English Skills Book

English SkillsAnswers Contents Reading Rescue 4 Writing 50 Activities 5 Language 51 Cloze 6 Grammar 7 Reading Elephants 52 Writing 8 Activities 53 Language 9 Writing 54 Grammar 55 Reading UFOs 10 Writing 56 Activities 11 Language 57 Cloze 12 Grammar 13 Reading The Bears 58 Writing 14 Activities 59 Language 15 Cloze 60 Grammar 61 Reading The Crocodile – 16 Writing 62 An Endangered Species Language 63 Activities 17 Cloze 18 Reading Apollo 13 64 Published by Collins Grammar 19 Activities 65 An imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers Cloze 66 77–85 Fulham Palace Road Writing 20 Language 21 Grammar 67 Hammersmith Writing 68 London W6 8JB Reading Plant Survival 22 Grammar 69 Activities 23 Cloze 24 Reading The Battle of Marathon 70 Grammar 25 Activities 71 Browse the complete Collins catalogue at Writing 26 Cloze 72 www.collinseducation.com Language 27 Grammar 73 Writing 74 Reading The Grand Canyon 28 Language 75 Activities 29 © HarperCollinsPublishers Limited 2011, on behalf of the author Cloze 30 Reading An Intrepid Traveller 76 Grammar 31 Activities 77 First published in 2006 by Folens Limited. Writing 78 Writing 32 ISBN-13: 978-0-00-743723-8 Language 33 Grammar 79 Writing 80 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval Reading The Robin 34 Language 81 system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, Activities 35 recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher or a licence Phonics 36 Reading The Pharos of Alexandria 82 permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Grammar 37 Activities 83 Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Writing 38 Language 84 Language 39 Grammar 85 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Writing 86 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. Reading The Sun King 40 Language 87 Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders and to obtain their permission Activities 41 Cloze 42 Reading Hungry for Gold 88 for the use of copyright material. The authors and publishers will gladly receive any Activities 89 information enabling them to rectify any error or omission in subsequent editions. Grammar 43 Writing 44 Writing 90 Editor: Geraldine Sowerby Language 45 Grammar 91 Layout artist: Patricia Hollingsworth Writing 92 Illustrations: Tony Randall Reading Earthquakes 46 Phonics 93 Cover design: Martin Cross Activities 47 Editorial consultant: Helen Whittaker Cloze 48 Language 94 Grammar 49 Grammar 95 Printed and bound by L.E.G.O. S.p.A. – Lavis (Trento). Grammar 96 2 3 Reading Activities A Read the story. A Answer these questions. (Answer in sentence form where possible.) Rescue 1. 2. Because the water is flowing swiftly. Because there was a waterfall that way. The dog at once jumped 3. She is below the fall because she is close to it but safe. off the bank and in a few seconds reached the child and caught it firmly. Then 4. 5.  His efforts are described as powerful and he knows how to rescue the child. He jumps in “at once” and catches the child again “in one movement”. 6. It is too dangerous. he turned to swim back, but the swift-flowing 7. To listen for its heartbeat. water had got hold of 8. She sees it moving. him. Bravely he struggled 9. Write another title for the story. and lifted the child out 10. Write a paragraph about an accident that happened to you. of the water but his powerful efforts to stem the current were in vain. Each moment he was B Write the words in italics in interesting sentences of your own. Look up the words in your dictionary if you’re unsure of their meaning. carried still further down until he was on the brink of the fall, which, though not C Summarise the story in your own words. Use about ten sentences. high, was the most dangerous on the river. He raised himself high out of the stream with the vigour of his last struggle and then fell over into the abyss.   By this time the poor mother, as if she had anticipated the result, was already in a canoe, as D Wordsearch: Dogs. Unscramble the words and find them in the grid. close to the fall as it was possible for her to go with safety. The canoe danced like a cockle-shell r s p 1. albrorad labrador s h e e p d o g r a on the turmoil of waters as the mother stood with uplifted paddle and staring eyeballs awaiting the reappearance of the child. 2. sapnile spaniel z k g i m j s n d l t o b   The dog came up instantly but alone, for the 3. ierretr terrier l a p o o d l e a x e t r dash over the fall had wrenched the child from 4. obxre boxer his grasp. He looked around eagerly for a moment 5. odopel poodle l g t q x i r b p i a t e and then caught sight of a little hand raised above 6. agelbe beagle e m h r n o r g l r e w t the boiling flood. In one moment he had hold of the child again, and, just as the prow of the 7. cloiel collie s k j e g a m l e d s e t mother’s canoe touched the shore, he brought the 8. eshepgod sheepdog child to land. s e w x d h o s z p g i e 9. ttoriwelre rottweiler   The mother sprang to the spot, snatched the 10. itsalaan alsatian u l r o q c x f a e s l s child from him and gazed in anguish on its deathlike face. Then she laid her cheek on its cold 11. ckasjusrell jack russell r g r b n d m n d p q e d breast and stood motionless. After a few moments 12. rdettsere red setter k a s s g w i p a h h r e she was conscious of some slight movement in the little body and a gentle motion of the hand. The c e p g z e x n t w n l r child still lived! Opening up her blanket she drew a b w m l q r e i r r e t the covering close around the child, and sitting down on the bank, wept aloud for joy. j z c n a i t a s l a l a E Pretend you lost your pet. Draw an eye-catching poster that you will post on the window in your local shop. 4 5 Cloze Grammar A Rewrite the passages using the words from the lists. Capital letters are used for: a) The start of a sentence – My father works very hard. neighbour discovered fields country Africa sold found b) The names of weekdays, months and festivals – The school is empire wearing years supplied capital wearing scene open from Monday to Friday. c) The names of people, a title when used with a name, titles of relations when used with actual names – Mary Jones is my In 1430, the custom of wearing a diamond as a personal ornament began when Agnes Sorel started wearing one in the French court. For the next three hundred friend. She shook hands with President McAleese.  years , India supplied the diamond demand. In 1725, diamonds were found He met his Aunt Mary in town. in Brazil and this country became the next chief supplier of diamonds. In 1867, in South Africa , a poor farmer’s child discovered a pretty stone. A clever neighbour recognized it as a diamond, bought it, and when he sold it, diggers from all over A Rewrite the sentences, putting in the capital letters. 1. Last Sunday, Tom and Mary visited Aunt Jane. flocked to the scene . Within a year, three great diamond fields were found capital empire 2. Last Thursday, the school closed and remained closed until Monday. and the city of Kimberley, the of the diamond , was born. 3. Joan Smith and Michael Murphy are cousins. 4. Good Friday and Shrove Tuesday are dates in the Christian calendar. B searching immense exterminate covered control large 5. Mary and John Brown are my friends in school. sprayed grow crops square found 6. Mrs Singh met Mrs Prasad. 7. The Duke of Albany was a very rich man. Locusts: These pests are really large grasshoppers, and do 8. The Queen of England has reigned for a long time. immense damage to crops on the ground when they large 9. We saw Uncle Tom’s new car. gather in swarms. It is even worse when they grow 10. The lecture was given by Professor Makutsi. wings after about 40 days as “hoppers”, and fly in huge numbers searching for food. One East African swarm covered an area of 250 square miles! Scientists have found that Capital letters are used for: studied the behaviour of locusts, and have a) “I” when used on its own – I do not know why I failed my exam. it is best to exterminate them at the “hopping” stage with b) The names of places and words made from the names of places. poison on the ground. They are sprayed with poison from Many French people come to London in the summer. aircraft, and attacked with flame-throwers. What do you c) Titles of books, films, plays – Louis Stevenson wrote “Treasure think of this type of locust control ? Island”. C fend favourite eaglets rocky talons hooked kills feathers B Rewrite the sentences, putting in the capital letters. bonnets goose claws small often before because also used 1. My Aunt Kate travelled from London to Paris by train. An eagle is about the size of a goose . It has a strong, 2. I ran until I thought I would collapse from exhaustion. hooked bill and powerful claws , or talons. The talons 3. Thousands of German and French supporters travelled to Japan to see the game. are used to grasp and hold the small animals, snakes and 4. Shakespeare wrote the play “Julius Caesar”. birds which the eagle kills and eats. The eagle’s favourite 5. Everybody knows that Rio de Janeiro is a large city in Brazil. nesting place is a high, rocky shelf on the side of a mountain. 6. They grow oranges in Valencia in Spain. Its nest is called an eyrie and it is often the size of a small 7. We went to see the film “Shrek 2”. hut. Baby eagles ( eaglets ) are three months old before they 8. The River Indus flows through Hyderabad. can fly and fend for themselves. The Golden Eagle of North 9. I would like to read “Harry Potter”. America is also called the War Eagle, because Native 10. The plane flew from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing and then on to Tokyo. American tribes used its feathers for their war bonnets . 6 7 3. 4. to eat my sandwiches sitting in the bracken. The expensive case fell on the rich man’s toe. The guilty man was punished by the hero. B Write your own profile. Brothers Sisters Uncles Aunts 10. Name 3. Friends: My two best friends are Mary Smith and 2. 2 None 6 3 School Victoria Secondary Principal Mrs Booth Class Teacher Mr Evans Pupils 785 B Rewrite these sentences using the opposites of the words in italics. 8 9 . country walks. 4. 5. 1m 57cm 40kg Brown Green 9. Age Birthday Laura Brown 4. He descended to the bottom of the mountain with great ease. cats. The careless driver set off at dawn. listening to the skylarks singing and Example: The strawberries were sweet but the lemons were bitter. He dived in at the deep end of the pool and swam to the shallow end. The main entrance was guarded by police but I escaped through a side exit . York. The ugly prince lost the dull old key. C Interview a parent or grandparent and write their profile. He pleaded innocent in court but the jury found him guilty . 9. Ann is small and fair. 9. 8. Writing Language A Read the following profile which Laura Brown has written about herself. The oranges were plentiful but the prunes were scarce . The humble soldier waited for the train to leave. 2. 1. Ann Young. 6. Mary sold a small white statue. pop music. The big rats advanced along the dusty road. She caught the sick pigeon. Favourite Place: I love the moors where we often go walking at the weekends. 10. with brown eyes 3. England 6. 7. The timber was rough but the plywood was smooth . I have learned to repair punctures and maintain my bike in good condition. Every evening he watched the sun setting in the west. He bought a new bicycle and sold his old one. watching the clouds. Dislikes: Onions. He sold the sour grapes at a low price. 5. Height Weight Hair Eyes 8. The two words in each sentence must be opposite in meaning. 3. 4. the weather is fine I cycle to the country with my friends. The senior partner in the firm bought the house. mice. 1.  Victoria Lane. 7. We play every day and on Saturdays we go swimming in the local pool. boastful people. 2. The sea was very rough when the boat arrived. 5. I’ve had a bike for two years and whenever 10. visits to the dentist. Joan has a temporary job in the old factory. 6. 7. Mary is tall and dark. The young man walked quickly up the road. Hobbies: Cycling is my favourite hobby. 8. A Rewrite these sentences using the opposites of the words in italics. I was lucky to find a vacant space in the car park and I occupied it. and curly hair. 1. I borrowed a book from the private library as the public library was closed. Likes: Fish and chips. They rowed quickly across the shallow lake. The exterior of the building was not as beautiful as the interior . The happy woman cried when she found her dog. I like C Complete and write these sentences. I often visit my uncle in Abu Dhabi. The public house is situated near a noisy road. Address Twelve 5th June 5. 2. nature programmes on TV. with straight hair. 6. 1. The cats advanced along the street but when they saw the dogs they retreated . with headings similar to Laura’s. The strong man lifted the heavy bar over his head. the lights would suddenly 10. liver a r c l t k h m f h on him... Travelling at a very fast speed. USA. one in front and one following. C Summarise the story in your own words. skimming swiftly and silently over the tops of 7. Unidentified flying object. spine m x s h o u l d e r 2. Find the words in the grid. spotted the UFO and reported.   On January 10. One of the pilots. Back in 1948. he never changed his story. 8. heart e p h c k d p u r y name first hit the headlines in 1957 when he claimed that he had been kidnapped by aliens 5. Two policemen were in a patrol car on a dark night 4. They were on patrol. stomach some terrible ordeal. “It’s metallic. when they suddenly noticed strange pulsating lights in the sky.” Minutes later his aircraft crashed. That he had been kidnapped by aliens.  move.. eyelashes extreme state of shock and fear following h v e n w f e i n a 8. and it caused a sensation in the newspapers at the time. No. allowing the patrol car to catch up again. 12. Reading Activities A Read the text. UFOs have also been sighted by astronauts during space missions. Soon the lights began to 5. a UFO is reported to have flown across the skies of Cape Kennedy during the firing of a missile. for a time. Captain Thomas Mantell. 6. “escorted” by two UFOs. This game went on for twenty minutes. I’m going to follow it. 1964. England. brain t k p h c a m o t s What do you think? 10 11 . A doctor 6. This event took place in England. a tremendous size. hair f i n g e r n a i l who examined Boars said that he was in an 7. Do you believe in UFO’s accelerate away at supersonic speed and then slow down to about 60 kph. 2. or an Unidentified Flying Object. then the lights suddenly took off up into the skies and vanished... 1. but 11. Each time 9. skin r h a a x e d y e e Boars has never changed his story. His 4. Use about ten sentences. it’s climbing.. It is said that the Apollo 12 moon flight was. They accelerated away and then slowed down. UFOs 1. Boars claimed to have e e e u a a z r k s 9. trees. Look up the words in your dictionary if you’re unsure of their meaning.. 3. shoulder But the most baffling story of all concerns k z q s w r s j b e 3. fingernail y l k s m i i h a e and taken on board their spaceship. But B Write the words in italics in interesting sentences of your own. Fifteen minutes. D Wordsearch: Body. in October 1967.. Many people do not believe him. Four air force planes were immediately sent to investigate. lungs a Brazilian named Antonio Villas Boars. they caught up with them. The radar followed the zigzag course of the UFO for fifteen minutes before it got back on the track of the missile.   The startled policemen gave chase. A Answer these questions. the alarm sirens went off at Fort Knox in the USA when a giant. The mysterious object that the policemen had seen is known as a UFO. cone-shaped object was observed hovering in the skies. kneecap been held captive for four and a half hours while the aliens carried out a series of tests 10. One astronaut on board remarked that “they were very bright and seemed to be flashing at us”. similar sightings had been happening for years. They are Venetians. he found himself on board a steamboat 4. Maybe he is from Portugal as he speaks Portuguese. A helicopter has no wings but it has a set of 7. He died – with over twenty wounds in his 10. terror into all who saw him. a coloured ribbon. B moving hawk machine around backwards needed was blades B Complete the following sentences using capital letters. 12 13 . I am from Athens . fury of the storm ! Not long afterwards he produced a wonderful painting 8. Muriel’s mother made pancakes on Shrove Tuesday. it is sometimes called a “whirly-bird”. The ship sailed into the harbour. November comes between October and December. I am an Athenian. We do not go to school on Christmas Day. I speak Swedish . Adeline Yen Mah wrote the book “Chinese Cinderella”. 8. helicopter flight was made in America in 1939. the fourth of July is called Independence Day. When going into action he plaited his beard and tied each plait with 6. treasure plaited pistol reached coloured saw terror wounds ship lighted huge body down infamous 2.  reached half way down his chest. blades that whirl around . My friend is from Spain. frightened age coast produced had afterwards himself deck 1. The Finns live in Finland and speak Finnish . caught in a vicious storm off the English coast . down. of what he had seen – called “Snowstorm: steamboat off a harbour’s mouth”. When I reached the river it was in flood. whirling blades gives the lift needed to make the machine fly. Many people lost their lives when the Titanic hat and a pistol in both hands. things real space difficult straight has sometimes 1. We are going on holiday on the second Friday in March. like a hawk in the air. In the United States of America. The date today is Wednesday. With lighted tapers stuck in his 7. But not Turner. other ships. and it is a difficult machine to pilot. he must have struck sank. He is Spanish . I am Sven. Cloze Grammar A Rewrite the passages using the words from the lists. It can fly straight up or 4. along the coast of America and stole vast treasure from 9. The frightened passengers 5. She comes from Paris and speaks French . The teacher said. He spread terror 8. My summer holidays lasted from June to September. They come from Venice . The first real 10. 5. Perhaps he is Italianas his father lives in Italy. The River Seine flows through Paris. 6. At the age of sixty seven . Turner: One of the greatest and most original painters was Joseph Turner (1775– 3. Because of this. 1851). body – fighting a ship of the British Navy. 3. backwards or sideways. My home is in Sweden. and the air moving over the 9. had himself tied to the ship’s mast so that he could experience the terrible 7. A Insert the capital letters where needed. 2. Paul gave the football to Michael. 2. Muslims all over the world celebrate Ramadan. C tied original vicious mast seven fury storm hatches C Insert the capital letters. I like reading Greek legends. 1. It can hover over one spot. Danish cheese is manufactured in Denmark. When we went to Japan we tried to speak Japanese .” Blackbeard: The infamous pirate Blackbeard was a huge savage-looking man with a beard that 4. April the first is called April Fools’ Day. “Open your books. land in a very small space . Joel went to Eilat on his holidays. and it can take off or 5. he 6. scurried below deck battening down the hatches for safety. Helicopter: A helicopter can do many things that straight 3. She is a Parisienne. 21 July. an aeroplane cannot. 11. Halah is older than me but I am stronger than her. line 1: name b) After prepositions use me: The lion stared at me. When Examples: It’s a wonderful day. b) It’s – means it is or it has. Its spines protects it from its enemies. It was I who called to see you last night. 10. 1. The first line of the address should start well away from the top of the A Write the sentences. It’s a shame its wing is broken. 14. using its or it’s. England envelope and a little to the right.  Hertfordshire MK31 4JT 3. Its white tail bobbed up and down as it scurried into its burrow. a) Its – means belonging to something. 6. 3. Cres. Do you think it was me who stole your pencil? 15. Let you and me go to the cinema tonight. write Mr. Writing Language Its or It’s 1. 4. 5. 12. 2. He pushed me and I stumbled. It’s a long way to Alaska but it’s worth going there. 7. It’s time to leave but it’s raining heavily. Write the name and address in good ground with its hooves. 5. Miss or Ms. 7. Rory is older than me but I am younger than Fiona. hand corner. Close 8. She is almost as big as me . a) After the verb to be use I: It was I who knocked. clear writing. A comma is placed at the end of 2. St Street Gro. 9. use Mrs. Mother divided the sweets between Meera and me . A Write what the abbreviations mean. The stamp is placed at the top right. It’s summer and the swallow has returned to its nest. Rd Road Dr. 14 15 . 10 Oriel Close. Square 9. It’s not often we have seen an otter in its holt. each line except the last line. 6. Drive Upr Upper I or Me B Draw an envelope and address it to yourself. It’s been raining all night. My brother is nearly as tall as me . Crescent Ave Avenue Tce Terrace 10. When it’s winter in Europe it’s summer in Australia. The angry goat chased me and I jumped over the ditch. The teacher asked me to do the sum on the board and I did it. line 2: street or road c) After let and between use me: The money was divided between Bill and me. 3. 13. St Albans. not certain if its leg is sprained. 1. writing to a woman. line 3: town line 4: county and postcode line 5: country (if letter is being sent abroad) B Write the sentences. It’s 4. The ball bounced between Tim and me but I caught it. It’s been a long time since we visited this art gallery. She gave me a sweet and I gave her an orange. Co. Company Pk Park Cl. I am certain that it was not I who did it. Grove Sq. 8. 4. using I or me. Mary and I played chess. Instead of ‘Mister’. Miss Dawn Gill. Do you know why? Example: The horse tossed its head in the air and pawed the 2. ioln lion the biggest and most dangerous. these reptiles. From a few kilograms to well over a tonne. 6. Because their skin is so valuable. mcale camel purchase of crocodile skin have been enforced o w e m t n a h p e l e g worldwide. Some estimates say that they can live D Wordsearch: Wild Animals. 6. omeso moose i z c r o c o d i l e e r in Europe and America pay huge prices for crocodile 9. Name four other animals in danger of extinction. Bad management of environment and poachers. will no longer exist. The supply of crocodiles is not endless. of crocodile in the world. 4.   There are 280 Orinoco crocodiles left surviving. Crocodiles grunt. In salt water. Unscramble the words and l i o n r o t a g i l l a for 100 years.   Crocodiles existed 200 million years ago. 2. chirp and growl and blow bubbles. They weigh from a few kilograms to well over a tonne. The Crocodile – An Endangered Species 1. Although strict laws against the sale and r a n a c o n d a q p p i 10. Choose another word for “strange”. surprising they are in danger of becoming extinct because of bad management of the environment and 2. Specially chosen priests would enter the city. A Answer these questions. for them to live in. rinhcoreso rhinoceros skin. They also find them in the grid. cheetah m g t w b d e f n z m m e 3. there will be no crocodiles living in the world in a few years time. 4.   Of the twenty-one species 10. unusual 8. occrieldo crocodile l f e g z h q d c e e o f roasted meat. poaching is still carried out on a large 11. without injuring the young inside. their valuable hide skin. fgiraef giraffe y u a k m y f z r o x e k an egg so as not to injure the young inside. C “Strange”. A city for crocodiles. crocodiles have been killed by 8. ogriall for one reason. They are cunning enough to track down p q h d o m k d b b v c l prey. They can crack open eggs. atnguanro orangutan scale. foreign 3. pehletan elephant gorilla l q h e e n p r f f g s a   Today. Look up the words in your dictionary if you’re unsure of their meaning. fully grown crocodiles range in size from one metre to seven and a half metres. fifteen are endangered. open the jaws of basking crocodiles and put 5. 16 17 . 60 survive in India and 40 in Nepal. Experts believe that. hiss. species are rapidly declining.   Conservationist studies of crocodiles have discovered some amazing facts. hiss. cakes and wine mixed with honey into their gaping mouths. they all live on crocodile farms. and survived when the dinosaurs died out. Irrigation. unfamiliar 4. eccentric 7. Of the Gharial crocodiles. gallitaro alligator a k e n a t u g n a r o f adorn the crocodiles’ legs with golden bracelets. known as Crocodilopolis. Twenty-one 3. ahceteh   The Ancient Egyptians had so much respect for crocodiles that they actually built a whole city. The surviving numbers of the B Write the words in italics in interesting sentences of your own. Manufacturers 8.000 Siamese crocodiles. Reading Activities A Read the text. 9. adnacona anaconda g s o r e c o n i h r x w are not careful. Each noise carries a message. Crocodiles’ habitats have been destroyed by irrigation and dam building and many 7. If we 12. communicate under the water by blowing bubbles. dam building and poaching. which have lived on this E planet longer than humans. novel 5. haunted 6. but none of these are in the wild. strong enough to tackle animals as big as a water buffalo and gentle enough to crack open 1. Now 1. Depending on the species.  They grunt. 5. Those species of crocodile that live in salt water are 2. Design a badge that you might wear highlighting the need to protect our endangered species. a lot of people are only interested in crocodiles 7. peculiar because their skin is sometimes used to make shoes and handbags. It is so long since anyone has seen a Chinese crocodile surprising unfamiliar unusual haunted foreign novel eccentric peculiar that it is thought to be extinct. poachers. unless they are protected. There are 11. chirp and growl. using their feet for steering. Usually one or two eggs are laid in the nest of grass in the valley. believed to have a placid temperament . they are often considered a pest. However. the hippo is areas where people live and also in open fields. Penguins eat fish. They are nocturnal animals. there are no large land face faces child children ox oxen animals. they are really at home in the water . This egg. peacefully in the shade of the trees. that can be caught by humans. southern mainly series hollow hatch stories replaced result learns Kim and Leanne ate pancakes with their friends. During the day. partly swimming and partly blackbird and robin. When being pursued by an heavens with melody. High up in the air. flesh and hide. penguins have to be fast. the down is B Write the plurals of these nouns. it can actually tail . their numbers are declining rapidly. enemy. The hippo is much hunted for its fat. Even though they breed on shore. place. the lark was filling the killer whales and leopard seals. but louder than the noise of the machines were the shouts of egg. Originally from Asia. is covered by a fold of skin on the lowest part the children. but there are many instances of attacks by hippos Because of their liking for cereal crops and the fact that they carry several diseases on people . At night they come out on land to feed on vegetation. there are two species which lay only one cutting the golden corn. Some penguins army armies hero heroes hoof hooves in zoos become very attached to the people who feed and look after them. skin collect helpless look quite two whales land zoos water Penguins are found mainly around the shores and off-shore islands of the Antarctic A Rewrite this paragraph and underline the nouns. They sometimes reach a weight of four open night rodents tail crops now anything considered tonnes. Even House mice are small. Down the same place year after year. House mice will eat almost anything . house mice are found in captivity. squids and small crustaceans. common day diseases world they stay on the sandbanks or half-submerged. Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural   Penguins are quite helpless on land and would be quite defenceless against land branch branches salmon salmon buffalo buffalo enemies. they are now found all over the world . and in during the day . the other stays and guards the chick. These are large smooth-skinned mammals that were C Write the missing nouns. The sheep were lying jumping out of the water. animal or thing. nose noses tooth teeth deer deer penny pennies cargo cargoes chief chiefs   Explorers tell stories of penguins visiting and inspecting their camps. While one parent goes to the sea to collect food. Cloze Grammar A Write the passage using the words. But. They swim warm sun shining brightly in the blue sky. cry cries echo echoes piano pianos flea fleas dwarf dwarfs man men B Write the passage using the words. entirely with their flippers . 18 19 . Generally. particularly the grasses and reeds along the edges of waters. the chicks are covered by a thick down. A noun is a name word. Junior goes to the sea and learns to swim. of the body. with the obtain their food in the sea. the hippo can live for up to a period of 50 years. They have a habit of resting by day and foraging by night. in the southern Polar regions where they live. and large numbers congregate together in horses were knee-deep in the river. the machines were noisily or in a hollow lined with stones. and it certainly would not be advisable to take any chances with them. large ears and a long though the hippopotamus looks very awkward when moving on land. originally found in the deepest rivers of Africa. and from tree and hedge came the sweet notes of thrush. and the   At breeding time. Use a dictionary if you’re unsure. bathing in the cool pool by the ash grove. brown-grey rodents with a pointed snout. with the result that they have no fear of anything on land. replaced by feathers. thief thieves roofs fly flies wolves grotto grottos cod roof wolf cod period people grasses interesting foraging any when frightening stay potato potatoes goose geese sheep sheep temperament feed instances believed deepest large awkward declining woman women foot feet volcano volcanoes When you go to a zoo. some areas of the world. which means they are active at night and sleep gallop when necessary. In conditions of One of the most common land-based mammals after humans. penguins sometimes proceed in a series of leaps. When this happens. one of the most frightening and indeed interestinganimals to be seen there is the hippopotamus.  continent .   When they hatch out. Soon. With such enemies as sharks. which rests on the feet. and It was a glorious September day. flippers pursued leave species congregate continent inspecting against Example: A pack of dogs frightened the sheep in the field. It names some person. penguins leave the sea. The explorers slowly through the marshy ground. 7. Use the help words and phrases. 8. The swift lark soared high in . 7. 6. The boy was crying but his friends were laughing. Writing Language A Write a story called Marooned On a Desert Island. his way through the dense undergrowth. The tawny owl flitted across . Use the help words and phrases. journey to a strange land tired and weary deep sleep B Choose an appropriate adjective from the given list to describe each of the birds and then finish the sentence. The gentle blackbird flew into . raft washed ashore 3. 20 21 . The tiny wren hopped along . Her dress was black and her shoes were white. 3. awoke from dream 2. shipwrecked in a hurricane 2. The tireless seagull glided towards . The huge wave against the rocks. 1. 2. She was wrong and you were right. They were cycling but Mary was walking. packed with people fanfare of trumpets parade of chariots starting signal 8. 4. 6. The stockings were red and the coat was brown. explored island built hut gathering coconuts and berries 4. lit beacon fires red sail on horizon 7. The car in order to avoid knocking down the pedestrian. 9. You were in Paris when she was in London. 5. army of little people worked furiously tied down proud tireless tiny gentle little graceful swift tawny struggling to break free flight of the “little people” 1. 4. The hungry baby all night long. The proud graceful eagle swooped down . The little robin hopped from . The horses through the swollen river. 11. great roar of excitement neck and neck terrible collision one charioteer forges ahead carried shoulder high C Fill in the blank spaces in the following sentences with was or were. The rabbit with terror as the trap on his forelegs. 10. My mother was in hospital and my sisters were in school. 5. The swan flapped her wings when . The alarm bell Slowly he the sailors from their sleeping cabins. A Choose an appropriate verb to fill in the blank spaces in the following sentences. The cornered fox fiercely. hunting and fishing loneliness 6. The old engine noisily up the hill. 9. 12. It was night and we were far from home. She was frightened but I was not. B Write a story called A Strange Dream I Had. 8. The cat from her basket by the fire when she the mouse. The windows loudly in the violent storm. Use the help words and phrases. C Write a story called A Chariot Race in Ancient Rome. 1.  made weapons 5. 10. 3. Her gloves were stolen when she was at the dance. despite this fierce onslaught. yscameor sycamore o s x h d e l t t e n e f   A small group of plants has launched a full-scale butterfly m a w f s p i d e r k w l 8. oak tree will have tens of 4. an average 3. Perhaps the most amazing defence of all is that used by the bracken plant.   However. thousands of insects feeding 5. Look up the words in your dictionary if you’re unsure of their meaning. tnetel nettle e k b a t n a g w h p r e attack. tiny weeds as they sprang out of the earth. The boy swam in the deep pool. The dry sand was hard under my feet. ebe called tannin when their leaves are chewed by hungry 2. 4. Scientists now know D Wordsearch: Plants and Insects. erflbuytt offensive against their enemies in this great war. Ever since. Plants that trap. wolref flower c a a e l f y t t k b l e 11. 1. in return. The boy is short and thin. outnumbered by insects. Plant Survival 2. u g p h x e e d p r f e b that kills attacking worms. 10. the 3. when the chewing insects 4. When the chewing insects attack. unlike C Write the opposite of the words in italics.  The majority of seedlings are destroyed by insects. on it. 7. Plants. insects. Insects 5. 8. Which one and why? 22 23 . 1. A great naturalist. It will produce cyanide. They drink the nectar and in return fight off other insects. He dug and cleared a piece of ground about one metre square and then began counting all the 8. the ants. Plants are vastly 2. 9. Out of the 357 plants that grew. Tomatoes can release a gas them in the grid. But bracken does allow ants to drink its 5. efal flea c d e f r w x n c d p o t most deadly of all poisons. plants would stand any chance in the battle. 7. A Answer these questions. Reading Activities A Read the text. 295 were destroyed by insects. plants are well able to survive. ebteel beetle nectar. Early one morning the swallows flew northwards. Charles Darwin once carried out an interesting experiment to show how insects destroy plants. The great naturalist 6. swpa wasp d p a l t g p s a w x d t insects. cannot move. killing and devouring insects. nat ant y y h c a d r k c d c f g s k m p d h w z d b c a w E One word should not have appeared in the wordsearch. 3. a fierce war has raged between the two. Winter days are short and cold. 6. 400 million years ago. Insects can move. arrived 100 million years later. Trees produce a poison bee w g b k t w a a n y b f u 1. 7. fight off other insects that r k s m o p b c g f d r r 6. The young lady walked along the wide path. They release deadly chemicals and poison gas. kill and devour insects.   At first it does not seem likely that the B Write the words in italics in interesting sentences of your own. They have turned to trapping. dersip spider attack the plant. Unscramble the words and find p d b d c e d d p h f r x e b a s m n n g g z b p e that plants have been using deadly chemicals and poison gas to deter their enemies! One type of potato releases a chemical that will kill any greenfly attacking it. The girl was crying because she was sad. rgass grass a z k p p t x w u p d o y These are the carnivorous plants. Plants first appeared on earth 400 million years ago. The aeroplane flew below the black clouds. country. collective or abstract. Scrooge (p) lived his life (abs) in misery (abs). Krakatoa: The eruption of the Krakatoa volcano 17. 13. Write whether they are proper. Many people (com) around the world (com) are working tirelessly for peace (abs). 8. two years it formed a thin haze which could 23. kilometre less means a saving in fuel. be heard over 4. It away from the surface that reflects the sound. be seen in the sky at sunset . Example: man.000 km away in Bangkok. B Write the passage using the words. but John (p) uses a team (coll) during a journey to the Moon because each of horses (com). Cloze Grammar A Write the passage using the words. At 4. It gave me great pleasure (abs) to introduce the speaker (com). speaking. far away as Dublin. The chain (com) was made of gold (com). common. heard globe 15. it hits things in its path and bounces back just as a ball b) A common noun denotes no one person or thing. Example: poverty. I could see the anxiety (abs) in his face (com). but the trip is so short and fast that the echo occurs while you are still hear least 18 metres Example: herd. 3. These nouns are always written with a capital letter. Greece (p) is a country (com) in Europe (p). C Write the passage using the words. health. revenge. Kinds of Nouns a) A proper noun is the special name given to one particular bounced bounces still ordinary hear short least from person. The owner (com) of the hotel (com) is a friendly person (com). King Kong. chair. distance distances nearest revolve does during have less about A Write the nouns from each sentence. In ordinary rooms sound bounces off the c) A collective noun is the name of a group. 9. collection of persons or things. Astronauts 6. Friday. 10. 24 25 . boy. touched. you hear your own voice bounced back at you from the wall. The floor (com) was slippery. the Earth in a circle. Hong Kong. swarm. Example: John. crowd. The depth (abs) of the river (com) was no problem to the diver (com). pencil. flight.200 km. felt or tasted. We breathe air (com) into our lungs (com). in 1883 was so violent that the noise could 18. You can only an echo if you are at d) An abstract noun is the name of a quality. The fisherman (com) filled his basket (com) with fish (com). 5. SS Titanic. She witnessed the collision (abs) of two trains (com). woman. The ship (com) struck a reef (com) but the crew (com) was saved. Honesty (abs) is the best policy (abs). A pack (coll) of hungry dogs (com) attacked the sheep (com). height. feeling or idea. could violent away almost far covered sunset noise 14. It is not associated with any object or objects. The boy (com) chopped wood (com) for the fire (com). considered as one complete whole. not always the same distance from the Earth. have to take these distances into account 7. its farthest point it is about 404. 12. relates to things which cannot be seen. He managed to escape under the cover of darkness (abs). and at its nearest about 355. charity. Yasmin (p) and Rajan (p) went to the seaside (com). walls. place or thing that you wish to distinguish in a special shout echo high might reflects waves way. 11. She is a woman (com) of great intelligence (abs). 16. She travelled to Budapest (p) by train (com). 2. therefore. 25. pack. but is common might bounce. Is the Moon always the same distance from the Earth? The Moon does not revolve around 1. Echoes: As sound travels. The dog (com) likes to eat meat (com) and chew bones (com). A plague (abs) of locusts (com) ate all the wheat (com). Tom (p) uses a tractor (com) when ploughing.800 km away. love. When you shout in a large yard with a high wall. in places as 24. every part of the globe . and for the next 21. Rabbits (com) eat grass (com) but otters (com) eat fish (com). but in an ellipse. An echo is made by the return of the sound waves to your ear. It is. Femi (p) kept his pet parrot (com) in a cage (com). 19. The dust from the eruption covered almost 20. to all persons or things of the same kind. 22. amoedn moaned you’re all happy. “My leg is wedged between the boulders. torpetsed  protested 21.” shouted the referee. 1. 26 27 . ttmueder muttered writing to ell you As you can see I’m that you’ve finally got rid of me.” jeered Lin. “Can you swim four lengths of the pool?” asked Paul. yo u fr om m y h os pi tal bed. D Do you remember the story of “The Ugly 1. 3. oarred roared 29. stboaed boasted 16. W 8.” claimed Sahira. 4. because I’ll be back.” grumbled Tim. “There is to be no talking during fire-drill. The Troll. sghide sighed 24.” demanded the customer. ddade added 11. 8. asnrlde snarled Dear Goats. using another word for said from the list. madittde admitted 12. makrrede remarked 22. One of the things they check for is spelling. nwarde warned 27. “I have lost my purse. Describe it for Granny who 10. mocplinaed complained 18. lleyed yelled 28. “The pain in my shoulder is getting worse. He can only use 15 words. Troll. plexanied 4. Design a new outfit for her. “Good gracious!” exclaimed the lady. carledde declared 19. B The handsome prince is desperate to find Cinderella. Room 5. wishpeder whispered 6. But what did olls can enquired informed growled All I ever wanted wrrible thumping.” whispered Baldev. using another word for said.” 7. Always try and give variety and colour to your writing by carefully choosing another word. I hope 7. “I can easily swim four lengths. She wants a “new” image. shouted whispered answered lying down. clexaiedm exclaimed Ward 1048. I’m not going to take jeered asked ordered groaned begged grumbled demanded bringing an army ofe for me to fight back. “The show is about to commence. I will order you off. . with their goats.” whispered Mr. Writing Language A proofreader is someone who checks that a piece of writing has Said no mistakes.” protested James. A Proofread this letter from the Troll to the Billy Goat Gruff. nowe. “If you do not behave yourself. “Please take us to the circus. avisdde 13. “Don’t make a sound. A Write another word for “said”. C Red Riding Hood is sick of wearing the same old clothes. snaerwed answered 15. Write the letter correctly. gradee agreed 14. eqnuider 20. “I work long hours and you pay me little money. Write an advertisement for him. ortreted 23. urmedurm murmured haven’t got rid of m as for us to be friends. 3.” 3. The words are scrambled. Reilly. “I want my money back. just one paragraph? 6. eensder sneered 25. can’t see very well. The manager announced. 9. Duckling”? Can you 4. feconseds confessed 5 September 5. “the baby is asleep. 7. “The teacher gives us too much homework. None of the other tr well 10. advised retorted explained Troll Hospital. 6. 1. 9. mgrubedl grumbled 2.” re-tell the story using 5. (Remember he has the slipper. “What a beautiful view!” gasped the tourist.” complained the worker. “Where is the pop concert being staged?” Andrew asked. C Write these sentences.) 8. finomred 30. Its tim Yours sincerely. E Write a different ending for your favourite fairy tale. “I did not break the window.” groaned Abid.” ordered the teacher.” answered Mary. 5. I’ll be back. ragbgde bragged 17. He decides to put an advertisement in the newspaper. 2. “I am going to win first prize. wgorlde for my trouble? A tee you were to me. I should warn you that this Anyway like I said trolls with me. “Your bike is not as good as mine. I get 9. The word “said” is an over-used word.” begged the children. 2. “Don’t make a sound or they will hear us. They all get on very believe how horribl I’ll be B Write these sentences.” cried the injured man. gestgused suggested 26. Its width varies significantly. Celsius higher than at the top. 4000 years. An American geologist called John Wesley Powell. Grand Canyon National Park was established. snowcl clowns y t t s t t s g m r   On the rim of the canyon there are a lot of ponderosa pine trees. A canyon is a steep-sided valley cut by a river. etezrap trapeze j u g g l e r t l f different types of plants and animals. 28 29 . sandstone and shale. To preserve and protect the canyon and the plants and animals that live there. elk. The further down the canyon you go. A Answer these questions. The different layers vary in colour. lizards. 7. The Grand Canyon in the state of Arizona in the United States of America is one of the most spectacular canyons in the world. agimanci a b i g t o p i a i 120 other species of animals. 6. The canyon wasn’t given its current name until 1869. 5. bighorn sheep. There are about 300 species of birds alone. when the 9.   The Grand Canyon has its own unique climate. including beavers. and protecting the plants and animals that live there. Amazingly. Because the temperature goes up  the further you go down the Canyon. USA. Spain. Describe where you would go if you were an explorer. Reading Activities A Read the text. Aspen.   The first Europeans to see the Grand Canyon.6 kilometres deep. glerjug juggler   Various Native American tribes have lived in the Grand Canyon area for the last four tightrope l e b l a r w t n e 6. swastdu sawdust n n c g z d s p y e American geologist John Wesley Powell became the first person of European descent to lead a river expedition through the vast canyon. 2. as the Colorado River has cut through successive layers of soft rock. Over millons of years where the Colorado river has cut through 4. Cactuses grow throughout the canyon area. and about magician 2. of the rainfall at the top. 10. 446 kilometres 3. and spruce live at the highest levels in the c h a p r l a h k e north. the hotter and drier it becomes. temperatures at the bottom can be up to 14 degrees Wordsearch: The circus. Today. The park is dedicated to preserving m a g i c i a n a g this natural wonder of the world. It is 446 B Write the words in italics in interesting sentences of your own. about 300 members of the Havasupai tribe live in a side canyon called big top o r o l p e d r d a 7. On the south side.   The Grand Canyon has been forming gradually over the last six million years. The Grand Canyon 1. and the average annual rainfall at the bottom is about a quarter Unscramble the words and find them in the grid. from just over a kilometre in some places. layers of rock. 10. abatcro acrobat w i r n e p u o j t by Garcia Lopez de Cardenas. juniper 4. rife ertea fire eater and pinon pines grow in lower areas. 5. 3. in 1540. to over 29 kilometres in others. hte grin the ring s g a u e m t e e r   In 1919. and are especially common in low areas. At sunset the red and brown layers look particularly strongly coloured. Look up the words in your dictionary if you’re unsure of their meaning. Arizona. 8. as the light changes. igb tpo Havasu Canyon.   This wide range of weather patterns makes the Grand Canyon an ideal habitat for many 1. and they all change shade during the course of a day. fir. Grand Canyon rattlesnakes aren’t found anywhere else in the world. 9. Suggest another title for the text. mountain lions and snakes. C Summarise the story in your own words and in about ten sentences. including limestone. ghttipero thousand years. kilometres long and about 1. were a group of Spanish explorers led 8. Men’s hats and boys’ shoes are sold in that shop. and approaching the donkey. and then I can go where I like and get all the Examples: the mice’s cheese … means … the cheese of the mice choice food for myself” the men’s hats … means … the hats of the men But all he could do was bray loudly. a donkey ran away from his master. John’s friend is staying at his uncle’s cottage in the country. Usage of words and told the farmer where he would find is the best guideline to follow here. the The farmer set off for the wood. In the mind’s eye. Moreover . his wings and carried him home as a plaything for his children. thick fleece and he got himself trapped and unable to move! 2. the poet still saw the child’s beautiful face. At the jumble sale the ladies sold several men’s cardigans. his claws got entangled in the ram’s 1. children kind 5. over (ii) We generally use an apostrophe after the letter s (s’) to show that something skin his back. She bought an electric guitar in her cousin’s shop. Examples: the girl’s hat … means … the hat of the girl. so that from a distance he little belongs to several people. Once. The man clipped 3. always an ass!” growled the farmer and led him back to his stable. but needless to say. B Write the passage using the words. 5. The horse’s hooves were cut and bruised by the sharp cobbled stones. Jones’s Road. a hungry eagle made a swoop at a small lamb. but you can take my word for it that he is a daw!” 8.” said the . Cloze Grammar A Write the passage using the words. The hare ran apostrophe after the s or the s sound or else (b) we add ’s to form an extra off syllable in order to make it easy for us to pronounce the word. He dropped the the boy’s school … means … the school of the boy. could not move him. The were delighted. attacked a large as ram just he had seen the eagle do. its talons and flew off to its eyrie. He trotted into the woods. The teenagers’ recreation hall was badly damaged by fire. who tried to mimic everything he saw. 4. shepherd unable large as swoop trapped got could along 2. we either: (a) place the realised they had been tricked. They sell beautiful toys and clothes in the infants’ department. approaching choice distance dropped crouched lazy where Rules Once upon a time. Mr Murphy’s cat and Mrs Browne’s dog were killed last week. shepherd 6. “Well. “I will roar like a lion (iii) If the plural of the word does not end in s we add ’s to denote possession. inserting the apostrophe where needed. The ladies’ shoes and the referee’s coat were stolen. the boys’ school … means … the school of the boys The donkey grew lazy . We over farmer little which upon there realised off insert an apostrophe (’) before or after the letter s. Mansa’s friends arrived at the door. long ears which were sticking through the lion’s skin. 4. “He will tell you himself that he is 7. A foolish jackdaw. Moses’ people. 30 31 . “Once an ass. The police officer’s helmet lay on the table. his lazy ass. The jackdaw tugged and tugged at the indifferent ram.” brayed the donkey. B Rewrite the sentences. Charles’s death. “What a great find. That evening. A Rewrite the following sentences using an apostrophe to replace the words in italics. carried kind talons indifferent mimic caught children 1. looked like a lion. The sun’s rays shone on the water’s surface. The apostrophe is used to show possession or ownership. The pupils’ classroom is bigger than the teachers’ staff room. It avoids the over-use of the word “of” or the words “belonging to”. (b) James’s Street. It seems that the boat’s sails were smashed in the storm. The Eagle and the Daw 6. The two players’ names were reported to the referee. and there found  (i) We generally use an apostrophe before the letter s (’s) to show that something belongs to one person. himself an for Moreover thick flew needless 3. grabbed the little animal in 7. the shepherd came along and caught him. All the animals in the wood Examples: the girls’ hats … means the hats of the girls ran home and crouched down in fright. an eagle. my dears. a lion’s skin. grabbed him by his Times’ editor. “What of bird is this?” they asked. 8. for conscience’ sake. Examples: (a) for goodness’ sake. and the animals (iv) If the word already ends in s or a sound like s. 1. A Write out these lists. man. 1. A noun denoting either sex is of common gender. changing the masculines into feminines. bird c 17. man m 12. so let’s not wait. 6. gym gymnasium 20. 4. The hero rescued the landlord from the giant. If it isn’t raining this evening. 9. The heiress to the estate had three daughters. we’ll go for a walk in the park.  1. B Rewrite the sentences. 8. 9. 7. The drake and the gander attacked the boy. she’ll she will 2. mouse c 29. The traitress betrayed her country. you’ll you will 8. stallion m 24. 3. he’d he would 1. The ewe attacked the girl. 7. can’t cannot 6. The host and his son welcomed the duke. c or n after each word to show the gender. 8. Her niece married in Rome last week. niece f B Rewrite the sentences using contractions. 2. m. heroine f 21. woman. The instructress is my sister. princess been left out). 7. I’m sure he’ll come this evening. They’ll be late coming. aunt f 20. dress n 27. woman f 11. 4. 2. The hind ran through the forest. The mistress is my mother. wall. huntress f 22. He doesn’t know who’ll be at the school drama tonight. The bachelor visited the abbot. page n 4. 6. don’t do not 7. I’d like to go to the play but I’ve got no money. What’s the matter? 10. tele television 19. 9. cage n 28. table n 16. budgie budgerigar 18. 6. 4. you’re you are 3. 5. plane aeroplane 16. teacher c 5. We’re going to visit our aunt’s house. There’s a ship I haven’t seen before in the harbour. 5. 5. hostess f 6. Examples: Example: phone (telephone) panto (pantomime) you’re (you are) A noun denoting a male is of masculine gender. 6. child. The lion killed the cock. It is cold outside and it’s raining heavily. Don’t forget to come early to the party. box A Rewrite the full word(s) for these contractions. prom promenade 11. The shepherd gave Francis a present of a ram. ewe f 8. The waitress served her mother-in-law. boy m 13. 2. 3. The actor and the steward spoke to the emperor. mag magazine 15. what’s what is 5. photo photograph 13. Writing Language Sometimes we use a shortened version of a word. couldn’t could not 9. 3. stone n 23. mother f 25. We aren’t ready yet for the dance. sheep A noun denoting neither sex is of neutral gender. 5. mare f 18. 10. donkey c 19. prince m 26. father m 3. 1. I shan’t be able to go to the concert. brother m 10. girl f 14. A noun can be one of four genders. 3. he’s he is Write f. nephew m 7. specs spectacles 14. The prince spoke to the mayor. infant c 15. 2. The queen leads her army into battle. phone telephone 12. 4. 8. 32 33 . 1. She’s got the fastest motorbike I’ve ever seen. She didn’t know the correct address. We’re all going to the end of term party. 2. The mayoress talked to the group of ladies. Joseph’s grandfather was once a governor. floor n 9. writing the masculine of the words in italics. C Rewrite these sentences putting in an apostrophe where a letter or letters have been omitted. we’re we are 4. thief c 10. prince (Note: an apostrophe (’) is placed where a letter or letters have A noun denoting a female is of feminine gender. 7. He’s the tallest boy in the class. That’s the girl who’s acting in the play. C Rewrite the sentences. ship n 30. 10. keeper goalkeeper 17. The manager ordered the waiter to serve the man. elgae eagle left. he was moulting l g w g p p q a b r f g g and. 5. him. before returning to my knee. The robin was now exceptionally tame. Unscramble the words a x w k g e p h s u r h t hover with rapidly beating wings like a tiny a p d d a h f f w z p p x helicopter. self-assurance. impertinent. low Four days later he was completely without a tail and 9. 1. and find them in the grid. He is described as “bedraggled” and his feathers are morning I heard an unusually loud burst of song from falling out. inside the front room. in contrast to his usually immaculate 1. He had seen his own reflection. There he was. C Summarise the story in your own words and in about ten sentences. Reading Activities A Read the story. Look up the words in your dictionary if you’re unsure of their meaning.   The different notes he produced interested me. doorstep about nine o’clock each morning. a number of cheeky sparrows would approach enviously. of a clock before a large mirror and singing his loudest at 8. Then again. After another 2. did the robin know when to The Robin come for his breakfast? 2. in your opinion. he would jump about a foot into the air. They were not feeding from the narrator’s hand. Before many days. ahwk hawk b s a r y w o r r a p s h August. alswowl swallow u l l r s t h h o b d d w appearance. perched on top 7. arkl lark breast feathers owl t b a w l t d g f r g p w were still more bedraggled and of a dull shade of red. By feeding in the house and from the narrator’s hand. pwosrra sparrow r c t e h o i l p x w k l one tail 5. He had only 4. he had investigated every room on the ground floor.) 34 35 . rocw crow as spruce as ever. created. ewrn wren i h k o z k p g k e d g s no longer came up to the house. quiet. binor robin e n r p k n w t c l r l l feather 6. and immediately he would utter angry tic-tic-tic. How. 3. By the middle of 10. but B Write the words in italics in interesting sentences of your own. He was losing his feathers. however. esallug seagull worse. timid. His self-confidence and natural w p p c y l l u g a e s r 12.   At the end of July. inspected. withdraw his own reflection. rstuhh thrush week. and would sing in his unmistakable strident tones for breakfast. 8. his appearance had become even n e k p n w c b r p b d o 3. was bedraggled. A Answer these questions. similar. Image. One 6. often when he was feeding from my hand or knee. utter a sharp squeak and D Wordsearch: Birds. he had a brand new tail and was 11. Wild. His loud aggressive song was very familiar. But he did not attack the reflection in the two or three minutes I watched him. if I made any sudden movement while he was on my knee. His t w m w b h c l k m a q a 7. the feathers on the crest of his head raised in obvious anger. and never hesitated to come into the house and onto my knee or hand. E Write out a list of birds that you have seen in real life (not in books or on TV. itbtenr bittern aggressiveness returned and he again chased away any sparrows that dared to come near. He appeared on the  4. Is that (her) in that blue hat? 10. The dog chased (him) and (I). scoop. The centre forward who scored the goal was congratulated by his captain. casket biscuit 36 37 . A writing-desk. steadey. Write the answers. A floor of or near a fireplace. 9. A mouth organ. You forget the times I have saved you from the cat. 3. barn Baloo any some us you theirs ours  this that which who whose whom 6. Very unpleasant. He read it from cover to cover. Good day to you. Perfect happiness. “It is time for me to know you now. vacume. 10. A drone is one. The boy who stole the apples was caught by the gardener. horrible 2. hexagon 10. A European country. laughter luxury 2. biscuite. biography 2. beleive. bee strange mongrels or pups visit the house I will not hang around like I do. 8. Write the answers. The man who brought the cake is in the kitchen. A farmer’s store house. rowdey. populer. The surgeon who did the operation spoke to the patient that evening. hangar 5. 7. The rounded stem or shoot of an onion. who will some day 11. 5. The flood prevented (them) from proceeding. The passenger who left Paris airport at six arrived in Rome an hour later. A river-horse. A flat shape with six sides. A place to sleep in a ship. 5. luxery. voluntery. B All the words begin with H. Joan and (I) went for a walk. fourth stretch fracture C Use the pronoun who to make ten sentences out of these statements. He gave (them) to (him). monthly 3. brow bulb Other pronouns 3. bliss 8. herb 4. The science of life. 7. 3. bureau him we them yours these those 5. heraldry 3. Hungary 1. biology pampered pets. slippery. startel steady startle 6. The child who ran across the road was knocked down by a car. hedgehog B Write the sentences with the correct pronouns. 9. handkerchief 1. caskit. 12. postege. Example: The boy read the book. hearth 8. It now appears it was (him). The name of the bear in Jungle Book.” remarked Fido to his friend Mrs Rabbit. A million million. wafer vacuum voluntary 7. 2. Olympick. Give (her) the money. A plant used for flavouring. Can you write the correct spelling of the other two. To cut in halves. Pronouns are small words which take the place of nouns. Who is there? It is (us). shortin rowdy shorten 5. Arctic. This animal has spines for defence. 4. The study of coats of arms. 8. harmonica 6. The written life of a person. sheikh. 6. hollow 11. 11. Next time I see her stalking you I will leave you to your fate. 7. 9. 4. hippopotamus 9. porridge popular postage 10. berth kill you. It seems to be (him). jostel. Phonics Grammar A All the words begin with B. 1. And when any 12. A large shed where aircraft are kept. With an empty space inside. 7. fractur. laughtir. strech. believe receive 8. The ridge over the eyes. 1. She was certain it was (them). You are abusive and cantankerous like all 10. piller Olympic pillar 4. C There is only one correct spelling in each line. A small piece of cloth. 2. 6. 4. The little boy who lost his schoolbag was crying in the yard. imposible. recieve 9. journey impossible jostle 1. The police officer who rescued the old man was awarded a medal for bravery. 12. bisect billion A Rewrite this passage and underline the pronouns. The girl who trained every day won the gold medal. He saw (us) in the street. commotion. The politician who appeared on television defended the government. He invited John and (I) into the shop. Explain why you are writing the letter. B You are on holiday with your aunt. ex 9.   I am deli ght ed to kno w tha t you are all wel nt. The ending should indicate your sincerity. People who are untrustworthy are not loyal. 8. inviting him or her to your birthday party. Write a letter home. Dear Madam. I miss you all. Indicate that you’ll be looking forward to 2. the peop. The warning sign declared that it was unsafe to swim near the rock. Karl 9. 11. Examples: 3 June 2006. The weather is glorious. loyal disloyal 13. com with Why should he or she come to your school? 3. for example. The injured player was unable to continue playing. The unruly spectators disrupted the game. aware unaware C A friend has left your school. pre 13. and so on. modest immodest D Write a letter to a famous person inviting him or her to visit your school. ob against a reply. Dear Mrs O’Brien. ante before 6. 2. The ship’s cargo was unloaded. le are kind and the food in this hotel is excelle 3. 2. 10. correct incorrect 6. (ii) Names of houses begin with capital letters but no quotation marks (“. The message should contain three paragraphs. Helen was unlucky to fall and break her leg. Yours sincerely. Yours sincerely. A Write a short letter to a friend.”) are required. patient impatient 10. 4. Your fond friend. Examples: export. e here in table. bi 2. Write about why you like this person. You have no idea how thrilled I was to rece l at home. 6. tele 14. Give my   Tell Tom that I’ll write to him tomorrow. Introduce yourself. combine. 3. inter Sea View Hotel. He unlocked the door and unleashed the alsatian dog. un 15. (iii) The date must be clearly indicated. A prefix may be placed at the start of a word to form a new word. bi two 4. Mary and I are having a wonderful tim We are 2. You may write the date in a variety of ways. (See the three 5. advantage disadvantage 9. unsuitable. il 12. inter between 8. Thanks ive the money. sub less or under 9. At the inquiry. Write the meanings of these prefixes. A Write two words that start with each of these these prefixes. Port Macquarie. We had to rise at an unnecessary hour. Closing paragraph: Wish the person well. Writing Language Notes Prefixes (i) The writer’s full address must be shown at the top right-hand side of the page. many facts previously unknown were revealed. 12. pure impure 3. sub Port Macquarie. Mrs Smith’s electricity was disconnected because her bill was unpaid. both learning to sail and go swimming every day ind him to feed Bonzo regularly. lock unlock points below. 1. Describe your school. Yours faithfully. in 10. It felt like it was my birthday.. obey disobey 7. 1. for you r wel com e lett er whi ch I rece ived this morning.. Rem 5. The patient was unwell after falling from the ladder. vice-president. pre before 38 39 . post New South Wales 5. 3/6/’06. ex out 5. 3/6/2006.) 1. Dear Sir. Write a letter telling him or her all the latest news. 2006. 7 High Street. (v) End: Yours truly. content discontent 11. What’s impressed you about him or her? D Trans means across. happy unhappy 15. re 3 June 2006 Dear Mum and Dad. direct indirect 4. selfish unselfish 8. 3. 4. 1. The tyrant king imposed unfair taxes on the people. June 3. de 7. Yours respectfully. 7. post after 7. love to May and Dan. dis 8. com 6. the B Write the sentences using words with the prefix un. polite impolite 12. C Write the opposite of these words by using a prefix. Your loving son. order disorder 14. I was excited when I saw it lying on 1. (iv) Begin: Dear Mother. im  11. So they would not conspire against him. who a i n e v o l s v e a n i were called Huguenots. olsavika 9. still surrounded by luxury. his nobles to do the same. though France itself was financially ruined from his wars and building programmes. 30 km outside Paris. for many generations. power to improve the lot of the poor people in his country. of France had. Belgium.   Louis XIV died in 1715. Italy. 7. The kings 4. was 5. about 30km outside the city. They were imprisoned without trial. People 2. who as a result. 40 41 . Greece.   Despite having a royal palace in Paris. E Can you write out the other 15 European Union Countries? Austria. he ordered another one built at Versailles. usually in the Bastille.   Although France did have a Parliament at this time. when the peasants rebelled and killed their king and many nobles. aghnuyr Hungary   Also at this time. Each of these wars. 77. Louis moved to Versailles. Unscramble the words and find them in the grid. however. iensvloa Slovenia d l c m a d k m a r r p o and wealth of France declined considerably. known as the Sun King. No. The Sun King 1. 3.000 of these people. attempting to overthrow 6. France was the most powerful country in Europe. D Wordsearch: European Union Countries. Because he believed all of France depended on him. endswe Sweden c p p v d p m s l p n o a and gradually. the power of France began to decline. Louis e c n a r f a i v t a l k would not allow them to practise their religion in peace and he enacted laws which persecuted them. Protestants. ended in defeat for France 11. during which the power 8.  not the best king France ever had. Instead of using his 8. As everything depends on the Sun for life. and forced all C Summarise the story in your own words and in about ten sentences. aaltm Malta z n d g e a g p x v d y s the king and reduce the burden of taxation. During the reign of Louis. Bulgaria. prcysu Cyprus who disagreed with him were imprisoned without trial. Louis. many people in France became Protestant. became poorer and poorer and more and more dissatisfied with their condition. were forced to flee abroad. Slovakia t a d z l n k d z c p x l   Louis’ reign lasted for more than 50 years. The seeds of the French Revolution of 1789. The desire for new conquests encouraged him to make war against Spain. When Louis came to the throne. Louis hated criticism and would not tolerate any opposition. Spain. erianld Ireland b o x s n p l n u t i l v Germany. In the era of King Louis XIV (who lived from 1638–1715). Look up the words in your dictionary if you’re unsure of their meaning. the people who dwelt in the cities and in the countryside often did not have enough to 5. The money for the extravagant life led by Louis and his nobles had to come from somewhere. France’s most p r l f h i c e k k h n g 3. however. Holland and 10. He had a team of ministers who ensured that his 1. 50. ivltaa Latvia x d m f r l c e d y p p c live on. He wanted them close at hand so that they would not conspire against him. A Answer these questions. were certainly sown Lithuania. during the reign of this despotic king. Portugal. Czech Republic. considered himself to be the absolute owner of all things. opaldn suppressed by Louis’ loyal troops. Reading Activities A Read the text. Denmark. Louis never allowed it to meet. inlfadn Finland country. He 10. preferring to make every decision himself. 12. They were very much missed after their departure. lived in great wealth and luxury. 2. 6. 9. Because of the burden of taxation. Louis believed that all of France depended on him – hence he demanded to be B Write the words in italics in interesting sentences of your own. France was at the height of its power and glory. he surrounded himself with luxury and fine palaces. Because of expensive wars and building programmes. it was raised by putting more and more taxes on the peasants of France. arfnce France w x p a h f y r a g n u h orders were carried out. Germany. UK. The Netherlands. Most of these were y n d g d n t d y y x w a hard-working craftsmen who had made a big contribution to France’s y m b k m b a n e d e w s growth. All these revolts were quickly and ruthlessly Poland 7. The peasants. several revolts broke out in Paris. Romania. Luxembourg. p c u a i n o t s e d k y While the king and his nobles lived in luxury in Versailles and in other palaces throughout the 4. setnoai Estonia famous prison. 10. She is a lovely person. It was a fabulous show. colt. or 5. impolite to omit the wish. Sanjay had a marvellous time. The chestnut colt galloped across the open plain. The black beetle crawled under a mossy rock. Thursday something better. One runs: Monday for danger. The water will all 1. In the Arctic and the Antarctic . 6. scampered. hairy. 5. to a great age. galloped. 1. Cloze Grammar A Write the passage using the words. Sometimes we talk about freshwater rivers . gorilla Scientists believe that when the oceans were first formed millions of years ago the sea 6. Tuesday kiss a stranger. squirrel carried down to the sea. choosing suitable adjectives. The Vikings were fair-haired warriors. that is. No 8. anyone 10. tawny. before the end of the week. The elephant has white ivory tusks. ambled. trout river is absolutely fresh. who does so regularly after dinner is expected to live 11. a sign of good health to sneeze after a meal. parrot 16. gentle. The squirrel cracked the hazel nuts. frisked. bounded. swung. fallow. turkey water was fresh. owl 13. It was a very good game. near a grave. sea is generally more salty than it is lower down. B Write the following groups of words in interesting sentences. 7. robin 11. The friendly dolphins swarmed around the boat. B Write the missing words. was very unlucky. there are no great rivers to carry salts to the sea. The lark sang in the clear blue sky. saucy. and it was customary to raise 2. In the 17th century it was very 1. deer 4. foretell either good or evil fortune. 42 43 . customary health Tuesday see health The day is cloudy and cold. The gardener sprayed the red roses. the ocean is the least salty. An adjective is a word that describes a noun or a pronoun. scurried. they wash out of 7. 14. Sneezing three 6. especially 4. rabbit 10. The brown leaves withered and died. snake 12. Saturday. faithful.   There are many rhymes connected with sneezing. dog 15. The 4. glided. Wednesday for a letter. hat sign century sneeze very believe many especially Example: It is a cloudy and cold day. frog 14. The heat of the Sun evaporates water from the sea. The present custom black yellow brown evergreen grey hazel red white of wishing the sneezer good health or fortune – to tawny purple friendly fair-haired blue piebald forestall possible bad luck – dates back at least to the Ancient Greeks. The brave hunter tracked the big animal. clammy. flitted. The surface of the 2. butterfly oceans contain invisible Antarctic least various heat 2. dainty. It may go before or after the noun or pronoun. I like sweet things. screeched. Friday for sorrow. barked. 7. They are nice people. darted. Example: chestnut. elephant 17. waters of the Dead Sea contain six times as much salt as the open ocean. the hat and bow at the same time. crawled. 3. The tawny owl hooted in the pine forest. The evergreen firs covered the mountainside. timid. As rivers pass over the land on their way to the sea. soared. Some people believe it is 9. The yellow daffodils waved in the evening breeze. lark evaporated leave prove rivers millions 3.   You can prove this yourself by boiling salt water in a pan. ponderous. It was a nice day. 13. disappear as steam and leave the salt at the bottom of the pan. at the start of a journey. where 3. but to sneeze to the left. lamb Why is sea water salty? 5. loathsome. glided. Sneezing People long ago believed that a sneeze – “a little explosion in the head” – was a sign from the gods which could A  Write the sentences. The dress had pretty colours. in it are left behind. see your lover tomorrow. leaped. speckled.   Sneezing to the right denoted good fortune. times before breakfast is thought to predict a present 8. The piebald horse jumped over the fence. When sea water is evaporated. 9. graceful. plump. 12. The bog was covered with clumps of purple heather. All rivers contain a small percentage of salt which is being 9. hopped. slimy. the salts C Rewrite the sentences using more descriptive phrases to replace the phrases in italics. little. strutted. grey. 8. gentle. swan 18. A grey mist hung over the valley. The bad witch was very cruel. snail the ground various kinds of salts. fluttered. it turns the water into a kind of invisible vapour. cross lonesome frightened jolly sorrowful delighted scared cheerful A Proofread these sentences. 2. Write each phrase in a sentence. houses C Places. “Oh no. you’ll all be making snowmen in your backyards. Despite the constant rain. It won’t kill you. the head of a tribe B Proofread this ‘zany’ weather forecast. A ship’s cargo is kept in a . I think. I’m afraid it’s batten down the hatches time as a storm of cats. 10. the mouth of a river 9. 4. “Do you enjoy English lessons?” he asked.” she said.   On Sunday. vineyard aviary court gallery hold nursery zoo So sleep tight and don’t let the bed bugs bite.   Those of you driving on the roads should bring your 4. dogs and elephants will strike on Friday night. Proofreaders check for correct spelling and punctuation. 9. On Saturday we’re going to watch the football. 8. Some of the hailstones may be as big as bowling balls. the neck of a bottle 10. We might find out soon whether there was ever life on Mars. the country. the tongue of a shoe 8. 1. At the sweet shop I bought some chews. apprehensive cheerful vexed miserable of crisps. Ben doesn’t know what he wants to do when he scared delighted annoyed sorrowful 2. Plays are performed in a theatre . then you’d better bring an anchor and chain it to hold 1. Grapes are grown in a vineyard . the leg of a chair 6. Paintings are kept in a gallery . I guess aviary 6. the brow of a hill 7. fancy yourself as a dare-devil? Why not go for a swim in the sub-zero sea. 3.” 2. 5. 44 45 . the face of a clock 4. See you Monday with more good news. 6. Fear Happiness Anger Sadness 1. So go on. have 8. Our school team won the cricket tournament. frightened jolly cross lonesome 3. annoyed miserable furious joyful terrified gloomy vexed apprehensive Find the mistakes and then rewrite each sentence correctly. Where would you like to go on holiday? 1. Young shrubs are grown in a nursery . Tennis is played on a court . or both. theatre hospital mint What are you doing on Saturday? If you’re going to the concert. 5. 9. A Descriptive words. the camping trip went really well. Wild animals are kept in a zoo . Group the following words under their correct headings. a great weekend folks and enjoy this beautiful weather. an ice lolly and a chocolate bar. there will be heavy falls of snow. Operations are performed in a hospital . 4. your foot. terrified joyful furious gloomy 5. Writing Language A proofreader checks that a piece of writing is correct and ready for printing. “ I forgot my pencil case. Each sentence has three mistakes in spelling or punctuation. 7. getting lost in the woods and the car breaking down. Money is made in a mint . I’ve got a new mobile phone and it’s amazing. Do you want to come with us? B Choose a suitable word from the given list to complete the phrase. the teeth of a saw 10. grows up. and tribe river shoe clock chair bottle saw needle hill corn I was very proud when they went to receive the trophy. There will be showers of hail sweeping across 2. forgetting the sleeping bags. Do you 7. a packet 3. Rewrite the article correctly. the eye of a needle 3. Trees. the ear of corn No fair weather ahead this weekend folks. Birds are kept in an . even dinosaurs will be upruted by the gale force winds. ice skates in case the car breaks down. and sewage may seep into water supplies. 8. Look up the words in your dictionary if you’re unsure of their meaning. At midday they closed rocking forces. the results can be devastating. but when it does.  1. rock o k l o b x c p p b x y g must be anchored deeply 3.000 are strong enough to be felt. Fires may start if a quake ruptures gas or power lines. 12. or the banks Copy the paragraph and replace then with some of the words from the of rivers and lakes may be torn apart. rock and soil along a slope may be loosened.000. temperature o c c o n t i n e n t x r to prevent them from 10. Skyscrapers 2. During a very powerful earthquake the B Write the words in italics in interesting sentences of your own. knowing where to build and how to build can help through the bustling street. About eighty per cent of the world’s major earthquakes occur in an area called the Ring of Fire. causing flooding. At least 40 moderate earthquakes cause damage somewhere 6. Fires sometimes occur when gas or powerlines are ruptured. or be shaken apart. which help resist the shopkeepers were beginning to prepare for the midday rest. ground on either side of a fault may suddenly open up. on flood plains ruts worn away by the carts that trundled along the roads after sunset. collapse. Unfortunately “shear walls”. which act like D Wordsearch: The Earth. Smaller buildings are bolted to reached the crossroads. destructive waves called tsunamis. Buildings may slide off their foundations. years. In u x f l r k n n d e p d t 6. triggering a landslide. Suddenly they or on steep slopes that may be subject to landslides. Ground shaking causes while unfortunately almost immediately straight away structures to move violently. causing the shaking of an earthquake. Shortly afterwards Marcus began kicking a stone along the reduce the effects of a quake. oxygen often fastened down 9. island p z c t p n n e g y x o o falling over when the 11. once every two 7. 1. in the world each year. A Answer these questions.000 minor earthquakes each day. Sewage lines may break. 8. Tsunamis. Near faults. ocean t x s u d d a x h e c c k a specially strengthened 5. around the edge of the Pacific Ocean. only about the edge of the Pacific Ocean. Immediately they wandered back home   In areas where earthquakes are likely. Caius came to collect the boys from school. Find the words in the grid. landslides and flooding. forest i s l a n d e o e v o l p into the ground and need 4. A fault is a fracture in the Earth’s rocky outer shell. 4. Drinking contaminated water can cause serious diseases. Medium-sized the great wooden shutters. Every two years on average. on flood plains or where steep slopes can cause landslides. This process is happening all the time. bend. A specially strengthened framework. An earthquake-prone area around An earthquake is a shaking of the ground caused by the sudden breaking and shifting of large sections of the Earth’s rocky outer shell. They are bolted to their foundations and have special supports. or foundations.   Most earthquakes occur along a fault – a fracture where sections of rock repeatedly slide 9. Tsunamis may build to heights at midday shortly afterwards suddenly eventually soon of more than thirty metres when they reach shallow water near shore. Caius stopped to chat with friends who collect water at the their foundations and have special supports called fountain. pollution m z a t m o s p h e r e g 46 47 . t a b l o y y g d a a l k shock absorbers between 1. on average. Caius crossed the street and eventually Marcus and Julius buildings are often protected followed him home. continent m k o d p h h y z k n o f building shakes. Buildings should not be built on areas near faults. Any structure that spans the fault may be torn apart. new position. atmosphere areas. Earthquakes 3. A really powerful earthquake only occurs. Of these. Stresses in the Earth cause large blocks of rock along a fault to strain. 2.   An earthquake causes damage in many different ways. mountain framework. p e r u t a r e p m e t g with devices called base isolators. globe earthquake prone l p p e n i a t n u o m s 7. Marcus and Julius peered into the shops. volcano n o n a c l o v n e o m o the building and its foundation. create one or more large. An earthquake on the ocean floor can C box. When the stress on the rock becomes great enough. heavy appliances l d x k r n n o s t m k e and furniture are 8. Reading Activities A Read the text. Scientists estimate that there are more than 8. While they waited. the rock breaks and snaps into a 10. 5. They are devices which act as shock absorbers between the building and the past each other. terror terrible coils its strong muscular body around the victim. sorrow sorrowful The boa constrictor is a native of South and Central America. angel angelic 13. Adjectives formed from proper nouns begin with capital letters. 4. in the snake’s throat. comfort comfortable 20. The lady bought an expensive Parisian perfume. deceit disorder disorderly 21. The skin between the scales C Write the sentences with adjectives formed from the nouns. music misery miserable 3. coward cowardly 19. value valuable applied causes the animal to suffocate and die of heart failure. seems size weigh object nothing times black flabbergasted under dimmer heavy galaxy spin A Write the sentences. A star that 5. The influential lady helped the poor. 9. it gets dimmer 4. 7. We flew over the Welsh mountains and the Irish Sea. 6. adventure adventurous deceitful musical B Write the missing words. 2. The Russian Government expelled the British diplomat. I enjoy American movies and Italian operas. The victorious team paraded around the town. Use your dictionary if you are unsure. the snake 8. 22. nation national 5. 10. wool woollen teeth are unsuitable for crushing and chewing food. The snake usually swallows its victim’s 2. head first. and dimmer and its material becomes very dense and very heavy . How could they explain them? It seems that some stars are so massive that they 3. success successful lizards and mammals. mountain mountainous times victim’s native coils crushing snake’s between everything break stomach sticking usually body swallow feathers swell 4. Example: The Spanish footballer married the Mexican dancer. The old beggar was a pitiful sight to behold. Cloze Grammar A Write the passage using the words. 48 49 . merriment merry 30.000 second. It dines on birds. The courageous man dived into the river and saved the girl. The terrific pressure 9. The actress lived in a luxurious apartment.  My aunt has a Siamese cat and a Scottish sheepdog. The joyous occasion was marred by heavy rain. anger angry 14. joy joyous or joyful 29. fire fiery 25. The shopkeeper bought a chest of Indian tea. It is believed spin times per 8. The obedient child went to bed. She is a charitable lady. condenses itself down to about the size of the Earth is known as a White Dwarf. Our galaxy may contain millions of these amazing black holes. everything eaten must be swallowed whole. that these holes round at the incredible speed of 1.   But some stars collapse completely into : a black hole is left. 12. fury furious 26. picture pictorial Boa constrictor 6. begin to collapse under their own weight. affection affectionate 11. Any object that fell into a black hole would be torn into a billion parts. 5. Switzerland is famous for its Alpine rescue climbers. As the star crushes itself. The dangerous warrior brandished his sword. This prevents the fur or feathers of the unfortunate victim from sticking 3. 2. inserting the adjectives. giant gigantic 27. The amazing reptile can swell out its elastic jaws to surround and swallow a creature many times its own size. stretches out to store the food. A teaspoon of material from it would weigh about five tonnes! nothing 7. 1. dissolve and break up the big meal. 1. 7. Having seized its prey with its backward-pointed teeth. energy energetic 23. attraction attractive 16. hero heroic 28. anxiety anxious 15. The Chinese restaurant serves Danish cheese and French wines. child childish 17. caution cautious 18. Since the snake’s 10. B Form adjectives from the nouns. 6. explore explorative 24. 8. We were outnumbered and the situation was hopeless . Powerful digestive juices in the snake’s stomach help 1. Black holes Scientists were flabbergasted when they discovered that there are black holes in space. She earned a liveli hood as a solicitor. 5. The brave act ion of the fireman saved many lives. (Remember able like ant ion hood fy not to over-use and. The home less man was given shelter for the night. Wara Wara. whistling and screeching Amazon 5. assistant. Writing Language A Look at the map. 1. The prisoner of war tunnelled his way to free dom . 50 51 . completing the words with a suitable suffix. treacherous quicksand gigantic snakes 9. that he was ill. Our babysitter is a very cap able person. . deep into the rainforest dangerous rapids 8. come from point A. swarming flies kept upwind 1. teeming beetles crept away slowly 2.) en ate ess ful ee ish ly ive dom ible ician wise ary ous form ation ism ways B Write the sentences. Write an account of what happened. 4. The pupil was given extra homework because of his child ish behaviour. 6. Martin Luther was the founding father of protestant ism . In order to start the machine you must push the lever in a clock wise direction. twittering and chirping of birds paddled canoes 6. Write it as a diary if A Write two words for each of these suffixes. majestic eagle soaring swift current 7. in diary form if you wish. escaped unscathed (without injury) 10. Write an account. gloriously coloured butterflies advanced steadily 3. hacked away furiously encountered huge tiger 10. The musician played a live ly jig on the violin. dense canopy of foliage (leaves) terrified and trembling dark and sinister mortal danger C Write the sentences. She was a very hard-working and efficient manager ess B You and your friend went on a jungle adventure. 2. The mission ary devoted his life hot and humid (damp) king of the jungle to working for the poor. finding a word to match the suffix. The orchestra played the first move ment of the symphony. She sat down in a comfort able armchair and read the newspaper. 7. The motorist was heavily fined for danger ous driving. 3. tangled vegetation trudged onwards 9. You have Example: hopeless. They listened attentively as the story began to un fold . The attract ive model wore a beautiful evening dress. hillock. chattering monkeys an immense river 4. A cure for the ill ness has been discovered late ly . You are an explorer who has just Suffixes A suffix is a group of letters added at the end of a word to form a discovered Lake new word. The care less gambler lost a fortune in Las Vegas. acy er fold ed less ment but or then. hardy pack-animals the prowling jaguar 8.  you wish. There will be many hope ful candidates in the next election. He rang the office to in form his employer You might like to use some of these ideas and vocabulary. African elephants live only in Africa. dinolph dolphin people throughout the world enjoy watching elephants in zoos. yra ray w r o e i r s r t h been passed in many of the countries where they live. In parts of India and Southeast Asia.600 kilograms. They use them to carry heavy loads. working elephants are still used to carry heavy loads in some Asian countries. poserpoi porpoise p a t i o s i h d t be possible is uncertain. In Africa and parts of Asia it is 3.   Because elephants are both extremely strong and highly intelligent. who was the largest animal D Wordsearch: Sea Animals. Jumbo was so famous that the word “jumbo” began to be used to describe anything extremely shark 1. Reading Activities A Read the text. Visitors came from all over the world to see Jumbo. African elephants. In the last twenty years. Because of hunting and destrution of their habitat. farming and industry destroy more and more of the elephants’ natural 12. making it illegal to hunt them. laws designed to protect elephants have 9. in captivity at that time. ewahl whale r c t y d u i s o a still possible to see wild elephants in their natural environment.4 metres tall and weighing more than 6. but how much longer this will 4. piano keys and Japanese “signature seals” – traditional carved stamps 8. squid 5. African elephants have bigger ears. were killed every year. 10. topocus octopus habitat. Ivory is used to 7. Elephants are the largest animals that live on land. 3. A Answer these questions. 52 53 . For their ivory tusks. south of the Sahara Desert. Elephants 1. more and more of the land where elephants used to live is being used e e l y o y s t e r by humans. as the number of wild elephants has been declining steadily. fatishc catfish people have hunted elephants for their ivory tusks. 6. 9. which have smaller ears and are slightly shorter. tens of k q l z p x c i v i thousands of elephants. an African elephant named Jumbo was the prime attraction at London Zoo. Jumbo was the name of a famous zoo elephant. 4. They rode on their backs. carvings. and 2. o w s h a r k e e c   Today. Nearly two and a half thousand years ago Alexander the Great defeated a Persian army that rode elephants. Unscramble the words and find them in the grid. Because as the human population increases more and more of the elephants’ land is being used by humans. oyster 10. There are two main types of elephant: C Summarise the story in your own words. Despite the efforts of many conservation groups to save the elephant. African and Indian. ele eel population increases. Write a sentence for each one. teoysr y p a u n w h a l e   Another cause of the decline in elephant numbers is more difficult to deal with. 5. people have been taming and training them for thousands of years. eljlishyf jellyfish make jewellery. Just over a hundred years later. Use about ten sentences. 2.  8. Hannibal of Carthage used elephants to cross the Alps and invade Italy. especially African elephants. 6. 7. sharfist starfish s b n r h u m f q s used to print a person’s name. sidqu f g u o l o h s j f   One reason for the decrease in the wild elephant population is hunting. standing 3. Throughout history. Its strength and intelligence. Every year. B Look up the words in italics in your dictionary. Until about twenty years ago. it is not certain j e l l y f i s h i that there will be any wild elephants left in fifty years’ time. As the human 11. and Indian elephants. which have large ears. while Indian elephants live in parts of India and Southeast Asia. skahr large.   During the nineteenth century. Example: Examples: Hush! Hurrah! Oh! Alas! Laura is tall. He is the smallest boy in the choir. What gets wetter the more it dries? 2. 10. There were fewer spectators than runners at the sports stadium. joy. empty emptier emptiest 7. Complete the table. noble nobler noblest 6. The better team won the rugby final. 54 55 . B Be careful. Hello ! Who’s speaking? 8. choosing the correct words. good better best 1. Hurrah. bad worse worst 2. 9. Example answer: 1. up upper uppermost 8. taller – the comparative degree of the adjective. Shame on you ! You pinched me. 6. 1. Always begin a question with a capital letter and end it with a question mark. An exclamation mark (!) is written after an interjection. Stop. Come on. pretty prettier prettiest Exclamations! 7. late later latest 7. Help ! Man overboard. 7. Hari was more cautious than his brother. 1. Where did the zebra cross the road? 7. Hurrah ! We have won the cup. triumph or thing with another. 9. bright brighter brightest 5. tall – the positive degree of the adjective. 6. 4. surprise. Hush ! Don’t make a sound. old older oldest 6. Slow down! farther farthest 8. Halt ! Who goes there? younger youngest 1. 5.  tallest – the superlative degree of the adjective. Hana is the younger of the two girls. What gets bigger the more you take from it? 2. Ben is taller. warning. 2. Bravo ! He rescued the little girl. 8. 11. red redder reddest 4. What is black and white and red all over? 5. far C Questions and Riddles. pain. Which is heavier: a kilogram of stones or a kilogram of feathers? 3. little 3. What goes up and never comes down? 6. generous more generous most generous exclamations should be followed by an exclamation mark. Good gracious ! What is that? 13. cautious more cautious most cautious Example: someone admiring a view might say: “What a marvellous sight this is!” Note: an interjection need not necessarily be used with these exclamations. sadness. 12. A Choose the most suitable interjections to fill the blank spaces. great race! 7. 5. This boy made the least number of errors. Stop! Bravo! Open up! Alas! Hello! Oh! Hush! Good gracious! Halt! Shame on you! Help! Ouch! Hurrah! A Copy and complete the table. lucky luckier luckiest To exclaim means to cry out in anger. Ouch ! That hurts. 1. The carpenter sawed off the rougher end of the log. Amazing! 4. pain. Pass the ball! 5. Stop ! Road blocked. Write out these riddles correctly. Writing Grammar Interjections are words ‘thrown’ into a sentence to express some Adjectives change their form when they are used to compare one sudden emotion or feeling. it’s hot! smaller smallest 3. What a wash out! 5. C Write the sentences. Alas ! He died young. faster! 2. Ahmed is the tallest. surprise. These adjectives are irregular. Where does a fish keep its money? 8. young 3. 3. Smoking kills! 6. much more most 4. 3. such as joy. 4. What is made dirty by washing? 4. Oh ! The little girl is crying. brilliant more brilliant most brilliant B Write the exclamations which the following people might make. 10. Open up ! Police on duty. My eldest sister is in hospital. and such 8. Positive Comparative Superlative 2. sorrow. 14. 7. mussel. 5. As weak as water. periwinkle. Leaves are . penguin. As graceful as a swan. thoughtful mean Leaves are . post man 8. 1. horse  Happiness is staying up late. skunk. hare Happiness is Friday. As heavy as lead. pike. trout. potato. As poor as a church mouse. blackbird Happiness is me! 9. sheep. Poetry Language A Write two list poems. 6. As silent as the grave. Ghosts Dragon Unicorn Fairy Troll 3. Happiness is French fries. plump thin Leaves are . otter. pine tree. coal mine The town is always empty 5. mule. As quick as lightning. Trees are friendly Leaves are waving Trees are . beech tree donkey. pass port 3. One about trees and one about leaves. Example: ash + tray = ashtray. badger. 9. Leaves are . foal Trees Leaves B In the following. sparrow. 8. oyster. Happiness is no homework. Gently up the lane Complete the following words in order to form compound words. 6. As fresh as a daisy. As busy as an ant. 5. squirrel Example: 2. fox. foot ball No others did he see 4. dish cloth So frightening is he. buffalo. 4. In boots as big as trees 1. 6. pear. whale. seal. zoo keeper 12. colt. Look at this acrostic poem called Giants. brief case 10. 2. pineapple. octopus. A Which is the odd one out in the following lists. black board 7. As soft as putty. 12. robin. 11. D Illustrate your poems. As swift as a deer. 7. kangaroo. 8. fat Trees are . rich wealthy poor Trees are . C A compound word is made up of two or more separate words. courageous permit allow forbid Write your own acrostic poem about giants. stallion. 56 57 . give one word meaning the same as and one the opposite of. As fast as a hare. As black as coal. yew tree. cod Happiness 3. magpie. ship wreck D Use these similes to make interesting sentences. whelk fir tree. herring. Grand father A friendless giant came 2. 10. finish start end solid soft hard brave cowardly B In an acrostic poem the title of the poem is spelled by using the first letter of each line. Leaves are whispering Word Same Opposite Leaves are . 13. plum Happiness is summer. filly. rabbit. 4. Leaves are . peach. circular flat round Trees are . 1. tea cup 11. C Now choose two titles from the list and do the same as above. lamp post 9. sour sweet bitter Trees are . As clean as a new pin. As clear as crystal. mild arrogant meek Trees are . cuckoo. kind Trees are . was faint with fear. B Look up the words in italics in your dictionary. or that he heard sounds 8. It was so sheer that 1. A of oxen to fight. blocking his way. A Answer these questions. looking at something beyond 7. flock k d e h a l y y p e h u u 3. and looking down on the bears. He was on a high narrow ledge with a ravine below and a sheer rock wall above Suddenly. A litter of puppies s h p d o s h p x g g p t 14. Whether it was that he noticed the bear 6. He would certainly fall and be dashed to brood nest plague school troop herd gaggle flock shoal pieces if he attempted that route. and heaved himself up until he was half-way up the school 8. ended mercifully by the touch of a dangling rope on his shoulder. He thought he must be imagining the bears.   The next few seconds remained in Ned Blake’s memory ever afterwards as a confused 6. 4. A skulk of foxes   The two bears advanced towards each other step by step – in no hurry. 1. Their shoal 9.   Desperately he looked down into the ravine. A troop of monkeys each other than in him. A menacing growl from each side d g d a e p p d l g d l k 5. Write a sentence for each one. As a nightmare. The Bears 2. Slowly. so shaken that he nearly fell off the ledge. he simply had to look round. He was sick with fear. A of herring m o k k l u k s b y o g n growls became louder and angrier. “Let’s go home. Ned lost his cool completely. him. 13.   Ned was so dazed with terror that at first he thought he was going mad and seeing grizzlies C Summarise the story in your own words. Ned felt that he must look over his shoulder. A building of rooks z n p l t e l i t t e r s 15. A of geese mind as he remembered his rifle lying in the gorge below. Reading Activities A Read the story. 3. A brood of chickens managed to scale it. stood another huge grizzly bear. Write another title for behind him.” 11. D Write the group phrases and find the group words in the grid. yet perfectly ready team s h o a l t r o o p f h r 12. He saw the bear looking beyond him.  Their agressive instincts were focussed on each other. A nest of rabbits b b x i r d i n g a k d m nightmare. A sloth of bears k r h h x t e a m d d b p not even a monkey could have 2. horror. A string of horses w n d h h n s c h o o l s 58 59 . and screamed and screamed again. everywhere. A herd of elephants answered him. he n c m p s n t h d y l g i had only strength enough left to stagger away from the edge and gasp. The sight of a second bear. man’s hair can stand on end with 10. Yet the two bears were real. he was not sure. A of birds   Bitter thoughts rose in the man’s gaggle m r p g a g g l e u i i d 4. His brother. If a 9. and one thing soon became plain – he was trapped. A plague of insects k b o b r o o d u l k i g together he grasped the rope firmly. He was shaken. He heard sounds behind him. feet braced against the rock. him. then Ned Blake’s hair stood on end. Pulling himself 7. not knowing that the animals were more interested in 10. When his brother finally dragged him to safety. He was sick with fear. Use about ten sentences. Ned. For there at the far end. building skulk sloth litter team string He looked up at the rock wall above him. His hair stood on end. Use your dictionary if unsure. but the story. A of whales m d r g m p d k b p c n g rockwall and could pause. 5. The hungry hawk devoured the dead sparrow. A fund was established for 9. The timid rabbit scampered across the meadow. If you were on Shop. weight of any pigeon which can fly. Nobel Prizes when he died in 1896. The fact that the Dodo was a flightless bird was an obvious disadvantage. Sailors used to kill the Dodos for 6. 60 61 . in the Indian Ocean. The brave soldiers defended their fortress. French and English ships soon stopped 5. A thick blanket of snow the gardens. medicine. literature and peace. the anniversary of Nobel’s death. A verb can be one word. 4. Clear crystal water gushed from the rock. The agile dancer through the air. Dodo The Dodo is an extinct bird. It will take him about fifteen minutes recommend for the Nobel Prize? to choose a suitable pair. 2. At the Shopping Centre he will look for the Sports other four prizes are awarded in Stockholm. They were flightless birds. The upset customer complained to the manager. The bird survived until 1681. there. Cloze Grammar A Write the passage using the words. The goat chewed my hat. that lived on Mauritius Island. anniversary committee Sweden first awards publicly established 4. The island was discovered in 1507 by the Portuguese. The peace prize is publicly awarded in Oslo on Office to withdraw some money from his Savings Account. prizes secret decide each won found only contribution 5. chemistry. the pigs killed off the parent birds. weight put now flightless soon Indian was The girl was trying her best.  weighing 25kg or more. The volcano during the night. the scientist from Sweden who invented 7. It is situated at the very end of the arcade and as he enters he will immediately the peace committee or the literature committee. and 10. 2. Alfred Nobel. The old steam engine along the track. The injured athlete groaned with pain. five annual awards to those who had made the biggest contribution in physics. multiplied rapidly. awards can be given only to Juan will race home from school. Another factor which led to the rapid 7. Five committees sit in secret to decide the prize-winners. The nervous soldier across the sky. Except for the peace prize. 3. B Write the sentences choosing your own verbs. can be won by a group. the monkeys ate the Dodo eggs. Once he has some cash. Most verbs are action or doing words. two words or even three words. B Write the passage using the words. They were giant birds A Write the sentences with the most suitable verbs. He will hope they will help him win the final next week. and is now extinct. dynamite. 1. fact multiplied parent extinct factor Dutch Examples: The cat chased the mouse. food. The jet aircraft 3. Forked lightning struck the clock tower in the village. He will eat his dinner and then will go to the Post individuals. and monkeys put ashore by the Portuguese 9. The will head for the Shopping Centre. The startled deer through the long grass. Dutch . who would you notice the boxes of football boots on the shelves. at least seven times the 1. through the jungle. invented annual recommend 6. which C Write this passage in the future tense. The police car screeched to a halt. The bus on the icy road. The old couple strolled along the beach. The audience greatly the concert. he 10 December each year. The prizes were first awarded in 1901. extinction of the Dodo was the fact that pigs 8. bequeathed most of his huge fortune to found the 8. Jones B. 3. Summers B. Then an enormous hole opened right before their very eyes. The haunting silence of laughter laugh confusion confuse memory memorise the castle sent cold shivers down my spine. Johnson J. Too late I realised my danger. When they reached the frozen lake. eve. their or there in the blank spaces below. Summer C. noon. before starting to skate. McKenna R. Anderson R. Burton P. R. 4. Parker S. 8. C Complete the following story. “Look! a rusty door. Celini B. Their I had scarcely reached the middle of the river when mother waved goodbye to them and remarked. There was no time to lose. Turner B Complete the following story. A Change these nouns into verbs. Whelan The old fortune-teller sat there in silence. “I wonder the fast ebbing tide gripped the boat. 11. their mother sighed. Brown K. Can you find twelve others? 1. Stealthily we tiptoed down the narrow argument argue apology apologise success succeed winding staircase. Connolly A. There wasn’t a cloud in the sky. In a soft whisper she murmured. Suddenly there was a loud crack. Patel J. P. 6. why they’re so chirpy today! I hope they’re careful”. 2. 10. Ryan R. as it was freezing outside. 5. Butcher C. they stood there and gazed at it for a while. 9. The children put Foolishly I had taken my uncle’s boat without his permission. They skated furiously to the edge and when Barry lost a skate he just left it there on the ice. 12. “ They’re back already. Pasternak B. “… C These three words do not change if spelt backwards: eye. She had enormous golden rings dangling from her ears. As they trudged wearily inside. They must have missed me!” 62 63 . I was feeling nervous as I sat down. D Write they’re.”  B Write the names of the class in alphabetical order. generate hesitate enter Just as we were about to return Femi cried generator hesitation entrance failure fail complaint complain discussion discuss out. Writing Language A Complete the following story. Burns J. 7. their coats on. 8. then. 6. rocket i j f c c o t w s t many people for such a long time. Alarms started blaring and warning lights showed that D Wordsearch: Apollo 13. To the astronauts’ relief. one oxygen tank was empty. m s j a c r s g h o 5. Reading Activities A Read the text. The astronauts returned safely. Because it wasn’t designed to support so many people for such a long time and they needed to save power.  To push the spacecraft into the influence of the Moon’s gravity. despite grave danger. apollo which would then “slingshot” it back towards the Earth. 2. the other was losing pressure. 4. This course alteration pushed the craft into the influence of the Moon’s gravity. 5. was undamaged. the power came o k u e f t a l m o back safely. was due to make the third C Summarise the story in your own words. making it very uncomfortable. so scientists could learn more about the age and origin of the Earth’s only natural satellite. It’s hardly surprising. the crew. would collect rock samples. James Lovell. A Answer these questions.” 64 65 . Because it was undamaged. Four 9. Moon y t p l u n a r a b the spacecraft. lunar landing. The Apollo 13 space mission. which blasted off on 11 April 1970. the lunar module was ejected. Use about ten sentences. 2. 10. the small craft designed to land on the Moon. astronaut   The “Lunar Module”. 3. Despite n c r n u i u l v M grave danger. failure or would the remaining power have drained from the fuel cells? There was an added danger: i l l d s e n o n o the low temperatures had created condensation on the walls. Two. and 9. The astronauts switched off everything that wasn’t needed for life support. heat and electricity. B Look up the words in italics in your dictionary. 8. 7. so the q u a l s s w e r i astronauts switched off the power in the main spacecraft and moved into the Lunar Module. This meant the electrical circuits could short out when the power was turned back on. all three astronauts had returned home safely. What caused the accident on Apollo 13? Use reference books or the internet to find out. To make a lunar landing and collect rock samples. Fred Haise and Jack Swigert. Find the words in the grid. The first two days of the flight went smoothly. 4. Water was in 7. 10. heat and electricity was damaged. accident s p a c e c r a f t short supply and the temperature fell close to freezing. that the b n e t l u t o z r Apollo 13 mission is often referred to as a “successful failure. mission Mission Control instructed the crew to use the Lunar Module’s engines to alter the course of 3. successful   Before the spacecraft re-entered the Earth’s atmosphere. Write a sentence for each one. After 56 hours. The supply of light. 1. but after fifty-six hours the crew heard a loud bang and felt a sudden jolt. it wasn’t designed to support so 6. While on the Moon.   Four days after the accident. the spacecraft splashed down in the Pacific Ocean. and power was draining from the fuel cells that supplied the spacecraft with light. Would the spacecraft power back up. Apollo 13 1. in the hope that power would last until they got back to Earth. lunar s p i i s k o p o n the crew moved back into the main part of the spacecraft. spacecraft   Although the Lunar Module had its own power and oxygen. The coat he chose to buy was torn. across the North Pole and in 1775 he became involved in a project to set up a 6.   After becoming a free man. it took nearly forty-five years before slavery was in Britain.   Robert King treated his slaves extremely badly. The bicycle which he rode had been stolen. where he learned to read and write. he joined a voyage of exploration to find a northwest passage to India 5. choosing the correct form of the verb. They had come from miles around to attend the festival. but around the age of eleven he You steal you stole you have stolen and his sister were kidnapped and She rises she rose she has risen sold into slavery. he was cheated of his They ring they rang they have rung pay and was sold to another sea He speaks he spoke he has spoken captain who took him to the Caribbean and sold him to a merchant called Robert King. 8. new plantation in Central America. and for the work he Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle undertook campaigning to abolish the slave trade . Because he could read and write. undertaking lecture tours and actively campaigning to abolish 10. We had swum as far as the island in the river before he spoke. throughout Britain. The sheriff knew that the horse had been stolen. but he loved adventure and soon returned to sea. was luckier than most of the slaves on King’s plantation. When I had drawn the sketch I gave it to the lady. remarkable life story. Examples: You came. 14. A few years later he was He creeps he crept he has crept bought by Michael Pascal. Equiano. Examples: He has come. She wrote a letter to her friend but had forgotten to post it. 7. 1. buy his freedom. some part of because buy officer campaigning across adventure the verb ‘to be’ or ‘to have’. a British naval I wear I wore I have worn officer . 15. The Past Participle (i) The past tense of a verb stands on its own. The boy ran away after he had broken the window. The boy had lain there for hours. Cloze Grammar A Write the story using the words. We sang. They fly they flew they have flown   Olaudah grew up as the son of a chief in We know we knew we have known Guinea. It was taken.1745–1797)  Olaudah Equiano is famous for his autobiography. but 12. Olaudah Equiano (c. he returned to England and set up in as 3. He had scarcely awakened when it began to snow. a hairdresser. No sooner had he risen than a fat rabbit ran across the field. 66 67 . he was given a responsible job and after three years he had saved enough money to B Write the sentences. abolished 13. He sold the book 9. The old man knew that his daughter had won the prize. 4. you drew you have drawn You draw   Although Equiano fought for the British we awoke we have awoken We awake navy for several years. She went. 11. business 2. in which he told his A Complete this table. who brought him to they forgot they have forgotten They forget England. The mayoress shook hands with the soprano who had sung in the concert. the slave trade. As soon as he had eaten his meal he ran out the door.   In 1773. If I had gone for the doctor in time the man would not have frozen to death. life kidnapped abolished published sea trade business (ii) The past participle requires another verb with it.   The efforts of Equiano and the abolitionist movement were successful in the end. however.   Equiano published his autobiography in the spring of 1789. On reaching the … Continuing … Example: We had to turn our heads in all directions. natural trail explored hidden paths sturdy steady fresh large easy right tough cold enjoyable afternoon weak clean keen soft the return journey 1.B. tired and exhausted. Write them. as if 68 69 . The sharks glided past like . 2.C. A dark shadow fell across us and it seemed as if . 7. as large as life 3. The submarine rose like . Writing Grammar Opening sentences that give variety to your essay-writing. as strong as an sparkling blue lake ruins of an old castle shrouded peak tops pearly haze B These similes show the special qualities of things. The icy waters pierced my body like The ship’s shadow passed overhead like . as gentle as a dove hum and drone of insects 5. . 10. 4. as fierce as a peace and contentment 4. The diver emerged.  bee lion swan ox thieves bulldog Punch fox dove eel Job deer Solomon hatter wolf snail A Write a descriptive story about a cycling trip with your friends. The men emerged from the water. as thick as thieves glorious afternoon gentle breeze eel lion fleecy white clouds destination 3. as swift as a 16. as cunning as a fox 12. as busy as a bee 13. Write a detailed description of 1. 8. as slippery as an 11. as slow as a snail 10. 1. as wise as Solomon 9. 3. 5. 9. as patient as Job 14. The rays of light from the camera penetrated the darkness like . Underline the adjectives. as soft as putty 11. A simile is a figure of speech comparing two unlike things and is In the distance … Breathless we … generally introduced by like or as. The shark’s fin cut through the water like . gasping and snorting like . as hungry as a wolf grove of silver-grey birch Punch hatter 7. 2. as tenacious as a bulldog 2. as keen as mustard 8. … Occasionally … After a short rest … On approaching the … It seemed … After some time … Leaving the … Eventually … A Write the simile. Use 40 to 50 words. as steady as a rock 5. as mad as a purple heather in bloom deer ox rushing mountain stream 8. as right as rain 4. as pleased as 15. C Describe the getaway car shown here. Here the … As we … We had to turn our heads like a lighthouse beacon. as easy as A. Dumas resolutely faced his enemy as though . Dismounting. as weak as water 7. as sturdy as an oak 6. as clean as a whistle 10. as graceful as a swan wooded hillside stately pines 6. what you see. 6. as tough as leather 12. as cold as ice B You are a detective who has just arrived at the scene of a crime. C Complete the following sentences by adding striking similes. as fresh as paint 9. arguement argument 9. resturant restaurant 8. As a result.   In 490 bce. and fell to the ground. A Answer these questions. 4. pidgeon pigeon Persians gave up and returned home. And they waited. 3. 6. but 3. Pheidippides e m s p k e l b a n j o ran the forty kilometres to Athens at top speed. heros 14. army occupied the seaward edge. If the Athenians had lost the battle. 8. loaded part of their army onto ships. A coastal plain. lightening lightning 70 71 . Today’s marathon is named after the battle and is 42. and then set sail for before them. beleive believe 11. 1.  They were waiting for the troops from Sparta. been very different. Seeing a p l p g n r i u t p t their chance for a victory. while the Athenians were They can read in any direction. A messenger ran 42. marraige marriage   When the Persian ships reached Athens a balloon medicine few days later. The Persians a a b c y p r a t i u g you find in the wordsearch? were waiting for a sign that their supporters in Athens had started a civil There are 16. the word “marathon” refers to a running race of 42.2 ships to conquer Athens. e l e c l s e l d d i f waiting for troops from Sparta. King Darius of Persia sent 9. Reading Activities A Read the text. The Persians give up and went home because the Athenians had reached Athens island of Euboea. recieve 7. and prepared to sail to Athens and attack the city. i c d l o r p t p b l t   A few days later. In 490 bce. ordinery ordinary had reached Athens before them. colledge college 12. Challenge a friend! n e o b o e a u a p p e Both armies waited several days. Marathon. was the site of one of the most important battles in the history of Ancient Greece. delivered his message. the Athenians charged at the l e r h a a u b o n j o Persian soldiers left behind. and the history of Europe would have 5. c c p a n i m f d n t p   According to legend. Each side was waiting for an advantage. tired of waiting. t d c r p i c c o l o d war in the city. first destroyed Eretria. The Battle of Marathon 2. If the Athenians had lost it would mean that Athens belonged to Persia. the Persian leaders. and the Persian B Write the words in italics in interesting sentences of your own. dead.2 kilometres. They were waiting for civil war to break out in Athens. baloon 10. The Athenian general Miltiades positioned his troops on the inland edge of the plain of Marathon. heavan heaven 13. Today. medecine was there was no civil war in the city. and hoping that civil unrest had broken r c t l r o d e f g u f out in Athens by this time. muisence nuisance also that the Athenian army from Marathon 4. a city on the Greek 10.2 kilometres from Marathon to Athens with news of an army and a fleet of about two hundred the Athenians’ victory. Athens would have become part of the Persian Empire. Marathon. 7. How many musical instruments can o n a i p l a b b c c d advantage in the battle. General Miltiades sent the l h l r h p e t u l f g messenger Pheidippides from Marathon to Athens with news of the victory. jewellry jewellery 15. in honour D These words are often misspelt. they found out that not only 2. Can you write the correct spelling? of the great battle. and defeated them. heroes receive 6. but neither side received what they were waiting for. the 5. Both sides were waiting for something that would give them an C Wordsearch. Look up the words in your dictionary if you’re unsure of their meaning. 1. About 40 kilometres northwest of Athens. a coastal plain about forty kilometres northeast of Athens. The Persians kilometres long. The Persians sent part of their army away to attack Athens. obedient obediently 10. Modifies the verb sang. The boy broke the window accidentally. of the Aztecs. Showers of sparks burst brilliantly where a coyote was for him. Finally the wedding day arrived. carrion. to concentrate fully on the coyote. Benys was once more C Write the sentences. They used to call him “the trickster”. wanted to study coyote 4. He had seen 4. The fire whisked in an ambulance to a gallery was spreading rapidly. distance the wailing of the fire brigade’s siren could be clearly heard. extraordinary airport gallery ambulance She is very sad. (The language A Most adverbs are formed from adjectives by adding –ly to the adjective. heavy heavily 6. vividly illuminating the spreading shadows of night. Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb   But for white people. 7. quick quickly 3. She spoke angrily. he did an extraordinary thing. laid out on a stretcher and roof was ablaze. He tried to talk to the coyote. The wrapped in felt. or Aztec. The coyote was sacred to the American native peoples. I visit my aunt regularly. is still spoken today. divided by a wire grille. The word comes from the Mexican. high highly with a coyote. the coyote! 6. Kennedy airport . the coyote became a 1. Men rushed frantically about the place with buckets of water. Modifies the adverb quickly. Benys was The house at the corner of the street was on fire. smart … smartly. After three days they got used to each other’s company. It is found in Central and North America. skilful skilfully 14. The doors were closed hurriedly. 2. nothing at all of New York – 5. stretcher and taken to JFK Airport in 2. wrapped in felt. pure and simple! So. There around in all directions. certain certainly 8. Mina played the piano skilfully and Amira danced nothing but gracefully. The cat was lying peacefully beside the fire. hopeful hopefully the . when or where the action took place. called Nahuatl. Our aunt comes to visit us occasionally. weary wearily symbol of a menace. New York. ambulance 3. coyotl.) It feeds on small creatures and Complete the following. sweet sweetly 11. Examples: wise … wisely. 10. replacing the words in italics with adverbs. humble humbly 9. The judge listened carefully to the jury’s verdict. Blazing beams tumbled to earth as the waiting flames greedily devoured the underlying supports. short shortly 13. Cloze Grammar A Write the story using the words. He wanted to isolate himself 5. used hunts coyote sacred call tried nothing once Examples: He sang sweetly. simple simply 15. He wanted to see nothing else of America – just the coyote. fanned by a still breeze. 8. happy happily 12. poor poorly   The German artist Joseph Benys. The driver drove the bus cautiously. Job done. laid on a 1. 72 73 . In the was a room in the gallery. faithful faithfully 7.  The coyote is a prairie wolf that hunts by night. An adverb is a word that modifies any part of speech except a noun or a pronoun. Modifies the adjective sad. 9. I hurried eagerly to the scene. an . On arriving in B Write the passage and underline the adverbs. concentrate pure wrapped stretcher waiting symbol He ate too quickly. It generally modifies a verb and tells how. fair fare 4. 1. I went to see the pantomime “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs”. 7. 12. A building site can be very dangerous. none nun 15. The hunter asked if he would find a squirrel in the wood. “Dress properly for the interview. “Why did Lantz leave so early?” asked Zindel.” A Write a homonym for each of these words.” 3. hare 7. peace – piece 9. 2. 6. 11. “She recited the poem beautifully. capital letters. Examples: I saw the pantomime “Puss in Boots”. Steven Spielberg made the film “Raiders of the Lost Ark”. The boat was moored along the quay. At our local cinema I saw “Moby Dick”.” said Rani. newspapers. Examples: bare (bear). cellar A Write these sentences. Tony inquired. 8. 4. here hear 1. 74 75 . use quotation marks “. lead – led 7. “Jaws”. Example: Helen whispered. 4. 9. The front brake of the bicycle wasn’t working. 9. aloud – allowed not working properly. The bank reported a healthy profit. The school principal addressed the assembly. 10. 1. “When will the new cinema open?” 3. “The money is under the stone. 6.. inserting quotation marks. pair pear 14. He read “Huckleberry Finn”.. “But that road is closed to traffic. The wind blew the clothes away. and “Mary Poppins”. The police arrived at the accident scene. 1. 3. right – write B Write the sentences. C Write the sentences choosing the correct word. The team celebrated a great victory. crews cruise hair 6. made maid 8. The customer paid by cheque. 5. Writing Language Quotation marks (“. boats. We call this direct speech.” ordered the judge. 8. “The Twits” was written by Roald Dahl. The golf course was extremely difficult. only the words spoken are written inside the quotation marks. 2. current – currant 10.” 2.. poems. spoken. Maria requested. Patrick Pearse wrote the poem “The Wayfarer”. The singer complained. board – bored 8. pray – prey 6. 3. The wedding couple walked down the aisle. B Write sentences to show the difference in meaning between the homonyms. plane 12. their  there plain 11.” and capital letters.. faint – feint Remember: When writing the names of plays. Only the important words in the titles are written in capital letters. John remarked. 9. 8. 5. 1. 5. accept – except 7. 6.” boasted John. “You must answer the question. 4. Jules Verne wrote “Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea”. dear (deer) When writing sentences. 10. 5. waste waist 13. “The microphone was 2.” advised Shin. blue blew 5. 7. commas and question marks where necessary. “May I borrow your Spanish guitar?” 4.” whispered Helen. Insert the quotation marks. books. 10. sun son 10. 3. “Goldilocks” and “The Ugly Duckling” are two well-known pantomimes.” interrupted Kevin. capital letters and commas where necessary. “The money is under the stone. John went to see the ballet “Swan Lake”. “The kestrel is nesting in the ruins of the castle. “We have the best football team. night knight 9. Shakespeare wrote “Macbeth” and “Hamlet”. you ewe seller 2.”) are used when writing the actual words Homonyms are similar sounding words. She christened the ship the “African Queen”. dual – duel ships and aeroplanes. 5. eibrtu Beirut   Dervla was once asked why she undertook these journeys. eslssurb spiced stew of meat or chicken. before the disastrous famine of 1985. Her father was the county librarian. She made the journey alone. 9. Crossing swollen rivers. Write a paragraph about the most interesting journey you have undertaken. What’s What is 17. ogobat Bogota n t d n h c i r u z s b d 14. Generally. Murphy. Didn’t Did not India and now that this had been realised she set her sights on further horizons. icnsoia Nicosia physical hardship and discomfort. You’ve You have 11. first developed an 10. egahnnepoc Copenhagen i e i o u h r l l t h s s months crossing 2. He’ll He will 8. worked with the Tibetan refugee children in Dharmsala. 7.   Three years later. a fermented bread and “wat”. 2. from Cajamarca in the north to the 7. which so often involved great i p d x o d h s s u r b g 12. iczruh Zurich s b l g t r n o a u t s o which involved crossing swollen rivers. for these discomforts. nolodn London l t t k o r i a c x a s h cereal grain peculiar to the Ethiopian highlands. The breathtaking scenery of the 10. You’re You are 14. Although this was some years find them in the grid. a spiced stew. he eventually had to be exchanged for a donkey. Isn’t Is not Europe whenever possible. Because of malnutrition. They spent four 6. Won’t Will not the Ethiopian highlands. breraanc a i n s n h r e p h e e l   In 1979. ogsla Lagos o u b a a g n t t r a u k mountain paths and descending into treacherous ravines. You’ll You will 12. South America. however. Hadn’t Had not   Dervla Murphy’s first major cycling trip was to India. sloo Oslo 76 77 . Complete the following. she travelled to Ethiopia and made a long and dangerous trek across 6. idbunl   Although she was robbed three times. An Intrepid Traveller 3. she stayed in India and I will They will Aren’t Are not 4. antehr Tehran n t e h r a n n k e p o e 15. Africa.  “Injara”. and as a young adult she made cycling trips to 1. You’d You would 13. Through reading books. He’s means He is. Her idea of hardship and discomfort would be a week at the Hilton Hotel. ascending steep mountain paths and descending into treacherous ravines. this was a difficult. interest in and love for B travel. avoiding dangerous landslides. in Waterford. Europe. imagination for distant lands and her determination to see them for herself. Rachel. Can’t Cannot companion being “Roz”. Was not Wasn’t 18. Once more. It had been her dream to travel to 5. and Dervla had access to a wide variety of books which fired her C Common contractions. nsateh Athens Andes amply compensated them. Dublin g r n b i z e g b d n l o 4. the “injara” is served with the “wat” which is a highly Brussels l u t d s x p p n n s s h 3. ituns Tunis ancient Inca capital of Cuzco in the south. She worked with Tibetan refugee children. 5. 13. ascending steep 9. The apostrophe is placed where the letter or letters have been omitted. the rough terrain blistered her feet. 4. It was when she started reading books as a child that Dervla 6. “Injara” is a fermented bread made from “teff”. arduous journey 8. They’ll 16. Her only companion on this adventure was a faithful mule called “Jock”. 1. the county librarian Look up the words in your dictionary if you’re unsure of their meaning. Reading Activities A Read the text. food was very scarce in Ethiopia. she generally found the Ethiopians to be warm and Canberra hospitable. Dervla found it had a bitter taste and it took 2. Her father was Write the words in italics in interesting sentences of your own. I’ve I have 9. The breathtaking scenery. Unscramble the words and e x p b b o g o t a w p p malnutrition. “Jock” bravely accompanied her for most of this gruelling trip. her old reliable bicycle. We’ve We have 15. At the outset. foremost travel-writer. I’ll 10. He’d He would 7. Even as a child she would cycle widely in her native Waterford. iroca Cairo her a while to get used to it. 2. but due to D Wordsearch: Capital Cities. c p u l w d k e s s u r b 11. her only 3. forcing her to abandon her journey for a week. avoiding dangerous landsides. Ireland’s 8. After the journey. She replied that her idea of hardship and discomfort would be to spend a week in the Hilton Hotel. Dervla set off to Peru with her nine-year-old daughter. a 1. Asia. A Answer these questions.000 kilometres through the Andes. Dervla herself lived d n n e g a h n e p o c c on the Ethiopian diet of “injara” and “wat”. use candles. and he returned there B Underline the conjunctions in these sentences in 1534. It can come either at the start of a sentence or between You may need your dictionary. He speaks as if he knows everything. and but either (or) neither (nor) while after both for since when On 6 March. painter to the Vatican. but without success. Michelangelo wanted to be an artist. phrases and sentences together. using conjunctions from the above list. His parents tried to make him change his A Write the sentences. that he took him into his own household. When the wall is dry we shall begin painting. Michelangelo entered the school for his whistle. 10. 5. His name was Michelangelo. Anne passed her examination although she never seemed to study. 3. Although I bought a ticket in the raffle I did not win. 6.   Later. 4.   The Pope appointed him chief sculptor. given it to his friend. 1475. architect and 2. Our cat has a long tail but a Manx cat has none. He thought the book was stolen yet he had death in 1492. It rained all day and the boys remained indoors. 78 79 . The car was speeding as it passed the school. 7. From his early days. Florence. He began to paint his famous fresco. sculptors run by the powerful ruler of Florence. and is to this day one of the finest art treasures in the world. I felt as though I had been there before. the Pope ordered him to decorate the ceiling of the 9. He will not go to school unless his mother brings him. groups of words in the sentence. Since there is no electricity he will have to for the Pope when he died. Lorenzo was so cruel master.   In 1508. The winner was neither proud nor boastful. They sent their son to the 1. My brother is going to buy either a guitar or   He was then called to the Vatican and was an MP3 player. but his heart was in Rome. You will fail your test if you don’t study. though at one time they had been one of the richest families in Florence. The tenants hate the landlord because he is a Lorenzo the Magnificent. years. 1. 8. The referee looked at his watch before blowing   Later. Sistine Chapel in the Vatican.   Michelangelo died in 1564 in Rome. 9. mind. Michelangelo remained there until Lorenzo’s 6. one of the world’s greatest painters and sculptors was born in Italy. Jin-Ho will sing if you play the piano. on the end wall of the Sistine Chapel. asked to work on a tomb that had to be ready 8. his parents were very poor. famous painter Ghirlandaio. impressed by the young Michelangelo’s work 4. Michelangelo designed fortifications for the town of Florence. Write out the article correctly A conjunction is a word used to join words. Either you or I will have to drive the car. 7. 3. although as because before if least  unless until whereas yet   When Michelangelo was born. but was buried in 5. They started early so that they would finish in time for tea. I was terrified lest he should jump off the roof. “The Last Judgement”. 2. This work took him over four 10. Writing Grammar A There are 39 deliberate mistakes in this article. Write a description of the object using not more than ten single words. not single words. F A genie has granted you five wishes. 3. What questions will you ask the manager of the bank? C Rewrite the sentences. 7. round circular rotund 15. 6. 2. My father prepared a delicious meal of steak and onions.  difficult hard complex sad unhappy glum 11. Example: ecstatic. Write down all the adjectives you would use to 5. daring. Choose your words very carefully. 5. plastic. 1. interesting. It was a fine evening so the actor went for a walk with the attractive young lady. friend pal chum big large huge 3.) Test your friend to see if he or she can guess the object you have described. fear alarm dread 13. 3. 6. What will you wish for? 8. Examples: new (modern) laugh (giggle) so on. for both your physical description and personality. for example. The lovely girl was wearing a pretty dress. using another word for lovely. The children listened to the interesting story. still tranquil static 9. They were friendly people and they welcomed everyone to the wedding. pretty. and Synonyms are words which are similar in meaning. brave bold fearless 8. You must write B Rewrite the sentences. The barber gave the young man a tidy haircut. E You are a reporter who has just arrived at the scene of a bank robbery. 2. (Do not mention the name of the object itself. 8. talented. quick fast rapid B You can only use twenty words to describe yourself. agreeable amiable courteous delightful friendly good kind polite refined C The man in the picture has just dainty tidy fine trim neat luscious won the lottery! Write down delicious delicate soft ten adjectives you would use to describe how he might be feeling. beautiful). thrilling. 4. The beauty queen had a delicate soft complexion. tried attempted tested 5. smell scent aroma 10. using another word for nice. Using Words Writing Language A Choose one of the objects below. It is a thrilling adventure tale set in the Amazon jungle. The courteous schoolgirl helped the old lady across the road. A Write two synonyms for each of these words. small. describe how he must be feeling now. help aid assist dangerous risky unsafe 6. 4. 7. The vines were drooping to the ground with luscious. It was a lovely day so we prepared a delicious picnic. 12. delicious. 1. He performs some daring stunts in his latest film. Everybody agrees that she is a talented musician. D The same man has just realised that he has not got the correct numbers after all. 7. 2. I ate a tasty dinner. stop cease halt 4. 80 81 . sentences. The view from the mountain top is beautiful. ripe grapes. (tasty. 1. The duchess wore a delightful dress which had dainty floral patterns. empty vacant hollow 14. and it guided ships into Alexandria harbour for over 1. 20 years later.   The new lighthouse was built on 3. Example: The girl who played the drums had long hair. The pop singer apologised for arriving late. of it nearly 850 years ago. An Olympic champion. The Pharos of Alexandria was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. and is still an important centre for trade today. the city became prosperous.K. ruled Alexandria. name and revealing Sostrates’. 2. saying only his own name would appear on the building. got what he wanted. Mozart’s music is appreciated and played globally. It was the tallest lighthouse ever built and The Pharos of Alexandria it was in use for over 1500 years. it was the tallest lighthouse ever constructed. 2. By the time the lighthouse was complete. The festival of light opera is held annually. The new lighthouse was to be built on the small island of Pharos. removing Ptolemy’s 1. Italian and Spanish.   When the lighthouse was nearing completion. Under Ptolemy lighthouse foundation stone. A newsreader on television. lighthouse) and was constructed in three stages. It was destroyed by an earthquake about had died and his son. Because it was on the island of Pharos. word “Pharos” came to be used in 8. but the Egyptian 5. 9. Alexandria. 3. Sadly. and a bonfire guided ships at night. In fact “Pharos” is the root of the word 10. 4. connection with lighthouses in general. too. the first person on the Moon. Alexandria flourished. lighthouse in the ancient world. During the performance smoking was prohibited.   Ptolemy employed a Greek architect. Write ten questions you would ask him or her. To guide the many trade ships into the    The city of Alexandria in Egypt was founded by Alexander the Great in 332 bce and was one harbour.500 years. Ptolemy II refused. The flowers were artificial. lighthouse became known as “Pharos” 5. Alexander the Great. which lay just off the coast. The composer wrote his autobiography. Look up the words in your dictionary if you’re unsure of their meaning. the Pharos was E Think of a person in the world you would most like to meet. was square like a modern tower block. Drummer. 700 years ago. Just off the coast of Egypt close to metres high. Ptolemy II was on the throne. 1. 82 83 . including French. then covered it with plaster. the 7. The other cities are long gone. the Pharaoh of Egypt. for “lighthouse” in several languages. J. The Pharos 2. A Answer these questions. of at least 17 cities he named after himself. Over the years. to design the building. Permission to carve his name into the   After Alexander’s death. and 9. In your own words. and very soon a lighthouse was required to guide the many trade 7. rather than cylindrical (like a modern 4. C Write one word for each group of words in bold type.   One of the reasons we know so much D Write a question which you would like to ask each of the following people. a mirror reflected sunlight during the day. He decided to go to the concert. He is recuperating at the hospital. The singer was exhausted at the end of the tour. Ptolemy. Sostrates of Knidos. In your own words. construction began in 290 bce. the island of Pharos. inscription bearing his own name into the foundation. Sostrates asked permission to carve his name into the foundation stone. The music festival was postponed until next week. Standing over 122 3. Rowling. 8. Being the largest and most famous 6. destroyed by an earthquake about 700 years ago. and soon the 4. Reading Activities A Read the text. Neil Armstrong. Ptolemy 10. describe the pharos lighthouse. 6. describe how Sostrates ships into the busy harbour. So Sostrates chiselled an B Write the words in italics in interesting sentences of your own. into which he chiselled an inscription bearing Ptolemy’s name. the plaster gradually chipped away. Italian and Spanish. At the top. about the Pharos is that an Arab traveller wrote a detailed description 1. French. Used for travel on water (4) 11. D. boat. Can you find the words. Striped animal (5) 8. Large fish (5) 5. She received a letter from her friend in Paris. 4. R N E M U D. Language Grammar Adverbs are words that tell us more about a verb. aim at 14. right or left – find the names T O Y C A C T Common about along below by from of until of nine toys. G E V E N I N G D. Drink slowly (3) 6. Before descending. O. accused of 11. 3. shows the relationship between the noun or pronoun. Animal often kept as a pet (3) 13. A C O R N S I P A. doll.puzzlechoice. the helicopter hovered above the ship. and some Example: The bird sang sweetly. 8. 2. The girl stood near the bank of the river. Not difficult (4) 15. Single number (3) 1. Disagree (5) 10. car. Require (4) O. Waterway (5) 4. Linda didn’t drown. The gold was in an iron box under the floor.com 84 85 . B. E D D N I R O under. A Write a paragraph about a day in your life and include as many prepositions as you can from the list above. dinosaurs roamed The first letters of all the words have already been filled in. ball. To whom were you speaking on the telephone? E. I R B A T E A after before between except near towards with C K K S S K K I B O against behind beyond for on under B Brain Teaser. accompanied by 9. Many domestic animals were drowned during the flood. train. 6. angry with 15. I hid behind the tree and watched the soldiers marching across the bridge. A kind of small dog (3) 3. The relationship between ball and table is shown by the word A Starting with letters in squares and moving in any direction – up. John returned to work after a few days. A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun. ashamed of © www. other word in the sentence. A pair of singers (3) 14. Millions of years ago. U D L E. disappointed with (somebody) U R A O E S. bat. The water was running and she couldn’t turn the tap off. the Earth. blamed for H B I P. The hare ran across the field and disappeared through an opening in the ditch. agree with (somebody) 12. then fit them correctly into the grid? 7. Fruit (4) 2. A. L L A C R S T Prepositions above among beneath down in to up across at beside during into till upon tractor. disappointed in (something) S. The raft was swept downriver by the swift-flowing current. Precious gem (7) 12. die of D I A M O N D V R. Grin (5) 7. differ from S. Why not? B Write the sentences and underline the prepositions. C Alpha Crossword. Example: The ball is under the table.  down. capable of P. There were no doors and no windows. The first letter of each answer is written next to its clue in alphabetical 5. disgusted with O A K T I G E R T. She left the office at three o’clock sharp and did not return. Tree (3) C Write an interesting sentence for each for these phrases. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. order. Type of nut (5) 9. according to 10. skates. She took the plug out. It Most adverbs are formed by adding ly to adjectives. Linda was in a room where there was just a bath. teddy. 1. agree to (something) 13. The call of the bugle awoke me from my sleep. Aba sat beside her friend during the concert. Night (7) E A S Y P E A R N. Examples: There is a pen on the table. which was hardly appropriate to this season before Christmas. At the end I felt like singing the song. are. received from the Examples: I went there last week.) Occupation: Where sighting occurred: B Write the sentences. but the capitals and full stops are missing. I found the plot absolutely intriguing. frosty February and while I thought Poirot’s accent was more German than 7. B Write a review for your school magazine of your favourite film. have. What did it do? 3. (You’ve just Address: Examples: I found their dog that was lost. Some birds obtain their food by digging with their bills. This was an hilarious send up of Hitchcock’s “Strangers on a 1. Christie’s novel. Aunt Mary shared the sweets between David and Laura. However. Have you seen it since? 6. Writing Language A This Movie Review has been typed by the journalist. I checked out the new adaptation of Agatha 5. We’ll meet their relations there tomorrow. D Fill out this form that you’ve just Alien Sighting Report (ii) There – sometimes means in or to that place. shot during a cold. using there or their. Bahir and Mahar. the doctor had joked. Are any coins in the bag? Description of alien: 2. 10. seen an alien Date of birth: Their pet cat ran up the tree. Deepak left a little space between each word and the next. Name: He did not know who was there. Early on Saturday. ‘“Murder on the Orient Express”. 9. 9. Air Force. the patient who felt possessed by a witch. Finally on Sunday. I caught “The Summer of Madness”. the Bright Side of Life”. Their school team took part in the concert. Among or Between? (i) Among is used when sharing something among more than two people. Rewrite the piece correctly. spacecraft and alien arrive. The miser found a gold ring among his coins. On Friday night. What did you do? 5. The teacher corrected their exercises. The twins seldom agree between themselves. Scientists come to their village to study their customs. has. The young dancing couple shared the prize between them. The Irish Sea flows between England and Ireland. This movie was 6. or things. The captain divided the sweets among the players. I loved the part where Danny De Vito hit 3. I did enjoy the weird dialogue between Dr. They put their bags over there . The coin was wedged between the two stones. I went to the movies last weekend to see the three latest November (ii) Between is used when sharing something between two persons releases. The whales seized their victims in their jaws and disappeared. was. were. She was there when it happened. “You lied”. 4. Belgian. Will their house ever be sold? 4. using among or between. A Write the sentences. 7. C Write a list of your five favourite books or films. “Always Look on 2. Latest Movies’ Review Example: The teacher divided the sweets among the pupils. There was a pen on the floor. Time and date: there 1. Uncle Sunil shared the coins among Abdul. 86 87 . Signed: 8. There or Their? (i) There – used with verbs: is. 8. 10. Billy Crystal’s head with a pan and shouted. Bones and  Example: The teacher divided the sweets between Tom and Pat. Train”. I went to see “Throw Momma from the Train”. “Sit down for a spell”. (iii) Their means belonging to them – always followed by a noun. The two pirates divided the treasure between them. In 1533. He relied on his wife for strength. The Inca. a population of some seven million people was 9. He feared the consequences of releasing him. 1. the ruthless Pizarro ordered the 5. Fearful of the consequences of releasing Atahualpa. Pizarro was a ruthless man. about treasures of gold held by the Incas and was determined to find it and take it for himself. or king.   Messengers were sent to the furthest corners of the empire with instructions E Write the sentences. by 7. You and I were very lucky to escape from the fire. Within a month. the king’s subjects 1. Hungry for gold. So large was this room that Pizarro was totally taken 4. The desperate Inca misunderstood this gesture 6. Stretching 4. execution of this last great Sun King 6. which they called the “sweat of the sun”. who easily cut them down with their guns. The Incas were no match for Pizarro and his men. of the Incas. C Summarise the story in your own words and in about ten sentences. What six others words describe the type fro by runners stationed every few kilometres along the way. The architect was opposed the building plan. 4.000 5. Atahualpa. over their subjects. to. Tom or Kathleen must have taken the pen. who had power of life and death America. on 29 August 1533. to. He offered a wealth of gold in exchange. 88 89 . Erina is the smaller of the two girls. The king did not know who had done the evil act. of Pizarro. the Spaniards were not. he would 9. Find out more about the Incas of South America. 7.000 kilometres. with. 4. It was not he who robbed the bank. the Spaniards reached Peru. with messages being relayed to and 8. 3. and write a paragraph about them. He began by offering to cover the floor of his prison cell with 3. Atahualpa was captured and thrown into prison. Atahualpa decided to bargain for 2. Hungry for Gold 2. The team was inspired its captain. after enduring great hardships. 8. in. by. A road network of some 16. Write the sentence correctly. the Incan empire of the sixteenth century was larger and better organised than any kingdom in Europe at the time. no leaf quivers. temples with gold. and this explains the great power he held over his people. Look up the words in your dictionary if you’re unsure of their meaning. on. He thought he had made a big mistake. The boy had rung the bell without first looking at the name on the door. had heard rumours B Write the words in italics in interesting sentences of your own. aback by the fabulous ransom offer and shook his head in 5. do not will it. his freedom. The artist’s work is much superior to mine. was believed to be descended from the Sun god. where the palace of the Incan King. He travelled by sea all the way from Spain.” 1. gold. the precious metal.000 kilometres along the coast of South America. She should have gone to visit her grandmother yesterday. The journalist wrote about the exciting motor race. had filled the room one quarter full with to 2. Use an atlas to locate this mountain range. 3. fill the entire room with gold to that 10. What a humiliation this must have been for a king who once said: “In my kingdom no bird flies. A Answer these questions. in return for his freedom. The Incan empire stretched along the length of the Andes mountains in south ruled by a single family of Incas. taking it to mean refusal. According to the doctor the patient was very ill. For over of person he was? one hundred years. was located. he set off for South America with a small force of 170 men. if I D There is one error in each sentence.) for the collection and delivery of the gold. I was disgusted with the man’s behaviour. He heard rumours of treasures of gold there. 6. disbelief. height! A bargain was immediately struck. 8.000 kilometres. putting in the correct preposition (for.   Sensing the Spaniard’s lust for gold. so he now raised 7. It stretched for 4. Atahualpa was true to his word.  kilometres connected all parts. The artist took pride in his work. The cunning fox ran off with a plump chicken. Reading Activities A Read the story. He was believed to be descended from the Sun God.   A Spaniard. his hand above his head and said that. With a road network of some 16. named Francisco Pizarro. Incas worshipped the sun and filled their 10. about. I have the highest regard for my uncle. Example: This book is unique. were not to escape. choosing the correct form of the adjective. but it could not transmit the 10. fewest are used to denote a number of people or Alexander Graham Bell was born in Scotland in 1847. She is the of the twins. The teacher said our school was unique . strong propulsive adjective then conjunction   Alexander Graham Bell at preposition across preposition died on 2 August. Proofreading Grammar A There are 35 deliberate mistakes in the following passage. Alexander’s scientific training led him to investigate ways in which human speech could Example: My elder sister is engaged. Common errors to avoid (i) Unique has no comparative or superlative form.A. decided in 1870 to move to Canada. The painting is as beautiful as the photograph. I want you. a giraffe or a camel? telephone. Which is the taller . Reis. also.   Tuberculosis was an incurable disease at that time which often proved fatal. who our pronoun redouble verb had been deaf from the age of leave verb They pronoun four. fewer. to explore the possibilities of transmitting human 6. Within two years of taking up the appointment. weak adjective as distraught adjective lost verb our pronoun could verb 90 91 . and Alexander. Alexander Graham Bell Example: little milk. had. He felt he was too old to accept the post. The four   Here. Write the correct words 1–35. Susan is the eldest member of the family. less salt. He called his invention the 9. best players are being dropped from the team. human voice.   “Mr. were verb was claiming verb   Alexander Graham Bell donated we pronoun over preposition the money he made from his constriction noun sign noun invention to the deaf. pronoun. Here is the most ancient antique in the museum. The Bell Example: This is the oldest car in the race. family. of the deaf. Latif held the thicker end of the rope. (ii) Little. Two of Alexander’s brothers died as a result She is the oldest inhabitant in the country. U. fewer corrections. less sugar. in 1861. (iv) Elder. adverb. You may need your dictionary. 1922 having We pronoun hull noun contributed much to the world of Elie Monnier’s noun they pronoun science. Alexander’s father was invited to go to Boston. mutes. Rani has the lighter end of the ladder. oldest can be used only for unrelated persons or things.   One year later. fewer arrivals. conjunction or preposition. hoping that a change of climate would help his son. verb. bigger invented a machine which could transmit 8. Mabel Hubbard. and conjunction emergency adjective   In 1877 he married one of his mouthpieces noun mask noun students. of tuberculosis. (iii) Few. Their discoveries led them 5. adjective. 7. be sent by wire. Thomas Watson heard the voice over the telephone receiver in another room. She takes a few lumps of sugar in her coffee. of telegraph messages. speech. unfortunately. professor at Boston University. Alexander Graham Bell became a 2. 1. His father. music and noise. come here. a German scientist.S.   J. less and least are used to denote quantity or amount. His father was a teacher of deaf- things. Alexander experimented with electrical transmission 4.  Example: few people. 3. Watson. eldest are used for persons of the same family. (v) Older.”   The first telephone call had been made. B Write the words in bold type and write whether the word(s) are a noun. and Alexander himself showed a great interest in this work. in whom he nearing verb our pronoun remained interested all his life. to train teachers A Write the sentences. with the help of a man named Thomas Watson. suffered from the disease.P. and sent his son along instead. the booming of a drum 13. a forest of trees searched miles of shoreline about to go home empty-handed disappointed C Diminutive phrases. a fleet of ships seaweed. the clanking of chains rabbits scurrying bounding deer 10. the ring of a telephone pine forest ablaze fanned by the breeze 7. the crack of a whip 17. a clump of trees 3. the clatter of hoofs officer in command orders rolled out the hoses powerful surge of water attacked the raging inferno back-up units arrived B Group terms. Write the group term. an army of soldiers 7. a breath of air mooring ropes snapped 2. driftwood. a suit of clothes went beachcombing long sandy beach screeching gulls roar of the waves 4. a posy of flowers 92 93 . the tinkle of glass terrified woodland animals 9. the dripping of water the howling of the wind quickly boarded our engines 3. a choir of singers 13. five exhausting hours inhaled smoke fire under control finally extinguished bunch suit army clutch team cluster choir forest band fatigued party bouquet suite fleet company troupe clump 1. the patter of rain through city streets 5. a band of musicians 14. Write a story about a forest fire you once had to tackle. the patter of feet sirens blaring bells ringing blare the creak 4. a pinch of pepper 11. a ray of sunshine 16. plastic containers 6. Write the missing word. a flake of snow signs of storm damage hauled yacht to safety 3. A Descriptive sounds. a troupe of dancers 10. the of a trumpet 14. a drop of rain dashed homewards notified police 4. Writing Phonics A A Forest Fire Imagine you are a member of the fire brigade. a party of friends 15. the babble of a stream 12. the murmur of a stream 11. a grain of sand 8. a bunch of grapes B A Lucky Find Use the helpful words and ideas. a crumb of bread 14. a sip of tea 9. a beam of light 17. a grain of sugar 7. just a few metres further sheltered rocky cove flake pat beam posy pinch ray blade morsel grain drop astonishment and delight sip wisp puff crumb pinch grain breath sip a yacht blown onto rocks clambered on board examined 1. a troupe of actors 8. the clink the crackling  of coins of wood 15. 2. 16. a wisp of wind 18. a choir of angels 11. of a hinge 18. a clutch of eggs 18. a puff of smoke newspaper reporter photographs 5. a morsel of food 15. the call of a bugle spreading rapidly houses under threat 8. a sip of water 12. a cluster of stars 16. Write each phrase in an interesting sentence. a blade of grass grateful owner big reward 6. a pat of butter 13. a pinch of snuff 10. murmur patter crack babble clatter creak howling bang blare Use the help words and ideas in the box below. the bang of a gun startled pedestrians and motorists outskirts of city dense pall of smoke 6. a suite of furniture lonely deserted sandunes 5. storm the previous night 2. a team of players 9. a bouquet of flowers 17. a band of sailors 12. crackling call tinkle clink dripping booming clanking ring patter on duty at the station emergency call frantic citizen forest fire reported team mobilised 1. 9. Silence gives consent. door = rood. 1. When in Rome. 9. B Walked and went are too frequently used in writing. Napoleon strolled triumphantly. Language Grammar A Commonly misspelt words. 2. bicicle. Artic. 13. nib now ton reed heel moth draw 13. The tightrope walker stepped cautiously. 5. 20. jelous. Hunger is the best sauce. meant. dissapear disappear 26. proove prove 12. 10. egcept except 2. careful interested 7. 8. Birds of a feather flock together. gaurd guard 4. 15. Out of sight out of mind. century 24. 4. C In the list below. experience experience A The proverbs have been mixed up. 3. minute. One swallow does not make a summer. Enough is as good as a feast. famaly. 3. 2. do as the Romans. The leading athletes raced . exsperience. sentury. 5. Write the correct spelling. No news is good news. beggar Arctic beggar 17. Write them out correctly. beautiful beautiful 20. 10. chief 23. Discretion is the better part of valour. 4. Complete each sentence. forty. altogether. guard. prove. A bad workman blames his tools. A proverb is a wise saying which has been in use for hundreds of years. The defeated team plodded wearily. Necessity is the mother of invention. 11. 13. 1. 1. A rolling stone gathers no moss. Every dog has its day. 6. allready. 8. Let sleeping dogs lie. Practice makes perfect. hero hero 5. A good beginning is half the battle. died 25. A small leak can sink a great ship. bicycle bicycle 21. 3. The early bird catches the worm. In the following sentences choose a suitable verb from the given list to replace the 14. B Write in your own words what each of these proverbs means. 3. It’s a long lane that has no turning. beutiful. disappear. top cup cool fool live gold 15. Once bitten twice shy. 12. 18. 16. Make hay while the sun shines. 6. 7. 5. underline the words that give another word when spelled backwards. Check your dictionary if unsure. 11. crawled raced wandered 19. The dark cat prowled silently. ment died minute 10. already already 14. carefull 22. family family 1. cat ten pod loop leer rail 14. The soldiers marched quickly. alltogether altogether 15. As you make your bed so you must lie in it. 7. humor. 9. We never miss the water till the well runs dry. minite 11. 10. heroe. amount amount 16. 17. 94 95 . ship bed was room loot peels corn 12. Every cloud has a silver lining. except. verbs walked or went. 8. ammount. jealous century meant 9. beleive believe 19. careful. The injured stallion limped painfully. The brave girl climbed courageously. More haste less speed. Too many cooks spoil the broth. The little baby crawled happily.  6. When the cat’s away the mice will play. friend forty friend 2. Look before you leap. marched limped climbed strolled plodded prowled stepped 18. 16. farty freind. Where there’s a will there’s a way. Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched. Half a loaf is better than none. A stitch in time saves nine. Empty vessels make most sound. Great minds think alike. dide. interrested chief jealous 8. cheif. Better late than never. believe. 7. Arctic begger. 4. For example tap = pat. humour humour 6. The lost explorer wandered aimlessly. To kill two birds with the one stone. interested. Aditi’s was very scared when she heard the strange voice. 10. 9. 5. 3. The audience cheered very loudly at the end of the performance. 1. To be cold-blooded To be ruthless. 6. 4. 3. Kim and Lin were always arguing. Fight tooth and nail. Turn up one’s nose Reject something as not good enough. Grammar Idioms and colloquialisms are common expressions used frequently in conversation. 10. Sunil was his mother’s favorite. To hold one’s tongue Not express an opinion. Alan had to admit he hadn’t studied. Armed to the teeth To have more than one needs. 5. B Write the meanings of the following idioms. 2. 9. They have a meaning different from that which appears at first sight. The detective became suspicious when the thief told him where he had got the silver cup from. to be very determined. Examples: 1. not to listen. Live from hand to mouth Survive on very little. After getting all his spellings wrong. When the teacher talked about the visit the class listened carefully. 4. To take forty winks To have a small sleep. 4. Re-write these with words which you think have the same meaning. A The sentences below contain colloquialisms. narrowly succeed. 7. It was raining very hard. They are in bold type. Turn a deaf ear. 8. By the skin of one’s teeth barely. Turn a blind eye To ignore something. 96 . 7. 1. to agree with a person. 2. To be tight-lipped To keep quiet. 6. Hang one’s head To be ashamed. 8. See eye to eye. Turn the other cheek To accept an injustice. Jane ran to school very quickly. Mr Smith didn’t tell wife about his plans. 3. 2.