Automotive: Japan (3) Sales Group: ¥9. manufacturing innovation.92bn (US$91..54bn (US$3. There was a slight decrease of 0. The Energy Company formed in October 2008 is dedicated to battery business which caters to different battery customers. The company recorded an increase in operating income of 13% to ¥519.92bn (US$91. Kadoma Kadoma City Osaka 571-8501 Japan Tel: +81-6-6908-1121 Fax: Internet: http://www. New Product Developments Panasonic’s expenditure on research and development in 2008 decreased by 4% to ¥554. 20 Okasaki Kosai Shizuoka. The company will invest ¥30bn (US$290m). Panasonic EV Energy Co. This also includes other electronic devices. Chairman Fumio Ohtsubo. Panasonic EV held Ground Breaking Ceremony of its third factory at Omori Plant. The company will also steadily implement initiatives focused on four major areas: double-digit growth for overseas sales. Executive Vice-President Kazuhiro Tsuga.05. 89 3.2007).48 42.90.90 4. of Employees 3.27 308.31 543. Overseas sales increased 1% to ¥4.828 3.17 8.82bn) from ¥4.492bn (US$38bn) in 2007. of Employees 3.85 Net Income (¥bn) 281.479.05.645 3.05.381bn (US$11.6bn) from ¥4.80 5.65 81.616bn (US$39.49 195.060bn (US$20.08 564.84bn) in 2007.59 4.34.82 Operating Income (¥bn) 519. Year Net Sales ( ¥bn) 9.713.24 75.068. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 121 . Sales in Japan decreased by 2% to ¥4. The Battery division will develop new batteries in the new plant set up to cater to the EV market.86 1.54 414.12.48 459.828 3.84 1.23 R&D Expenditure (in $bn) 5.752 2.402 3.90.14bn) (31.18bn (US$1.34.72 5.61bn) from ¥1.22bn) and Asia and others recorded an increase in sales of 9% to ¥2.87 217.108.493 No.48 No.74 Net Sales (in $bn) 91.63 7.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report ¥217. A greater emphasis on R&D and new product development is expected to bring technological advancements in various segments.752 2. (in $bn) 2.32 8.28.04 70.18 154.49 Operating Income (in $bn) 5. Sales in North and South America decreased 9% to ¥1.34.251bn (US$12. Demand for hybrid vehicles will increase due to the stricter emission norms coming into existence and people becoming more environmentally conscious.52 579.645 3.42 77.893bn (US$16bn).78 615.894.84 1.14 Net Income.53 578.23 3.76bn) from ¥1. European sales were on the same level at ¥1.213bn (US$12.41 58.545bn (US$45.9m 399m R&D Expenditure (¥bn) 554. the company needs to determine the success of GP3 plan by fiscal year 2009 as 2008 sales were on the same level as fiscal 2007.52 2.493 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Year 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Outlook Panasonic aims to substantially increase sales with its newly formed midterm management plan GP3.402 3.92 9.28.524bn (US$45.34.7bn). JCS collaborated with Maxwell technologies in April 2008 to develop lithium-ion automotive batteries. The company invested €15m (US$22. nickel metal hydride batteries Plants France (JCS) Saft manufactures batteries including nickel-cadmium (NiCd). JCS invested in Wisconsin (US) to get the benefit of the Bio Energy Grant awarded by the Wisconsin government.4m (US$859. Chief Technology Officer Products Lithium-ion batteries. Johnson Controls-Saft (JCS) and Maxwell Technologies established a development collaboration to evaluate the integration of Maxwell’s electrode process into the mass production of Saft’s lithium-ion batteries for hybrid vehicles. Director & General Manager Industrial Battery Group Dr Richard Doisneau. JCS secured a contract from Ford to supply battery systems for its plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) which were tested on a fleet of 20 cars in June 2008. Joint-ventures • In April 2008. Raw materials would be obtained from low cost suppliers and there are plans to transfer final assembly plant of Special Battery Group to low cost countries. 1 February 2008) in the plant which is the world’s first lithium-ion battery manufacturing facility. Additionally. JCS won a contract from Azure Dynamics to supply lithiumion hybrid batteries for commercial trucks for North American market.3m.com Senior Officers John Searle. Saft has reviewed its operations and cost base. The joint-venture is involved in production of nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries. JCS opened its first lithium-ion battery facility in Nersac (France). to develop batteries for current and future generation hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and electric vehicles (EV). nickel cadmium batteries. In February 2008. Johnson Controls-Saft Advanced Power Solutions (JCS). To cater to the increasing demand for hybrid vehicles. was formed in January 2006 to develop solutions for hybrid and electric vehicles.09m) (Year to 31. The synergies will be adopted by end of 2010. Industrial Battery Group segment manufactures rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. • In January 2009. The agreement is extended till 2014. Specialty Battery Group (40%) and Rechargeable Battery Systems (12%). Johnson Controls-Saft Advanced Power Solutions Xavier Delacroix. Contracts • In February 2009. • In January 2006. Saft has 17 manufacturing sites worldwide and is present in 10 countries. and technical resource for nickel technologies will be merged. nickel cadmium batteries and nickel metal hydride batteries which are used in hybrid electric vehicles besides other industries. Recent Developments Corporate strategy Saft automotive business is currently focused on developing batteries for the hybrid vehicles market through its joint-venture (JV) with Johnson Controls. Investments • In February 2008. Saft categorises its business in three divisions: Industrial Battery Group (generated 48% of 2008 net sales).12. Saft and Johnson Controls established a joint-venture.saftbatteries.08) Employees 4000 (2008) © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 122 . CEO. The grant was for the innovation and advancement of hybrid vehicle batteries which contributes to the state’s clean energy agenda. named as JCS. The JV. With this joint-venture the company intends to become a leading supplier in North America for hybrid and electric vehicles. The company will merge Industrial battery group and Rechargeable battery systems by July 2009.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Saft Batteries Address Saft Group 12 rue Sadi Carnot 93170 Bagnolet France Tel: +33 1 4993 1918 Fax: +33 1 4993 1950 Internet: http://www. The cost synergies to be put into effect will include elimination of duplicate production assets. Chairman & CEO Mary Ann Wright. Johnson Controls has 51% stake and the remaining 49% stake is held by Saft. rechargeable lithium-ion (Li-ion) and nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries. The production will begin in fourth quarter of Sales Group: €609. . JCS set up a plant in Nersac (France) to produce lithium-ion batteries for hybrid vehicles There are further expansion plans for this facility. The PHEV will be introduced in 2012. scooters and wheelchairs. JCS was awarded an advanced battery development contract by GM to design and test lithium-ion batteries for use in the Saturn Vue Green Line plug. JCS got second contract from United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) valued at US$8.8m (US$339. Financial Overview In the financial year ended 31 December 2008. In Specialty Battery Group.47m in financial year 2008 compared with 5. In January 2008. lithium-ion batteries for electric bus applications and hybrid bus applications. Saft has developed VH series nickel-metal hydride batteries that offer high power.8% to €292. The cells for these batteries will be produced at Saft’s Nersac (France) plant.3 EBIT (US$m) 113. New Product Developments The company’s R&D expenditure was 5.4m.4 739. In addition to the plant in Nersac.5 97. In the Industrial Battery Group. The project will commence in June 2009.5% to €30m in 2007. Saft’s consolidated net sales increased by 4.4m (US$415. In August 2008. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 123 .5 85.7% to €240. In January 2007.in hybrid SUV.8m).2 586.5m (US$884.5m (US$107.2 566.4m) compared with €334.2mn to produce lithium-ion battery systems for PHEV. This was possible due to strong performance in the civil market. The project will commence in 2010. USABC is a project run by United States Department of Energy.9% to €609. Johnson Controls-Saft has research and development centres in Milwaukee (US) and Bordeaux (France).6 799. This is the second lithium-ion production contract for JCS.4 73.2 Net Income (€m) 35.5 560. The negative impact was due to the falling nickel price throughout the year. lithium-ion batteries for HEVs.9m).9m) in 2007. JCS secured a 24-month contract from USABC to develop advanced.3 9 Outlook Global demand for lithium batteries is expected to grow as hybrid vehicles become popular in response to increasing environmental awareness.7m (US$492. 31 December 2008) compared with €600. sales increased by 6. Some of its recent developments include: • Saft has developed new advanced high energy lithium-ion battery systems based on its VLE module.4m (US$859m. In October 2008. Saft is positive about the demand for high energy advanced batteries in the future and expects growth in this segment. In January 2008. 31 December 2007) in 2007. JCS won a contract from BMW to supply lithium-ion batteries for BMW’s 7 series ActiveHybrid car. JCS won a contract with Daimler to supply lithium-ion batteries for the Mercedes S Class 400 hybrid.7m) from €282.9 6. over€83. JCS won a contract to supply lithium-ion batteries for a demonstration fleet of new energy vehicles to SAIC Motor Corporation Ltd. constant voltage during discharge.1m (US$411. For Rechargeable Battery Systems.7 97 101. Daimler Chrysler.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report • • • • • • 2010. sales increased by 6.6 Net Income (US$m) 49.6% of the company’s sales or €30.1 26.4m (US$122. Year 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Year 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Sales (€m) 609.9 37. • The company has also developed nickel cadmium and.6 670.9 34.4 600. Ford and GM.6 EBIT (€m) 80.8 68.7 71. These cells are used in assembled battery systems which in turn are used in electronics and thermal management units.6 50 41. JCS won a contract from Chery Automobile to supply nickel metal hydride batteries for its A5 ISG hybrid saloon.1 Sales (US$m) 859 884. electric vehicles. sales declined by 6.4 39.8m). In 2006.8% to €76.9 100. The profits could be achieved due to control on the pricing. In September 2007. electric bicycles. VL45E (45 Ah) and VL 41M (41 Ah) cells range. long life cycle (over 500 charge discharge cycles) and are used in hybrid vehicles. JCS has successfully acquired contracts from three continents between 2008-2009.000 for further innovation in hybrid vehicle batteries. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 124 . 2009) in support of clean vehicles. JCS will also be working with State of Wisconsin on their clean energy plan in which JCS will get an incentive of US$500. This includes a second contract from USABC and a five-year contract from Azure Dynamics. JCS will also receive funds from the US and French government. France will provide automotive industry aid package of €450mn (US$566. Furthermore. All these are expected to boost the growth of the company in the area of batteries for hybrid vehicles. 19 February.2mn. The recent opening of the world’s first lithium-ion batteries manufacturing facility and new hybrid contracts signed in 2006-2008 present the company with future growth opportunities.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report In the future. the joint-venture between Saft and Johnson Control is expected to improve the market presence of Saft in hybrids. The US will provide a stimulus package of US$2bn for advanced batteries and renewable energy storage. semiconductors and solar cells. batteries and home appliances. The company supplies electronic components such as navigation systems and rechargeable batteries to the automotive sector. as it talks about providing environmental friendly global energy solutions.8bn (US$20. 11. Apart from rechargeable batteries. Honda and Volkswagen. The vision also contributes to the corporate social responsibility of the company. Vice-President Hiromoto Sekino. The company plans to invest ¥80bn (US$771. The new plant at Tokushima will contribute ten million cells per month by 2015 to the increasing demand of lithium-ion battery systems for HEV.5% of 2008 sales). The new initiative is to create a new customer base by fiscal year 2010. Vice-President Hiroshi Ono.017. 35. In © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 125 . Ford.03.380bn by the end of financial year 2010. Osaka 570 8677 Japan Tel: +81 6 6991 1181 Fax: +81 6 6992 0009 Internet: http://www.8% from North America. Sanyo and Volkswagen entered into second agreement to start co-development of next generation lithium-ion battery systems for HEVs. The company collaborated with Volkswagen in May 2008 to produce lithium-ion batteries. motors. 70% of which would be put into component business. USA Sales Group: ¥2. In 2008. Recent Developments Corporate strategy In November 2007. audio & video equipment.9% from Europe and 3. Vice-President Satoshi Inoue. Vice-President Products Lithium ion & nickel metal hydride batteries Plants China. Daimler.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Sanyo Batteries Address Sanyo Electric Co Ltd 5-5. UK. the company generated 36. A new plant location will be chosen according to the infrastructure which provides appropriate production logistics and human resources. Sales target for energy business area is set at approximately ¥610bn till 2010.3% from Asia.co. The company is teaming up with OEMs for the development of battery systems for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs).3%). Mexico.sanyo. optical pick ups. ‘Think GAIA’ is the brand vision of the company used to accelerate development of next generation rechargeable batteries which would cater to HEV as well as plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Sanyo has signed an agreement with Volkswagen to jointly develop nickel-metal hydride HEV battery systems. Executive VicePresident Mitsuru Honma. 31 March 2008) (Year to 31.8% of net sales from Japan. Sanyo is focusing on lithium-ion batteries with an aim to increase its production and sales.3bn. Sanyo organises its operations into four segments: Consumer (generated 37. Sanyo and Panasonic have an agreement of Capital and Business Alliance which was taken in December 2008. Sanyo developed a new mid-term business strategy which will guide it from April 2008 to March 2010. Its major automotive customers include Chrysler. In the new three year mid-term plan from 2009-2010. Sanyo will become a subsidiary of Panasonic.jp Senior Officers Seiichiro Sano. Vice-President Hidetoshi Arima.875 (2008) Sanyo Electric is one of the leading suppliers of electronic products. This includes investment of ¥125bn (US$1. Executive Vice-President Kazuhiko Suruta. The plan has been made keeping the goal of financial year 2010 in mind. The company’s product portfolio includes consumer electronic appliances. Decisions are pending as Panasonic is seeking antitrust approval from all the 11 countries where Sanyo is operational.2bn) for rechargeable battery business. Japan. Executive VicePresident Kentaro Yamagishi. Vice-President Teruo Tabata. Singapore.2% from rest of the world. President Koichi Maeda. Vice-President Osamu Kajikawa. Vice-President Akira Kan. the division also manufactures capacitors.6bn).2%) Commercial (13%) and Others (2. the company plans to make a record-scale capital investment of ¥360bn (US$3.08) Employees Group: 99. The plan aims to achieve an operating income of ¥100bn and net sales of ¥2. 12. Components (47. The Components division manufactures lithium-ion batteries and nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries and other commercial rechargeable batteries for various markets.2mn) to develop a new plant for lithium-ion battery for HEV business by 2015. In the rechargeable batteries segment. Keihan-Hondori 2-chome Moriguchi City. Joint-ventures • In May 2008. 5bn (US$7.2bn) in 2007 as its income tax liability decreased 25.089.5m) compared with a net loss of ¥28. the company forecasts decrease in sales by 12.4bn). Sanyo commenced supplies of Ni-MH for the 2005 Honda Accord hybrid model in the North American market.882.118 Sales (US$bn) Operating Income (¥bn) 76. It recorded a net income of ¥28.3% to ¥905. Sanyo entered into an agreement with Daimler to develop batteries for Mercedes gasoline hybrid cars. The company reported an operating profit of ¥76.875 94.4bn (US$7.7% to ¥1.7bn (US$289.9bn (US$498mn) of previous year due to appreciation of the Japanese yen and surge in raw materials prices. the company is developing rechargeable batteries for hybrid electric vehicles and their control systems.5) 13.7bn (US$722.1 42. Sanyo agreed to Panasonic Capital and Business Alliance agreement. Sanyo delivers over 20.000 batteries to Honda for this program annually.7 2.3) (205.1bn (US$767.6bn (US$361.031. Net loss is been forecasted aat ¥90bn for the year ended 31 March 2008.2m) compared with ¥42.4bn). a decrease from ¥90bn (US$763. of Employees © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 126 .8 59.000 to 20. Operating income declined to ¥30.3bn (US$202. Sanyo completed construction of mass production line for lithium-ion batteries for HEV at its Tokushima plant.1bn).7m).337 No. Sales declined in Japan 5% to ¥528. Sanyo’s expenditure on research and development was ¥71. Sales decreased in Japan by 4.3bn) compared with ¥1.017.8bn) and Overseas sales decline 7. sales decreased 7.2 114. Sanyo reported a decline of 6.9bn) in the preceding year.8 1.7) (171.882.3mn) in the previous year.8bn).8bn (US$340. Panasonic requires approval from antitrust clearance from 11 countries where Sanyo is operational which would delay the acquisition till May 2009.4 Net income (US$m) R&D Expenditure (¥bn) 71.6 2.6 2.6% to ¥28.389 96. Sanyo and Volkswagen entered into an agreement to start codevelopment of the next generation of Ni-MH battery systems for hybrid electric vehicles. In the first nine months ended 31 December 2008.8bn (US$20.2bn (US$9. New Product Developments In the financial year 2008.2bn (US$15. This production capacity would be able to cater to 15. in the overseas Component division sales increased by 7% to ¥953. Year 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Year Sales (¥bn) 2.7bn (US$9.7 90 94.8mn).906 106.1 123.1bn) to acquire Sanyo as the subsidiary. In the Component division. The total deal will be of ¥806.434.8m) compared with ¥55.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report January 2006.3m) in the previous fiscal.000 cars per year. The company posted a net loss of ¥18.5bn (US$241.7% to ¥742.3bn (US$384. Investments • In March 2009. Financial Overview Sanyo’s sales increased 7.017. Contracts • In 2004.6bn).4bn (US$10bn).7bn (US$255.6 (35.7 (45.6m) in the period 2007.9) 4. • In 2004.3m) as opposed to a loss of ¥45.5% to ¥669.2% in the financial year ended 31 March 2008 to ¥2. In hybrids. For the year ending 31 March 2009.3bn) for the year ended 31 March 2008.8bn (US$20. Divestments • In December 2008. However.023 82.017. Panasonic declared in March 2009 that it plans to sell bonds worth ¥400bn (US$4.3 R&D Expenditure (US$bn) No.6bn (US$15.4% in sales to ¥1. of Employees 99.1 Operating Income (US$m) Net income (¥bn) 28.8bn (US$5.760bn compared with net sales of ¥2. They will supply plug-in hybrid electric vehicles battery systems by 2011. 3 (305.3) 44.6 289. The company will have to concentrate on its new-mid term plan as the forecasts for fiscal year 2008 show a substantial decrease in net sales.76 0. In the future.906 106. This is mainly due to the global crisis especially in US market.8 0.000 hybrid cars per year.72 0.595.2 19. The Capital and Business agreement between Sanyo and Panasonic.337 Outlook Sanyo has set a long-term goal of securing 50% of the global market share for hybrid vehicle batteries by 2010.023 82. Its collaboration with Volkswagen is not only expected to increase its product development capability but also provide it with access to the European market. the company aims to capitalise on its technical know-how and to develop the next generation of Ni-MH batteries for new hybrid electric vehicles.06 1.4 20 767.7) (1. completed by May 2009. adds to the capital expenditure that the company is planning.2 361.000 to 20.6 559.16 99875 94. The company has taken a step towards its contribution to the increasing demand of hybrid vehicle batteries.2) (1.3 15.749.3 (384. The company also plans to supply plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) batteries till 2011 as they sense a great demand for PHEVs. It has once again collaborated with Volkswagen to produce lithium-ion battery systems which would cater to 15.9 17.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 20. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 127 .0) 126.389 96.8 1. The decline can be observed from the fourth quarter of the year ending 31 March 2009. Vice-Chairman & CEO Products Lithium-ion polymer batteries Plants Korea Sales Group: KRW45.skenergy.75bn) in 2007 to KRW 992bn (US$788m) in 2008.4bn (US$29. Recent Developments Corporate Strategy The company has shipped its samples to two automobile manufacturers in Korea. Contracts In November 2008. SK Energy is a leading energy and petrochemical company. Additionally. SK Energy focuses on its core energy business. The company witnessed a loss of 39% in pre-tax income from KRW1.12.73bn) the corresponding period of 2007.479. SK Energy is the third company which developed lithium cells in 2005. comprising SK Holdings and SK Energy. The three battery suppliers are to compete to develop 16km and 32km PHEV battery systems.34bn.5bn (US$1. SK Energy seeks future growth by advancing technology and aggressively marketing its product line to expand its market share.933. where the results will be evaluated after three years to select a final developer to produce a 16km PHEV battery system with additional two-year support. SK Corporation was split into a holding company structure. the company reported growth of 65% in sales to KRW45. the Ministry of Knowledge Economy revealed that two project contracts were concluded between Hyundai motor and three battery producers: SK Energy. The investment span period is expected to be over by April 2010. SK Energy reported increase in operating profit by 31% from KRW1.745bn (US$36. Financial Overview For the financial year ended 31 December 2008.34bn) compared to KRW27. LG Chemical and SB LiMotive to develop plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) battery systems. 23 October 2008) to expand the production of lithium-ion battery parts. Chairman & CEO Heon-Cheol Shin.com/ Senior Officers Tae Won Chey. LG Chemical and SK Energy participated in a 16km development project. In March 2007. Outlook Overall. the company plans to compete with the Japanese rivals in the global hybrid car battery market.745bn (US$36.635. The company will operate four major manufacturing facilities to produce lithiumion polymer batteries by 2010.58bn) in 2007 to KRW 1. Seorin-Dong Jongro-Gu 110-110 Korea Tel: 82-02-2121-5114 Fax: 82-02-2121-7001 Internet: http://eng.2008) Employees Group: 5. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 128 . The company is aiming to supply batteries for hybrid cars and is currently testing hybrid car models before they penetrate the market in 2010. SK Energy provided lithium-ion polymer batteries to Toyota.4bn (US$1.664 (January 2008) In July 2007. the company planned to commercialise it within two or three years while pushing for co-operation with more than 10 research institutions in the US and abroad to improve its functions. If the deemed plan proceeds as scheduled then the company will have 20% of the world market share. 31 December 2008) (Year to 31.788.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report SK Energy Batteries Address SK Energy 99. With this success.6bn (US$1.53bn) in 2008. SK Energy planned to invest KRW159bn (US$115m. 1bn (US$878.5bn (US$675. The company considers capacitors as one of the key drivers in the electronics material segment. Financial Overview TDK posted consolidated net sales of ¥866. Senior Vice-President Seiji Enami.03. Nihonbashi. DC-DC converters and other high frequency components • Recording device manufacturing (HDD) • Other electronic component segment (electroluminescent (EL) displays and equipment) In 2008. Europe sales decreased 35.6% of net sales. which include electronic media.7%. Asia and others recorded the maximum increase in © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 129 .4% year-on-year from ¥690. The demand for the same was high this fiscal year which the company was unable to meet. Recent Developments Corporate strategy The company is concentrating mainly on the electronics materials and components sector. Acquisitions • In October 2008. while the operating income increased by 12. Senior Vice-President. In the past the company has developed high efficiency DC-DC converters for hybrid electric cars help to reduce the power loss.12bn (US$424. Capacitors Business Group. EPCOS AG will be operating as TDK’s subsidiary and the existing components business of TDK will be diverted to the new subsidiary. In the hybrid electric vehicle segment. Net income climbed 1. TDK has also been expanding its overseas production.4% of consolidated net sales.5% from ¥79.35% shares of EPCOS. the company provides capacitors for battery control units. Overseas sales increased 3.co.1% from Americas.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report TDK Capacitors Address TDK Corporation 1-13-1. Taiwan (4). 31 March 2007).1bn (US$7.5% from ¥862bn (US$7. Senior Vice-President Shinichi Araya.6% of total sales from Japan. 31 March 2008).5% from Asia & Others.11m) to ¥87. Tokyo 103-8272 Japan Tel: +81 5201 7102 Fax: +81 5201 7114 Internet: http://www. After the Annual General Meeting in June 2009 TDK will merging its component business with EPCOS under a new company name TDK EP Components KK. This will strengthen its electronic materials and components business.4% of 2008 sales) and Recording Media (5. The company owns 94.73bn. Director Raymond Leung.31bn.onyear to ¥57.jp Senior Officers Hajime Sawabe. US (5) Capacitors: Japan (3) Sales Group: ¥866.3bn (US$577.8m). Senior Vice-President Takeshi Nomura. Chairman & CEO Takehiro Kamigama. The company plans to build a new plant for capacitors commencing from March 2009 to meet the demand in the coming years. Ferrite Cores and Magnets • Electronic Devices (inductive devices). up 0.5%.1m).42bn) in 2007 to ¥714. General Manager. hard disk drives and other components. R&D expenditures rose 14. 6.73bn. The company is developing DC-DC converters for electric vehicles and highly durable heat-resistant multilayer ceramic chip capacitors. Sales in Japan decreased by 1. The company’s overseas sales now account for more than 80% of the net sales. Operating income rose 9.03. Minoru Takahashi. DC-AC inverters.9% from ¥70. President & COO Shinji Yoko. Senior Vice-President Takeo Suzuki Senior Vice-President Products Ceramic capacitors Plants Group: Germany.8% from Europe and 64.2bn (US$8. TDK has made an acquisition in this segment. Senior Vice-President Shiro Nomi.212 (31. 6.08) Employees Group: 60. Electronic Materials and Components division is further divided into four segments: • Electronic Materials (capacitors).1bn).7%. New Product Developments: In 2008.1m) to ¥71.tdk. In Americas sales decreased 7.6% year. Hungary. recording devices. Chuo-ku.4bn (US$719.2008) TDK Corporation is a leading manufacturer of electronic components.6m). Japan (11). 2008) (Year to 31. Overseas sales accounted for 82.5% . TDK had 17. Senior Vice-President Takaya Ishigaki.6%). ferrite products. 31 March. TDK acquired Germany based EPCOS AG as a subsidary. 11. Korea (4).2bn (US$8.6% while operating income rose 0. TDK organises its business in two main segments: Electronic Materials and Components (94. In the area of hybrids the company is focusing its R&D activities to develop converters & inverters for hybrid electric cars.6bn (US$6. of Employees 60.923 37.51 Operating Income (US$m) 878. net sales decreased 10.3 No. Year Sales (¥bn) 866.804 No.79 Sales (US$bn) 8.9%. The company is striving to consolidate its position in the market.5m) from ¥56.115 36.28 862. of Employees 60.83 56.8 675. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 130 .5bn) compared with the same period the previous year. this will help company to increase the profitability in the electronics material and component segment.212 51.6%.614 53. Operating income decreased 87.8m). Overall sales did not increase significantly but the amount of investment the company has made to strengthen its core electronic component business may prove to be profitable for the next financial year.10 33.3bn (US$6.9 338 306. The increasing demand for capacitors as the hybrid market is increasing will add to the existing 94.94 R&D Expenditure (US$m) 578.2bn (US$101.31 6.34 32.1 45.4bn (US$26.614 53.10 Net Income (US$m) 720.4 525.30 42. but with the new plant commencing in March 2009 and the new acquisition of EPCOS AG.52 36.73 7.7 374.9 386.923 37.12 44.8 309.59 60.11 6. For the nine-month period ended 31 December.02 795.804 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Year 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Outlook TDK has improved its profitability every year since 2003. to ¥588. while TDK registered a net loss of ¥2.6 Net Income (¥bn) 71.18 657.38 50. to ¥9.3bn (US$501.212 51.85 655.4 594.4% share of the net sales for electronics materials and component business. TDK’s capacitor sales remained flat this fiscal year.09 Operating Income (¥bn) 87.5 R&D Expenditure (¥bn) 57.17 79.46 70.4 556.7 391.5m) in 2007.4%. 2008.115 36.76 6.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report sales of 11% and increase in operating income of 6.4 424.52 59.0 514. • In February 2008. Kanode. Texas 78727 US Tel: +512-527-2900 Fax: +512-527-2910 Internet: http://www. • In March 2008. Valence announced plans to open a new two million ft2 plant in Central Texas (US) to produce lithium iron magnesium phosphate batteries.08) Employees Group: 490 (June 2008) Investments • In April 2009. • In October 2006. telecommunications and military markets. industrial. Enova Systems chose Valence as the supplier of U-charge and Shaphion phosphate technology for its recently won contract to supply Valence Technology was the first company to commercialise lithium phosphate technology for the energy storage industry. UPS. a federal program formed for the development of next-generation cars and trucks to complete the deal. formed a licence agreement to share technology of lithium phosphate cells and intelligent lithium phosphate packs. The third phaseis focusing on the cathode business of the company. Senior Vice-President. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 131 . an intelligent energy source storage system targeted at the electric vehicle (EV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) markets. Suite 950 Austin.77m (Year to 31. Valence’s main sales are generated through the automotive industry. Enova. • In February 2008. The company also offers other products such as cathode powder and materials. The company produces these products at its wholly owned subsidaries in China and with the help of contract manufacturers which helps the company to protect its intellectual property and control operations management. President & Chief Executive Officer Joel Sandahl. The company is waiting for a loan approval of US$608m in low interest from US Department of Energy's Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Incentive Program (ATVMIP). Valence’s international sales amounted to 24% of the total sales. The investment amount would be around US$760m. Engineering Khoon Cheng. Valence and Tianjin Lishen Battery Joint Stock Co.03.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Valence Battery modules Address Valence Technology 12303 Technology Blvd. The company will be working towards the development of lithium vanadium phosphate (LVP) and lithium vanadium phosphate fluoride (LVPF). Ltd. The second phase focuses on the automotive hybrid market. Tanfield will be the first customer to use lithium phosphate epoch technology.000 hybrid vehicles anually. Valence won a multi-year contrat from PVI to supply lithium phosphate battery systems and engineering support for four commercial electric vehicle platforms.. Chief Technology Officer Products Lithium iron magnesium phosphate battery modules Plants China (2) Sales Group: US$20. Some of Valenc’s customers are Smith Electric Vehicles. Joint-Ventures • In June 2007.valence. The facility will have capacity to provide batteries to 250. The production is anticipated to start by 2011 on early approval of loan. Valence’s lithium iron magnesium phosphate technology is one step ahead of the existing lithium-ion battery currently used for hybrid vehicles. These products target the automotive. Contracts • In December 2008. the company won a contract from The Tanfield Group Plc to supply lithium phosphate energy storage system for commercial electric vehicles. It is developing new products. the company announced plans to expand its existing manufacturing capacity of lithium phosphate energy storage systems between US$35m to US$50m by March 2009. aerospace. Recent Developments Corporate Strategy The company has divided its strategy into three phases.com Senior Officers Robert L. Segway and Energy CS. such as Epoch. In 2008. Valence won a contract to supply an additional 600 lithium phosphate energy storage systems to OEMtek to convert Toyota Prius hybrid vehicle into a PHEV. The company caters to electric vehicles ranging from hybrid cars to commerical electric vehicles. 13) Net Income (US$m) (19. this was mainly due to increase in sales and focus on expense reductions throughout the year.68 8. The company recorded a decrease in net loss of 13% to US$19.63 No.77m.21) (27.11 7. Valence’s sales increased by 25% to US$20.44 Operating Income (US$m) (14.67m compared with US$3. but has incurred an operating loss and net loss. Financial Overview For the financial year ended 31 March 2008. It is an advancement in the already existing phosphate based lithium-ion battery with more efficient output for hybrid vehicles.77 16. in financial year 2008 decreased by 1% to US$3.66 9. It has prepared itself for the future demand by working on new technology for vehicles. Nevada (US) facility. consulting expenses and material costs in Las Vegas. Full adoption of the hybrid vehicles. • In November 2007.72) (31.44) (22.64) (27. Overseas sales increased 138% year-on-year from US$2m in 2007 to US$4.25m in 2007. © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 132 .21 10. Operating loss decreased 12% to US$14. compared with US$22. But looking at the global crisis affecting the industry. It has however been able to reduce the loss to some extent by controlling the expenses and increasing sales. expected in 2010. Year Net Sales ( US$m) 20.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report energy storage systems for 21 hybrid school buses in 11 states. such as automotive. temporary staff.9m.43) (54. The company is also looking to the lithium phosphate sector as it has already developed products which would cater to this market and is looking for an opportunity to position itself in various industries.44m during the year.7 5. might take longer.95) R&D Expenditure (US$m) 3.35m in 2008 from US$16.67 17. the company might not be able to gain much from the industry in the coming financial year.35) (16. Valence launched a new technology called Epoch. New Product Developments Valence’s expenditure on research and development. The company has been generating good sales year-on-year. aerospace. of Employees 490 311 419 423 260 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 Outlook The company is looking to the emerging market of hybrid vehicles for its future growth. as the hybrid vehicles are more costly than normal vehicles.75) (51.25) (32.67 3. industrial and military with the help of these products. Automotive industry is the main business area of Valence.7m in 2007.21m in 2007. The year-on-year decrease in research and development expenditure was due to cessation of process development work in Northern Ireland facility and reductions in research headcount. S. 2780‐666.pereira@autosil. A.com Power Storage System Components Batteries Phone Fax Contact Email Website Product Category Products Company Address Phone Fax Contact Email Website Product Category Products A123 Systems Energy Solutions Group 10 Avenue E.a123systems. United States +1 617 778 5700 +1 617 924 8910 David Vieau sales@a123systems. Massachusetts. (Autosil) Estrada De Paηo D' Arcos. Alor Setar. Paηo De Arcos. Komasu Battery Technology Sdn Bhd 8.pt www.askomasu.com www.A. Portugal +351 21 440 9302 +351 21 440 9384 Angelina Pereira angelina.com Power Storage System Components Litium‐Ion Batteries © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 133 . 01748.my www.pt Power Storage System Components Lead Acid Batteries Company Address A. Silva. Jalan Utara 2. Kawasan Perusahaan Mergong.autosil. Jalan Lencong Barat. Kedah Darul Aman. 5150.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Power Storage System Components Global Supplier Directory Company Address Phone Fax Contact Email Website Product Category Products A. Malaysia +60 4 7338942 +60 4 7337651 Theoh Kean Hin
[email protected]. Hopkinton. 48.S. 400‐230.able‐battery.br Power Storage System Components Batteries Company Address Phone Fax Contact Email Website Product Category Products Advanced Battery Technologies 21 West 39Th Street.com.br www. 17034‐290. Rua Joaquim Marques Figueiredo. Suite 2A.com. Ltd Able Industrial Zone. Baoan District.cn Power Storage System Components Batteries © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 134 .The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Company Address Phone Fax Email Website Product Category Products Able New Energy Co.ajax. Shenzhen. Bauru. 54.br www. New York. New York.moura. Jaboatγo Dos Guararapes. United States +1 212 391 2752 +1 212 391 2751 Zhiguo Fu info@abat. Sγo Paulo..com Power Storage System Components Lithium Thionyl‐Chloride Batteries Company Address Phone Fax Contact Email Website Product Category Products Acumuladores Ajax Ltda.cn www.abat. Guanlan Town. Rua Hermνnio Alves De Queiroz. 5‐57 ‐ Distrito Industrial.com www. Xintang Village. Brazil +55 14 2106 3000 +55 14 2106 3000 Nasser Imbraνm Farat atendimento@ajax. China +86 755 29807563 +86 755 29807510 xzhang@ultralifecorp. 65.com. 10018.com. Brazil +55 81 2121 1600 +55 81 2121 1644 Roberto Delfino Martins
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[email protected] www. 96231.akom. 8900.hu Power Storage System Components Batteries Company Address Phone Fax Contact Email Website Product Category Products Akkumulatorenfabrik Moll Gmbh & Co. Irkutsk. 5. 445359. Kiserdei Ϊt.akksi. Bad Staffelstein. Russia +7 3952 56 34 34 +7 3952 56 34 30 export@aktex.. Hungary +36 92 315 731 +36 92 346 322 info@akksi. Samara.aktex.ru www.moll‐batterien. Russia +7 8482 31 64 00 +7 84862 7 14 00 www. Otvajnyy St.de Power Storage System Components Batteries Company Address Phone Fax Email Website Product Category Products Akkumulyatornye Tehnologii 291.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Company Address Phone Fax Email Website Product Category Products Akksi Ipari‐ Ιs Kereskedelmi Kft.su © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 135 .ru Power Storage System Components Batteries Company Address Phone Fax Email Website Product Category Products Akom 22. Kg Angerstraίe 50. Zhigulevsk. Baikalskaya Str.hu www. 2000.co. United States +1 775 858 3742 +1 775 856 1619 Robert Pedraza rpedraza@altairnano. Einspielerjeva 31.akubat. Antolskα 55. India +91 40 2368 3000 +91 40 2311 8219 amararaja@amararaja. Nevada.O.altairnano. Banskα Štiavnica. Hyderabad.com www. Reno.in Power Storage System Components Batteries © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 136 . Kondapur. Hitech City.com Power Storage System Components Energy Storge System Company Address Phone Fax Email Website Product Category Products Amara Raja Batteries Ltd Fifth Floor. Maribor.sk www.akutrade.R. Astra Towers. 89502‐2306. Slovakia +421 45 6921046 +421 45 6921017 akutrade@akutrade. Slovenia +386 2 2345430 +386 2 2345435 Damjan Trost damjan. S. 969 01.O.in www.si Power Storage System Components Batteries Company Address Phone Fax Email Website Product Category Products Akutrade.amararaja.trost@akubat. Andhra Pradesh.co.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Company Address Phone Fax Contact Email Website Product Category Products Akubat D.si www.sk Power Storage System Components Accumulator Batteries Company Address Phone Fax Contact Email Website Product Category Products Altair Nanotechnologies 204 Edison Way. 12P. 500038.O. a‐mega. Addison Building. 238 Suksawad Road.in Power Storage System Components Batteries Phone Fax Contact Email Website Product Category Products Company Address Phone Fax Email Website Product Category Products A‐Mega Ltd Kalinin Str.com Power Storage System Components Batteries Company Address Phone Fax Email Product Category Products Anxi Minhua Batteries Co.co. Ltd Longqiao Industy Zone.qz. Donetsk. 85102.com www. #803. China +86 595 23235550 +86 595 23235321
[email protected] Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Company Address Amco Batteries Limited Auto Battery Marketing Division.amco. Chennai. 1А. Fujian. Konstantinovka.com. Ananthnarayan abmd@amco.. Anna Salai. Samutprakarn. Ltd.in www.ua www. Anxi County. Quanzhou.cn Batteries Power Storage System Components © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 137 . Thailand +66 28162500 +66 28160853 Chaiyan Namsap‐Anan
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[email protected]@om.C.asahi‐kasei. 1018101. Japan +81 3 3296 3911 +81 3 3296 3912 fujita.I.N° 83.ar www.jp www.ar Power Storage System Components Batteries © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 138 .autobat.co.kr www. Parque Industrial Tortuguitas.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Company Address Phone Fax Email Website Product Category Products Asahi Kasei Emd Corporation 1‐105 Kanda Jinbocho. 3789.atlasbx.com. 306 802.co. Taejon‐Si.assad.co.jp Power Storage System Components Separator For Lithium‐Ion Batteries Company Address Phone Fax Contact Email Website Product Category Products Assad International Z. Linz. Energy Storage Components Company Address Phone Fax Contact Email Website Product Category Products Banner Gmbh Banner Straίe 1.com www. A‐4021. Mangal Murthy.bannerbatterien.pl Power Storage System Components Lead‐Acid Starter Batteries Company Address Phone Contact Email Website Product Category Products Axion Power Internatinal 100 Caster Avenue. Maharashtra. Austria +43 732 38 88 0 +43 732 38 88 21399 Andreas Bawart andreas.com Power Storage System Components Batteries Company Address Base Corporation Limited 686.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Company Address Phone Fax Contact Email Website Product Category Products Autopart Spσłka Akcyjna Kwiatkowskiego 2A.axionpower.com Power Storage System Components Lead‐Acid Batteries.autopart. 39 300.basecorporation. L4L5Y9.com www.pl www. 411037. Ontario. Woodbridge. Pune. Poland +48 17 583 19 91 +48 17 788 72 12 Monika Bąk monikab@autopart. Behind Chandralok Hospital. India +91 20 24230770 +91 20 24230771 pun@basecorporation. Mielec.com Power Storage System Components Lead Acid Batteries Phone Fax Email Website Product Category Products © SupplierBusiness Ltd 2009 139 . Bibwewadi.bawart@bannerbatterien. Chandrika Society. Canada +1 905 264 1991 Thomas Granville
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[email protected] www.69. Romania +40 21 2314444 +40 21 2310750 Aristide Caranda office@caranda. Po Box 55. Dallas. United States +1 248 307 1800 +1 248 597 0900 Prabhakar Patil inquiries@compactpower. 48083.compactpower. 335# Tiyuchang Rd.com Power Storage System Components Litium‐Ion Batteries Company Address Phone Fax Contact Email Website Product Category Products Continental Batteries 4919 Woodall St. Hangzhou. United States +1 214 631 5701 +1 214 634 7846 Jim Mccann jmccann@continentalbattery. 75247.com.com Power Storage System Components Energy Storge System Company Address Phone Fax Contact Email Website Product Category Products Compact Power 1857 Technology Drive.continentalbattery. 310003.The Electric Vehicles and Battery Technology Report Company Address Phone Fax Contact Email Website Product Category Products Cobasyas 3740 Lapeer Road South. 48359. China +86 571 85153201 +86 571 85153293 Chen Xiangbin crepower@zgb. Michigan. Troy. Texas. Michigan.com www. United States +1 248 620 5700 +1 248 620 5702 Thomas Neslage
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