ENGLISHPRONUNCIATION [ˈ ɪŋglɪʃ prənʌnsɪˈeɪʃn] Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia Corsi di Laurea in Filosofia, Lettere, Storia A.A. 2010-2011 Frederika GEBHARDT INDEX UNIT 1 PHONETIC SYMBOLS AND SOUNDS p.3 IPA symbols – vowels, dipthongs, consonants UNIT 2 ENGLISH SPELLING AND SOUNDS p.9 Difficult vowel and consonant combinations -s and –ed suffix pronunciation Homographs, homophones, silent letters UNIT 3 STRESS PATTERNS IN WORDS p.16 Syllable division, primary stress patterns in prefix and suffix endings of nouns, verbs, adjectives, compound nouns and adjectives UNIT 4 STRESS PATTERNS IN PHRASES p.22 Weak stress in function words, auxiliary and modal auxiliary verbs UNIT 5 ENGLISH WORDS USED IN ITALIAN p.26 Pronunciation of words commonly used in Italian English words translated into Italian, false anglicisms ANSWER KEY TO EXERCISES p.28 1 INTRODUCTION The text follows the contents of G. Ludbrook: English Pronunciation. CD (Edizioni Erickson) Unlike Italian, English is not a phonetic language which is the principle reason why it is difficult to write and pronounce English words. Although there are 26 letters in the English alphabet, the sounds that may be produced are almost double that number. This text is a short introduction to the phonetic transcription of English phonemes (vowel and consonant sounds) to increase the Italian student‟s understanding of English pronunciation, improve speech and reading, and help students consult a dictionary. The phonemic transcriptions in dictionaries are based on the standard English accent known as „Received Pronunciation‟ (RP for short) and other regional and international English accents will not be considered here. The text will focus particularly on sounds that are difficult to pronounce for Italian students and those that may be easily confused. Another common problem is the stress placed on the pronunciation of words and phrases, as English is stress-timed, unlike Italian which is syllable-timed. Attention is paid to strong and weak stress in words and phrases, taking into consideration function words, contracted forms, compound nouns and adjectives, prefixes and suffixes. The problem of English spelling is explored through a brief study of homophones, homographs and silent letters. In conclusion, there is a brief section on English words used in Italian that are often mispronounced, and false anglicisms (words used by Italians that do not exist in English). Frederika Gebhardt UNIT 1 PHONETIC SYMBOLS AND SOUNDS International phonetic alphabet symbols Vowels /ɪ/ pin, English, business /ʌ/ cut, come, mother /e/ bed, head, bury, exit /ɜː/ girl, burn, word, heard /æ/ cat, bag, apple, black /ɑː/ car, art, heart, half /ə/ the, a, woman, banana /ɔː/ or, board, door, small /ʊ/ look, put, could, /ɪː/ sea, bee, people, receive cushion /uː/ too, blue, fruit, fool /ɒ/ clock, what, because Dipthongs /eɪ/ take, pay, wait, ballet /ɑʊ/ round, renown, doubt /ɑɪ/ five, sigh, height, buy /ɪə/ here, deer, dear, fierce /ɔɪ/ noise, boy, lawyer /eə/ care, air, mayor, prayer /əʊ/ no, road, sew, broken /ʊə/ poor, insure, tour, moor Consonants /p/ play, stop, speak, power /ʒ/ genre, measure, vision /b/ bad, baby, big, object /h/ hot, hair, whole, whose /t/ ten, later, little, pot /m/ moon, lamp, lamb /d/ day, advice, bed /n/ can, snow, pneumonia /k/ character, quick, taxi /ŋ/ string, singer, tongue /g/ got, exam, ignore, finger /tʃ/ chair, match, future /f/ food, laugh, telephone /dʒ/ just, general, age, soldier /v/ vain, over, Stephen /l/ look, small, bottle, isle /θ/ thin, earth, method, both /r/ real, train, wrong, write /ð/ they, father, breathe, with /j/ yes, Europe, university /s/ small, since, scene, /w/ window, twin, quick, why psalm /z/ zoo, goes, xenophobe /ʃ/ shell, nation, machine /puːl/ g. /dɑʊt/ h. island /. /ɜː/ /ɔː/ 10. /wɒrɪk/ . /bɔːt/ f. heart 4. /æ/ /ʌ/ 6. /kæntəbrɪ/ 2. hear /h _ _/ 2. /ʊ/ /uː/ 3. joke 3. pool 10. /wɜːk/ d. 1. /dʒəʊk/ i. shut 8. /ɪə/ /eə/ 4. /leɪtə/ e. /ʊ/ /ɒ/ 8. /hɑːt/ b. later 2. 1. town /t _ _ n/ 3. /eɪ/ /ɑɪ/ 2. /ɪː/ /ɪ/ 9. sure /ʃ _ _/ 7.Exercise 1 Match the phonetic transcriptions with the words. /ʃ/ /ʒ/ Exercise 3 Complete the transcriptions with one of the following dipthongs: 1. employ /ɪmpl _ _/ 10. /grenɪtʃ/ 3. bear /b _ _/ 8. doubt 6. /ðeə/ j. /lestə/ 4. think 9. bought Exercise 2 Listen to the following words and circle the sound that you hear. work 7. /θɪŋk/ c. /edɪnbrə/ 5. know /n _ _ / Exercise 4 Write out the correct spelling of these place names.. /æ/ /e/ 7. there 5. /ʃʌt/ a. make /m _ _ k/ 6. home /h _ _ m/ 4. /θ/ /ð/ 5. sight /s _ _ t/ 5.lənd/ 9. 1. but. The pronunciation. ear 11. country . Thursday 5. -ible. 1. 1. 4. hurt 3./kʌntrɪː/. Exercise 5 Listen to the teacher and underline the /ə/ sound in the following sentences. Which county/country did you say he lived in? 2. We could ask them if they have reached a decision. in words such as according. The private sector is all economic activity other than government. They‟re going to the mountains on Saturday. early 4. 9. -able. - ment. purpose. She rubbed/robbed the silver to make it shinier./flʌd/ Exercise 7 The teacher will read out the following sentences. 8. am. /ɜː/ A difficult sound to reproduce for Italian speakers: world . bun 15. Underline the alternative that you hear. minute. birthday 13. 3. suc-. 7. second etc. There were seven or eight hundred people present at the conference. We went to the theatre yesterday. does 6. grammar and vocabulary are difficult. He can speak Russian and German. 1. of. Susan is famous for her Christmas cake. which can also represent several letters or syllables. to-. It can be found in unstressed function words such as a. an. A man and a woman were waiting at the station. third . lemon. work 10. Where are the spoons and forks? 10.Some difficult sounds for Italian speakers of English /ə/ This is the most frequent vowel sound in spoken English. . nurse 12. in prefixes and suffixes such as in-. weren‟t 16. skirt 7. 6. 5. 2. Tuesday 9. ad-. short 8./θɜːd/. turn 14. ball 2. can. ward /ʌ/ There are several letter combinations that produce this sound: mother -/mʌðə/. flood ./wɜːld/. Exercise 6 Tick the words that contain the /ɜː/ sound. . There are a lot of colourful rags/rugs on the floor.3. He tripped over the stump/stamp on the ground. Underline the . 7./fɪl/. Exercise 10 The teacher will read out the following sentences.4. 4. so they may be transformed in /t/. Can I borrow your cup/cap? 5. 8. We were wondering/wandering where she was. /f/ or /d/. She has a heart/hut of gold. 9. 5. ship ./ʃɪp/. there three breathe thin moth whether although nothing throw either /θ/ /ð/ /w/ This sound tends to be pronounced by Italian speakers as /v/. 1. 6. Exercise 8 Say whether the pairs of words you hear are the same (S) or different (D). 10. 10. There was a big cart/cut in the wood. 3. 6. Did you say he run/ran away? 9. 2. Exercise 9 Write the following words under the correct phonetic sound. /ɪ/ Italian does not have this sound: fill . 7. 8. /θ/ and /ð/ These sounds do not exist in Italian. Put the batter/butter in the fridge. Where is the vest / west? 3. What was under the wheel / veal? 5. There was only a little vine / wine left. .alternative that you hear. 1. Her poetry has become worse / verse. 4. 2. I saw a long whale / veil in the distance. heir hair 3. listen. soldier 10. ill hill 6. the h is not pronounced in such words as hour. in some words and place names: exhibit. goat 7. Islam 6. which differ in pronunciation from the Italian: psyche. all hall 4. issue 13. collage 4. message 11. 1. gear 14. mayor 3. art heart 8. Exercise 13 Tick the words that contain the /s/ sound. disciple 2. science 8. song 5. city 10. mix 4. guilty 11. Italian speakers tend to pronounce this sound as /j/. the /s/ sound can be represented by a number of consonant combinations. face 9. months 14. science. injury 8. fascism 16. honour. college /h/ This sound tends to be omitted by Italian speakers. heir and honest. gin 5. storage. get 16. as can the combination –dge and –age: edge. 1. storage. eye high 7. gum 12. Totten(h)am. psychology . ear hear 10./dʒ/ When written with a „J‟. Exercise 12 The teacher will read out sentences. Tick the word that you hear. old hold 2. just 15. 1. Exercise 11 Tick the words that contain the /dʒ/ sound. houses 12. However. large 6. eight hate 5. vision 7. jet 13. edge hedge /s/ Apart from the letter „S‟. damage 2. cellar. or in rapid speech: Tell (h)im we‟ll be late. castle 15. yam 9. sugar 3. The letter „G‟ can also produce this sound: general. air hair 9. conscience./sɪːn/. Thus. Thirty-three thrilling thespians thought throughout Thursday. 4. ræm rum ram 7./lɪv/ and /lɑɪv/. fəget forget forged 9. bare / bear - /beə/. French and the Scandinavian languages. especially by German. Sometimes words do not sound alike despite their similar spellings (homographs): bow - /bəʊ/ and /bɑʊ/. This is due to the fact that during the course of its history it has been influenced by numerous languages. but are spelled differently (homophones): aren‟t / aunt . issue. 1. Other words sound alike. 5. She sells sea shells on the sea shore. 1. nation. ɑɪs eyes ice 10. bɔːn burn born 2. Hereford and Hampshire. expansion. champagne.Exercise 14 Underline the word that the transcription represents. . θɪŋ thing thin 3. for example. close ./ɑːnt/. the sound /ʃ/ is to be found in the following letter combinations: shut. fɪːlɪŋz fillings feelings 4. hurricanes hardly ever happen. 2. meɪdʒə major mayor 6. vɑɪn vine wine 5. live . Latin. and seen / scene . huːz whose house Tongue Twisters Quickly say the following sentences. UNIT 2 ENGLISH SPELLING AND SOUNDS English spelling is a particular obstacle to non-native speakers. wɜːd word worried 8. 3. A skunk sat on a stump. In Hertford./kləʊz/ and /kləʊs/. I wish to wash my Irish wristwatch. and sugar. ough: /əʊ/ .busy. realize (Br.bread. ei: /eɪ/ . After the 17th century this process of simplification of English spelling slowed down.author. /ɪː/ . /ɪ/ . /eɪ/ .you.through.look. /wɪː/ .cough.beach.rude. It was already noted over 400 years ago that English used more letters than necessary to spell many of its words. /uː/ .counterfeit. /ɪ/ . /juː/ . realise). the E in have or the P in receipt. /eə/ .bear. ow: /ɑʊ/ . Many words were reduced like byte by the loss of a silent final -E. /ɒf/ . /ə/ .break. for instance the B in debt . /e/ .build. /əʊ/ . But many other words have kept unnecessary letters. /ɜː/-. oo: /uː/ . augh: /ɔː/ .out.enough. the emergent standard spellings tending to prefer one of the shorter forms among the alternatives previously in use.huge.brooch.bury. /ɑʊ/ .burn /ə/ ea: /ɪː/ . defense.dear. /ɑɪ/ . and during the 17th century numerous redundant letters were removed. /e/ .eight. /uː/ .bought. 10 .suite.flood. favor. /ʊ/ . /ɑːf/ . /ɔː/ . /ɪə/ .leisure. /əʊ/ .put. au: /ɑː/ . /e/ . favour. centre. /ʌ/ . in the 16th century the word bit was sometimes spelt byte. /uː/ . /ɔː/ .because. /ɔː/ . /ɔː/ . For example. travelling. /ɔː/ . /əʊ/ .could.bun. defence. the replacement of Y by I.taught. Difficult vowel combinations Practice saying the following words u: /ʌ/ .receive.borough. oa: /əʊ/ . focus.knowledge. /ʊ/ . and Americans today use some distinctive spellings of the type his dictionary recommended.pour. The American lexicographer Noah Webster took the process of simplification a step further in the early 19th century. /ʌ/ .broad. such as center. and the simplification of doubled consonants. /eɪ/ . thanks to the standardizing influence of printing and the spread of dictionaries.soul.though. /ɑɪ/ .laugh.aunt.floor.guide.gauge.drought. traveling. /ɒ/ .too.fruit. /ʊ/ . /ʌf/ . /ɪ/ .road.touch.Eng.height ui: /uː/ .now. ou: /ɑʊ/ .know. /ɒ/ . shout now round mould 5.finger. gn: /n/ . /k/ . /tʃ/ . /Ǿ/ .cappuccino. cc: /ks/ . author caught laughter daughter Suffixes -s suffix The morpheme -s of the 3rd person singular ( he works).sing.success.account. accident access accommodate accept 2.sign.character. /ʃ/ . Exercise 15 Circle the word that is pronounced differently from the other three words. angry jungle English spring 4. /ndʒ/ . though rough enough tough 9. suit fruit cruise biscuit 8. 1. signature foreign Gnostic tongue 7. floor poor flood door 10.Difficult consonant combinations Practice saying the following words ch: /k/ . /ŋg/ .recognise. ng: /ŋ/ . /tʃ/ . /gn/ .yacht. sheep beer field people 3. of the genitive (John‟s) and of the contraction of is or has (he‟s) is pronounced in three different ways depending on the sound of the preceding consonant: s ɪz after sibilant consonants: ʃ dʒ slices /slɑɪsɪz/ brushes /brʌʃɪz/ 1 . cheese chip machine attach 6. of the noun plural ( books).danger.choice.chef. churches /tʃɜːtʃɪz/ wages /weɪdʒɪz/ s after unvoiced consonants: /f/ /k/ /p/ /t/ packs /pæks/ rates /reɪts/ laughs /lɑːfs/ taps /tæps/ 2 . z in other cases boys /bɔɪz/ girls /gɜːlz/ clothes /kləʊðz/ John‟s /dʒɒnz/ Some unvoiced sounds. breathes 10. /z/ or /ɪz/ next to the following words. 1. and f . books 5. watches 2. attends 3. judges 6. classes 9. Compare: bath /bɑːθ/ baths /bɑːðz/ knife /nɑɪf/ knives /nɑɪvz/ Exercise 16 Write the sound /s/. become voiced when the -s suffix is added. tapes 4. wives -ed suffix The morpheme -ed of the past tense (or past participle) is also pronounced in three different ways depending on the preceding consonant: ɪd after t and d painted /peɪntɪd/ founded /fɑʊndɪd/ wanted /wɒntɪd/ rounded /rɑʊndɪd/ t after unvoiced consonants: /f/ /k/ /p/ /s/ /ʃ clapped /klæpt/ brushed /brʌʃt/ laughed /lɑːft/ wished /wɪʃt/ d in other cases . plates 8. lives 7. earned /ɜːnd/ carried /kær ɪd/ changed /tʃeɪndʒd/ harmed /hɑːmd/ . research 5. Suits were usually made of wool cloth/clothe. test 3. Breath/Breathe in deeply and then out again. 4. I really loath/loathe the fashion of the 1980s. enjoy -e suffix Sometimes the addition of the –e suffix to a noun to form a verb changes the quality both of the vowels sound and of the final –th: a bath /bɑːθ/ to bathe /beɪð/ a breath /breθ/ to breathe /brɪːð/ Exercise 18 Listen to the teacher and circle the word you hear. /kləʊz/ /kləʊs/ 4. listen 8. /hɑʊz/ /hɑʊs/ 2. study 6. work 10. 2. /teə/ /tɪə/ 3.Exercise 17 Pronounce the past form of these regular verbs paying attention to the –ed suffix. The baby‟s teeth/teethe are coming through. 5. judge 7. 1. miss 9. /ˈkɒntrækt/ /kən ˈtrækt/ . 3. 1. /wɪnd/ /wɑɪnd/ 5. invent 4. 1. Homographs Some examples of homographs: to lead /lɪːd/ lead /led/ to read /rɪːd/ read /red/ to live /lɪv/ live /lɑɪv/ The sound may also change according to the where the stress is on the word: to record /rɪˈkɔːd/ record /ˈrekɔːd/ to present /prɪˈzent/ present /ˈpreznt/ Exercise 19 Listen to the sentences and circle the transcription that you hear. answer 2. The medicine soothes/sooths the pain of the inflammation. reign. psychiatry. knife gn – gnat. wring. wing -gm – paradigm. whose / 6. resignation) -mn – condemn. wrist wh – who. whole End position -mb – lamb. This is either because they were once pronounced (knock) or come from a foreign language (psychology). wrong. column -pt – receipt (but reception) Other positions . gnaw. bare / bear 4. resign (but signature. 1. by / buy 5. whom. song.Homophones Some examples of homophones: son / sun /sʌn/ allowed / aloud /əlɑʊd/ minor / miner /mɑɪnə/ Exercise 20 Listen to the teacher and circle the word that you hear in its context. climb. whose. sale / sail 9. thing. Initial position cz – czar kn – knock. knee. knight. hear / here 2. thumb -ng – king. there / their 8. rode / road 10. autumn. rain / reign 3. diaphragm -gn – sign. steel / steal Silent letters a) Some consonants are written but not pronounced. pseudo pt – Ptolemy wr – write. gnome pn – pneumonia ps – psychology. foreign. right / write who‟s 7. doubt muscle castle whistle isle viscount sword Norwich . or brother. Nor both in bother.b) Sometimes vowels are written but not pronounced. it's said like bed. bomb 5. subtle 16. Nor dear and fear for bear and pear. restaurant 9. Some examples: government family chocolate garden reason evil Exercise 21 Mark the silent letters in the following words. generous 18. hoped This poem illustrates the various English spelling complexities. design 12. Beware of heard. A moth is not a moth in mother. answer 6. Greenwich 7. know 13. interest 8. Wednesday 4.and goose and choose. 1. I've hardly made a start! . comfortable 14. not bead- for goodness' sake don't call it 'deed'! Watch out for meat and great and threat (they rhyme with suite and straight and debt). a dreadful word That looks like beard and sounds like bird. psychosis 19. written 10. And cork and work and card and ward And font and front and word and sword. And do and go and thwart and cart- Come. And dead. honest 15. And then there's doze and rose and lose- Just look them up. island 2. vegetable 17. cupboard 20. castle 11. mustn‟t 3. broth. And here is not a match for there. Read it aloud. a syllable-timed language. English. is a stress-timed language in which there exists a distinction between strong (toniche) and weak (atone) syllables. called a closed syllable: mad sub-ject con-vent d) Syllables are divided between doubled consonants. 1.UNIT 3 STRESS PATTERNS IN WORDS In Italian. uniform stress is given to different syllables. However. unless the doubled consonant is part of a syllable that is a base word: din-ner swim-ming tell-er e) Monosyllabic prefixes and suffixes are not divided: il-le-gal un-com-mon gov-ern-ment cou -ra-geous f) Plurisyllabic prefixes and suffixes are divided: an-ti-war un-der-take vel-o-ci-ty hy-po-the-ti-cal Exercise 22 Divide the following words into syllables. When a consonant separates two vowels. calendar 2. called an open syllable: may be-low an-ec-dote c) When the vowel is not at the end of a syllable. global 3. The system for syllable division is generally a phonetic one. it has a short sound. on the contrary. fitness 4. a) Each syllable has only one vowel sound. Syllable division A syllable consists of a vowel sound or a vowel sound + consonant(s). poem 7. wonderful 8. December . it has a long sound. there are a few rules to help divide words up into syllables. sunshine 6. divide the word after the first vowel and before the consonant: stu-dent re-sult ex-a-mine b) When the vowel is at the end of a syllable. Most words have the same number of syllables in the written form as in the pronunciation. mirror 5. Symbols used to indicate stress: ' the following syllable has primary stress ˌ t h e f o l l o w i n g . dinner 11. lovely 14. tongue The strong or primary stress on one Stress patterns in syllable has the effect of weakening words the pronunciation of the secondary syllables. computer 13. antidote 12.9. fine 15. oversleep 10. It is therefore important to be able to determine the stress pattern of words. s t y r l e l s a s b l S e u f h f a i s x e s s e Suffixes do not generally have primary stress. especially s French. . generally with suffixes of foreign. c Compare: ˈage o /eɪdʒ/ ˈcourage /kʌrɪdʒ / to be ˈable /eɪbl/ ˈcapable /keɪpəbl/ n ˈate /eɪt/ ˈgraduate (n)/grædʒʊət ˈfull d /fʊl/ ˈbeautiful /bjuːtɪfl/ / ˈless /les/ ˈhopeless /həʊpləs/ a r y In only a few cases the main stress falls on the suffix. origin. econom Note the shift in stress: ˈpublic ˈsocial Adjectives to ˈvary -ic. The following suffixes determine the -ious. suffragette 9. village 6. -eous. -ish to ˈmagnify .Some examples are: -oo kangarˈoo -ee employˈee -eer engineˈeer Some suffixes determine the position of the primary stress. -uous ˈglorious arˈboreous conˈtinuous primary stress Note the shift in stress: ˈperson to pe on the syllable preceding the Exercise 23 Mark the primary stress in the follow suffix: 1. -ible. -ety capˈacity 4. anxiety 3. career 5. talkative 8. -igible hisˈtoric inˈvi -ion disˈcussion Note the shift in stress: eˈconomy ecoˈn Note the shift in stress: to preˈpare to neˈglect ˈneg to proˈnounce to ˈrealise -ian amˈphibian Note the shift in stress: huˈmanity ˈlibrary ˈhistory -ics ˈphysics Verbs -ify. classify 10. universa -ity. passion Nouns 2. society 7. history historian 4.Other suffixes do not alter the stress pattern of the word. examine examination 9. nation nationality 5. psychiatry psychiatric 7. experiment experimental 3.) eˈconomy to eˈconomize -less ˈcare ˈcareless -ly (adv.) ˈbaby ˈbabyish -ism to ˈcriticise ˈcriticism -ize/-ise (v. economy economics 2.) poˈlice poˈliceman -ment to ˈgovern ˈgovernment -ship ˈowner ˈownership -ty ˈunit ˈunity -y to inˈquire inˈquiry Exercise 24 Mark the shift in stress in the following pairs of words. -able ˈcomfort ˈcomfortable -cy ˈvacant ˈvacancy -dom ˈking ˈkingdom -er/-or ˈvisit ˈvisitor -ful ˈwonder ˈwonderful -ish (adj. philosophy philosophical 6. demonstrate demonstration Prefixes Two-syllable words with no prefix usually have the primary stress on the first syllable: ˈfollow ˈcarry ˈgovern ˈcancel .) ˈrapid ˈrapidly -man (n. 1. idiot idiotic 10. science scientific 8. to produce produce 9. a) in-stru-ment b) cal-en-dar c) at-mos-phere d) ad-vise 20 . a) ad-mi-ra-ble b) app-ro-priate c) com-pli-cated d)nec-es-sar-y 3. to conflict conflict 6. to desert desert 3. to object object 8. to conduct conduct 2. to present present 4. to suspect suspect 10.separable or inseparable .Two-syllable words with a separable prefix (often written with a hyphen) have equal stress on the prefix and the main word: ˈex-ˈwife ˈpre-ˈbook ˈre-ˈwrite ˈself-ˈhelp Two-syllable VERBS with an inseparable prefix generally have the primary stress on the second syllable: to exˈplain to preˈsent to deˈny to proˈduce Two-syllable NOUNS with an inseparable prefix generally have the primary stress on the first syllable: ˈexpert ˈpresent ˈdeluge ˈproverb Some exceptions to this are: adˈvice deˈfence exˈcuse reˈlief The stress in three-syllable words can vary from word to word. a) or-i-gin b) oc-cur c) lim-it d) of-fer 4. 1. a) con-fi-dent b) del-i-cate c) po-et-ic d) sen-si-tive 2. Compare: ˈtelegraph reˈmoval ˈvegetable deˈcision If the prefix . 1. to subject subject 5. to rebel rebel Exercise 26 Find the word in each group that the primary stress located on the different syllable from the other three. there is secondary stress on the first syllable of the prefix and primary stress on the third syllable: ˌunderˈstand ˌinterˈvene ˌsuperˈsede ˌoverˈride Exercise 25 Mark the primary stress in the following pairs of nouns and verbs.is bisyllabic. to decrease decrease 7. ............... 1. train-spotting 2.. a) ac-ci-dent b) ma-chin-e-ry c) res-tau-rant d) tel-e-phone 10. Compare this to the equal stress of adjective and noun: ˈdining-room ˈtextbook ˈblackbird ˈdark ˈroom ˈlibrary ˈbook ˈblack ˈbird Compound adjectives The stress generally falls on the second element with the –ed participle and -ing participle: bad-ˈtempered old-ˈfashioned good-ˈlooking However.. bus stop 4. Jane is ........ We grew the vegetables at home.... It was a ..... highlight 9. over-ripe Exercise 28 Rewrite the sentences forming compound adjectives and mark the primary stress.. a) a-tom-ic b) dif-fer-ent c) se-ri-ous d) vi-ol-ent 9...... 2... if one of the elements of the compound adjective is a noun.... Tom is .. 4.......... stress will fall on the noun. mobile phone 7.. Tom looks really good......5. out-dated 5.......... swimming pool 10. a) mu-si-cian b) ne-ces-si-ty c) au-thor-i-ty d) pho-to-graph 7..... Jane works very hard..... well-dressed 8.........holiday................... blackboard 6... a) man-age b) con-nect c) o-blige d) re-veal 8............. The letter was written by hand The letter was ............ 1.... a) ca-nal b) de-moc-ra-cy c) char-ac-ter d) suc-cess 6.... even if it is the first element: ˈlaw-abiding ˈrecord-breaking Compound verbs The stress generally falls on the second element: outˈrun overˈrate underˈline Exercise 27 Mark the stress on the following words. a) mar-riage b) mys-ter-y c) ben-e-fit d) ex-ist-ence Compound nouns Most compound nouns have the primary stress on the first element. football 3.... The vegetables are ... 5. 3.... We went on holiday at the last minute.. 20 .................... conjunctions. determiners. I‟d love a cup of tea. pronouns determiners he hɪ his ɪz him ɪm/. He said that he‟d go home as soon as possible. 8. 4. Articles a. prepositions conjunction at /ət/ s ðət for fə that as əz from frəm than ðən of əv and ən . 6. 10. an . /ə/ her hə our ɑː us əs your jə them ðəm a. 7. and auxiliary verbs are generally weaker in stress within a sentence. The indefinite article a is reduced to /ə/ before consonants (or consonant sounds): a book a table a university a one-year plan It becomes an ən before vowels (or vowel sounds): an apple an event an hour an heir . 5. 2. Did you give him the books? 9. an ə . We‟d rather stay at home than go to the restaurant. please. When are you going to Spain? 3. n to tə but bət per pə or ə. pronouns. ðɪː/ Exercise 29 Underline the weak function words in the following sentences. her hə . He goes to the cinema three or four times a month. 1. You‟ll have to study harder if you want to pass the exam. They drove at 50 kilometres per hour. ən some səm the ðə . I told them they were going to fall. I‟ll have some bread and butter.UNIT 4 STRESS PATTERNS IN PHRASES Function words such as prepositions. It was one-hour lesson. historian. 5. 1. 1. one-man band. heir. 8. 4. 8. 2. hour-glass 5. universe. The definite article the is reduced to /ðə/ before consonants (or consonant sounds): the mother the table the university the one-year plan It is pronounced /ðɪː/ before vowels (or vowel sounds): the apple the event the hour the heir Exercise 30 Write a or an in the following sentences. 4. 10. 7. 6. You‟ll have to have X-ray for that leg. 3. Exercise 31 Say whether the following pronunciation of the definite article is /ðə/ or /ðɪː/ . I hope to study for M. degree next year. 9. It was enjoyable evening.the . The concert was extraordinary event. 7.S. Jane is university student. apple. 10.A. She is Anglo-Italian.A. Auxiliary verbs be and have are generally pronounced as a single syllable: I‟m ɑɪm I‟ve ɑɪv he‟s (h)ɪːz he‟s (h)ɪːz she‟s ʃɪːz she‟s ʃɪːz it‟s ɪts it‟s ɪts we‟re wɪə we‟ve wɪːv . Would you like orange? 3. U. ugly house. 6. 9. It took me hour to write the letter. 2. hotel. jewels. It is European law. you‟re jɔː you‟ve juːv . he 'does /dʌz/. 'does /dʌz/ he? Yes. She can apply for the job. 'has /hæz/she? Yes. I should have known he was joking. They 'won‟t / wəʊnt / come. Should/ʃəd/ he 'leave? They have a strong form: (a) in the negative with the contracted not: I 'can‟t /kɑːnt/ go. 1. she 'has /hæz/. Exercise 32 Underline the weak function words in the following sentences. Who does she think she is? 6. (c) in tag questions and short answers: He doesn‟t /dʌznt/ live here. 4. The auxiliary do (does) has a weak pronunciation in Wh. can‟t she? 5. . 'can /kæn/ he? Yes he 'can /kæn/. 2. Modal auxiliary verbs Modal auxiliary verbs have weak pronunciation in the affirmative and interrogative: I can /kn/ 'go. He could have told you if you had asked. He was at school when the fire broke out. They could /kəd/ 'come.questions: Where has /həz/ he 'gone? What‟s s his name? They have strong (or semi-weakened) forms: (a) in yes/no questions: 'Have /hæv / you got a car? 'Is /ɪz/ he on time? (b) in the negative form with the contracted not: I 'haven‟t /hævnt/ been there yet. (c) in tag questions and short answers: She hasn‟t arrived.Be and have have a weak pronunciation in Wh. Don‟t you want to know? 3. (b) in tag questions and short answers: He can‟t swim.questions: Where does /dəz/ he 'live? What do /də/ you 'do? It has a strong (or semi-weakened) form: (a) in other questions: 'Do /duː/ you like cheese? 'Does /dʌz/ he live here? (b) in the negative form with the contracted not: I 'don‟t /dəʊnt/ want to come. it will remain the national language of many countries where the majority of the population now speak it as their first or second language. predominantly the United States. This modification in world view can also be charted in painting. Even so. 9. . Where does he say he was going? 8. and the view that the world functions like a machine. the most widely influential was an epistemological transformation that we call the “scientific revolution”. pronouns. That is the place he has renovated. sculpture and architecture.for whom it is an additional language. TEXT 2 Today English is a world-wide language. empirical and sensory verification. articles. this revolution is associated with natural science and technological change. a series of changes in the structure of European thought itself: systematic doubt. in reality. TEXT 1 Of all the changes that swept over Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. where it can be seen that people are looking at the world very differently. A radical shift in power would undoubtedly result in the eventual displacement of English as the paramount international language. These changes greatly altered the human experience of every other aspect of life. You don‟t have to stay if you don‟t want to. I certainly won‟t do that job again. 10. About 300 million people speak it as their mother-tongue.7. prepositions etc). the abstraction of human knowledge into separate sciences.if not more . Exercise 33 Mark the stressed syllables in the following passages. In the popular mind. Practise reading them with attention to the weak forms (auxiliaries. The unparalleled status of English as an international language reflects the economic and technological power of the English-speaking countries. and there are as many . but the scientific revolution was. 1. Japan 6. browser. management 11. hamburger 3. to name but a few. There is also a tendency to coin English words that do not in fact exist in English (called „false anglicisms‟). know-how 15. welfare. partner 18. replay 14. suspense 5. or else Italian suffixes are added to an English word. wafer 8. especially when they refer to new products and trends. Exercise 34 The following words are commonly used in Italian. mountain bike 7.UNIT 5 ENGLISH WORDS USED IN ITALIAN In the last century the Italian language has adopted and adapted a wide range of English words. For example. club 10. report 2. flashback 9. cover 20. so we have ferribot (ferryboat) and nailon (nylon). desktop 19. performance 12. Make sure you know their correct pronunciation. privacy 4. Other influences concern direct translations from English into Italian: la maggioranza silenziosa (the silent majority) and le pubbliche relazioni (public relations). such as footing (jogging) and fiction (TV series). bunker . audience 13. and pullover. Another way to handle foreign words is to adapt the spelling to Italian. check-in 16. server 17. such as stoppare and bluffare. parola d‟ordine Exercise 36 Match the false anglicism on the left with its correct term on the right. funfair 2. scotch h. internship 10. luna park c.Exercise 35 Write the original English terms of these translations in Italian. lifting i. flipper j. pinball machine 6. toilet 4. facelift . camping b. hitch-hiking 9. baby killer f. autogrill a. parola-chiave 5. 1. zapping k. 1. juvenile murderer 3. informatica 4. stage d. motorway snack bar 5. autostop l. channel surfing 7. jumper 11. diversamente abile 3. golf e. adhesive tape 8. cartone animato 2. water g. campsite 12. d. island / ɑɪlənd/ 5.b. pool 8. head /e/ 3. cut /ʌ/ 2. /ðeə/ . live /ɪ/ 5. /kæntəbrɪ/ Canterbury 2. world /ɜː/ 6.ANSWER KEY UNIT 1 Exercise 1 1. /leɪtə/ . bear /beə/ 4. shoe /uː/ 8. /puːl/ . joke 10. employ /ɪmplɔɪ/ 6. /ʃʌt/ . sure /ʃʊə/ 3. /hɑːt/ . think 4. /grenɪtʃ/ Greenwich . town /tɑʊn/ 8.c. think /θ/ 10. doubt 9. know /nəʊ/ Exercise 4 1.i. hair /eə/ 9. /dʒəʊk/ . shut 2.h. cook /ʊ/ 4. bought 7. pine /ɑɪ/ 7. /dɑʊt/ .j. home /həʊm/ 9.e. /θɪŋk/ . later 6. /wɜːk/ . sight /sɑɪt/ 10. hear /hɪə/ 7.a. work 5. gel /ʒ/ Exercise 3 1. heart 3. g. there Exercise 2 1.f. make /meɪk/ 2. /bɔːt/. 8. /wɒrɪk/ Warwick Exercise 5 1. /edɪnbrə/ Edinburgh 5. fill / fill . Exercise 8 1. The pronunciation. live / leave . Exercise 6 1.S 5. 10. weren‟t 14. 7. 8. She has a heart of gold. Which county did you say he lived in? 2. 9. hurt 15. She rubbed the silver to make it shinier. lick / leak .S 2.D 10. 3. nurse 9. They‟re going to the mountains on Saturday. 6. 6. sit / seat .D 8. early Exercise 7 1. Where are the spoons and forks? 10. 3. 4. /lestə/ Leicester 4. The private sector is all economic activity other than government. 2. turn 12. Put the batter in the fridge. A man and a woman were waiting at the station. 4. 5. Susan is famous for her Christmas cake.D 6. tin / tin . chip / chip . is / ease . skirt 6. work 8.S 9. We went to the theatre yesterday.S 7. ship / ship . 7.D 4. grammar and vocabulary are difficult. He can speak Russian and German. bid / bid – S . Did you say he ran away? 9.D 3. Can I borrow your cap ? 5. He tripped over the stump on the ground. bin / bean . birthday 10. There was a big cut in the wood.3. We could ask them if they have reached a decision. We were wondering where she was. There are a lot of colourful rugs on the floor. Thursday 3. There were seven or eight hundred people present at the conference. Exercise 13 1. mix 16. You need something to help you hear. 10. Exercise 11 1. Try not to go near the hedge. soldier 9. just 13. college Exercise 12 1. 7. 6. Make sure the air circulates. science 5. face 6. What was under the veal? 5. Her poetry has become worse. psychology 30 . She showed me how to hold a violin. 8. 4. 4. Where is the vest? 3. They went over the hill. There was only a little wine left. 5. damage 16. The symbol represents the eye of God. gin 2. large 4. Paul.Exercise 9 /θ/ /ð/ three there thin breathe moth whether nothing although throw either Exercise 10 1. song 4. castle 13. injury 6. Leave some books for me – don‟t take them all! 9. At the heart of the issue is the disparity of wealth. 3. months 11. I saw a long whale in the distance. city 7. They wrote „hate‟ on the wall. disciple 15. 2. He was the heir to a fortune. message 10. jet 11. 2. Exercise 20 1. flood 10. laughter. /teə/ Your dress has got a big tear. wɜːd word 3. cloth /θ/ 3. beer 3. 5. signature 7. watches /ɪz/ 7. mould 5. /wɑɪnd/ I forgot to wind up my alarm clock last night. 5. /hɑʊz/ Where did they house the painting? 2. 3. teeth /θ/. wives /z/ Exercise 17 1. judges /ɪz/ 2. accommodate 2. 4. ɑɪs ice 5. Exercise 16 1. Exercise 19 1. answer 7. He rode the horse and won the race. books /s/10. lives /z/ 3. θɪŋ thing 7. 4. breathes /z/ 6. fəget forget 4. vɑɪn vine 9. bɔːn born 6. plates /s/ 4. work /t/ 6. ræm ram 2. loathe /ð/ 4. 6.Exercise 14 1. Is 1 . though 9. research /t/ 10. 3. Whose book is this? 2. attends /z/ 8. They said their house was in the country. fɪːlɪŋz feelings 8. test 8. tapes /s/ 9. enjoy Exercise 18 1. /kən ˈtrækt/ We were afraid she might contract some disease in Africa. classes /ɪz/ 5. The structure is made of steel. Breathe /ð/ 2. study 2. /kləʊs/ They live very close to us. spring 4. machine 6. soothes /ð/ 5. I‟d love to sail to Greece. meɪdʒə major 10. huːz whose UNIT 2 Exercise 15 1. judge 3. invent 9. miss /t/ 5. listen 4. biscuit 8. Here is where the battle took place. comfortable 14. tongue 13. uniˈversal 9. won-der-ful 5. ˈscience / scienˈtific 8. He couldn‟t bear to be seen. lov-ely 11. 10. to deˈcrease / ˈdecrease 7. exˈperiment / experiˈmental 3. phiˈlosophy / philoˈsophical 6. to obˈject / ˈobject 8. fine 12. to deˈsert / ˈdesert 3. ˈvillage 2. ˈtalkative 4. castle 11. 8. ecoˈnomics Exercise 24 1. Exercise 21 1. The monarch‟s reign was peaceful. ˈdemonstrate / demonˈstration Exercise 25 1. po-em 4. restaurant 9. hoped UNIT 3 Exercise 22 1. written 10. over-sleep 14. subtle 16. know 13. sun-shine 3. to reˈbel / ˈrebel. to subˈject / ˈsubject 5. suffraˈgette 5. glo-bal 7. island 2. interest 8. This novel is by a famous author. to proˈduce / ˈproduce 9. vegetable 17. ca-len-dar 6. De-cem-ber 9. ˈnation / natioˈnality 5. ˈidiot / idiˈotic 10. exˈamine / examiˈnation 9. an-ti-dote Exercise 23 1. psychosis 19. generous 18. eˈconomy / ecoˈnomics 2. Greenwich 7 design 12. mustn‟t 3. din-ner 15. psyˈchiatry / psychiˈatric 7. mir-ror 2. bomb 5. caˈreer 10. to preˈsent / ˈpresent 4. fit-ness 8. 9. cupboard 20.that the right answer? 7. to conˈflict / ˈconflict 6. honest 15. to ˈconduct / conˈduct 2. ˈclassify 6. Wednesday 4. soˈciety 3. answer 6. to susˈpect / ˈsuspect 10. ˈpassion 7. ˈhistory / hiˈstorian 4. com-pu-ter 10. anˈxiety 8. Exercise 26 . 1. d) ad-ˈvise . d) ˈnec-es-sar-y 3. c) po-ˈet-ic 2. b) oc-ˈcur 4. Exercise 31 1. please.S. 2. d) ex-ˈist-ence. /ðɪː/ hour-glass 10. ˈblackboard 2. /ðɪː/ ugly house 5. We‟d rather stay at home than go to the restaurant. an 4. /ðə/ hotel 7. outˈdated 10. /ðə/ one-man band. 7. an. Tom is good-ˈlooking. 8. an 3. I told them they were going to fall. They drove at 50 kilometres per hour. /ðə/ U. /ðə/ historian 8. It was a ˈlast-minute holiday. /ðə/ universe 3. 5. ˈbus stop 9.5. He goes to the cinema three or four times a month. an 2. well-ˈdressed 4. ˈfootball 8. Exercise 28 1. /ðə/ jewels. You‟ll have to study harder if you want to pass the exam. b) ma-ˈchin-e-ry 10. d) ˈpho-to-graph 7. over-ˈripe. I‟ll have some bread and butter. 9. 4. ˈmobile phone 3. 5.A 6. c) ˈchar-ac-ter 6. Jane is hard-ˈworking. ˈtrain-spotting 7. The letter was hand-ˈwritten. UNIT 4 Exercise 29 1. 10. ˈhighlight 5. When are you going to Spain? 3. Did you give him the books? 9. a) a-ˈtom-ic 9. 4. a 8. 2. a) ˈman-age 8. an 10. ˈswimming pool 6. . a 6. The vegetables are home-ˈgrown 3. a 5. He said that he‟d go home as soon as possible. /ðɪː/ apple 4. an 9. Exercise 27 1. I‟d love a cup of tea. /ðɪː/ heir 2. an 7. Exercise 30 1. 6. sculpture and architecture. The unˈparalleled status of English as an interˈnational language reflects the ecoˈnomic and technoˈlogical power of the English-speaking countries. I certainly won‟t do that job again. He could have told you if you had asked. preˈdominantly the Uˈnited States. Even so. emˈpirical and sensory verifiˈcation. it will remain the national language of many countries where the maˈjority of the popuˈlation now speak it as their first or second language. this revoˈlution is asˈsociated with natural science and technoˈlogical change. in reˈality.for whom it is an adˈditional language. She can apply for the job. where it can be seen that people are looking at the world very differently. 7.Exercise 32 1. A radical shift in power would unˈdoubtedly result in the eˈventual dis ˈplacement of English as the paramount interˈnational language. and there are as many . the abˈstraction of human knowledge into separate sciences. These changes greatly altered the human ex ˈperience of every other aspect of life. Who does she think she is? 6. can‟t she? 5. 9. I should have known he was joking. and the view that the world functions like a maˈchine. but the scienˈtific revoˈlution was. 2. a series of changes in the structure of Euroˈpean thought itself: systeˈmatic doubt.if not more . In the popular mind. That is the place he has renovated. Exercise 33 TEXT 1 Of all the changes that swept over Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. He was at school when the fire broke out. Don‟t you want to know? 3. Where does he say he was going? 8. You don‟t have to stay if you don‟t want to. 4. the most widely influˈential was an epistemoˈlogical transforˈmation that we call the “scien ˈtific revoˈlution”. . TEXT 2 Today English is a world-wide language. 10. About 300 million people speak it as their mother-tongue. This modifiˈcation in world view can also be charted in painting. audience /ˈɔːdɪəns/ 13. club /ˈklʌb/ 10. internship 5. toilet 8. baby killer .l. motorway snack bar 2. stage . channel surfing 12. Japan /dʒəˈpæn/ 6. water .b.password Exercise 36 1. funfair 4.a. campsite 3. replay /ˈrɪːpleɪ/ 14.d.j.k. parola d‟ordine . facelift 10.g. know-how /ˈnəʊhɑʊ/ 15. partner /ˈpɑːtnə/ 18. adhesive tape 9. cartone animato – cartoon 2. lifting .e. server /ˈsɜːvə/ 17. flashback /ˈflæʃbæk/ 9. privacy /ˈprɪvəsɪ/ 4. check-in /ˈtʃekɪn/ 16.c. diversamente abile – differently abled 3. camping . scotch .UNIT 5 Exercise 34 1. luna park . report /rɪˈpɔːt/ 2. autostop – h. autogrill . pinball machine 11. management /ˈmænɪdʒmənt/ 11. informatica – information technology 4. flipper . juvenile murderer 7. suspense /səˈspens/ 5. mountain bike /ˈmɑʊntɪn bɑɪk/ 7. jumper 6. zapping – f. bunker /ˈbʌŋkə/ Exercise 35 1. golf . performance /pəˈfɔːməns/ 12. hitch-hiking .i. desktop /ˈdesktɒp/ 19. cover /ˈkʌvə/ 20. hamburger /ˈhæmbɜːgə/ 3. parola-chiave – key word 5. wafer /ˈweɪfə/ 8.