english typing budget book

TYPEWRITINGAND COMPUTER OPERATION [OFFICE SECRETARYSHIP - OSS] VOCATIONAL EDUCATION HIGHER SECONDAR Y - FIRST YEAR EA R N THROUGH L TAMILNADU TEXTBOOK CORPORATION Y L TYPEWRITING AND COMPUTER OPERATION [OFFICE SECRETARYSHIP - OSS] VOCATIONAL EDUCATION HIGHER SECONDARY - FIRST YEAR A publication under Government of Tamilnadu Distribution of Free Textbook Programme (NOT FOR SALE) Untouchability is a sin Untouchability is a crime Untouchability is inhuman E EA L AR H RN HL G NT G U U TH HR O RO TAMILNADU TEXTBOOK CORPORATION College Road, Chennai 600 006. Y L © Government of Tamilnadu First Edition – 2010 CHAIRPERSON A.Sonny Lionel Sr.Vocational Teacher Voorhees Hr.Sec.School, Vellore-632001 REVIEWER V.Parimala Devi Vocational Teacher, Government Boys Hr.Sec.School, Alangayam –635 701 Vellore District AUTHORS J.Shyamala Computer Instructor, St.Ursula’s A.I.H.S.School Church Park, Chennai -600 006 Freeda Joseph Vocational Teacher, St.Ursula’s A.I.H.S.School, Church Park, Chennai -600 006 D. Kumar Vocational Teacher, Government Hr.Sec.School, Kaveripakkam-632 508 Vellore District. P.R. Balaji Vocational Teacher, Islamiah Hr.Sec. School, Pernambut – 635 810. Vellore District. This book has been prepared by The Directorate of School Education on behalf of the Government of Tamilnadu This book has been printed on 60 GSM Paper Printed by web offset at: Lesson VIII (b) From Paragraphs .Key Board Fingering Chart & Budget Book (Lessons I to VII) Typing Practice: (a) From Sentences . Letters: (a) Application (b) Business letter (c) Professional letter (d) Official Letter (One authority to another) Government Order (vi) 1 2 9 10 11 19 37 41 42 51 58 64 70 76 84 92 100 107 5 4. (iii) .CONTENTS Unit Title Page PART.A 1 2 3 4 Typewriting and Computer Operation .B Short Notes on the Topics Abbreviations & Symbols 1 2.An Introduction Typewriter .Lesson IX (c) From Script . Statements: (i) Invoices (ii) Credit Notes (iii) Debit Notes (iv) Account sales 3.Lesson X Speed Practice .First Paper PART . Packing care.Pin Code Number.Kinds of Typewriter.Non-Character keys and their uses: Shift keys. 127 7. Key Board: Character keys . Respectable Terms. MECHANISM : 1. Ribbon Position Indicator. 9. 124 6. Tabulator.Detent Roller Detent Release Lever . Key Releaser... 117 4.Unit Title PART . Machine: Mainspring Drum .Eraser. Marginal Releaser.Line Space Knob .Line space Gauge . Envelope Addressing: Block Method . Carriage: Size of Carriage Cylinder Thumb knobs -Ratchet Wheel . 120 5. Typewriter and its parts History of the Typewriter .Rubber feet Method of typing .C Page 1. Question & Answers 115 116 3.Variable line spacer Line space pawl . 129 131 132 (Iv) .Type faces/Type heads Ribbon Ribbon movement.Paper Table .Advantages .Reed Rollers .Draw cord Type Guide.Upkeep and Maintenance . Shift Lock.Advantages of Typewriter Identification of Typewriter. Space Bar and Shift systems. 2. Back Spacer.Indent Method .Marginal stops Typewriter Scales .. Cleaning & Oiling: Cleaning Materials care taking of Typewriter . 8. Chennai-600 006.Unit II. Model Question Paper: 171 (V) .II Practice” Published by Tamilnadu Text Book Corporation. IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED: Page 135 151 154 163 170 III INTERNAL EXAMINATION MARKS : 50 PRACTICAL I (TYPEWRITING) INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25 MARKS PRACTICAL II (COMPUTER OPERATION) INTERNAL ASSESSMENT 25MARKS IV.Volume. Title COMPUTER OPERATION : Knowing About Computer The following 2 Chapters: (a) Introduction to Windows XP and (b) Windows Explorer can be learnt from The Text Book .“Computer Science.Windows Explorer Working with Folders Changing the View Creating a New Folder Selecting Files and Folders Moving and Copying files and Folders Renaming Files and Folders Deleting Files and Folders Creating Short Cuts Search The run Command What is new in Windows XP Guarding against Viruses. CHAPTER: I Introduction to Window XP What is Windows XP Evolution of the Windows Operating System The mouse Logging in Log Off is at the Bottom Of the Start menu Working with the Windows XP The Desktop The Start menu Starting an Application Windows Windows Dialog Boxes Help and support centre Customizing Windows XP The Control Panel Applications Using Applications in Windows Working With multiple Applications CHAPTER: II Windows Explorer Files Date organization. Higher Secondary First Year. In ancient times. in handwriting. But. Typewriter is a device for writing with neater letters. for Vocational students in the Higher Secondary level especially for 'Typewriting' learning pupils under Office Secretaryship (OSS) Group.A TYPEWRITING AND COMPUTER OPERATION AN INTRODUCTION Our Tamilnadu Government has designed a New Educational System in Vocational Scheme.PART . Pictures have been given for explanation and they can easily understand to operate the Keyboard and learn its mechanism .(18”-6”). time saving and economy in stationery For the welfare of our students. with less strain. we can get the work neatly and accurately. more attention must be given to sitting posture to avoid body pain. which seem to be as scribbled. 'Fingering' practice can also be developed. When we learn Typewriting/Computer Operation. This book 'Typewriting and Computer Operation ' brings enthusiasm and stimulate the students to enter into 'Vocational Education' especially to type-wring and computer operation. for doing quicker and better work. Lucid style (Vi) . the letters are not legible and understandable to read by others. people used 'Palm leaves' and then papers for their writing purposes. The Table for keeping Typewriter/ Computer should have the height of 2 ½ ' and a comfortable stool/chair. By using the machine (Typewriter). and strain to the spinal cord. for taking more copies and for reading the typed matters easily. It is a gift for us. This book has been brought in a simple way and easy to understand by the students. This book contains 'hand-written scripts' for practicing and to understand other various handwritings. and one of the Developments in 'Science and Technology' world. Names and places. This 'Vocational Education' creates self-confidence to the children. 'Vocational Education' stands first in the developed countries of this World. Students are the Pillars of our future Nation. By learning this course. the future students can avoid to see the 'No vacancy' board. are all fictions. Finally.and simple diction combined with pictures and apt illustrations make this book interesting and attractive. in this book. a model question paper and some 'important points to be remembered' are given for Typewriting and Computer Operation . Teachers and my team I thank Our Tamilnadu Government especially the Educational Department for publishing a special Text Book through 'Tamilnadu Textbook Corporation' for Vocational Education under newly framed syllabus for ‘Typewriting and Computer Operation ' . Power'. At the end of this book. Some models. Students can utilize these. I thank my collogues who co-operated with me to bring out this much successfully. but they can create their own employment under 'Self Employment Scheme' and boldly face the unemployment problems. . On behalf of the Vocational students. It is aimed to improve and inspire the exiting knowledge of Typewriting and Computer. scripts and pictures have been taken from DOTE-question papers and other public publications for the welfare of our students' practice and we thank the respective departments. and prepare for the examination.Author We should also give more important to 'Vocational Education' to become a self-sufficient Country and be a 'Super Nation (Vii) . 2. KEY BOARD 1 . lkjhj . FINGERING CHART . . 1st Row 1 Q A 2 3 4 5 R T F G 6 Y H B 7 U J N 8 I K M 9 O L . hjyjuj lkmnbj abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Zyxvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcba NUMBERS --(123454 098767) USING THE SHIFT KEYS LESSON VIII: PRACTICING IN SENTENCE FORM 2 . 2nd Row 3rd Row 4th Row W E S Z D X C V LEARNING PRACTICES : BUDGET BOOK FIRST EXERCISE SEND ON EXERCISE THIRD EXERCISE FORTH EXERCISE FIFTH EXERCISE SIXTH EXERCISE SEVENTH EXERCISE (LEFT & RIGHT) EIGHTH EXERCISE LESSON I : LESSON II : LESSON III LESSON IV: LESSON V : LESSON VI LESSON VII : : : asdfgf awerqfa gftfrf azxcvfa .3. 0 P .oiupj. lkjhj .lkjhj .lkjhj .lkjhj asdfgf .lkjhj F G F Space Bar J J H K L .by using little fingers (left and right respectively) .lkjhj asdfgf asdfgf asdfgf asdfgf asdfgf flags galls flash lakhs glass .lkjhj .lkjhj .by using forefingers .by using middle fingers .lkjhj .lkjhj .lkjhj .lkjhj .lkjhj . and l and k and j and h .lkjhj flask salad slash dhalls shall alsas fall gaff adds alas shad hash dash lash dall 3 .lkjhj .lkjhj asdfgf .by using forefingers A S D F G H J K L .by using ring fingers .lkjhj asdfgf asdfgf asdfgf asdfgf asdfgf .lkjhj .4. TYPE THE FOLLOWING AND PRACTICE AS PER THE INSTRUCTION OF THE TEACHER: asdfgf asdfgf asdfgf asdfgf asdfgf ask jag jak sad dad fad fag had lad asks .lkjhj asdfgf .LESSON .1 asdfgf .lkjhj .lkjhj . S A D A s d f g and .lkjhj . FIRST EXERCISE .lkjhj .lkjhj asdfgf asdfgf asdfgf asdfgf asdfgf lads glad gall hall fall . Space Bar a w e r q f and . awerqfa .by using middle fingers . awerqfa .oiupj. TYPE THE FOLLOWING WORDS EACH 5 LINES: fish dirks oldest apple grade falls Kodak rails jaded dead usual sales filed legal lease lakes agile isles ahead larks roses hedge forks skill rupee grass would alpine jaded liked equip quail jokes asked walks fiddle saddle larger require defiles drawls refresh 4 .oiupj. awerqfa . awerqfa .oiupj. TYPE THE FOLLOWING AS PER THE INSTRUCTION OF THE TEACHER: awerqfa .oiupj.oiupj. awerqfa . awerqfa . and o and i and u and p and j .oiupj.oiupj. awerqfa .oiupj.oiupj. J R E I O U F W Q P A .LESSON . awerqfa . awerqfa . awerqfa . awerqfa . awerqfa .oiupj.oiupj. awerqfa .oiupj. awerqfa .by using forefingers .oiupj.SECOND EXERCISE .oiupj.oiupj.by using forefingers Q A W E R F U J I O P .by using ring fingers .oiupj. awerqfa .oiupj.by using little fingers (left and right respectively) .oiupj.II awerqfa . awerqfa . awerqfa .oiupj.by using forefingers . THIRD EXERCISE .III gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj G F T R H J Y U Space Bar gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj g and f Fore finger t and f Fore finger r and f Fore finger h and j Fore finger y and j Fore finger u and j Fore Finger R F T G Y H U J AS PER THE gftfrf gftfrf gftfrf gftfrf hjyjuj hjyjuj hjyjuj hjyjuj TYPE THE FOLLOWING AND PRACTICE INSTRUCTION OF THE TEACHER: gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj gftfrf hjyjuj TYPE THE FOLLOWING WORDS EACH 5 LINES: lawyers desired prepare feathery repeated etiquette yesterday desire waggish typist kettle further quoted ledger outdoor pleased theatre tortuous gallery opposed outflow priority freehold thorough dearly assisted adopt allowed ploughed typ e writer 5 .LESSON . b and l m f j - Little finger Ring finger (left & right) Middle finger Fore fingers Fore fingers A Z X C F V B J N M . TYPE THE FOLLOWING AND PRACTICE AS THE INSTRUCTION OF YOUR TEACHER: azxcvf azxcvf azxcvf azxcvf azxcvf lkmnbj lkmnbj lkmnbj lkmnbj lkmnbj azxcvf azxcvf azxcvf azxcvf azxcvf lkmnbj lkmnbj lkmnbj lkmnbj lkmnbj azxcvf azxcvf azxcvf azxcvf azxcvf lkmnbj lkmnbj lkmnbj lkmnbj lkmnbj azxcvf azxcvf azxcvf azxcvf azxcvf lkmnbj lkmnbj lkmnbj lkmnbj lkmnbj TYPE THE FOLLOWING WORDS EACH 5 TIMES: cat not met men bent king zeal zero jack have wind verb joint carry night tonic colour joints nerves verbal jackets jumbled booklet cutting neither calling enlarge someone examine examined gracious becoming 6 enemy boat Calcutta voted very vineyard money move material marry give sterling thousand cylinder assessment struggle possible beginning grizzled frequent meanings zodiacal exponent doubtless . v and n.LESSON . a z and x. k and c.FOURTH EXERCISE .IV azxcvf lkmnbj azxcvf lkmnbj azxcvf lkjmnbj X C V F Space Bar Z A J B N M L . . doz.. 7... instant zigzags morning brevity written endorse youthful up-board hitherto emphasis impulses judgment personnel witnessed pessimism peasantry tolerance elevation correspond fulfilling technology indulgence privileges rejuvenate xanthophylls contemplate distributor formulating controversy sacrificing TYPE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES EACH FIVE TIMES: 1.up early and do your work. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz..zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfdcba .. 9..V TYPE THE FOLLOWING ALPHABETS FOR FINGERING PRACTICE: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. Lost time is never regained. Our Land has great sages who knew the eternal truth.. 6. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.... Age is a virtue when wisdom is with it.. etc.LESSON . 3. viz. .. 4.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfdcba . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz...zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfdcba . 7 . Children are innocent and should be guided rightly.. 8..FIFTH EXERCISE . My steps are measured. Measure your word before it goes out of you. To-day's youth and to-morrow's old.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfdcba . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz..Zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfdcba TYPE THE FOLLOWING WORDS EACH 5 TIMES: Cosmo Quota necy... 5. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz.. Get. 10.zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfdcba .. A friend in need is a friend indeed. abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz..zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfdcba . 2..zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfdcba .zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfdcba .zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfdcba . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. Truth never fails. 990 SEVENTH EXERCISE .LESSON VII (USING OF SHIFT KEYS .16.34.LESSON VI LEARNING NUMERICALS: TYPE THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS AS PER THE INSTRUCTION OF YOUR TEACHER: 123454 123454 123454 123454 123454 098767 098767 098767 098767 123454 123454 123454 123454 098767 098767 098767 098767 098767 123454 123454 123454 123454 123454 098767 098767 098767 098767 098767 098767 123454 TYPE THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS EACH 5 TIMES: 153 765 187 786 440 4586 9539 7654 1009 5599 48766 97530 65431 28761 76542 1298 6541 2244 7755 4174 96842 78646 98761 87652 9442 67.111 4.LEFT & RIGHT ) TYPE THE FOLLOWING WORDS USING SHIFT KEY: EACH 5 TIMES: 8 .492 65.05.431 78654 97531 805515 9.17.82.SIXTH EXERCISE .89.43.22.44.18.53.882 9.45.87.090 9.615 10. 9 . May we have Jack squires fix the big lamps for Andy Ziegler? Have you seen my brother-in-Law Jayavendan? The partition of India affected more than 506 of our people. Untouchability is a crime and also inhuman. 4. 9. A quick brown fox slowly jumped over the lay dogs. 22. The French Revolution war was in the year 1709 Received 5 sets of Typist's Tables (2'-5”) & chairs (18” 6” ) Now the cost of gold is very high.5. 24. 5. The son got ¾ and the daughter Dikshaya ¼ of their shares. (One gram=Rs. 12. Ltd were great toy makers. All the best. 3.500/=) Every Indian should say “No Partition”. Character builds a good family. TYPING PRACTICE : LESSON VIII (A). Anandan got cent percent result in his subject. Messers Parthiban & Co. Pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs. Time and tide wait for none. 8. 10. 7. Five prizes were quickly distributed by the judge to examiners. Balaji worked with zeal and vigour. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21. Black market fugitive should be quickly expelled with zeal. 13. 25. 2. 14. We must be proud of our Nation. Gay men with extra pluck and zeal would often have quiet job. Handy Jack's quixotic laziness may grow to be far expensive. Joel & Subashini took their child on 2nd January 2005 for Kuwait.. Leave 2 spaces after (. 11.) and (?) Punctuation should be marked carefully. So. Untouchability is a sin. Service to the Community is humanity. TYPE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES EACH TEN TIMES 1.1. 23. 6. make use of the time. we follow DHARMA. parents and one's country. Our 'National Anthem' is a song of the great poet Tagore. rivers and seas of India. We also promise to love and respect our country. LOW SELF ESTEEM How do we recognize poor self-esteem? What are the behavior patterns of a person with poor self-esteem? The following is a brief list. He says that God is the master of all these and everyone and everything in India praise him. 10 . Saffron is the symbol of sacrifice and a strong mind. This wheel is symbol of DHARMA. It we always do the right things. The wheel also shows that we are going forward. It was his prayer song. This shows that we are one nation. SOME ADVANTAGES OF HIGH SELF-ESTEEM There is a direct relationship between people's feelings and their productivity. love and peace. We want to be pure. our parents. High self-esteem is evident in respect for one's self. We sing this song in colours with respect. elders. A small circle connects these spokes. teachers and all others in India. White is the symbol of purity. which is not all inclusive but is indicative. All of us salute our National Flag and sing our National Anthem. We are ready to make sacrifices for our country. mountains. others. We want peace and progress. The twenty four spokes in the wheel show the differences between our-people.TYPING PRACTICE : LESSON IX (B). Our flag is a tri-colour. property. We hoist and salute our flag. The reverse is also true. Green is the symbol of plenty and joy. law. It shows that we are one. Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degree: Type the following paragraphs each five times: Our National Flag has bite Ashok Chakra on it. He sings about the people. TYPING PRACTICE : LESSON X (C). 11 . . Operating as an independent free lancer allows you to create your own schedule or find employment with one company. The specialist must read as much as possible about skin care so that there is a touch of authority in what he says. become make-up director for a prestigious department store. shading or creating. work in Television and Movie production. represent a line of cosmetics. skin or mails. The make-up artists should concentrate on chemistry and anatomy if they want to make it to the top. The aesthetician can work in a salon. You can begin by developing a portfolio that can be presented to a potential client. The different combinations of chemicals allow to create the right type of product for hair. skin or mails depending upon your choice. A make-up artist can establish himself in a salon with a private clientele. find a position with a fashion magazine or work behind the scenes in theatre production. The artist should be inclined artistically like blending. fashion shows etc. Six months to one year work experience in a good salon is important after training. especially a study of stage lighting can be really helpful. will not only provide experience but also help in establishing contact with people who may be important to your career.6. Make-up artists apply cosmetics to enhance a client’s appearance as also create any image a particular job calls for.. says that achieving delicate effects takes years of concrete training. The job of Skin Care Specialist (Aesthetician) here is to offer treatments to perfect the look and health of the skin. The more time you invest in preparing for this career the longer your career will be and the more you will get out of it. 12 Volunteering your services to community theatres. along with any awards or certificates you may have earned. Theatre experience. Star Campbell Place a master of make-up artistry. SPEED PRACTICE Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:Education and training in cosmetology takes you straight to the world of glamour and excitement and allows you to explore the opportunity to work with hair. It allows you to be independent mobile and employable. teach. you do require education or training in this field to be able to find the right path for yourself. travel giving demonstrations or become a consultant to a cosmetic company. The portfolio can include before and after photograph so make-over you have performed. The aim of a make-up artistes to brining out beauty without making it look like a disguise. These training courses are always short so he should make the best use of them. The training for this job should be in a beauty salon which specializes in or emphasizes on facial treatments. Thought the possibilities in the field of cosmetology are endless. 6 cm high in quietly flowing water. bamboo slips. Tortoise shell. bone metals. the Chinese had been printing on paper many hundreds of years earlier. whose central pith was cut into thin strips. Th e Egyptians used the stem of the pyrus plant to make sails. Paper was first produced in China in about 105 AD when papyrus and parchment were being used in Mediterranean countries. which was then dampened and pressed. with usually not more than 20 sheets to a roll. rags and worn out fishing nets etc. It took centuries to perfect the technology of producing vegetable fibre paper. Pliny the Elder. It was adopted by the Greeks and was used extensively in the Roman Empire It was used for the production of legal documents.D papyrus had already begun to be replaced by less expensive velum or parchment in Europe. which is derived from th plant Cypenus papyrus. The oldest sample of paper from Wester Han Dynasty wasdiscoveredin1957 in Shaanxi Province of China. The fibrous layers within the stem of the plant were removed and a number of these longitudinal strips were placed side by side and then crossed at right angles with another set of strips. By the turn of 3rd Century A. stones. Upon drying the glue-likesap of the plant acted as an adhesive and cemented the layers together. gave an account of the manufacture of paper from papyrus. B. cloth. As time passed. The triangular stem can 13 grow to a width of 6 cm. cords and above all paper. Papyrus is a grasslike aquatic plant that has woody.C. A number of these sheets were then joined together with paste to form a roll. Initially. The name apparently derived from the ancient Greek city of Pergamum. wooden tables and silk were used as writing materials in China before the invention of paper. The two layers formed a sheet. blunt triangular stems and grows up to 4. the raw materials used was hemp. . Parchment is said to have been invited in the 2nd Century. other fibrous plants started replacing papyrus. rope ends. It is the processed skin of certain animals mainly sheep. mat.. The Papyrus was long cultivated in the Nile delta region in Egypt and was collected for its stalk or stem. The sheet was finally hammered and dried in the sun. Although the modern printing industry is generally considered to have bon out of the invention of movable types of Johan Gutenberg in 1455.SPEED PRACTICE Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:The invention of paper is closely-linkedwith the history of human civilization. The ancient Egyptians used papyrus as writing materials. pressed together and dried to form a smooth thin writing surface. physicists believe they have a good understanding of its mechanisms. A similar question has been bothering cosmologist for nearly a century is the universe flat Researchers now announce that the answer is yes. Known as the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation or CMB this radiation hold important clues about the early universe. Researchers have no difficulty accepting a universe in which space itself is curved. ultimately imploding in a cataclysmic big crunch. Common sense tells us that flying through space in a straight tells us that flying through space in a straight line gets you further and further away from your starting point. But common sense and cosmology (the study of the universe) have little in common. in this seething sea of particles. Christopher Columbus ignored advice that the Earth was flat and tried to reach India by sailing west rather than east. Conditions in the young believed to have been rather like being rather like being inside the sun. Armed with reliable measurements of the CMB they would be able to wind back the clock and calculate the state of the universe at decoupling and hence work out its density and curvature. A universe. a flat universe. it has been racing through the cosmos largely keeping itself t itself. too excited to form any stable structures. things finally settled down enough for atoms to form.00. it too has cooled with the expanding universe and what must originally have been energetic ultraviolet rays now reach us as feeble microwaves at just a few degrees above absolute zero. As this 14 proto universe grew. endlessly bouncing around. The radiation that had been trapped finally escaped. an era known as decoupling. Since then. with zero curvature. When it was about 3. . Fly for long enough in curved space and you could find yourself back where you started But the curvature of a universe does not just bend the brain. Super-hot protons and electrons were densely packed. it also has a far more worrying conclusion. Tiny differences in density of the baby universe caused tiny differences in the temperature of the escaping radiation.SPEED PRACTICE Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:In 1452. the Earth’s surface is of course curved. These density fluctuations have grown into the clusters of galaxies we see to day Because of the relative simplicity of the early universe. A universe that contains enough mass to give it a positive curvature is doomed to a fiery end. Researchers finally got the date they needed just few months ago when an experiment known as Boomerang. It will gradually stop expanding and begin to shrink. Radiation was trapped. He may have muddled his continents. Over billions of years. but he didn’t fall off the edge.000 years old. escapes this demise. it gradually cooled. when it is outside the host ell is called the virion. All viruses have a protein coat called a capsid around the nucleic acid. A virus may not harm one type of host but can severely damage another. it may be noted that living cells contain both RNA and DNA but a virus has only one of the two. that is. dengue. The infective part of a virus. The biological nature of virus was first indicated by a Russian scientist Dimitry. This is because viruses cause diseases not only in human beings but also in animals and plants. spheroids. hepatitis B. It provided sites on its surface which recognize the receptors on the surface of the host cells for attaching the iron. polyhedrons and tadpole-like structure. a virus may have a polyhedral head attached to a rod-like tail. influenza.SPEED PRACTICE Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:The word virus is too familiar to us and everybody would like to avoid coming in contact with a virus. All viruses contain nucleic acid either DNA or RNA and protein . for example. Virus is a Latin word meaning slimy liquid or poison. They need a living cell host for reproduction. threads. Some viruses in fact bacteria only and they are known as bacteria-eaters. common cold herpes yellow fever and small pox. The size and shape of virus are determined by the amount and arrangement of nucleic acids and proteins. The list of diseases caused by viruses is a long one. Based on the type of nucleic acid that a virus contains. Viruses are too small to be seen with naked eyes.Beijedrinck in the last decade of the nineteenth century. The vaccinia virus can be visualized under a powerful optical microscope. With a few exceptions they cannot be seen even with ordinary or optical microscope. Ivanovsky and a Dutch scientist Martinus W. They vary in diameter from 20 nanometres to 400 nanometres 15 (one nanometer is one billionth of a metre). Some viruses come in combined shapes. Perhaps the most dreaded disease caused by viruses in human beings is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). It contains atleast one protein synthesized by a specific gene of the nucleic acid of the virus. It protects the nucleic acid of the virus from digestion by enzymes called necklaces. . it is classified as DNA or RNA virus. Virus is host specific. Viruses come in various shapesrods. It help the virion to penetrate through the cell surface membrane or in some cases to inject the infectious nucleic acid into the interior of the host cell. Some of the other diseases caused by viruses in human beings are infantile paralysis. Some virus like disease causing organisms which have only nucleic acid and no structural proteins are known as viriods. Viruses are parasites. Yes in the beginning. but now it has become the responsibility of the State to arrange for all round development of human beings. women's empowerment. his own development is the beall and end-all of his entire conscious effort. In 1994. uplift of the weaker sections and human resource development have assumed considerable significance. environmental degradation.SPEED PRACTICE Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:Land and Labour in modern economic parlance are the basic factors of creation on this planet. Indeed. socio-economic implications of population growth were a matter of concern largely in the context of the argument that rapid population growth is an obstacle to development. In course of time many other dimensions have been added to this relationship which was once viewed to be unidirectional. the concept of development little has undergone a change. But now it is increasingly recognized that the relationship between population growth and development is not that simple it is rather much more complex. it was primarily the responsibility of an individual to develop himself. . Population growth at an alarming rate comes in the way of these social objectives in a big way. Resource to be brought up developed and used for material development of the country as a whole. but now it is in the direction of material development. In early fiftys. Looked at in this light. therefore. human development has been the objective of human Endeavour ever since Adam and Eve first appeared on this earth. Over the years. In the earlier years. it is essential to look in to the implications of population. many dimensions like gender equity. popular perception in this regard has undergone a sea change over the last couple of years. This has put human beings in new light. the thrust of human Endeavour was in the direction of spiritual development. Between the two. for it is he who makes conscious and deliberate efforts to unravel the laws and mysteries of land and makes use of them for his own development. labour is supreme. In the context of peoplecentered development. Rapid growth of population. The shift in emphasis from individual effort and spiritual development to State planning and material development has turned human into a factor of production an economic. After the ICPD Conference population issue is placed in a much large context of sustainable development. it has been forcefully argued and accepted that rapid population growth itself is in many ways the result of a lack of development. From this point of view. has rightly been cause of concern in jour country since the early fifty's. 16 However. m o n a r c h y. 17 The administrative machinery has therefore been divided into a number of departments like civil administration. The qualifications have been prescribed for every one of the posts each department along with the procedure for recruitment and appointment to those posts. in their elected offices as ministers. The living conditions of the people have i m p r o v e d c o n s i d e r a b l y. interviews and select the suitable candidates to the various posts grades. However the nature of recruitment and appointment to the various posts. french and the Greeks. in those days The duties of the Governments in the ancient days were limited to the extent of providing security to the people. educational institution. Every government should have a good administrative system or machinery to levy and collect taxes. In the present days. highways and transport etc.basis than on any other consideration. These bodies conduct examinations. They have been accorded status free from governmental interference and security of tenure to the members forming the board with a view to ensure that the recruitment is made impartially without fear or favour. for the various posts in the different departments. As a result. the administrative machinery has not only to be geared up to meet the demand but also transformed to suit the modern conditions. A small and selected administrative machinery was sufficient in those days but the science and technology have changed the entire set up of the society. to recruit the persons. There were excellent administrative set up even at the village level. to administer justice and to implement v a r i o u s s c h e m e s . Similarly the Romans gad ab excellent administrative set up. therefore have to depend mainly on the administrative machinery to discharge their duties. The service commissions recruiting boards have been constituted in all the countries. The provisions of hospitals. . accommodation. police. health. The representative so elected . similarly also the British. The modern administrative system has become much more important in these days of the decorative governments. in India in the ancient days. Have became the primary duty of any modern government. maintain law and order. and defending the country from foreign invasion.SPEED PRACTICE Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:There are different forms of governments in the world like. were more on hereditary . The representatives elected by the people need not necessarily have neither administrative experience nor talent. f o r e ff e c t i v e administrative machinery was felt. in the ancient days also. education. engineering and judiciary etc. d e m o c r a c y a n d dictatorship. Janner went back to his native home to practice medicine. his training was getting over and Janner could take up the issue more vigorously. where he had to study further and work. During his training period a milkmaid approached her trainee surgeon to get herself treated for Cowpox. After seven weeks. Studying for medicine in those days was an ordeal: one had to get one-self trained under an eminent surgeon. In other wards. In those days. He noticed that in the people who had cow pox they did not contact small pox. The he proved beyond doubts that people suffering from cox pox would not contact small pox and they contacted cox pox from the cows. He became world-famous through his vaccination for Small Pox. which he extracted from the patient of small pox. The boy contacted cox pox. after they were inoculated the fluids of cox pox. His father was a clergy. He published his work in 1796 after having studied 27 cases. he contacted small pox. Now. Janner trailed to achieve any type of success. However Janner momentously thought of conducting investigations on Cow Pox. This was for truth in most of the cases. At the age of 21. George hospital in London. He also started working on Small pox with the cases that had come to his clinic and at last it 18 was possible for him “to succeed in getting it solved and treated. Janner was born on 17th of May. people believed that one a person had small pox and recovered from it is he would never get small pox again. By this time. Later. After many years of practice in his native home and occasional investigation into the cow pox that had afflicted his milkmaid. he went to St. Cow Pox was a mild sickness common to prevail among mosfc of the milk-vendors. Janner was sent to a local school for elementary education when he showed keener interest in the study of medicine. .SPEED PRACTICE Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:Edward Janner was a doctor in England. he inoculated the same virus into another healthy person. he had to study in a medical college for a period of 2 years. England. After his graduation in medicine. near Bristol. 1749 in Berkely at Glon Cestershire. This led him to undertake a high risk of inoculating an eight year old Jimmy Phipps with cox pox virus which he extracted from the fingers of the milkmaid who had cow pox. Janner underwent training in surgery under an able surgeon. In a small village called Sedbury. he inoculated small pox virus into the same boy. But the boy did not now contact small pox. people and had believed that cox pox and small pox are two different infections while he proved that people will not be affected in case they are inoculated with the attenuated viruses of cox pox. chemical fertilizers and other sources of energy. The recycling of indigenous resources has at least met a fraction of our demands and acted as a deterrent on this count. It provides centre guide system for smooth movement of gas holder and supply of gas at constant pressure/ This applied technology was looked upon as only of academic interest of in the early forties but has turned out to be of immense importance since the last decade due to spiraling prizes of petroleum products. . which are the production of gas and the residual manure. The complex organic molecules present in the organise wastes are first broken down to simpler compounds such as acetate. fertilizer and fuel. which can be readily used as an energy sources. hydrogen oxygen. carbon dioxide. There are two major advantages of this type of energy source. By the action of a number of different micro organisms.SPEED PRACTICE Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:Indian scientists deserve kudos for having developed an appropriate technology in order to meet the fuel requirements of the rural folk by recycling locally available organic resources. The simple compounds so produced are utilised by methogenic bacteria to produce methane. In fact the wide scale utilization of Gobar the most appropriate answer to solve three national inter-connected major problems with which the country is faced today food. Whereas compost 19 manure helps to meet the fertilizer requirements of the farmers in a more economical and efficient manner and thereby boost agricultural production. This technology gained importance also on account of the ever-rising demand for petroleum products which can only be met by enhanced imports leading to a further drain on our meagre foreign exchange resources. as motive power for driving small engines. The two main products of the project from which material gains accrue are enriched compost manure and Methane gas made from local resources available in the villages. Methogenic bacteria can hydrogen and carbon dioxide for methane production. The anaerobic decomposition of organic wastes leads to the production of methane. Rapid changes and modifications have taken place since 1950 when the floating dome model with counter weights was developed by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute. hydrogen and nitrogen produced in this manner is called biogas. The mixture of methane. It is also used in case of larger plants. biogas is used for cooking and lighting purposes. The gas plant is a boon to the Indian farmers. etc. A continuous flow of technology is coming out of the research stations. Though it continues to be the traditional sector. The availability of infrastructural facilities resulted in the location of industries in urban centres. To have rural and urban contents. The percentage of weaker section depends on the nature of the center. These centres formed the observation centres for the study. one town panchayat and one village panchayat were selected in each of the above 20 three regions. Operational research in agriculture an rural development must observe conditions which are changing rapidly due to technological break-through the data on these are not available from the existing sources. To get the best out of it. the distribution of population among male and female is almost. The length of road and the number of vehicles operating is directly related to the degree of urbanisation. The detailed household survey showed that while more than forty percent of the houses were thatched ones about sixty percent were tiled houses. progress has become rapid on the agricultural front. Policies and programmes in various sectors and levels and their justification depend for effectiveness on dependable knowledge. The prosperity of a region depends on industrial development also industrial were concentrated in the municipalities and not in rural areas. The centre for agricultural and rural development studies of the Tamil Nadu Agricultural university established a rural observatory in support of its developmental research with the specific objectives of carrying out the survey of resources. cooperative marketing societies and e ve n co mmi ssi o n ma n d i e s a r e operating with urban base only. As the degree of urbanisation increased.SPEED PRACTICE Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:Indian planning has shifted its emphasis from self-sufficiency in foodgrains to rural development through agricultural development. Tamil Nadu was divided into eight regions based on agro-economic Conditions. the percentage of living in owned houses decreased. one municipality. . information about its implication on decision behaviour and policy should be made available to the farmers without time lag. Information has to be updated frequently foe an effective information system for agricultural development. production. The bullock cart formed the major mode of transport in town and village panchayats. This shows the need for dispersal of purchase and sale centres to help the villagers. Regulated markets. equal. employment and organisational pattern. The data were collected and village level information showed that irrespective of the size of the observation center. Even before 1969. Tumultuous and far reaching changes have taken place after the nationalisation of commercial banks.rural development was seen merely as agricultural development. The banks have really lived up to the expectations of parliament and the prime minister The commercial banks have become powerful institutions contributing for agricultural and rural developmental and also the upliftment of weaker sections of the rural community. The national credit council pointed out a large credit gap in the rural economy. the Government had recognised the importance of agriculture and developed the co-operative organisations to take care of agricultural credit. Some of the significant achievements are rapid branch expansion expansion. agriculture and allied activities were experiencing rapid growth under suggested five year plans. To provide adequate training and reasonable service conditions for bank employees. 21 Gandhiji’s ideas are different from those of jawaharlal Nehru and they are again different from the ideas of indira gandhi. . small scale and professional. To introduce professional management in commercial banking. who played a significant role in the economic development of the country. The commercial banks in India had organised themselves along the lines and patterns of British banks. of rural credit. These three dominant personalities. The concept of rural developmental has nether been concise consistent. Even during the British rule. have left their imprints. They are more comfortable with trade and large industrial houses than with the agriculture sector and small industries.SPEED PRACTICE Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:The major objectives of nationalisation of commercial banks as set out by the prime minister may be summarised that removing the control over commercial banks by few large industrial houses. A number of changes has taken place in mral areas after commencement of the planning era. strengthening of the co-operative sector and support to village and rural industries. It has suggested measures to improve and monitor the flow of credit to the rural sector and also recommended a multi agency approach instead of depending on the co-operativecredit societies alone. Providing adequate credit to the hitherto neglected sectors such as agriculture. At that point of time and perhaps up to 1975. small business. While the banks prior to nationalisation were reluctant to enter rural areas and lend for rural acitvities in support of various governmental programmes. The dancing Siva is known as Nataraja and all classical dancers invoke Nataraja as the symbol of cosmic energy. According to the Hindu mythology. revolves round the pranks of Krishna when he was young. harvests and hunts are all marked by dancing.Indian dance essentially tells a story poetically. which follows the ancient treatises more closely than any other style. with movements of hand mudras and foot and gesture of eye and row abhinaya. the e\aesthetic theory is that dance. In fact. The Manipuri style of Manipur in eastern India. Kathakali frkom kerela is a spectacular and powerful dancedrama. . In India. Kolattam (Tamilnadu and Karnataka) and Kaikottikali(Kerala). Odissii of Orissa. music and drama are inseparable. For variety. written in the 3rd century. the world beatits first rhythm. fairs. The more popular of the folk dances are the Bhangra (Rajasthan). all this is supplemented and complemented by a set pattern of music. A characteristic feature of the classical dance is the intricate footwork. Births. this dance. the universe came into being. Indonesia. colour and drichness of emotion. which has retained its purest form is usually performed solo and comprises movements of pure rhythm. Mohini Attam of Kerala and the Yakshagana of Karnataka.C. tala which is emphasized by the jingling of ankle-bells by the dancer as well as the rhythm maintained by the drummer. when Lord Sive shook a hand drem. Some of the other schools of Indian dance are the Kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh. India has also a variety of Tribal and Folk dances. Thailand and even Japan and America. Garba (Gajarat). This principle was first enunciated in Bharatas treatise Natya Sastra.SPEED PRACTICE Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:Classica dance in India adheres to a rigorous code. Indian classical dances have traveled oout of the country to influehelp the art forms of neighbouring Sri Lanka. With its roots in Tamilnadu. Occasions like marriages. And as he moved his body in tune with its beat. in which the artists don an elaborate make-up and enact tales from the epics. Ghumer and Gibba (Punjab). the Inian dance forms have pdractically no parallel in any other part of the world. By far the oldest of the classical styles is Bharata Natyam. reamatic rendering of a story or depiction of a mood Bharata Natyam 22 was once part of therites of worship in temples and was performed by dancing girls attached to temple. There are four main schools of Indian traditional dance. Kathak began as a religious performance and under Mughal lpatronage in the 16th and 17th centuries evolved as a court-dance. To the tribals and village folk. dance seems to be the most natural medium of expressio n . B. festivals. though some minor improvisations have been attempted and accepted in recent times. electron. The discovery of electron by Joseph John Thomson in 1897 was one such discovery. Le[tons and hadrons interact by exchanging gauge Bosons . The discovery of electron has not only revolutionized scientific thought but also our ways of life. In 1931. Atoms in their normal states are not electrically charged. Gradually. Once electron was proposed as a fundamental constituent of matter. To over come this complexity. They were not prepared to face so many elementary particles. Rutherford discovered that the atom consisted of a heavy positively 23 charged core surrounded by electrons. many path breaking discoveries were made which not only ushered in revolutions in several disciplines of science but also changed our very understanding of some of the prevailing concepts in science. According to this model. the scientists started building models of atomic structure. However. with the advent of particle accelerators. it became obvious that the atoms also dairy a charge of positive electricity to counterbalance the negative charge. According to this model. proton and neutron. quark model was proposed.e. hundreds of so called elementary particles were discussed. as the electrons are negatively charged. In fact. the discovery of electron is one of the greatest discoveries of modern physics. the Rutherford model had the most lasting influence. these particles interact with electro magnetic and gravitational fields but beyond that they interact only through weak interactions. From the very beginning of human civilization. To scientists. Today the elementary particles and interaction between them are described the Standard Model.e. the physicists built up an idea how these charges were arranged in an atom. hadrons and gauge bosons. neutron was discovered by James Chadwick and the number of elementary particles rose to three i. it was a real shock. a new model viz. It has withstood all the tests of elementarily. The existence of proton was recognized in 1914. Among these models. The electron was the first of fundamental constituents of all matter to be proposed and in the last hundred years. So. the idea of fewer basic constituents of nature has fascinated man.SPEED PRACTICE Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:During the period 1895 1905. elementary particles are classified as leptons i. all the particles experiencing strong interactions are made of quarks was experimentally supported in 1969. With the knowledge of nutrition. The bed time snack is a matter of individual preference. You can train yourself to enjoy all essential foods. It is not clearly understood why 24 some children seem to dislike certain foods. It is unfortunate that breakfast is so often slight. one can easily choose food to fulfill the first two requirements. From these facts. sex. offices and schools have incorporated in their schedules a “nutrition” or “snack” period midforenoon and mid-afternoon. may refer to either food ordinarily eaten or that selected with reference to a particular state of health. People who stay in bed. But experience shows that a persistent effort I overcoming most dislikes is rewarding. many factories. Hence. . the climate and the it ate of health of his or her mind and body. Tests show that blood sugar concentration and muscular efficiency are lowest before breakfast and remain at this level until a meal is taken. it should either be omitted or be very light and contain light food such as milk or fruit. Nutritionists define good meals as those which supply nutrition to meet body needs. protect the body against disease and are enjoyable to eat. You are what you eat. nature of work. The term daily diet means all the food a person eaters during the day. Such “carelessness” results in decreased efficiency too. and a little practice makes direct meal planning second nature. Die . Top avoid interfering with sleep. Late. It may appear complicated to a beginner when he or she is told that a complete and balanced diet is essential to meet the needs of the individual. temperament.SPEED PRACTICE Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:Many illnesses are caused by irregular meals or from the habit of eating whatever catches the fancy or happens to come in handy. Scientific meal planning is knot too difficult. rush with dressing and eat on the run. it appears that a high level of energy can be maintained by eating every two and a half to three h o u r s t h r o u g h o u t t h e d a y. yet how much one enjoys one's food depends on one's taste and attitude in eating. body size type. The needs of a person depend on his or her age. A few simple rules combine all the requirements. blood sugar rises sharply and efficiency increases but the two fall again to a low level within two-and-a-half to four hours unless another meal is taken. Researchers have discovered that the custom of three meals a day is based on convenience and not on biological needs. Experiments on factory workers have proved this to be true. eating good means on time is very important. Today. An over weight person and the elderly should avoid food before retiring. After eating. work on his magnum opus Discourse on the method of Rightly Conducting the Reason. He never married. ellipses. He was doing military service without salary. which he did it is an endless wavy line. that all quadratic equations. when graphed as connected points. hearts. He started. the other y as a distance measured In the concept of covertically. Descartes showed. A 106 page foot note outlined analytical geometry. But he left behind a mark of extreme brilliance. In 1606. circles. He lost his mother a year after his birth. which stamped him immediately as one of the great thinkers of his age. become straight lines. for instance. He was raised by his maternal grandmother and by a nurse to whom he was devoted. His father was a member of the nobility. parabolas or hyperbolas. he established that each class of equations of higher degree brings into being a whole new tribe figure of eight. hummocks and petal shapes. ordinates.SPEED PRACTICE Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:Rene Descartes was born on March 31. he gave a method 25 . in France. By the age of 22. He spent the period from 1618 to 1626. It set forth the idea that a pair of numbers can determine a apposition on a surface. the exact graphic equivalent of the pulsating ebb and flow of electric current in a power cable. one number x as a distance measured horizontally. he began to develop his analytical geometry under the title 'La Geometric' by which the mathematicians still affectionately refer to it. commented to be 'the greatest single step ever made in the progress of exact sciences'. which has practical application in electrical engineering. Going beyond the quadratic. He postulated his notion of the unity of all science which was a revolutionary concept which contradicted the notion of Aristotle. divided between participation in many campaigns of the Thirty Years War in D8tch. 1596. he entered a Jesuit College that was established for the education of the young nobility and completed in 1614 the eight-year course of studies. in 1619. The book contained three minor appendices on the behaviour of lenses meteors and geometry. Descartes spent most of his time in the study of mathematics. His studies left him with a felling of dissatisfaction at the extent of his own ignorance. the nation or the human race.SPEED PRACTICE Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:Science affects the average man and woman in two ways already. to exalted for human comprehension. A good scientist will be impartial between Mr. Unfortunately. He or she benefits by its applications. but merely the scientific standpoint. driving a motor car or omnibus instead of a horse-drawn vehicle. . of inculcation of skepticism regarding accepted opinions. adopt or abolish birth control and so forth. What are the characteristics of that standpoint? In the first place. It also affects his or her opinion. It was gradually spread among humanity as a whole the point of view that prevails among research workers and has enabled a few thousand men and a few dozen women to create the science on which modern civilization rests. the 26 growing realization of this fact is opening the door to innumerable false prophets who are advertising their own pet theories in sociology as scientific Science is continually telling us through their mouths that we are doomed unless we give up smocking. agriculture. He will leave behind him his natural revulsion of the tapeworm. Smith a tapeworm and the solar system. And it carries impartiality a great deal further than does the legal point of view. the scientific point of view must come out of the laboratory and be applied to the events of daily life. war and medicine will prove useless when applied to the family. And we are beginning to believe in our animal ancestry and the possibility of vast improvements in human nature by biological methods. The solar system turns out to be a group of bodies rather small in comparison with many of their neighbors and executing the movements according to simple and easily intelligible laws. being treated for disease by a doctor or surgeon rather than a priest or a witch. It is foolish to think that the outlook which has already revolutionized industry. it attempts to be truthful and therefore impartial. which would lead him to throw it away instead of studying it as carefully as a statue or a symphony and his awe for the solar system. Such an attitude leads the scientist to a curious mixture of pride and humility. For if we are to control our own and one another's actions as we are learning to control nature. But science can do something far bigger for the human mind than the substitution of one set of beliefs for another. and being killed with an automatic pistol or shell in place of a dagger or a battle-awe. which led his predecessors either to worship its constituents or at least to regard them as inscrutable servants of the Almighty. Almost everyone believes that the earth is round and the heavens nearly empty instead of solid. Now it is not my object to support any scientific theory. In right handed people. as in concussion from a blow or damaged by the poisons of alcohol or disease. with its vast number of cells closely inter-linked. In turn. Each cell has a slender projection call an axon which links if to other parts of the central nervous system. the left side the brain is concerned with such skills reading. By the age of 50 though. 1.3 ft) long and the longest cells in the body.3 kilogram for women. it shrinks slightly. There is no correlation between brain size and intelligence. consciousness depends upon the integrity of the brain cells and should these cells be injured. The brain of the French writer Anatole France (1844-1924) weighed little more than half that figure. is simply awareness of sensation. In left handed people the functions the two hemispheres many be reversed. As the chief focus of the nervous system the brain. The writers hold opposite records for brain size.reaching a final weight of about 1 kilogram fro men and 1. Each neuron is also linked to neighboring neurons by upto 50. All mind functioning is therefore primarily dependent on efficient sense organs and healthy nerves to transmit impulses when these sense organs are stimulated. The right hemisphere controls the muscles of are receives information from the left half of body. A man's brain is usually slightly larger than a women's but in both sexes the brain makes up a 27 similar proportion of total body weight. writing and talking. which from a physiological point of view. the majority. Some axons stretch the length of the spinal cord making them more than a meter (23. Two writers hold opposite records for brain size. The right hemisphere deals with artistic activity and the workings of the imagination.000 connections knows as dendrites.012 kilogram. The brain of the Russian author Ivan Turgenev weighed 2.SPEED PRACTICE Type the following in double line spacing with a margin of ten degrees:The brain is the essential organ of mind. The left hemisphere monitors are controls the right half of the body. The reception by the brain cells of messages from the various sense organs arouses what is called sensation and consciousness.017 kilogram. All forms of mental activity use up energy in then ever cells and this need is met with by an increased flow of blood containing nutriment to the brain triples between birth and adulthood. . then consciousness may be reduced or completely suspended. The grain is divided into two hemispheres. losing about 30 grams. The average brain contains about ten thousand million neurons-microscopic nerve cells. is related to all the tissues and organs of the body by means of nerves. each a mirror image of the other.