TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC MỞ TP.HCM ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY & SYNTAX NGUYEN THUY NGA Biên soạn 1 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC MỞ TP.HCM ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY & SYNTAX Compiled by Nguyen Thuy Nga 2 CONTENTS An introduction to the textbook PART 1 : THE MORPHOLOGY OF ENGLISH Chapter 1: 1. Definition 2. Classification 2.1. Form: free and bound mophemes 2.2. Meaning: roots (bases) and affixes 3. Inflectional and derivational affixes 3.1. Inflectional affixes 3.2. Derivational affixes 4. Suffixal homophones 4.1. The inflectional morpheme {–er} comparative of adjective 4.2. The verbal inflectional suffix { -ing} 4.3. The verbal inflectional {-ed pp} 4.4. The adverbial derivational suffix 5. Immediate constituents 6. Allomorphs 6.1. Definition 6.2. Kinds of allomorphs: MORPHEME 1 3 4 4 4 4 5 7 7 8 12 12 12 12 12 13 16 16 16 3 Complex words 2. Classification WORDS 18 18 18 18 18 18 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 26 26 27 27 27 29 29 29 29 4 2.1. Verb paradigm 4. Blending 6. Simple words 2. Pronoun paradigm 3. Definition 2. Clipping 4.2. Noun paradigm 2.Chapter 2: 1. Comparable paradigm Chapter 5: 1. Compounding 2. Verbs 3. Compound words Chapter 3: 1.3. Acronymy 5. Back.formation Chapter 4: INFLECTIONAL PARADIGMS PROCESSES OF WORD FORMATION 1. Nouns 2. Derivation 3. Adjectives FORM-CLASSES . Adverbial phrase 5. Pronouns: PART 2: THE SYNTAX OF ENGLISH Chapter 7: 1. Uninflected words Chapter 6: 1. Words used to introduce noun clauses 1. Functions of adjective clauses: 5 30 30 32 32 32 33 34 34 35 38 38 39 41 42 42 43 43 43 43 44 44 44 STRUCTURE CLASSES PHRASE CLAUSE . Noun phrase 2. Verb phrase 3.2. Adverbs 5.1. Adjective clause 2. Determiners 4.4. Prepositional phrase Chapter 8: 1. Functions of noun clauses: 2. Noun clause 1. Auxiliaries 5. Qualifiers 2. Prepositions 3.2. Words used to introduce adjective clauses 2.1. Adjective phrase 4. Adverb clause 3.1. Nominals 2. Functions of adverb clauses: Chapter 9: Pattern 1 Pattern 2 Pattern 3 Pattern 4 Pattern 5 Pattern 6 Pattern 7 Pattern 8 Pattern 9 Chapter 10: 1. Sentence modifiers 2. Verbals 3. Postnominal modifiers in noun phrases 6 .3.2. Prenominal modifiers in noun phrases 3. Adverbials Chapter 11: MODIFICATION POSITIONAL CLASSES BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS 45 45 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 51 51 52 56 56 56 57 58 61 61 62 65 1. Adjectivals 4. Words used to introduce adverb clauses 3. Complement 1.1. The expletive it Chapter 13: Appendixes TREE DIAGRAM SOME SYNTACTIC DETAILS 65 67 67 67 67 68 71 102 7 . Modifiers in verb phrases Chapter 12: 1.2. Complement of Adjectives 1.4. Complement of Noun 2. Infinitive Phrase Adjectival. trudged along in the rain. Adjectival The woman weeping was escorted to the door. who had been laying the floor. Uninflected word The people upstairs 4. Noun Phrase Adjectival The party last night 6. Participle or Participial Phrase. Prepositional Phrase Adjectival The bend in the river 7. Participle or Participial Phrase. to __ I have lesson to study 10.3. Modified adjective He had never seen a woman more lovely. 3. 9. swooped to the meadow. Relative Clause Adjectival The old carpenter. POSTNOMINAL MODIFIERS IN NOUN PHRASES FORMS OF NOMINAL MODIFIERS 1. Compounded adjectives The mailman. 2. The snow. sifted through the cracks. -ing. 8. -ed. weary and wet. The hawk. driven by the wind. spotting his prey. stood up and straightened his back 8 . Adverb The blue dress particularly 5. Adjectival They refused to pay the money demanded. Appositive Adjectival The Bailey Bugle. appears weekly 9 . a college newspaper.11. & manner They never work long. She shouted angrily. Word. Put it anywhere. Infinitive Phrase Adverbials He works to succeed.4. Clause Adverbials We telephoned as soon as we could. Participial Phrase in -ing Adverbials He came running to the table. place. MODIFIERS IN VERB PHRASES One.group adverbials Prepositional Phrase Adverbials They eat in the kitchen Noun Phrase Adverbials She held the hammer this way.word adverbials Adverbs of time. Participial Phrase in –ed Adverbials He returned defeated by the weather 10 . The girl sat wearing the blue hat. (NC/DO/Nal) My fear that they are lost came true.2. COMPLEMENT 1. She is indifferent whether you come or not. Complement of Adjectives I fear that they are lost (NC/ DO/ Nal) I am fearful that they are lost (NC/Complement of Adj/ Nal) He was hopeful of a change (PP/ Complement of Adj/ Nal) He was hesitant to see her. Complement of Noun 1. (NC/Comp of noun/Nal) 11 . Clause as a complement of the noun I fear that they are lost.Chapte r SOME SYNTACTIC DETAILS 12 1./ Nal I am happy that you are here.2.1. (NC/Complement of Adj/ Nal) Her roommate became tired of studying.1. 1. (Infinitive Phrase/ Complement of Adj. Infinitive Phrase as a complement of the noun Her decision to tell the truth Some nouns that take a complement: refusal. desire.2. 1.that is subordinating conjunction. 12 . promise. Postnominal modifier: He was not a man to submit without a fight.2. hope Complement of noun: His refusal to submit without a fight was courageous. It connects the clause with the noun. intention. The clause is a nominal functioning as a complement of the noun. It takes the place of the real subject. 1. 13 .3. something more peripheral. Notes: The noun complement clauses give us central information about the head noun (what exactly the noun is). 2 THE EXPLETIVE IT The expletive it occurs as a “dummy’ in the subject position before the verb. while the relative clauses tell something else about it. It is hard to see the difference. which follows later in the sentence as in It is nice that you could come. Complement in –ing and to_____ He wanted to stop trying to postpone working.Complement of noun :His desire to consider the motion was thwarted Postnominal modifier: The next thing to consider is the stage set. 0. 1. 2. Mrs Brown was devoted to her daughter. Jim is doubtful that he can pass the course. 7. Jerry was sick when the game began. 1. Juliet forgot that she had a job to finish. 6. We were reluctant to leave. 9.EXERCISES EXERCISE 1. Agatha needed somebody to love. Underline complements of the noun in the following sentences. _______ EXERCISE 2. Jane was conscious that something unpleasant had happened. We heard of Tom’s attempt to raise money for the needy. 10. 8. Indicate whether the italicized word groups are DO Caj Direct object Complement of the adjective DO____ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ Av-al Adverbial 0. Juliet became forgetful of her duties. His offer to buy the whole lot was accepted. 3. 14 5. 2. Jim is doubtful of passing the course. The lad was afraid of venturing into deep water. _______ . 4. Jim doubts that he can pass the course. Jane learned that something unpleasant had happened. Underline the subject in these sentences. It occurred to me that the road might be impassable. 0. 1. They did not approve of Harry’s intention to register late. Their hope to win was strong.3. 7. 4. 2. Father’s order to stay away from the telephone was sullenly obeyed. It doesn’t matter whether she wears the green or the yellow suit. Robert’s resolution to practise daily soon faded away. 9. It is necessary that you write a tactful letter. EXERCISE 3. 8. 3. There is a man to admire. 15 . 6. 5. We approved Josephone’s determination to live within her budget. It is hard to see the difference. 10. It was a thrilling game to watch. 4. It is odd that the tree fell in that direction. The assertion that women are poor drivers does not hold up under investigation. the phrase structure of the whole sentence (what the word-groupings are.Chapte r 13 TREE DIAGRAM We use “tree” diagrams to represent phrase structure. the sentence (S) is always subdivided into NP VP S= NP+VP 1. PREMODIFIERS 16 . and their hierarchical structure—how they are nested or not nested inside each other). information about the function of phrasal categories. A tree does not show. In ordinary sentences. NOUN PHRASE NP= det+N’ N’=N+Modifier Modifiers a word a phrase a clause 1. directly. A tree provides the following information: the word class of each word.1. and the phrasal category of each phrase (what kind of phrase each phrase is). 1.3.1.1.Part A crying NP Det N’ 17 N girl .1. Participles NP Det N’ Pre.2. Adjectives: NP det A A lazy N’ N boy 1. Nouns NP Det N A school N’ N boy 1.Premodifiers may be 1. Past P.4.1. Adverbials NP Det Adv A nearby NP Det Adj P Adj. N’ N’ N window N pool N school N’ N Adj. 18 . The broken NP Det G A swimming 1. Conj. The girl near the N’ N . Prepositional phrase NP Det N NP N Det N’ N’ PP Prep NP Det N PP Prep NP N’ N The door NP Det. N’ N PP Prep NP Det.2. Adj. POST MODIFIERS Post modifiers may be: 1.1.A handsome and intelligent boy 1. AP 19 way to school.2. Adj. The beautiful girl in the blue dress 20 . 2. Relative clauses NP Det N NP V N’ S VP N The students who played 1. Adverbs NP tennis 21 .2.4.1.3.2.2. Participle phrase NP Det N Prep P Prep Det Adj The school girl sitting in the N’ PPP PP NP N’ N front row 1. Det. N A room N’ Adv. upstairs 22 . V Deg. PHRASE Adj. ADVERB PHRASE S NP Pro.5. Adjectives NP Pro.2. beautiful 3. Something 2. new ADJECTIVE S NP Pro.1. V VP AP Degree She is very Adj. She sang fairly VP AdvP Adv well 23 . Det. Verb phrase contents Verb phrases come in a variety of shapes as listed below.4. NP N’ N behind the door 5. V + AP 6. V + NP 3. 1. V alone S NP Det.1. V + AP + PP 7.1. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE PP Prep. V + NP + NP 8.1. N’ VP V 24 . VERB PHRASE VP Aux +V’ 5. V alone 2. V + Q 5. V + NP + PP 5. V + PP 4. a VP NP N’ N house 5.1.3. N’ N V PreP. V + NP 25 . V NP PP VP V NP Det. V + PP 5.1.1.2. Det. Det. N’ Prep. S NP Det.N The baby cried. The men live 5. N’ N The man built S NP Det. N Put the pen on the table PP NP N’ in the VP PP NP N’ N city V Det.4. nice 5.5.6.1. NP N’ N nice to us.1. Prep. 5. V Adj. 26 .1. V VP NP Pro. V NP NP VP PP NP VP AP Adj. V She is S NP Pro. Pro. They are S NP Pro. Det. V AP S NP Pro. V AP PP We sent her a letter.7.P Adj.5. V + Q S NP Det. Det.S NP Pro. be. NP N’ N We chose 5.have.1. will. Auxiliary verb Auxiliaries are the “helping verbs” . questions. N’ N him our leader VP V Q Mike’s complaints were many .) as well as do used in negation. and emphasis. 5.8. shall. VP Aux + V’ S NP N M VP Aux V Susan will be V’ NP N seeing Mark 27 V’ = VP without auxiliaries . etc. and modals (can. V VP NP Pro.2. We can summarize all the phrase structure rules for the grammar of English as follows. S S’ NP N’ N’ NP VP complementiser + S Det. N’ AP N’ N PP or N’ VP VP AP N’ N(PP) V (NP) (PP) V S’ or VP AP PP (Deg) A P NP V (NP) (PP) S’ 28 . SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCES Adv P NP VP S NP Pro V Inf. VP PP NP N’ N want to thank you on behalf of these S NP Pro Aux V Det. N’ N Delayed by the bad weather. the plane VP V Adv. VP V’ NP N Prep N PP NP PP refugees We will delay the papers.P NP arrived one hour late Adv 29 . Pro I Inf.6. pending arrival of the contract S PastPP PastP PP NP Det.P NP Prep Det. Sentence with Adverbials Clauses S NP N V Comp VP S’ S Julia laughed when Mark snored 8. SYNTATIC ANALYSIS OF COMPOUND SENTENCES S= S1 Coordinating conjunction S2 S S1 Co. conj S2 problems There was show going out.7. conj S2 His paintings weren’t selling. Noun Clauses Functioning as Subject and Direct Object S’ : Complementiser + S 30 .1.2. SYNTATIC ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX SENTENCES 8. and he had money S S1 Co. so they ask him some questions 8. NP Pro. V Compl. We know that you know S VP S’ S VP VP S’ S that she is a good student are nice to us 31 .S NP=S’ Comp S is clear VP That Tom wants to build a better mousetrap S NP V Comp I NP Pro. Noun Clause functioning as Complement of Adjective S NP Pro V Adj Comp We were delighted VP AP S’ S that you were able to come 32 .4.3. Noun Clause functioning as Complement of Noun SS NP Det N Comp N’ S’ S VP The idea that frogs eat spaghetti is preposterous 8.8. You must return that overdue book to the library tomorrow morning. 13. Functions. 2. the plane arrived one hour late. The principle that water runs only down-hill seems sometimes to be contradicted by our senses. 9. I do sometimes wonder if all this education doesn’t drive people crazy. Although Jim finds the work difficult. Delayed by the bad weather.EXERCISES EXERCISE 1. we’d better cancel the trip. he continues to do his best. 12. 8. 1. He was hopeful that a change would occur. The politician that I admire most is the one who sticks to his principles. Identify the pattern of the following sentences. 6. 3. 7. Considering the weather. We will delay the papers. then analyze the underlined parts by Forms. While he was deciding what he should do next. 11. the tiger reappeared on the spot where he had been standing. I want to thank you on behalf of these refugees. Since elephants like peanuts. and Positions. 33 . pending arrival of the contract. 10. 5. The book about which I was speaking costs more than I would want to pay. I am surprised that they haven’t learned to crack nuts. 4. 19. The weather having cleared up. 34 to sell industrial secrets worth millions to the Duport . If the club secretary wishes to contact the opposing team. 32. With growing interest. 24. It was a plot Company. 18. 30. He hotly denied the rumour that was then being circulated. A little confused. he read the book I lent him yesterday. The book that cost me a fine was The Castle. 27. 29. The center passed the ball to the quarterback. The judges thought his action a mistake. He fell wounded by the arrow. Aspirin is probably the most useful medicine known to man. Most of the people I meet lead adventurous life. 33. 16. covered with mud. 17. 25. If everyone is ready. The old man in the town often tells the neighboring kids many funny stories. It’s wasteful to leave these lights on when you’re not in the room. On the river bank sat little Robert. The basketball players chose Harry their captain for next year. we continue our game. His refusal to submit without a fight was very courageous. 15. 31. I haven’t yet had an opportunity to think over the proposals that were made at the last meeting. 21. 22.14. 34. 20. she didn’t know how to answer the question. Her boyfriend remained the best singer in the band last year. You look attractive in either the blue sweater or the yellow. 35. he should write a letter to the following address. we can begin to load the car. 26. 28. The client whose stock he was handling died. 23. 41. A girl spoiled by her mother is not a good roommate. Our mode of life had to change when the baby was born. Aspirin is probably the most useful medicine known to man. The migrant workers from Australia are trying to get any job they can. 4. Our guests came on the week when I was housecleaning. EXERCISE 2. 2. Draw trees for the following sentences. A century ago. 7. Although the patient seems much improved she will have to rest quietly for a few more days. The managing director was largely responsible for the collapse of the company. 10. 9. 40. We were anxious to leave. My ambition is to study in Italy. 42. 35 . 1. The fact that he didn’t turn up shows that he was never really serious about coming. To steal from the poor is inexcusable. 6. He hotly denied the rumour that he had been visited by the police in connection with recent crime. I enjoy running in the park. 3. 39. 12. During the years that followed these three men found their destinies inextricably linked. After visiting Milan they decided that they must see Naples. Ann went to Canada to visit relatives for a week and decided to work there. I’ve had a cold for three weeks and I’m feeling miserable. 37. 5. 11. The articles to be sold include one of the Ravel’s manuscripts. 38. 8. it seemed unlikely that we would find a cure for TB.36. 22. I love the idea that grasshoppers can sing. Whether we are going for a picnic again is a question he is always asking. 14. A tall college student in the class is playing chess with his close friend. 16. 17. 21. 15. 18. 20. 36 . 24. The basketball players chose John their captain for next year. That Sheila left early proves that she loves you. He’s coming today in spite of the fact that I told him I didn’t want him.13. when the weather may be better. It seems very likely that the proposal will pass. 23. 19. I should return my new camera to the factory in the event that it has something wrong. Alexander nearly fainted when she learn that she had won the lottery. I’ve done everything I can imagine to help Any get his life straightened. We scored the runs when we needed them. According to the manufacturer’s guarantee. We will put off the picnic until next week. The black pen that I accidentally left on the bus yesterday belonged to my uncle’s sister. 25. List the morphemes. Words Number of morphemes 0.Classification • Processes of word formation • Parts of Speech • Syntax: Phrases • Basic Sentence Patterns • Tree diagram ANSWER KEY CHAPTER 1 EXERCISE 1: Identify the number of the morphemes in these words. 1.IMPORTANT CONCEPTS • Morphology: morphemes • Bases and Affixes • IC cut • Words: Definition. replay play 2 1 replay play Bound Free 37 . 15. before 38 Examples antecedent . antedate in front of. date antedate hygiene weak weaken man manly keep beautiful miniskirt rainy cheaply cheaper widen happiness 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 -ful mini-y -ly -er -en -ness -ly -en ante- date date hygiene weak weak man man keep beauty skirt rain cheap cheap wide happy EXERCISE 2. 16.2. 11. Write the meaning of the underlined morphemes. 14. 3. 6. and give your own examples. 8. 12. 10. 5. Morpheme(s) Meanings 0. 7. 9. 13. 4. Identify the bound morpheme(s) in of each of the given words. 6. syllabic 3. 7. replay manly keeper unable cheapest inactive impossible malfunction again like one who not most not not bad EXERCISE 3.1. 6. selective -er -dom -ic -ize -ive 5. speaker 1. kingdom 2. vene re-. 7. idolize 4. 8. 8. 3. 5. -vise -ed un- 39 . 0. 4. 2. intervene revise worked undo inter-. aquarium. moribund.means ‘hold’ and pend.means ‘carry’ 10. famous 8.means ‘body’ ten.means ‘hand’ ject. 10. unenlivened EXERCISE 5. falsify 4. 5. infamous 9.means ‘water’ mortuary. manuscript. Underline the bases in these words. audition and auditorium The bound base audimeans ‘hear’ 1. tenure and tenacious pendulum. corps and corpse tenable. matricide and infanticide 2. womanly 5. reject and projectile man. impending suspender. portage 40 . patricide. friendship 12. manacle. oracle and oratory ora. befriend 13. audible. prewar 2. subway 3. 4.EXERCISE 4. lighten 1. 7. portfolio.means ‘hang’ 8. 9. 6. porter. pendant mor (t) means ‘dead’ corp. aquatic and aquaduct aqua. endear 6. failure 7. portable. orate. Bostonian 14. inject. suicide. oral. manual and manicure eject.means ‘throw’ port. audience. oration. unlikely 0. corporeal. Identify the meaning of the bound base in the given sets of words. enlighten 11. tenant. mortal and immortal corporation. inject.means ‘mouth’ -cide means ‘kill’ aquaplane. 3. 0. EXERCISE 6. toughest. Classify the following words as derivational/ inflectional morphemes. eaten forms. desserts media. social. insulted. violated. having. insulted exercising EXERCISE 7. furiously. books. midnight. eaten. toughest having. Beth’s. desserts. does bigger. does. bigger. hoped. forms . exercising Derivational speaker social midnight furiously government Inflectional his. Beth’s walks. government . media. hoped violated. books. speaker. Diagram these words to show the layers of structure un verb al iz ed help less em bodi ment 41 . his. walks. re im burse ment s start ed re fertil ize in suffer abl y life less ness favor it ism anti cler ic al item ize d un law ful mid after noon pre profess ion al super natur al news paper dom un comfort able 42 . 4. disco taxi cab curio memo Fred Al Tom discotheque taxicab cabriolet curiosity memorandum Frederick Albert. Alvis Thomas 43 Originals . 5. Give the original words from which these clipped words were form.counter declar ation en gag ing mal construct ion mis judge ment contra dict ory build ing s CHAPTER 3 EXERCISE 1. 3. Words 0. Alfred. 7. 1. 6. 2. 3. 14. Scientific. and Cultural Organization Old Kinderhook Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Test of English as a Foreign Language International English Language Testing System HoChiMinh City Open University World Health Organization United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund GP= general purposes light amplication by stimulated emission of radiation 44 EXERCISE 2: Pronounce these acronyms and give their originals. 9.8. 7. 4. RV UNESCO OK OPEC TOEFL IELTS HOU WHO UNICEF jeep laser . 12. 8. 10. 15. 5. 0. 9. 1. 11. 2. bus van chute cute dorm flu prof ad ACRONYMS omnibus caravan parachute acute dormitory influenza professor advertisement ORIGINALS recreational vehicle United Nations Educational. 6. 10. 13. BLENDS 0. 1. 5. 4. flunk happenstance stagflation simulcast telecast dandle splatter dumbfound medicare Singlish newsboy ORIGINALS flinch + funk happen + circumstance stagnation + inflation simultaneous + broadcast tele + broadcast dance + handle splash + spatter dumb + confound medical + care Singaporean + English newspaper + boy EXERCISE 4. 0. 10. 12. 2. 2. gasoline +alcohol transfer + resistor escalade+ elevator gasohol transistor escalator 45 automobile+omnibus autobus . 3. 7. 9. 8. Give the originals of these blends. 15. 6. FIFA BBC MC BC TESL Federation of International Football Associations British Broadcasting Corporation Master of Ceremony before Christ Teaching English as a Second Language EXERCISE 3. 3. Give the blends that result from fusing these words.11. 14. 1. 13. formation derivation compounding clipping blending derivation clipping acronymy clipping blending acronymy EXERCISE 6. 8. COLUMN 1 0. 5. 10. The words in column 2 have been created from the corresponding words in column 1. Indicate the word formation process responsible for the creation of each word in column 2. 5. 2. 9. seat typographical error aerobics. 3. blare or blow+ spurt smoke+ fog blurt smog EXERCISE 5. Give the original word(s) and identify the processes of word formation of the following. 1. 7. 4. automation humid love. Provide one example to illustrate each type of processes. Word Original words Processes 46 . 6.4. marathon act perambulator random access memory megabyte teleprinter exchange Information Technology COLUMN 2 automate humidifier loveseat typo aerobathon deactivate pram RAM meg telex IT WORD FORMATION PROCESS back . 5. The island was colonized by the Northmen. One of her stockings is torn. 7. or UW (uninflected word). 2. V(verb). 1. Av (Adverb). 0. What punishment do you think should be administered? Fritz always say the wrong thing. Carl sleeps late mornings. WHO WTO flu brunch disagree ice-cream World Health Organization World Trade Organiation influenza breakfast + lunch agree ice + cream Acronymy Acronymy clipping blending derivation compoundin g CHAPTER 5 Classify the italicized words as N (noun). Minnie is fond of Siamese cats. Aj (adjective). 3. 4. We’ll gladly refund your money.0. 3. 6. Her room was in a state of chaos. 4. 8. 2. The nurse puts a disinfectant on the cut. N V N N UW UW Adv N N 47 . 1. 5. We counted the tickets in haste. The student body selected Arabella IO OC IO their OC 8 9 8 9 representative. She smiled cheerfully. 12. 19. There will be a meeting at four tomorrow afternoon. 20. How peaceful the house seems today! You should shorten that dress. 3. 2.9. 11. Then write the pattern number. Which nation colonized Tierra del Fuego? Every social class has its own snobbery. 18. 15. You threw us a curve. 16. The quickest way is to use your pocket calculator. We appointed Evelyn the committee chairman. 14. Sue likes to play golf on Sunday morning. 10. 1. Adj V UW N N V N Adj UW Adv Adj UW CHAPTER 9 EXERCISE sentence 0. Underline the indirect object or the objective complement. 1. 8 or 9 after the She played him a trick. Only the dregs are left. 17. Be careful not to run aground. 13. 48 . May you be healthy and prosperous. 4. We found her helpful. OC IO IO IO OC OC OC 9 8 8 8 9 9 9 49 . 7. She fed him the baby food. We found her a sandwich. 10. 9. He named his new boat Belie. The dealer sold me air mattress. 6. 8. The city elected Mounchy mayor. 5. The faculty chose Sieverson the head counselor. 4. The Romans won the first battle. He has always seemed a serious boy. My uncle remains the worst bridge player in town. The coach designated Jan the new manager of the team. 3. The frogs croaked in the marsh. The rancher told his guests a tall tale. The director found him a new costume. 12. The judges believed Lightening the best horse in the show. 7. The pickles are near the wieners. The archers were not successful hunters. 9. 1. 2. 0. 1 2 8 3 6 9 3 7 9 8 5 9 7 2 5 5 10. 13.EXERCISE 2. Write the number of the pattern each sentence represents. Jerry thought the proposal a mistake. Migrant workers pick the strawberries in early June. 5. 6. 15. CHAPTER 10 50 . Your recital was wonderful Mabel was here a moment ago. 8. They stayed roommates for three years. She had been secretary a long time. 14. 11. They slept in the upstairs room. 13. 16. 0. 3. Reed always jogs Mondays. Aj-al (adjectival). 7. The Monday washing is on the line. or Av-al (adverbial). The outs were angry with the ins. Identify each italicized element by N-al (nominal). Jake was wrestling with his math. The student movie is a weekly occurrence His way is the best. The mechanic ran the engine full speed. The student movie is presented weekly. Mrs. 51 N-al Aj-al Av-al N-al Av-al Aj-al N-al V-al Aj-al N-al Av-al Av-al Aj-al N-al Av-al Av-al Av-al Av-al N-al . They found the cabin just what they wanted. 2. V-al (verbal). He did it his way. 8. 15. He raised the hood because the engine was hot. 10. They came in wrestling. They stomped upstairs. 4. 12. 18. 5. By this means he burned out the carbon. One can see the airport from upstairs. 14. 9. Last Monday was a holiday.EXERCISE . 11. 6. 1. The wrestling roommates were exhausted. 17. Juniper found wrestling exciting. Caj____ Jane learned that something unpleasant had happened. 20. 17. 19.CHAPTER 12 EXERCISE 1. 13. The lad was afraid of venturing into deep water. 12. Jim doubts that he can pass the course. 16. DO____ Jane was conscious that something unpleasant had happened. 14. Caj____ 52 Caj____ Caj____ Ad-al__ . 18. Caj____ Juliet forgot that she had a job to finish. Caj____ Jim is doubtful of passing the course. DO____ Jim is doubtful that he can pass the course. DO____ Juliet became forgetful of her duties. Indicate whether the italicizes word groups are DO Direct object CAj Complement of the adjective Av-al Adverbial 11. Jerry was sick when the game began. We were reluctant to leave. 15. 1. 9. Caj____ EXERCISE 2. they did not approve of Harry’s intention to register late. 7. We approved Josephone’s determination to live within her budget. Father’s order to stay away from the telephone was sullenly obeyed. Underline the subject in these sentences. CHAPTER 13 53 . 7. Agatha needed somebody to love. Underline complements of the noun in the following sentences. 4. It doesn’t matter whether she wears the green or the yellow suit. EXERCISE 3. 5. His offer to buy the whole lot was accepted. 8. It was a thrilling game to watch. 6. Their hope to win was strong. Robert’s resolution to practise daily soon faded away.21. 8. 10. 3. 0. 6. 2. It is odd that the tree fell in that direction. It occurred to me that the road might be impassable. The assertion that women are poor drivers does not hold up under investigation. It is necessary that you write a tactful letter. There is a man to admire. It is hard to see the difference. Mrs Brown was devoted to her daughter. 5. 9. We heard of Tom’s attempt to raise money for the needy. and Positions. (P. Functions. 4. P/DO/N-al on behalf of these refugees. We will delay the papers. pending arrival of the contract. I want to thank you Inf.6) PP/M/ Av-al The principle that water runs only down-hill seems sometimes NC/CN/N-al 3. (P.1) NC/CAj/ N-al 6. the plane arrived one hour late. he continues to do his best.EXERCISE 1. to be contradicted by our senses.7) VP/Pre/V-al PP/M/ Av-al AdvP/M/ Av-al Delayed by the bad weather. (P. 8. (P. (P. (P. I am surprised that they haven’t learned to crack nuts.7) PP/M/Av-al 2. He was hopeful Adj/SC/ Aj-al that a change would occur. then analyze the underlined parts by Forms. Identify the pattern of the following sentences. (P.7) AdvC/ M/ Av-al Inf. . 1.4) InfP/SC/Aj-al 5.1) NC/CAj/ N-al 54 7. P/DO/N-al The politician that I admire most is the one who sticks to his principles. Although Jim finds the work difficult. (P.3) AdjC/M/ Aj-al VP/Pre/V-al Since elephants like peanuts. 1) InfP/CN/N-al With growing interest.7) 55 . she didn’t know how to answer the question. (P.7) AP/ M/ Aj-al Inf.9. 11. (P. he should write a letter to the following address. (P. I do sometimes wonder if all this education doesn’t drive people crazy. 14. P/DO/N-al AP/SC/ Aj-al Pro/IO/N-al His refusal to submit without a fight was very courageous. (P. (P. 16.6) PP/M/ Av-al 12. 15. on the spot where he had been standing. AdvC/ M/ Av-al 13. Considering the weather. (P.7) NP/OP/ N-al If the club secretary wishes to contact the opposing team.7) NC/DO/N-al The book about which I was speaking costs more than I would want to pay. You must return that overdue book to the library tomorrow morning. 18. (P. (P. (P. he read the book I lent him yesterday.7) NP/DO/N-al their captain for next year. the tiger reappeared NC/DO/N-al 10. 17.7) AdjC/M/ Aj-al While he was deciding what he should do next.9) NP/OC/N-al PP/M/ Av-al A little confused.8) NP/DO/N-al NP/M/ Av-al the trip. we’d better cancel PP/M/ Av-al The basketball players chose Harry (P. covered with mud. Pro/ S/N-al Aspirin is probably the most useful medicine known to man. On the river bank sat little Robert.3) Adv/ M/ Av-al The client whose stock he was handling died.7) NP/DO/N-al 21. 22. (P. we continue AbsP/ M/ Av-al Most of the people I meet lead AdjC/M/ Aj-al our game. (P. (P. (P. 19. (P.P/DO/N-al NP/OC/N-al PPP/ M/ Aj-al V/Pre/V-al 56 25. adventurous life. It’s wasteful to leave these lights on when you’re not in (P. (P. to sell industrial secrets worth millions to the Duport The weather having cleared up. (P6) V/Pre/V-al PPP/M/ Av-al 24.7) AvC/ M/ Av-al The book that cost me a fine was The Castle. 28. (P.6) NP/S/N-al PPP/M/ Aj-al NP/OP/N-al Inf.9) 26.1) InfP/S/N-al PP/ M/ Av-al 23.4) PP/M/Av-al If everyone is ready. we can begin to load the car. 29.7) NP/DO/N-al the room.6) NP/ DO/N-al The judges thought his action a mistake. (P. 30.VP/Pre/V-al It was a plot Company. . 27.3) Rel. (P3) NP/SC/N-al InfP/S/N-al 20. He fell wounded by the arrow. (P. You look attractive in either the blue sweater or the yellow. .V/P/Val 31. (P. 33.(P. 57 .8) NP/OP/Nal NP/IO/Nal PP/M/Adval The center passed the ball to the quarterback. 35. (P.7) RelC/M/ Aj-al 32. NP/OC/Nal A/M/Ajal NP/M/Adval Her boyfriend remained the best singer in the band last year. (P. 34. 7) NP/S/Nal I haven’t yet had an opportunity to think over the proposals that were made at the last meeting. (P 7) He hotly denied the rumour that was then being circulated.5) The old man in the town often tells the neighboring kids many funny stories. 36. He hotly denied the rumour that he had been visited by the police in connection with recent crime. (P.7) NC/Comp of N/N-al 37. The fact that he didn’t turn up shows that he was never really serious about coming. NC/Comp of N/N-al Inf.P/M/Aj-al (P.7) 38. The articles to be sold include one of the Ravel’s manuscripts. (P.7) We were anxious to leave. (P.1) Inf.P/Comp of A/N-al My ambition is to study in Italy. (P3) Inf.P/SC/ N-al To steal from the poor is inexcusable. (P.1) Inf.P/S/ N-al I enjoy running in the park. (P.7) GP/DO/ N-al 39. 40. 41. 42. 58 APPENDIX: Meanings of some selected affixes (selected from English words: history and structure, Stockwell and Minkova, 2001) Prefixes Counting-prefixes: those which in some way quantify the root a- or an- "lacking" as in asymmetric, amoral, atonal ambi- "both, around" as in ambidextrous, ambiguous, ambivalent, amphibious, amphitheater arch- "chief, principal, high" as in archbishop, archduke bi- “twice, double” as in bifocal, biennial, bipolar, bisulfate di- “two” as in dioxide, ditransitive, dichloride mono- “one” as in monograph, monosyllabic multi- “many” as in multifaceted, multivalent, multiform oligo- “few” as in oligarchy, oligotrophic omni- “all” as in omnipotent, omnidirectional pan- “all, comprising or affecting al1" as in panorama, pandemic poly “many" as in polychromatic, polyangular, polygamy tri- “three" as in triangle, tridimensional uni- “one" as in unisex, unidirectional, univocal Involvement prefixes: those which say something about the kind of involvement of the participants in the action of the root anti- “opposed, instead" as in antidote, antisemitic, antacid 59 auto- “self" as in automaton, autobiography, automobile co-, con- “together, jointly" as in coexistence, cooperate, concur contra- “against, opposite" as in contradiction, contrary vice- “in place of, instead" as in vice-consul, vice-president Judgment prefixes: those which make a judgment about the root dis- used as an intensifier as in disturb, disgruntle, disannul dys- “bad, badly" as in dyslogistic, dyspeptic eu- “good, wel1" as in eugenics, evangelical, euphoria extra- “outside the scope of" as in extraordinary, extramarital mal- "ill, evil, wrong" as in malfeasance, malodorant, malpractice meta- “transcending, changed" as in metaphysics, metamorphosis mis- "badly, wrongly" as in misspent, miscalculate, mislead pro- "on behalf of" as in pro-British, pro-education proto- "first, chief" as in protoorganism, protoplasm, prototype pseudo- "false, deceptive resemblance" as in pseudonym, pseudoprophet, pseudo-archaic Locative prefixes: those which say something about place or direction ab- or a- or abs- "from, away" as in abnormal, abstinence, abjure ad- “toward" as in admit, advance, admonish ana- “back" as in anatomy, analogy apo- "away, from" as in apocryphal, apostasy, apology 60 depend en. over" as in epiglottis. deny.“below. intersect. debase."backwards. intracellular."between. endocardial. against" as in obdurate."toward. intro. infrared. towards" as in prosody. into" (a form of in-) as in encapsulate.“around” as in circumnavigate. endocrinology epi."inside" as in intracity. inchoate infra.“in. ex-wife. epidermis.“in front of" as in proposition. enclose endo“internal" as in endodontic. proselyte retro. infraterritorial inter. down” as in decay. proscenium. counterbalance de. propel pros. introvert ob. epicycle ex-.“on. opposite” as in catapult. catastrophe circum. ec “out from. in reduced form educate.“beside. interpose.“through. away."in. within" as in inaugurate. pernicious. back" as in retrogression. nearby" as in perimeter. endogenous. circumspect. intra-. eradicate. back. beneath. opposite” as in counterfeit. thoroughly" as in perspire. pervade peri. intramural. along with" as in paramedic.cata. into.“away from. obfuscate para.“around. circumcise counter. among" as in interchange. away" ex consul. parallel per. within" as in infrastructure. eccentric.“against. retrospection 61 . emit in.“down.“concerning. peristomatic pro. surpassing" as in transalpine. small scale" as in microorganism."secret. hypersensitive hypo. microscope mid."under. broad scale" as in macroeconomics. semifinal. semi-annual ultra.“half. hypoglossal. subtraction."over."over. above" as in supernatural. trajectory.sub. superman sur. subtitle super. isotope macro. ultraviolet Negative prefixes dis. supererogatory.“apart” as in separate. cryptanalytic hyper. below" as in subdivision. together" as in synthetic. tres-.“middle" as in midwinter. partly" as in semicolon. "across.“negative" as in indiscreet. reversal. 1acking" as in displease. non-intervention ob. illegible non. macroclimatology micro. extreme" as in ultraliberal. to excess" as in hyperactive. midlands. above. tra-. surrealistic syn. non-resident. tradition Measurement prefixes crypto. seduce 62 ."not" as in nonsense.“over. distaste in. trespass. midnight semi. ultramodest. obverse se-.“1arge. in the opposite direction" as in object.“tiny. transoceanic. beyond" as in surtax. synchronic trans-. isosceles.“under. transhuman. traduce. ineffectual. select “chosen apart” sedition. hypotoxic is-.“apart. incredible."equal" as in isochrony. sed. slightly" as in hypotactic. disallow.“inverse."with. iso."beyond. hidden" as in cryptography. “before. discretionary -ate "ful1 of" forms adjectives from nouns as in passionate. professor re. in front of” as in preconceive. -ual) “having the property of" as in conjectural. resembling” as in reptilian. unlock Temporal prefixes: those which say something about time or duration ante-“preceding” as in antechamber. Augustan. forefinger post. comfortable -al (-ial. and then secondary nouns. sensual. back” as in regenerate.un-“not” as in unclear. unmindful un-“opposite” as in untie. -ical. behind” as in postpone. preposition. uneven. again. ante-Norman fore.“before” in time or space. New Yorkese 63 .“after. as in forecast. postposition pre-. as in secondary. progress. as in Vietnamese. analytical -an. restore Suffixes Suffixes which form adjectives from nouns or verbs -able “fit for doing. plebeian. ian “belonging to. fit for being done" as in agreeable.“anew. patrician -ary “having a tendency or purpose” forms adjectives. pro. reward. fraternal. affectionate –ese “ belonging to a place” forms adjectives from locative nouns. naturalistic. theistic. as in cumbersome. fatherlv -oid "having the shape of. also forms nouns with the meaning “place where. contradictive. fearless -ly “appropriate to. as in powerful. romantic. modish -ive "characterized by" forms adjectives from most stems. awesome." as in dormitory. befitting" as in friendly. as in comical -ish "to become like X" forms adjectives from nouns. especially verbs. healthy. as in abusive. shapely. -ical is an occasional variant. bothersome -y “full of. refectory -ous “of the nature of X" forms adjectives. lavatory. characterized by" forms adjectives from nouns. torturous. Suffixes which form abstract nouns 64 . boyish. moody. hypochondriac. glorious. keyless. lawyeresque. Irish. illusory . characterized by. as in faultless. as in Romanesque. as in alcoholic. as in virtuous. maniac -ic “having the property X" forms adjectives. retrospective -less "without.-esque “having the style of X” forms adjectives usually from nouns. apt to" forms adjectives from almost any kind of stem. as in churlish. statuesque -ful “full of X” forms adjectives from nouns. inflammatory. serving for" forms adjectives as in obligatory. as in mighty. skillful -iac "pertaining to the property X" as in elegiac. free from" forms adjective from noun. timely. resembling" as in humanoid -ory "connected with. grievous -some “like. carpentry. priesthood -ia “condition of" as in euphoria -icity “abstract noun from -ic" as in historic/historicity. contemplation. ecstasy -age "condition. -ry “collectivity" forms abstract nouns from concrete nouns. or fact of" forms abstract nouns from verbs. organization. slavery. sonata -al "act of" forms abstract nouns from verbs. rank. and a few without endings (like damn. romanticism -ity "state. -acy “state or quality" as in advocacy. state. Examples: purification. inform). 65 . parade. emergence -ad(e) “general noun" accolade. electric/ electricity -ism "doctrinal system of principles" as in communism. -ence "state. realism. as in masonry. savagery -hood “state of. salad. act. accuracy. postage. office of" as in anchorage. condition of" forms abstract nouns from adjectives. lemonade. -ate. coinage -ance. revival. womanhood. as in childhood. as in renewal. perseverance. as in agility. -ize. quality. diversity. intricacy. trial -ation “state of being X-ed" forms abstract nouns from verbs of four types: those ending in -ify. information -ery. brigade. actuality ballad. as in repentance. condition of" forms abstract nouns from concrete nouns.-asy. pederast -er “agent" forms agentive nouns from verbs. fairness. often agent" as in socialist. dentist. musician.-ment "condition of being X" forms abstract nouns from verbs and adjectives. deafness -ship "state. mathematician Suffixes which form verbs from roots and stems -ate “cause X to happen" as in create. perfectionist. amusement. trusteeship. thriller. treatment. defendant. as in advancement. ventriloquist -ician "one skil1ed in some art or science" as in physician. -ent “one who" forms agentive nouns from verbs. contaminate. worker. workmanship Suffixes which form agentive nouns -ant. as in bitterness. but not verbs. quality of" forms abstract nouns usual1y from adjectives. merriment -ness "state. as in baker. authoritarian. holding to a doctrine" forms nouns or adjectives. sweeper. terminate 66 . condition. idleness. magician. egalitarian. participant -arian “member of a sect. septuagenarian -ast "one associated with X" as in enthusiast. frustrate. retriever -ist "one connected with. condition" forms abstract nouns usually from concrete nouns. as in agent. abandonment. as in dictatorship. as in utilitarian. weatherize Miscellaneous suffixes -arium. plagiarize. legalize. honorarium. laundress. sanctify. verify. amplify -ize "to cause to be X' forms a causative verb from almost any stem. a place for or connected with" as in aquarium. -orium “locative. vivarium. miniaturize. stewardess -let "diminutive" as in leaflet. cheapen. driblet 67 . deafen -ify “to cause to (be) X" forms a causative verb. chasten. denazify.-en "to become" forms verbs from adjectives. auditorium -ess "feminine of X" as in tigress. as in purify. as in popularize. as in darken. Van Valin. 1993. 2001. Fromkin. Analyzing sentences. Burton-Robert. G. Stageberg. Sydney: Harcourt.C. Blaire.. Essential introductory linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 68 .C. Platt J. N. J. 1998. and Minkova. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.. Dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics. D. 1999. Richards. 1981. N. Longman. Hudson. Blackwell. English words: history and structure. An introduction to language. Rinehart and Winston. Longman Group UK Limited. and Platt H. An introductory English grammar. D. R. An introduction to syntax. and Collins P. Robert Jr.REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING Blake N. Introduction to English language. Stockwell. 2001. and Moorhead J.F. Holt. V. Compiled by Nguyen Thuy Nga 69 .