Lo g in / create acco untArticle Talk Read Edit View history Personality psychology Fro m Wikipedia, the free encyclo pedia Navigatio n Main page Co ntents Featured co ntent Current events Rando m article Do nate to Wikipedia Interactio n Help Abo ut Wikipedia Co mmunity po rtal Recent changes Co ntact Wikipedia To o lbo x What links here Related changes Uplo ad file Special pages Permanent link Cite this page Print/expo rt Create a bo o k Personalit y psychology is a branch of psychology that studies personality and individual differences. Its areas of focus include: Psychology Constructing a coherent picture of the individual and his or her major psychological processes* Investigating individual differences - how people are unique Investigating human nature - how people are alike "Personality" can be defined as a dynamic and organiz ed set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, emotions, motivations, and behaviors in various situations. The word "personality" originates from the Latin persona, which means mask. Significantly, in the theatre of the ancient Latin- speaking world, the mask was not used as a plot device to disguise the identity of a character, but rather was a convention employed to represent or typify that character. Personality may also refer to the patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors consistently exhibited by an individual over time that strongly influence our expectations, selfperceptions, values and attitudes, and predicts our reactions to people, problems and stress. In a phrase, personality is not just who we are, Gordon Allport (1937) described two major ways to study personality: the nomothetic and the idiographic. Nomothetic psychology seeks general laws that can be applied to many different people, such as the principle of self- actualiz ation, or the trait of extraversion. Idiographic psychology is an attempt to understand the unique aspects of a particular individual. History · Subfields · Basic scie nce Abnormal · Biological · Cognitive · Comparative · Cultural · Differential · Developmental · Evolutionary · Experimental · Mathematical · Pe rso nalit y · Positive · Social · Applie d scie nce Applied behavior analysis · Clinical · Community · Consumer · Educational · Health · Industrial and organiz ational · Legal · Military · Occupational health · Political · Religion · School · Sport · List s Disciplines · Organiz ations · Outline · Psychologists · Psychotherapies · Publications · Research methods · Theories · Timeline · Topics · The study of personality has a broad and varied history in psychology, with an abundance of theoretical traditions. The major theories include dispositional (trait) perspective, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, behaviorist and social learning perspective. There is no consensus on the Po rt al definition of "personality" in psychology. Most researchers and psychologists do not explicitly V · T· E · identify themselves with a certain perspective and often take an eclectic approach. Some research is empirically driven such as the "Big 5" personality model whereas other research emphasiz es theory development such as psychodynamics. There is also a substantial emphasis on the applied field of personality testing. In psychological education and training, the study of the nature of personality and its psychological development is usually reviewed as a prerequisite to courses in abnormal or clinical psychology. PDFmyURL.com One of the forerunners in this arena is C. Behaviorists and cognitive theorists. The study of personality is not a purely empirical discipline. Act ive versus React ive PDFmyURL. environmental. and philosophy to draw general conclusions. science. 3. There is evidence for all possibilities. by environment and experiences. The following five categories are some of the most fundamental philosophical assumptions on which theorists disagree: 1. or if our behavior is causally determined by forces beyond our control. 4. and Carl Rogers were all advocates of the uniqueness of individuals.3 Psycho analytic theo ries Català 2.7 Bio psycho lo gical theo ries Españo l 3 Perso nality tests ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ 4 Perso nality and inner experience Français 5 See also िह दी 6 No tes Íslenska 7 References ע ברית 8 Further reading Lietuvių 9 External links Македо нски മലയാളം ﻣﺎِزروﻧﯽ Nederlands 日本語 No rsk (bo kmål) Po lski Po rtuguês Ro mână Русский ංහල Slo venčina Српски / Srpski Suo mi Svenska த ไทย 中文 Philosophical assumptions [edit] Many of the ideas developed by historical and modern personality theorists stem from the basic philosophical assumptions they hold.6 Humanistic theo ries Deutsch 2. Contemporary research suggests that most personality traits are based on the joint influence of genetics and environment. it being considered unconscious. Uniqueness versus Universalit y The argument over whether we are all unique individuals ( Uniqueness) or if humans are basically similar in their nature ( Universality).2 Type theo ries Български 2. Heredit y versus Environment Personality is thought to be determined largely by genetics and biology. in contrast.com .Do wnlo ad as PDF Printable versio n Languages Co nt e nt s 1 Philo so phical assumptio ns 2 Perso nality theo ries 2. 2.efficacy. Freedom versus Det erminism This is the debate over whether we have control over our own behavior and understand the motives behind it.4 Behavio rist theo ries Česky 2. emphasiz ed the importance of universal principles such as reinforcement and self.5 So cial co gnitive theo ries Dansk 2. or by some combination resulting thereof. Abraham Maslow.1 Trait theo ries اﻟﻌرﺑﯾ ﺔ 2. or biological by various theories. Robert Cloninger with the Temperament and Character model. Gordon Allport . as it brings in elements of art. dimension personality model. Gordon Allport delineated different kinds of traits. and situations. while secondary traits are more peripheral. Trait theories [edit] According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association. Common traits are those recogniz ed within a culture and thus may vary from culture to culture. is simply extraversion and introversion (outgoing and physical. the Big Five factors have the weight of a considerable amount of empirical research behind them. or learning. PDFmyURL. building on the work of Cattell and others. Central traits are basic to an individual's personality. practical. and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal contexts. Personality theories [edit] Critics of personality theory claim personality is "plastic" across time. most personality theories emphasiz e stability over fluctuation. significant events. with Cattell using oblique. or if they are doomed to remain the same throughout their lives (Pessimism). whereas humanistic and cognitive theorists believe that humans are more active.com . and therefore engage in certain patterns of behaviour".stimulation. and interested in variety vs. He stated personality to be "an individual's predisposition to think certain patterns of thought. medical effects. observed as far back as the ancient Greeks. moods. Theories that place a great deal of emphasis on learning are often.averse). more optimistic than theories that do not emphasiz e learning. Raymond Cat t ell's research propagated a two. Behavioral theorists typically believe that humans are passively shaped by their environments. Cardinal traits are those by which an individual may be strongly recogniz ed. personality traits are "enduring patterns of perceiving. The most common models of traits incorporate three to five broad dimensions or factors. Lewis Goldberg proposed a five. The least controversial dimension. Today. nicknamed the "Big Five": 1." Hans Eysenck believed just three traits—extraversion. The definition of personality that is most widely supported to date is attributed to the neurologist Paul Roe. which he also called dispositions.stimulation. b) traits differ among individuals (for instance. some people are outgoing while others are reserved). and interested in routine. quiet and physical. Eysenck orthogonal rotation to analyz e the factors that emerged when personality questionnaires were subjected to statistical analysis. places.oriented vs. and c) traits influence behavior. Openness t o Experience: the tendency to be imaginative." Theorists generally assume a) traits are relatively stable over time. relating to.Do we primarily act through our own initiative ( Active). conforming. neuroticism and psychoticism—were sufficient to describe human personality. 5. or react to outside stimuli. but not always. Changes in personality may indeed result from diet (or lack thereof).tiered personality structure with sixteen "primary factors" (16 Personality Factors) and five "secondary factors. Differences between Cattell and Eysenck emerged due to preferences for different forms of factor analysis . Opt imist ic versus Pessimist ic Personality theories differ on whether people can change their personalities ( Optimism). independent. However. Extraversion (X). power. careless. insecure. does propose biological mechanisms as driving traits. The three dimensions . Agreeableness: the tendency to be softhearted. no definitive conclusions have been established. so the best comparisons are found using twins. It is important to remember that traits are statistical generaliz ations that do not always correspond to an individual's behavior. and self.[2] John L. Agreeableness (A). materialistic. anxious. trait models often underestimate the effect of specific situations on people's behavior. however. and helpful vs.Humility (H). "Biologically related children who are separated after birth and raised in different families live in non.pitying [1] The Big Five contain important dimensions of personality. with adjacent types more closely related than those more distant.shared environment means completely different environment for both subjects. boastful and pompous.Extraversion. deceitful. Ext raversion: the tendency to be sociable. secure. and impulsive. and friends. Neurot icism: the tendency to be calm. pretentious. some personality researchers argue that this list of major traits is not exhaustive. Specifically.Humility. Some support has been found for two additional factors: excellent/ordinary and evil/decent.Humility (H) factor as differentiating the HEXACO model from other personality frameworks. modest/unassuming. Emotionality and Agreeableness differ from the Neuroticism and Agreeableness factors of the Big Five Model. honest. 3. and modern behavior genetics researchers have shown a clear genetic substrate to them. VERSUS sly.twins to change.[vague] Another potential weakness of trait theories is that they may lead some people to accept oversimplified classifications—or worse. To answer the questions as to whether change PDFmyURL. fair. Ashton and Lee especially emphasiz e the Honesty.twins would be more similar than diz ygotic co. However. faithful/loyal. 5. without keeping in mind the direction of the change Age differences create more variables even within a family. Emotionality (E).shared environments. offer advice—based on a superficial analysis of personality. and affectionate vs. and Openness to Experience (O).seeking and unethical tendencies. and disciplined vs. Vulnerability was a factor in this study that was taken into consideration regarding the issue of genetic influences on vulnerability. Conscient iousness: the tendency to be organiz ed. The study concluded that the monoz ygotic co. trusting. Eysenck's theory. fun. The HEXACO personality traits/factors are: Honesty. and uncooperative. the H factor is described as sincere. proposed a six dimensional HEXACO Model of Personality Structure . in the HEXACO model. greedy. Finally. Honesty. ruthless.2. retiring.satisfied vs. somber. suspicious.loving. Holland's RIASEC vocational model. careful. disorganiz ed. hypocritical.twins in change over time. The model is widely used in vocational counseling. The H factor has been linked to criminal. in 2008. Twins typically share a family environment called a shared environment because they may share other aspects like teachers. commonly referred to as the Holland Codes." Identical twins separated at birth and raised in different families constitute the best cases for heredity and personality because similarities between the two are due only to genetic influences. the six types are represented as a hexagon. Trait models have been criticiz ed as being purely descriptive and offering little explanation of the underlying causes of personality.twins to change in the same way over the period of time? Are there genetic influences on the tendency of the co. In this circumplex model. A non.minded. and reserved. and self.com . Does the importance of genetic influences on personality characteristics change across the 5 year period? Are genetic influences important for the likeliness of co. Conscientiousness (C). However. However. school.[1] Michael Ashton and Kibeom Lee. Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience are considered to be basically the same as their counterpart dimensions in the Big Five Model. 4. stipulates that six personality traits lead people to choose their career paths. adoption.[3][4] A link was found between the personality trait of neuroticism and a polymorphism called 5. values. but this association was not replicated in larger studies. or their adoptive parents. the minute shared. there are two types of people. manners and politics. For example. Environment is also not completely responsible for an outcome in personality. it is not surprising. the discovery was that people who grow up together. Those are also influenced by the environment and behaviors they are surrounded by. In characteristics such as extroversion and agreeableness. who share the same genes.[9] In the former Soviet Union. child neglect and abuse and even divorce between the parents is uncommon. a person's height is affected by genetics. According to trait theories.[8] This model was later used by David Keirsey with a different understanding from Jung. Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother. introversion and extraversion are part of a continuous dimension.[7] Type theories [edit] Personality type refers to the psychological classification of different types of people. Briggs and Myers. which come in different levels or degrees. who share the same home environment? And consequently to sharing that home environment. This creates two groups: genetic relatives (biological parents and siblings) and environmental relatives (adoptive parents and siblings). introverts and extraverts. So the question can be asked. In accordance to that. despite a somewhat greater risk of psychological disorder. with many people in the middle.twins. a real. delineated personality types by constructing the Myers. the data concluded that there was no significant differences for either variances between the monoz ygotic and diz ygotic co.Briggs Type Indicator. Travis Bradberry's Self-Awareness .environment effects do not mean that adoptive parenting is ineffective. or the genetic make up of an organism. Briggs. Personality types are distinguished from personality traits. The model is an older and more theoretical approach to personality. seven out of eight have reported feeling a strong connection with one or even both of their adoptive parents. Building on the writings and observations of Jung. Jung's seminal 1921 book on the subject is available in English as Psychological Types . Even though genetics may limit the family environment's influence on personality.is genetically influenced through personality. adoptees are more like their biological parents than to their adoptive parents.life experiment.[6] Another factor that can be addressed is biological versus adoptive relatives. The idea of psychological types originated in the theoretical work of Carl Jung [citation needed] and William Marston. However. Lithuanian Aušra Augustinavičiūtė independently derived a model of personality type from Jung's called Socionics. parents do influence their children's attitudes. most adopted children excel. do not much resemble one another in personality.HTTLPR in the serotonin transporter gene. influence but don't fully decide the physical traits of a person. especially when they're adopted as infants. whose work is reviewed in Dr. accepting extraversion and introversion as basic psychological PDFmyURL. but if a subject with a strong biological background of alcoholism in their family tree is never exposed to alcohol.[5] Other candidate gene studies have provided weak evidence that some personality traits are related to AVPR1A ("ruthlessness gene") and MAOA ("Warrior gene"). are adopted children more like their biological parents. but if they are malnourished growth will be stunted no matter what their genetic coding says. In adoptive homes. For example. do those adopted siblings come to share traits as well? After studying hundreds of adoptive families. whether biologically related or not.com . faith. according to type theories. Genotypes. In fact. Katharine C. they will not be so inclined regardless of their genome. during World War II. An example from "Psychobiology of Personality" by Marvin Zuckerman is alcoholism: Studies suggest that alcoholism is an inherited disease. oriented facts vs. the superego(conscience) inculcates moral judgment and societal rules upon the ego. The id acts according to the pleasure principle. Psychoanalytic theories [edit] Psychoanalytic theories explain human behaviour in terms of the interaction of various components of personality. hard. Finally. and is the embodiment of parental/social ideals PDFmyURL. Freud drew on the physics of his day (thermodynamics) to coin the term psychodynamics. (It should be noted. he proposed psychic energy could be converted into behavior.factor view." [11]) Some critics have argued for more or fewer dimensions while others have proposed entirely different theories (often assuming different definitions of "personality"). Type A and Type B personalit y t heory : During the 1950s. sensory. and divided into the "NT" (scientist. demanding immediate gratification of its needs regardless of external environment. the sensing/intuition preference is considered the most basic. Based on the idea of converting heat into mechanical energy. but rather what Myers and McCaulley called the "shoes. however. that the MBTI is not designed to measure the "work self". is assumed to be guided more by the judgment/perception axis. the ego then must emerge in order to realistically meet the wishes and demands of the id in accordance with the outside world. considering the effect on people). trust in abstract concepts and imagined possibilities) Judging functions: thinking and feeling (basing decisions primarily on logic vs. by contrast. There was also a Type AB mixed profile. with the other two factors in each case (including always extraversion/introversion) less important. Freud divides human personality into three significant components: the id. In these more traditional models. and thus may arise more from the need to categoriz e people for purposes of guiding their career choice. adhering to the reality principle. less competitive. and super. Critics of this traditional view have observed that the types can be quite strongly stereotyped by professions (although neither Myers nor Keirsey engaged in such stereotyping in their type descriptions [8][9]).com .[8] This personality typology has some aspects of a trait theory: it explains people's behaviour in terms of opposite fixed characteristics. An "S". and lower in risk. traditionalist) or "SP" (performer. engineer) or "NF" (author. The superego is the last function of the personality to develop.off self. unconscious psychological conflicts. and thus divided into the "SJ" (guardian.[10] This among other objections led to the emergence of the five.workers defined what they called Type A and Type B behavior patterns. dividing people into "N" (intuitive) or "S" (sensing) personality types.ego. humanitarian) temperament. which is less concerned with behavior under work conditions and more concerned with behavior in personal and emotional circumstances. artisan) temperament. They theoriz ed that intense. thus forcing the demands of the id to be met not only realistically but morally. Briggs and Myers also added another personality dimension to their type indicator to measure whether a person prefers to use a judging or perceiving function when interacting with the external world. Meyer Friedman and his co. Freud's theory places central importance on dynamic. Sigmund Freud was the founder of this school.[9] These four are considered basic.orientations in connection with two pairs of psychological functions: Perceiving functions: sensing and intuition (trust in concrete. An "N" is further assumed to be guided either by thinking or feeling. ego. on the other hand.driving Type A personalities had a higher risk of coronary disease because they are "stress junkies. Therefore they included questions designed to indicate whether someone wishes to come to conclusions (judgment) or to keep options open (perception). tended to be relaxed." Type B people. and consequences. He believed the middle children were competitive and ambitious possibly so they are able to surpass the first. He also believed that the only child loves being the center of attention and matures quickly. values. Heinz Kohut thought similarly to Freud's idea of transference. These experiences allow them to thereby learn the self. Skinner put forward a "three term contingency model" which helped promote analysis of behavior based on the "Stimulus . The "real self" is how you really are with regards to personality. According to Freud.preservation) and "Thanatos" (death. Behaviorist theories [edit] Behaviorists explain personality in terms of the effects external stimuli have on behavior. Freud proposed five psychosexual stages of personality development. Alfred Adler . F. Another important figure in the world of personality theory was Karen Horney. Skinner believed children do bad things because the behavior obtains attention that serves as a reinforcer. personality is based on the dynamic interactions of these three components. Ideal self would be "I can be successful. These are the response. One of Sigmund Freud's earlier associates. and believed birth order may influence personality development. I am CEO material".soothing and other skills that are necessary for the development of a healthy sense of self. They also need to have their self. which ensues from the "Eros" (sex. For example: a child cries because the child's crying in the past has led to attention. She believes all people have these two views of their own self.object transferences' of mirroring and idealiz ation. He used narcissism as a model of how we develop our sense of self.established during childhood.worth mirrored by these people. are major components of his theory. with not much chance of high promotion". children need to idealiz e and emotionally "sink into" and identify with the idealiz ed competence of admired figures such as parents or older siblings. and real self would be "I just work in the mail room.annihilation) drives respectively. He believed adult personality is dependent upon early childhood experiences and largely determined by age five.com . but the "ideal self" is a construct you apply to yourself to conform to social and personal norms and goals.[12] The channeling and release of sexual (libidal) and aggressive energies.[12] Fixations that develop during the Infantile stage contribute to adult personality and behavior. Adler believed the oldest was the one that set high goals to achieve to get the attention they lost back when the younger siblings were born. According to this theory. He also believed the last born would be more dependent and sociable but be the baby. instinctual self. It was a radical shift away from Freudian philosophy. She is credited with the development of the " real self" and the "ideal self". but in the end fails to become independent. and morals.Consequence Model" in which the critical question is: "Under which circumstances or antecedent 'stimuli' does the organism engage in a particular behavior or 'response'. which in turn produces a PDFmyURL. did agree with Freud that early childhood experiences are important to development. In other words. Skinner who put forth a model which emphasiz ed the mutual interaction of the person or "the organism" with its environment. The response is the child crying. Narcissism is the exaggerated sense of one self in which one is believed to exist in order to protect one's low self esteem and sense of worthlessness. people's behavior is formed by processes such as operant conditioning .born's achievements. instinctual self. Kohut had a significant impact on the field by extending Freud's theory of narcissism and introducing what he called the 'self.[12] It is important to note that Freud's broad understanding of sexuality included all kinds of pleasurable feelings experienced by the human body. but were not as much concerned about the glory. This school of thought was developed by B.Response . and the attention that child gets is the reinforcing consequence. especially those about other people. [17] the Real Events Attributional Style Questionnaire [18] and the Attributional Style Assessment Test. most famously that of Kenneth Wallston and his colleagues. The people observing these children at play saw a group of children beating the doll.particular 'consequence'?" Richard Herrnstein extended this theory by accounting for attitudes and traits. response strength in a given situation accounts for the environmental portion. He then showed this video to a class of kindergarten children who were getting ready to go out to play.[19] Achievement style theory focuses upon identification of an individual's Locus of Control tendency. Ivan Pavlov is another notable influence. He called this study and his findings observational learning.behavioral language. and some hammers. When they entered the play room. Early examples of approaches to cognitive style are listed by Baron (1982). and was found by Cassandra Bolyard Whyte to provide valuable information for improving academic performance of students. Gardner's (1953) discovering people had consistent preference for the number of categories they used to categorise heterogeneous objects. such as by Rotter's evaluations. but extends it by stating we also need to consider whether people attribute to stable causes or variable causes. The Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale. behavior is explained as guided by cognitions (e. expectations) about the world. presenting an achievement personality. and to global causes or specific causes. Baron relates early development of cognitive approaches of personality to ego psychology. Rather than describing conditionable traits in non. Locus of control scales include those used by Rotter and later by Duttweiler. [16] the Attributions Questionnaire. Albert Bandura . a social learning theorist suggested the forces of memory and emotions worked in conjunction with environmental influences. Cognitive theories are theories of personality that emphasiz e cognitive processes such as thinking and judging. He is well known for his classical conditioning experiments involving dogs. they saw bobo dolls. and Block and Petersen's (1955) work on confidence in line discrimination judgments.com . [15] the Expanded Attributional Style Questionnaire.[20] Individuals with internal control tendencies are likely to persist to better academic performance levels.[14] Attributional style has been assessed by the Attributional Style Questionnaire. This approach builds upon locus of control. Whyte [20] Recognition that the tendency to believe that hard work and persistence often results in attainment of life and academic goals has PDFmyURL. Various scales have been developed to assess both attributional style and locus of control. or modeling. During these experiments. These include Witkin's (1965) work on field dependency. Bandura video taped a college student kicking and verbally abusing a bobo doll.g. the Nowicki and Strickland (1973) Locus of Control Scale for Children and various locus of control scales specifically in the health domain. Bandura was known mostly for his "Bobo Doll experiment". These physiological studies led him to discover the foundation of behaviorism as well as classical conditioning. Herrstein also saw traits as having a large genetic or biological component as do most modern behaviorists. An attitude develops as the response strength (the tendency to respond) in the presences of a group of stimuli become stable. More central to this field have been: Attributional style theory [13] dealing with different ways in which people explain events in their lives. according to Cassandra B. Social cognitive theories [edit] In cognitive theory. definitive factors that determine PDFmyURL. Dichotomy Corollary: A person's construction system is composed of a finite number of dichotomous constructs. whatever the setting.com . and self. often results in the incorporation of a more positive achievement style by students and employees. A Theory of Personality . Commonality Corollary: To the extent that one person employs a construction of experience which is similar to that employed by another. 103–104: Fundamental Postulate: A person's processes are psychologically channeliz ed by the ways in which the person anticipates events. Organiz ation Corollary: Each person characteristically evolves. pp. or justice programming. Accordingly. Range Corollary: A construct is convenient for the anticipation of a finite range of events only. Kelly derived a psychotherapy approach and also a technique called The Repertory Grid Interview that helped his patients to uncover their own "constructs" (defined later) with minimal intervention or interpretation by the therapist. goal. Construction Corollary: A person anticipates events by construing their replications.making and interpretation of other people's world. Fragmentation Corollary: A person may successively employ a variety of construction subsystems which are inferentially incompatible with each other. affect. a construction system embracing ordinal relationships between constructs.regulatory beliefs. Modulation Corollary: The variation in a person's construction system is limited by the permeability of the constructs within whose ranges of conveniences the variants lie.views. Individuality Corollary: People differ from one another in their construction of events. [21] Counseling aimed toward encouraging individuals to design ambitious goals and work toward them. to include higher education. His work refers to "Cognitive Affective Units". humanistic psychology focuses on subjective experiences of persons as opposed to forced. including decision. Personal Const ruct Psychology (PCP) is a theory of personality developed by the American psychologist George Kelly in the 1950s. Humanistic theories [edit] In humanistic psychology it is emphasiz ed people have free will and they play an active role in determining how they behave. that person may play a role in a social process involving the other person. From the theory. The term "Cognitive Affective Units" shows how his approach considers affect as well as cognition. and considers factors such as encoding of stimuli. Choice Corollary: People choose for themselves the particular alternative in a dichotomiz ed construct through which they anticipate the greater possibility for extension and definition of their system.setting. for convenience in anticipating events. From his 1963 book. Sociality Corollary: To the extent that one person construes another's construction processes. the psychological processes of the two individuals are similar to each other.influenced formal educational and counseling efforts with students of various ages and in various settings since the 1970's research about achievement. workplace.[22] [21] Walter Mischel (1999) has also defended a cognitive approach to personality. Experience Corollary: A person's construction system varies as the person successively construes the replication of events. The Repertory Grid was later adapted for various uses within organiz ations. with recognition that there are external factors that may impact. actualiz ing persons". In an 1848 accident. Awareness . Maslow and Rogers emphasiz ed a view of the person as an active. may invoke a peak experience. 2. but rather view humanistic theories as positive and optimistic proposals which stress the tendency of the human personality toward growth and self.actualiz ing (growth.they have tendency to be concerned with "problems" in their surroundings. One of the founders of this PDFmyURL.maintaining constant enjoyment and awe of life. Intense concentration on an activity one is involved in. This progressing self will remain the center of its constantly changing world. pessimistic outlook of those in the Freudian psychoanalysis ranks. A peak experience is one in which an individual perceives an expansion of his or herself. satisfaction) views. such as running a marathon. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers were proponents of this view. This allows for an individualiz ed approach to therapy. although descriptions [24] of these psychological changes are usually exaggerated. a large iron rod was driven through Gage's head. Maslow believes all who are interested in growth move towards self. 4.he stressed the reflective or empathetic response. relationships.they accept their surroundings and what cannot be changed. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and more recently functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI).[25][26] In general. He defined a peak experience as an "intensification of any experience to the degree there is a loss or transcendence of self". Characteristics of self. Biopsychological theories [edit] Some of the earliest thinking about possible biological bases of personality grew out of the case of Phineas Gage. This understanding attempts to reduce the acceptance of hopeless redundancy.behavior. which can be viewed as offensive. These individuals often experienced a "peak experience". They have friends of all backgrounds and religions and hold very close friendships. An example of a reflective response would be. "It seems you are feeling anxious about your upcoming marriage". which is based on the "phenomenal field" theory of Combs and Snygg (1949). Unhost ile sense of humor/democrat ic . 3. Rogers tried to model a particular approach to therapy. experiencing human being who lives in the present and subjectively responds to current perceptions.they do not like joking about others. Rather. Humanistic therapy typically relies on the client for information of the past and its effect on the present.[23] Maslow spent much of his time studying what he called "self. Rogers found patients differ in how they respond to other people.actualiz ation. In the 1990s. researchers began to use Electroencephalography (EEG). This response type takes the client's viewpoint and reflects back his or her feeling and the context for it. Realit y and problem cent ered . and detects a unity and meaningfulness in life. This response type seeks to clarify the therapist's understanding while also encouraging the client to think more deeply and seek to fully understand the feelings they have expressed. Many of these people demonstrate a trend in dimensions of their personalities. happiness. the self has opportunity for maturation based on its encounters with this world. which is now the most widely used imaging technique to help localiz e personality traits in the brain. a world that will help mold the self but not necessarily confine it.com . Accept ance/Spont aneit y . patients with brain damage have been difficult to find and study. They disagree with the dark. and his personality apparently changed as a result. and encounters. therefore the client dictates the type of guidance the therapist may initiate. creative.actualiz ers according to Maslow include the four key dimensions: 1. those who are "fulfilling themselves and doing the best they are capable of doing". Psychology has traditionally defined personality through behavioral patterns.[29] In analyz ing the mental freez e. inability to organiz e visual. he has found significant variation in inner mental life.) [2 7] unconscious and assess an individual by how he or she responds to an ambiguous stimulus. Critics have pointed to the Forer effect to suggest some of these appear to be more accurate and discriminating than they really are. Las Vegas has studied personality by having individuals record their individual experiences at random times throughout the day. created by Codrin Stefan Tapu.area of brain research is Richard Davidson of the University of Wisconsin–Madison.frames that his subjects report. linking brain and environmental factors to specific types of activity.verbal learning disorder). Object ive tests assume personality is consciously accessible and measure it by self. is the hypostatic model of personality. Davidson's research lab has focused on the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala in manifesting human personality. and several correlations with behavioral patterns. biopsychosocial approach to personality and psychopathology. which is marked by the impairment of nonverbal information controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain.[clarification needed] Frequently. See also Big Five personality traits Career development [edit] Wikiversity has learning materials about Personality PDFmyURL. Personality and inner experience [edit] This section requires expansion. One integrative. The idea is unconscious needs will come out in the person's response.com .report questionnaires. In recent years. Project ive tests assume personality is primarily the damage was more limited. like an ink blot. an aggressive person may see images of destruction. [2 4 ] showing how the tamping iron may have damaged both frontal lobes. and more recently with neuroscientific study of the brain. (A 2004 study by Ratiu and colleagues suggests There are two major types of personality tests. a person with NLD is unable to interpret non. and therefore experiences difficulty interacting with peers in socially normative ways. Russel Hurlburt.[28] Personality tests [edit] Graphic by Damasio et al. this research has looked at hemispheric asymmetry of activity in these regions.spatial relations. Progress will arise in the areas of gross motor skills. some psychologists have turned to the study of inner experiences for insight into personality and individuality. In particular. or adapt to novel social situations. e. a psychologist at the University of Nevada.verbal cues. Research on psychological assessment has generally found objective tests are more valid and reliable than projective tests. Neuropsychological experiments have suggested that hemispheric asymmetry can affect an individual's personality (particularly in social settings) for individuals with NLD (non.g. b. 3. .. Ro se. Richard A. Michele A.Briggs Type Indicator Person Personality disorder ProScan Survey Psychological typologies Psychotherapy Self. New Yo rk:McGraw-Hill.8 8 5 . PDFmyURL. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2 (5): 19 52. "Develo pmental Genetic Studies o f Adult Perso nality". The Self. 5. Webber. Developmental Psychology 21 (3): 547–557.30 9 32 . Michael F. ^ Ashto n. In Mike Ryan (Ed). (20 0 8 ).. Wittig.10 37/0 0 223514.x . "Variants o f the sero to nin transpo rter gene and NEO-PI-R Neuro ticism: No asso ciatio n in the BLSA and SardiNIA samples" . (19 8 1).. Patricia L. (19 8 5). M.3. PMID 19 19 9 28 3 .com . K. do i:10 .concept Self. 2. Identity.10 0 2/ajmg. "The HEXACO Mo del o f Perso nality Structure" do i:10 . Richard J. do i:10 . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4 0 (5): 8 8 5–8 9 8 . J. ^ a b Santro ck. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. do i:10 . Sandra. 4..547 . (20 0 8 ). Anto nio .20 0 8 . Lee.10 37/0 0 12-16 49 . ^ Scarr.0 0 134.5. Weinberg. (pg 411-412). 15 0 B (8 ): 10 70 –7.40 . ^ Po gue-Geile.1111/j. and Perso nality. PMC 278 8 6 6 9 . A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development.W.Career Clinical psychology Dissociative identity disorder Educational psychology Enneagram of Personality Holland Codes Individual differences Journal of Individual Differences Myers. ^ Terracciano .21.esteem Self.1751-9 0 0 4. et al. "Perso nality Resemblance amo ng Ado lescents and Their Parents in Bio lo gically Related and Ado ptive Families".Concealment Team Composition Trait Leadership Trait theory Type A personality Will (philosophy) Notes [edit] 1. (20 0 9 ). An Odd Kind of Fame: Stories of Phineas Gage . Psycho lo gy (9 th ed.Cassandra and Whyte. ISBN 0 -8 9 10 6 -0 74-X. Digitally Remastered". Io n-Flo rin (20 0 4).. MIT Press.70 -74. (April 2011) PDFmyURL. 23. "Taking Mental Snapsho ts to Plumb Our Inner Selves" . : A New Frame of Reference for Psychology .And Co ming Up Sho rt" 5 4 (1): 48 –52. PMID 8 178 16 8 . 19 78 15. ^ Ho ffman. ^ Myers.10 56 /NEJMicm0 310 24 .13. pp. ^ Peterso n et al. Seligman and Teasdale. Arthur W.. M.1126 /science. Myers (19 8 0 . "The return o f Phineas Gage: clues abo ut the brain fro m the skull o f a famo us patient".D. 19 8 8 17. 12. 26 . 19 8 2 16 . M. ^ a b c Myers. 20 0 9 ). Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs. . 19 9 8 ) [19 78 ]. New Yo rk: Wo rth Publishers. 28 . (2nd ed. 8 . Talo s. Isabel Briggs. ^ Macmillan. 9 . Science 26 4 (516 2): 110 2–110 5. New England Journal of Medicine 35 1 (23): e21. Hypostatic Personality: Psychopathology of Doing and Being Made . 21. Journal of Career Planning and Employment 11. ^ a b c Keirsey. Peter. Plo iesti: Premier. Jo ssey-Bass. "Chs. PMID 155750 47 . David (May 1. ^ a b c Carver. ^ Whyte. Isabel Briggs with Peter B.com . ^ Myers. William R. ^ Peterso n & Villano va. you may add ISBNs automatically. Manual: A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Palo Alto . ^ * Ratiu. ^ Go ng-guy & Hammen. 25. 8 . ^ Macmillan. Bo sto n: Pearso n. Retrieved 3 April 20 11. (20 0 1). (No vember 19 9 3). G. Do nald. Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type .6 . ^ a b Whyte. Grabo wski T. ^ a b Lauridsen Kurt (ed) and Whyte.. ^ Abramso n.14".. 6 . Intelligence (1st ed.(1).(19 8 2).. ^ Co mbs. (20 10 ). Frank R. M. 19 8 8 19 . 13. "Effective Co unseling Metho ds fo r High-Risk Co llege Freshmen". ^ Tapu. Character. Jascha (December 21. Perspectives on Personality (5th ed.). ^ Anderso n. Mo untain View. Cassandra B. 19 8 8 20 . Galaburda AM. & Scheier.). and Snygg. Damasio AR (19 9 4). ^ Marvin Zuckerman 7. 10 . 27. ISBN 18 8 570 50 26 .. McCaulley (19 8 5). The Psychologist (British Psycho lo gical So ciety) 21 (9 ): 8 28 –8 31. ISBN 0 -8 9 10 6 -0 27-8 . Califo rnia: Co nsulting Psycho lo gists Press. (19 8 5) An Integrated Co unseling and Learning Assistance Center-Chapter fo r New Directio ns So urcebo o k. Please Understand Me II: Temperament. Co llege Student Jo urnal. "The Tale o f Phineas Gage. ^ Pittenger. Article o n Snygg and Co mbs' Pheno meno lo gical Field Theo ry 24. 29 . ^ No rman & Antaki. Co drin Stefan. ^ a b Damasio H. (20 0 8 ). Harper and Bro thers. ^ Wallsto n et al. References [edit] This article lacks ISBNs f or t he books list ed in it ."Accelerated Pro grams Behind Priso n Walls". Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance 10 (4): 19 8 –20 0 . 16 . (PDF). do i:10 . (20 0 4). Cassandra Bo lyard (19 78 ). C. ISBN 0 26 21336 36 . 19 9 5). Inc 22. New Yo rk. "Measuring the MBTI. Califo rnia: DaviesBlack Publishing. "Phineas Gage – Unravelling the myth" . 19 9 0 18 . Pro metheus Nemesis Bo o k Co . If the {{ Cite book}} or {{ citation}} templates are in use. . Mary H. or discuss this issue on the talk page.). 19 78 14. David J.).8 178 16 8 . do i:10 . New Yo rk Times . (20 0 0 ). H. Foschi R. (1982).. Journal of Personality . Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87 (1): 49–74. doi:10. (1937). (2003). and Personality.The Self. D.S.7. Sixth edition.2.E.7.134 .1037/1093. T.). Renato (2003).2). Engler. Ryckman. 209. New York.century French and 20th. Giovanni Pietro.6. L.9414 Handbook of Personality. In Mike Ryan(Ed.1027//1016. and J. 63." In R. Belmont. (2008). doi:10. doi:10. New York: Holt. New York:McGraw. Ploiesti: Premier. The Guilford Press. External links [edit] Northwestern University. 133. "The European origins of "personality psychology".123 . W. New York: Putnam.9040. New York: Putnam.1037/0021. European Psychologist 7 (2): 134–145. Research and Applications. L’indagine sulla personalità alle origini della psicologia scientifica francese (1870–1885). European psychologist 7 (2): 134–145.century American psychology".142. M. 6. Lombardo G.105. Ziegler (1992).P. L. Hypostatic Personality: Psychopathology of Doing and Being Made . Foschi R. Pervin PhD. PMID 12817602 . (2002).W. Further reading [edit] Mischel. and D.Santrock. Houghton Mifflin. Texas: Harcourt Brace. 67. ISSN: 0031. Introduction to Personality . California: Thomson/Wadsworth. Rivista internaz ionale di storia della scienz a. The Personality Code. Barbara (2006). Sternberg (Ed. J.2.4510. Robins PhD. Foschi. Personality: Basic Assumptions.843X. (pg 411412). John PhD.243. (2001). vol. W. (2003). Rinehart & Winston. "Adaptive Individual Differences". doi:10.1. Renato (2002).Hill. Giovanni Pietro. Fort Worth. T.. Personality: A psychological interpretation. PMID 649856 .. (1999). 40 (1. J. "The Concept of Personality between 19th Century France and 20th Century American Psychology".2. & Greiling.. (2007).1027//1016.com . A Topical Approach To Life-Span Development . Allport. (2007). Buss. "Intelligence and Personality.led collaboration between personality psychologists worldwide to "attempt to bring information about current personality theory and research to the readers of the World Wide Web" Cambridge University based myPersonality project offering to researchers access to robust database of millions of detailed psychodemographic profiles PDFmyURL.P. "The concept of personality in 19th. C. 2008 Hjelle. Seligman. (2004). Foschi R.P. Teasdale (1978).49 .). Handbook of Intelligence .87. Bradberry. and Lawrence A. Third Edition: Theory and Research" by Oliver P.9040. "Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation". Lombardo. Physis. Identity. Bradberry.M.134 . History of Psychology 6 (2): 123–142. Personality Theories . Foschi. Tapu. G. "The European Origins of "Personality Psychology"". Abramson. Lombardo G. History of Psychology .(1999). R. Theories of Personality . Baron. Richard W. The Personality Code. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. New York: McGraw Hill * Lombardo. Society.Individual Differences Personality Synopsis at the Virtual Psychology Classroom Holland's Types Henry A.Personality Theories Trait Emotional Intelligence: EI as personality Personality: Theory & Perspectives .com . Hebb · Clark L. Watson · List s Counseling topics · Disciplines · Important publications · Organiz ations · Psychologists · Psychotherapies · Research methods · Schools of thought · Timeline · Topics · See also Wiktionary definition · Wiktionary category · Wikisource · Wikimedia Commons · Wikiquote · Wikinews · Wikibooks · Categories: Personality Branches of psychology Behavioural sciences PDFmyURL. Murray and Clyde Kluckhohn. Miller · Neal E. Hull · William James · Carl Jung · Jerome Kagan · Kurt Lewin · Ivar Lovaas · Abraham Maslow · David McClelland · George A. and Culture (1953) What is Personality Psychology? Outline of psychology V · T· E · Psycho lo gy History · Portal · Psychologist · B asic p sycho lo g y Ap p lie d p sycho lo g y Me t ho d o lo g ie s Abnormal · Affective science · Affective neuroscience · Behaviorism · Behavioral neuroscience · Cognitive · Cognitive neuroscience · Comparative · Cultural · Developmental · Differential · Evolutionary · Experimental · Intelligence · Mathematical · Pe rso nalit y · Positive · Psycholinguistics · Psychophysics · Psychophysiology · Social · Theoretical · Assessment · Clinical · Community psychology · Consumer · Counseling · Educational · Forensic · Health · Industrial and organiz ational · Legal · Media · Military · Occupational health · Pastoral · Political · Psychometrics · School · Sport and exercise · Systems · Traffic · Animal testing · Archival research · Behavior genetics · Behavior epigenetics · Case study · Content analysis · Experiments · Human subject research · Interviews · Neuroimaging · Observation · Qualitative research · Quantitative research · Self. Personality in Nature. Miller · Walter Mischel · Ivan Pavlov · Jean Piaget · Carl Rogers · Stanley Schachter · B. Skinner · Edward Thorndike · John B.report inventory · Statistical surveys · O rie nt at io ns Adlerian · Analytical · Behaviorism · Cognitive behavioral therapy · Cognitivism · Descriptive · Ecological systems theory · Existential therapy · Family therapy · Feminist therapy · Gestalt psychology · Humanistic · Narrative therapy · Philosophy · Psychoanalysis · Psychodynamic psychotherapy · Rational emotive behavior therapy · Transpersonal · Emine nt p sycho lo g ist s Alfred Adler · Gordon Allport · Albert Bandura · Aaron Beck · John Bowlby · Raymond Cattell · Kenneth and Mamie Clark · Albert Ellis · Erik Erikson · Hans Eysenck · Leon Festinger · Sigmund Freud · Harry Harlow · Donald O. F. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution. See Terms of use for details.profit organiz ation. Inc.ShareAlike License . Contact us Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Mobile view PDFmyURL.This page was last modified on 1 April 2012 at 15:06.. additional terms may apply.com . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation. a non.
Report "En.wikipedia.org Wiki Personality Psychology"