Engineering Economics 19 September 2013

March 27, 2018 | Author: Konstontain Otaku Sino-an | Category: Interest, Net Present Value, Taxes, Engineering Design Process, Prices
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Engineering EconomyIntroduction The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET, 1998) states that engineering “is the profession in which a knowledge of mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the material and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind”. DeGarmo et.al (1997) stated that engineering economy is the discipline concern with the economic aspects of engineering; it involves the systematic evaluation of the costs and benefits of proposed technical projects. The principles and methodology of engineering economy are an integral part of the daily management and operation of private sector companies and corporations; regulated public utilities, government units or agencies, and nonprofit organization. These principles are utilized to analyze alternative uses of financial resources, particularly in relation to the physical assets and the operation of an organization. Last, but certainly not least, engineering economy will prove to be invaluable to you in assessing the economic merits of alternative uses of your personal funds. Sullivan W.G et al (2009) Engineering economy involves the systematic evaluation of the economic merits of proposed solutions to engineering problems. To be economically acceptable (i.e., affordable), solutions to engineering problems must demonstrate a positive balance of long term benefits over long term costs, and they must also:  Promote the well-being and survival of an organization;  Embody creative and innovative technology and ideas;  Permit identification and scrutiny of their estimated outcomes; and  Translate profitability to the “bottom line” through a valid and acceptable measure of merit. The development of engineering economy methodology, which is now used in nearly all engineering work, is relatively recent. A pioneer in the field was Arthur M. Wellington (1887), a civil engineer, who in the latter part of the nineteenth century specifically addressed the role of economic analysis in engineering project. He stated that [Engineering] is the art of doing that well with one dollar which any bungler can do with two. Basic Concepts (Origin and the principles of Engineering Economy) DeGarmo et.al., define the foundation for engineering economy to be a set of principles, or fundamental concepts, that provide a comprehensive doctrine for developing the methodology in terms of seven principles below: Develop the Alternatives: The choice (decision) is among alternatives. The alternatives need to be Identified and then defined for subsequent analysis. Focus on the differences: Only the differences in expected future outcomes among the alternatives are relevant to their comparison and should be considered in the decision. Use a consistent view point: The prospective outcomes of the alternatives are relevant to their comparison and should be considered in the decision. Use a common unit of measure: Using a common unit of measurement to enumerate as many of the prospective outcomes as possible will make easier the analysis and comparison of alternatives. Considered all relevant criteria: Selection of preferred alternatives (decision making) requires the use of a criterion (or a several criteria). The decision process should considered both the outcomes enumerated in monetary unit and those expressed in some other unit of measurement or made explicit in a descriptive manner. Make uncertainty explicit: Uncertainty is inherent in projecting (or estimating) the future outcomes of the alternatives and should be recognized in their analysis and comparison. Revisit your decisions: Improved decision making results from an adaptive process, to the extent practicable, the initial projected outcomes of the selective alternative should be subsequently compared with actual result achieved. Engineering Economy and Design Process The engineering design process may be repeated in phases to accomplish a total design effort. For example, in the first phase, a full cycle of the process may be undertaken to select a conceptual or preliminary design alternative. Then, in the second phase, the activities are repeated to develop the preferred detailed design based on the selected preliminary design. The seven-step economic analysis procedure would be repeated as required to assist decision making in each phase of the total design effort. See 1, table 1.1. Table 1.1 General Relationships between the Engineering Economic Analysis Procedure and the Engineering Design Process Engineering Economic Analysis Procedure Step 1. Problem recognition, definition, and evaluation 2. Development of the feasible alternatives 3. Development of the outcomes and cash flows for each alternative 4. Selection of a criterion (or criteria) 5 Analysis and Comparison of the alternatives 6 Selection of the preferred alternative. 7 Performance monitoring and post evaluation of results Engineering Design Process Activity 1. Problem/need definition 2. Problem/need formulation and evaluation 3. Synthesis of possible solutions (alternatives 4 Analysis, optimization, and evaluation 5 Specification of preferred alternative. 6 Communication for the completion of specified solution Accounting and Engineering Economy Accounting procedures are established to record and summarize the financial events relating to the investment, so that the financial performance can be determined. Thus, accounting data are primarily concerned with the past and current financial events, even though such data are often used to make projections about the future. Accounting procedures is consisting of General accounting and Cost accounting. General accounting is a source of much of the financial data needed for estimating future financial conditions. The accounting data are use for analyses of how well the result of a capital investment turned out compared to the results that were predicted in the engineering economic analysis. Cost accounting, or management accounting, is a subset of accounting that is of a particular important because it is concerned principally with decision making and control in a firm. Modern cost accounting may satisfy any or all of the following objectives: To determine the cost of products or services To provide a rational basis for pricing goods or services To provide a means for controlling expenditures To provide information on which operating decisions may be based and the results evaluated. Cost Concept Cost Terminology Direct and Indirect Costs Direct costs are those that can be reasonably measured and allocated to a specific output or work activity. Direct cost can be directly assigned to a particular cost center, product line, or part. The labor and material costs directly associated with a product, service, or construction activity are direct costs. For example, the materials needed to make a pair of scissors would be a direct cost. Indirect costs are those that are difficult to attribute or allocate to a specific output or work activity. The term normally refers to types of costs that would involve too much effort to allocate directly to a specific output. Indirect costs cannot be directly assigned to a product, but must be “extend” over an entire company. For example the costs of common tools, general supplies, and equipment maintenance in a plant are treated as indirect cost. Fixed and Variable Cost Fixed costs are those unaffected by changes in activity level over a feasible range of operations for the capacity or capability available. Typical fixed costs include insurance and taxes on facilities, general management and administrative salaries, license fees and interest costs on borrowed capital. Fixed costs are independent of the rate of production of goods Example of fixed costs: Indirect plant cost Investment costs Depreciation on capital investment Interest on capital investment and inventory Property taxes Insurance Overhead costs (burden) Technical services (engineering) Product design and development Non technical services (office personnel, security, etc). General supplies Rental of equipment Management and administrative expenses. Share of corporate executive staff Legal staff Share of corporate research and development staff Marketing staff Selling expenses Sales force Delivery and warehouse costs Technical service staff. Variable costs are those associated with an operation that vary in total with the quantity of output or other measures of activity level. Variable costs change with the production rate. For example, the cost of material and labor used in a product or service are variable costs- because they vary in total with the number of output units-even though the costs per unit stay the same. Example of variable costs: Material Direct labor (including fringe benefits) Direct production supervision Maintenance costs Power and utilities Quality-control staff Royalty payments Packaging and storage costs Scrap losses and spoilage Sunk Cost A sunk cost is one that has occurred in the past and has no relevance to estimates of future costs and revenues related to an alternative course of action. Thus a sunk cost is common to all alternatives, is not part of the future cash flows, and can be disregarded in an engineering economic analysis. A classic example of sunk cost involves the replacement of assets. Suppose a company is considering the replacement of a piece of equipment. It originally cost $ 40,000, is presently shown on company records with a value of $ 20,000, and can be sold for an estimated $ 5,000. For purpose of replacement analysis, the $ 40,000 is a sunk cost. One other view is that the sunk cost should be considered as the difference between the value shown in the company records and the present realizable selling price. According to this viewpoint, the sunk cost is $20,000 minus $ 5,000, or $15,000. Neither the $ 40,000 nor the $15,000 however, should be considered in an engineering economic analysis. Consider Master of Settlement and Acquisition Agreement (MSAA) (in Indonesian language “Perjanjian pengembalian Bantuan Likuiditas Bank Indonesia dengan jaminan aset “) between BPPN (IBRA) and several Indonesian Conglomerates. In the agreement the assets were valued based on Rp. 11,000 for one (1) US $. Now, in august, 2000 an US dollar is Rp 8,600. So, for every single US dollar value of asset, the sunk cost will be Rp. 2,400. The General Economic Environment (Cost concepts and Design Economic) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Consumer and Producer Goods and Services Measures of Economic Worth Necessities, Luxuries, and Price Demand (See Figure 2.2) Competition The Total Revenue Function (See Figure 2.3) Cost, Volume, and Breakeven Point Relationships a. Scenario 1: Demand is a function of Price (See Figure 2.4) Spread sheet calculation (See Figure 2.5) b.2 General Price Demand TR = Total Revenue Maximum TR = a2/4b TR = Price x D = (a – bD)D Demand (D) Figure 2.3 Total Revenue Function as a Function of Demand . p = price p = a – bD => D = (a – p)/b Unit of Demands (D) Figure 2.6). Scenario 2: Assume that Price and Demand are independent of each other (See Figure 2. has prevention of waste. In this regard. machines. Cost-driven design optimization is simple design models intended to illustrate the important of cost in the design process. Time Value of Money Return of Capital: The term capital refers to wealth in the form of money or property that can be used to produce more wealth. or “Green Engineering”. In fact. what velocity of an aircraft minimizes the total annual costs of owing and operating the aircraft? 2. and knowledge of its behavior may allow designer to account for a large portion of total cost behavior. and services. Equity Capital is that owned by individual who has invested their money in a business project or . The majority of engineering economy studies involve commitment of capital for extended periods of time. For example. Select the best alternative. improved materials selection. So. Capital in the form of money for the people. For example. is a subset of green engineering. processes. it is recognized that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar one or more years from now because of the interest (or Profit) it can earn. money has a time value. or R38? See page 38 to continue with the steps and example of optimizations. This variable is called a primary cost driver. Detemine the optimal value for a certain alternative‟s design variable. what insulation thickness is best for a home in Virginia: R11. X.Cost-Driven Design Optimization Engineers must maintain a life-cycle viewpoint as they design products. the two main tasks are as follows: 1. Such a complete perspective ensures that engineers consider initial investment costs. operation and maintenance expenses. and reuse and recycling of resources among its goals. R30. and environmental and social consequences over the life of their designs. Discrete and continuous optimization problems that involve a single design variable. materials. They show the procedure for determining an optimal design. For cost-driven design optimization problems. and other things needed in the operation of an organization may be classified in two basic categories. using cost concepts. a movement called Design for the Environment (DFE). and other annual expenses in later years. for example. R19. Designing for energy conservation. each with its own unique value for the design variable. energy. Therefore. so the effect of time must be considered. engineering design is an economically driven art. where: P = principal amount lent or borrowed N = number of interest periods (e.2) Principles of cash flow analysis Engineering economy was developed to deal with sums of money at different time in the future. In return the lenders receive interest from the borrowers. The length of the arrow should be proportional to the dollar amount. earned or paid may be computed in the formula: I = (P)(N)(i). Sn = (P)(1+ i)n. so that a methodology for setting up problems is needed.table 13. During the next period. A good procedure is to place the dollar amounts on a dollar-time diagram or cash flow. the total interest. Interest and interest calculation Simple interest When simple interest is applicable. as shown below: Receipts (income) are place above the line.. is obtained from lenders (e. Debt Capital.632) Project selection techniques (The concept of equivalent) . These situations can rapidly become quite complex.venture in the hope of receiving a profit.g. years) i = interest rate per interest period Simple interest is not used frequently in modern commercial practice.p. Compound interest In compound interest.g. often called borrowed capital. where: P = principal amount lent or borrowed n = number of interest periods (e. interest is paid on the total sum. I.. (2. years) i = interest rate per interest period Compound interest is used frequently in modern commercial practice. the interest due at the end of a period is not paid out but is instead added to the principal. (See 2. and disbursements (costs) are placed below the line.g. through the sale of bonds) for investment. . Excise taxes: Imposed on the manufacture of certain products like tobacco and alcohol. (See 1. Sales taxes: Imposed on sales of products. Depreciation Capital equipment or property suffers a loss in value with time. It must be something that wears out. The main type of taxes that are imposed on a business firm are: Property taxes: Based on the value of the property owned by the corporation (land. Gains resulting from the sale of capital property also are subject to income tax. Generally. Land is non depreciable asset. This may occur by wear. Income taxes: Imposed on corporate profits or personal income. or obsolescence. decays. becomes obsolete. stock in trade. since it is never used up. equipment. gets used up. and (4) the manner in which the interest. which is a loss of economic efficiency because of technological advances. These taxes do not vary with profits and usually are not too large. (3) the timing of monetary receipts and/or expenses. It is not inventory. Therefore. deterioration. Although we cannot investigate into the complexities of tax laws. inventory). buildings. a company must lay aside enough money each year to accumulate a fund to replace the obsolete or worn-out equipment. by reducing them to an equivalent basis that is dependent on: (1) the interest rate.1) Tax. table 3. It must have a determinable useful life. income taxes have the most significant impact on engineering economic decisions. Also usually passed on to the consumer. depreciation. so they generally are not relevant to engineering economy studies. This allowance for loss of value is called depreciation. capital budgeting Taxes Taxes are an important factor to be considered in engineering economic decisions. on invested capital is paid and the initial capital recovered. or losses value from natural causes. or profit. and the life must be longer than one year. (2) the amount of money involved. Taxable income = total income – allowable expenses – depreciation In general. depreciation can have a strong influence on the amount of taxes that must be paid. or investment property. Sales taxes usually are paid by the retail purchaser. property is depreciable if it meets the following basic requirements: It must be used in business or held to produce income. In a capital-intensive business.How can alternatives for providing the same service or accomplishing the same function be compared when interest is involved over extended periods of time? Compare the alternatives. it is important to incorporate the broad aspects of income taxes into our analysis. inflation. . xn) Typical objective functions could be cost. Four methods of spreading the depreciation over the recovery period n: Straight-line depreciation. Constraints arise from physical laws and limitations or from compatibility conditions.. not only does the dollar purchase less each month. 12. and Differential Calculus. Capital Budgeting .The basic questions to be answered about depreciation are: What is the time period over which depreciation can be taken. as determined by the U. Nonlinear programming.x2. The basic interest rate is about 2 to 3 percent higher than the inflation rate. The CPI shows the relationship between present and past costs for typical thing that consumers must buy. In the typical design optimization situation the designer has created a general configuration for which the numerical values of the independent variable have not been fixed. Inflation is measured by the change in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Dynamic programming. Optimization Optimization is the process of maximizing a desired quantity or minimizing an undesired one. Inevitably. and modified accelerated cost recovery system (macros) Inflation Inflation exists when prices of goods and services are increasing so that a given amount of money buys less and less as time goes by. energy and rent. declining balance. Interest rate and inflation are directly related. Linear programming. chap. and productivity or a combination of these. Optimization theory is the body of mathematics that deal with the properties of maxima and minima and how to find maxima and minima numerically.S. also the cost of borrowing money rises. U = U(x1. Several types of numerical algorithm for searching an optimum solution are among others. such as food. sum-of-the-years digits. …. Thus. Department of Labor in USA. and How should the total depreciation charge be spread over the life of the asset. the objective function is subject to certain constraints. Geometric programming.8. Variational methods. in a period of high inflation. transportation. and by National Bureau of Statistic in Indonesia. Linear Programming Formulations). An objective function that defines the value of the design in terms of the independent variables is established. weight. (see 1. drinking water. reliability. and implementation of specific projects (capital allocation) Capital financing and allocation are challenging and difficult functions that take place at the highest levels of an organization. it is socially acceptable. and with regional development objectives. the objective of the appraisal is to determine whether the project satisfies the following criteria: it is in accordance with national development objectives and immediate priorities. The scope of these activities include: How the money is acquired and from what sources How individual capital project alternatives (and combinations of alternatives) are identified and evaluated. it is technically sound. i. In other words. For adequate programming. information produced at lower levels in the organizational hierarchy directly affects investment proposals that are ultimately considered in the overall capital budget.: the long-term sources of capital (capital financing). such as the office of the chief executive officer or the board of directors. it is environmentally accountable. borrowed funds versus equity Financing with borrowed capital Other sources of equity capital Leasing as a source of capital Capital allocation among independent projects Linear programming formulations of capital allocation problems Introduction to project appraisal The appraisal process has the objective of selecting. particularly in the future production of goods and services.12) for: Capital financing. and the expenditure of capital through development. However. it is administratively workable.The capital budgeting processes consist of two main components. How minimum requirements of acceptability are set How final project selections are made How post reviews are conducted (See 1.e. selection. chap. Capital financing and allocation are normally simultaneous decision processes regarding how much and where resources will be obtained and expended for future use. and is the best of the available alternatives under existing technical and other constraints. on the basis of the studies. it is economically and financially viable. especially where funds or human or logistics resources are not . projects for inclusion in the program. having regard to important local customs. how ever remunerative. The smallest operational element prepared and implemented as a separate entity in a national plan or program. are not always obvious. A society as a whole will have as a major objective increased national income. One of the most important of these is income distribution. and implementing as a unit. A specific activity. yet both have significant objectives other than simply making the highest profit possible. Financial analysis Financial analysis is an analysis done using Market Prices. Project Objectives. The problem with such simplicity. The relative important of these criteria may vary from one area to another. In project analysis. and valuing them may be quite difficult. however. but it clearly will have many significant. Costs. Tangible benefits of agricultural projects can be gathered either from on increased value of production or from reduced costs. will advance the objective of the entity from whose standpoint the analysis is being undertaken sufficiently to justify undertaking the project. Project objective. Simply put. a major objective of participating is to maximize the amount his family has to live on. May produce benefits that can be valued in money terms or benefits that are intangible. Once market prices have been . For a farmer. we will be asking ourselves if the item reduces the net benefit of a farm or the net income of a firm (our objectives in financial analysis). or the national income (our objective in economic analysis). costs are easier to identify (and value) than benefits. with specific starting point and specific ending point. those which have been passed the appraisal may have to be compared and ranked. intended to accomplish a specific objective. He may also want his children to be educated. is that each participant in a project has many objectives. a major objective is to maximize net income. financing. that requires him to work 10 hours a day 365 days a year. additional objectives. a cost is anything that reduces an objective. the objectives of the analysis is to provide the standard against which costs and benefits are defined. and a benefit is anything that contributes to an objective. The specific form in which tangible benefits appear. and project benefits (tangible and intangible) Project generally refer to an investment activity upon which resources-costs-are expended to create capital assets that will produce benefits over an extended period of time and which logically lends itself to planning. however. project cost. He may also value his time away from the fields: a farmer will not adopt a cropping pattern. In every instance of examining costs. and Benefits. given the alternatives. Project Analysis An analytical system that compares costs with benefits to determine if a proposed project. For private business firms or government corporations. In almost all project analyses.sufficient to proceed with all projects. where at all possible. if the ecological balance is upset. reduced incidence of waterborne disease as a result of improved water supplies. Economic Analysis Economic analysis is an analysis done using Economic Value. Secondary Costs and Benefits. or secondary. or if scenic values are lost. These may include creation of new job opportunities. Nonrecurring costs are those costs that are not repetitive. this term refers to a summation of all cost. this applies only in economic analysis. If development leads to increase pollution. etc. But recurring costs are not limited to variable costs. it important that they be carefully identified and. suit themselves to valuation. salaries for nurses in a public health system. quantified.determined for those items that enter the cost and benefit streams. or service during its life span Recurring costs are those that are repetitive and occur when an organization produces similar goods or services on a continuing basis. A fixed cost that is paid on a repeatable basis is recurring cost. They do not however. although valuation is impossible. Every project has costs and benefits that are intangible. Intangible costs. Again. and government agencies that will participate in project implementation. better nutrition. Because intangible benefits are a factor in project selection. costs and benefits so they can be properly attributed to the project investment. For example how many children will be enroll in the schools? How many homes will benefit from a better system of water supply? How many infants will be saved because of more rural clinics? In most cases of intangible benefits arising from a project. Economic analysis must take account of these external. Such intangible benefits are real and reflect true values. this information must be arranged in “pattern” accounts. Project can lead to benefits created or costs incurred outside the project itself. system. or even national defense. The financial analysis takes he viewpoint of the individual participants and the economic analysis that of society. pipes for water supplies. even though valuation is impossible. both recurring and nonrecurring. because they repeat with each unit of output. national integration. Such arrangement is necessary to begin the assessment of the effects that a proposed project will have on the farmers. related to a product. intangible costs should be carefully identified and if possible quantified. the costs are tangible enough: construction costs for schools. structure. Such costs might be incurred if new project disrupt traditional patterns of Family life. even though the total expenditure may be cumulative over a relatively short period of time. (Of course. Basic Concept of Life Cycle Costs Life cycle cost. however do exist in projects. The economic aspects of project preparation and analysis require a determination of the likelihood that a proposed project will contribute significantly to the development of the total economy and that its contribution will be great enough to justify using the scarce resources it will need. the problem does not arise in financial analysis). Variable costs are also the recurring costs. Typically. The point of view taken in the economic analysis is that of the society as a whole. public and private enterprises. The financial and economic analyses are thus complementary. better health and reduced infant mortality as a result of more rural clinics. nonrecurring costs involve . Constant Price A “constant price” is a price that has been deflated to real terms by an appropriate “price index” (a series that records changes in a group of prices relative to a given. Current Price A “ current price” is a price that includes the effects of general price inflation. both present and future. and the only realistic assessment is that this will continue. or whether it is less costly to purchase a product with lower first costs but higher operating costs. For example the purchase cost for real estate upon which a plant will be built is a nonrecurring cost. Current Price. If instead he transferred some of the fertilizer to his maize. However. suppose a farmer produces both rice and maize but applies all his available fertilizer to rice. life cycle costing or life-cycle cost integration goes into the analysis in much greater detail in an attempt to evaluate all relevant costs. or base. he would reduce the value of his rice production somewhat. Principles of Constant Price. Generally used as a synonym for “accounting price”. Opportunity Cost Opportunity cost is the benefit forgone by using a scarce resource for one purpose instead of for its next best alternative use. as is the cost of constructing the plant itself. rehabilitation. Shadow Price The value used in Economic Analysis for a Cost or a Benefit in a project when the market price is felt to be a poor estimate of Economic Value. a future value or price as expected to occur. The value of his rice production forgone would be . In the past few years. covering the process of integrating design. The approach most often taken is to work the project analysis in constant prices. maintenance. Opportunity Cost. and renovation. for the first year of project implementation) will continue to apply. virtually every country has experienced inflation. A past value or price as actually observed. period). but he might gain a much higher value of increased maize production. Shadow price technically implies to price that have been derived from a complex mathematical model (for example from Linear Programming). Shadow Price. For example. The Life Cycle Costing (LCC) is a methodology that attempts to capture all of the costs associated with a product through out its life cycle.developing or establishing a capacity or capacity to operate. That is the analyst assumes that the current price level (or some future price level – say. The typical problem is whether it is more economical to spend more money in the initial purchase to obtain a product with lower operating and maintenance costs. construction. whereas an accounting price simply indicates that the price is not a market price. As such it will maximize benefits to the users and minimize total cost to the owners and users. No project analyst can escape deciding how to deal with inflation in his analysis. the Market Price will equal the marginal value product of an item and thus market price. For exports. There are three very important distinctions between economic and financial analysis that must be kept in mind. for imports. the analyst must continuously go back and adjust earlier decisions in the light of what is learned from later analysis.F price.F) is the landed cost of an import on the dock or other entry point in the receiving country. and managerial aspects and social effects must be considered. in the economic analysis taxes and subsidies are treated as transfer payments. The new income generated by a project includes any taxes the project can bear during production and any . that can be multiplied by the domestic Market Price. Include cost of international freight and insurance and often includes cost of unloading onto the dock.O. organizational. Cost. or Value in use of Nontraded item to convert it to an equivalent Border Price that reflects the effect of trade Distortions on domestic prices of that good or service. usually less than 1.the opportunity cost of the fertilizer used for maize production.B.O. And the iterative process could be done for each step. insurance. Instead. However. Conversion factor is a number. page 19): First. opportunity cost. or an extension of an existing land settlement project. Border prices. therefore. In a perfectly competitive market where there are many buyers and sellers. Opportunity Cost. In this example. that is. the opportunity cost is the Marginal Value Product of the fertilizer in its next best alternative use. all of whom have perfect information. or a marketing project to reduce seasonal fluctuations in the price of an agricultural product. Exclude any charges after the import touches the dock and exclude all domestic tariffs and other taxes or fees. and freight (C. price. In general. the marginal value product is estimated directly. the proposal for an irrigation project in a particular area. Steps in Project Analysis Preparing a project analysis is anything but a neat. For example.I. Conversion factors Border price is the unit price of a Traded good at a country‟s border. These qualifications are summarized here(3. These financial prices are then adjusted to give economic values on which to base the economic analysis and to judge the project‟s contribution to the national income. At each step the institutional. the whole process is iterative. the F. the C.I. Free on board (F. and marginal value product will all be equal. continuous process with well-defined steps. Then these technical requirements are priced and some projection of inputs and outputs are developed as the basis for the financial analysis. if because of market imperfections or other reasons the market price of an input does not closely approximate the marginal value product in its next best alternative non project use. compare with farm-gate price. each of which is completed before the next and never retraced.B) prices is the price of an export loaded in he ship or other conveyance that will carry it to foreign buyers. and that estimate becomes the shadow price of the item. The flowchart below depicts this process schematically (See Price Gittinger). The next step is to examine carefully the appropriate technical relations on which to base the technical planning. the process begins with an idea about the broad nature and objectives of a proposed project that has been supplied by the political or planning process. Hence. But interest imputed or “paid” to the entity from whose point of view the financial analysis is being done is not treated as a cost because the interest is part of the total return to the equity capital contributed by the entity. in economic analysis interest on capital is never separated and deducted from the gross return because it is part of the total return to the capital available to the society as a whole. 1 Alt. Project Selection Techniques Based on the objectives of a project. in effect. and are not treated as costs. it is part of the financial return that entity receives. Conversely. some market prices maybe change so that they more accurately reflect social or economic values. however.sales taxes buyers are willing to pay when they purchase the project‟s product.2 Alt. Second. Third. in financial analysis market prices are normally used. These adjusted prices are called “shadow” or “accounting” prices and in the analytical system recommended here are efficiency prices. From these prices come the data used in the financial analysis. In the economic analysis. including interest is what the economic analysis is designed to estimate. taking into account taxes and subsidies. In financial analysis. taxes are usually treated as a cost and subsidies as a return. so both rely to a substantial extent on what are.3 Determine contribution of project to national income EIRR NPV at 12% discount rate Benefit-Cost Ratio . These taxes. In financial analysis such adjustments are unnecessary. interest paid to external suppliers of money may be deducted to derive the benefit stream available to the owners of capital. A summary of objectives and criteria is presented in the economic decision matrix below: THE ECONOMIC DECISION MATRIX Objectives Criteria Alt. Total return. In both financial and economic analysis projected prices are used. various criteria have been identified within the project economic studies. which are part of the total project benefit. are transferred to the government. which acts on behave of the society as a whole. hypothetical prices. since the subsidy is an expenditure of resources that the economy incurs to operate the project. a government subsidy to the project is a cost to the society. Determine benefits of project to participant (farmers). per incremental man-day of family labor Determine effect of project on government budget 7.500. 1. % increase in net farm income due to the project % increase to the cash income due to the project increase in net farm income due to project. Cost Recovery Index Determine the project risk 75% probability level of EIRR 75% probability level for NPV 75% probability level for B/C ratio Determine foreign exchange impact of the project Net Foreign Exchange Savings Domestic Resource Cost Determine employment impact of the project Cost of creating 1000 man-days of employment Determine the impact of the project on income distribution and rural poverty % change in Gini Coefficient % change in Poverty Ratio % of project incremental benefits flowing to those households presently earning less than Rp.000 per year . Economic values . In economic analysis. The most straightforward discounted cash flow measure of project worth is the Net Present Value. and maintenance. Generally. expressed in term of dollars. only projects for which BCR > 1 are acceptable. A project is considered viable when the net benefits associated with its implementation exceed its associated costs. The costs to be considered include the expenditures for constructions. operation. This is simply the present value of the incremental cash-flow stream. referred to as the Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR or ERR) when economic rather than financial values are used The Benefit Cost Ratio or Cost Benefit Ratio (BCR or CBR) Net Present Value. comparisons are based on benefit-cost ratio. Net present value may be interpreted as the present worth of the net income stream generated by an investment. Both benefits. A design or project for which BCR < 1 does not cover the cost of capital to create the design. This however. It is the rate of return on capital outstanding per period while it is invested in the project. and costs must be expressed in common dollar terms by using the present worth or annual cost concept. The Benefit-Cost Analysis Frequently. It is the maximum interest that a project could pay for the resources used if the project is to recover its investment and operating costs and still break even. This discount rate is called the internal rate of return. Rate of Return Another way of using the incremental cash flow for measuring the worth of a project is to find the discount rate that makes the net present worth of the incremental net benefit stream or incremental cash flow equal zero. The Net Present Value may also be computed by finding the difference between the present worth of the benefit stream less the present worth of the cost stream. requires somewhat more calculation. This method of selecting alternatives is most commonly used by governmental agencies for determining the desirability of public works projects. which relates the desired benefits to the capital investment required to produce the benefits. Benefits are advantages to the public (or owner). less salvage. it is the present worth of the incremental national income generated by the investment.There are three standard discounted measures of project worth which are commonly used for the project analysis: The Net Present Value (NPV) or Net Present Worth (NPW) The Internal Rate of Return. it can be said that. Shadow prices are therefore necessary because of market “imperfections” which may cause market values to be different from “opportunity cost” values. the necessary adjustments for many minor project items may not be worthwhile. 376) . from the point of view of the society as a whole. Market prices do not always necessarily reflect the “true value” (opportunity cost) of a good or service to society. family and hired labor cost and the major farm production inputs such as fertilizers. the economic values used in an analysis will normally be a combination of market prices and of shadow prices. it is not necessary to calculate shadow prices for all project cost and benefit items. the true costs of the project are the goods and services foregone by using them for this project.b. Traded items are valued in the economic accounts at “border parity prices”. which through their use in the project will affect country „s level of import and export. Common examples of traded goods in irrigation project are rice (less rice will be imported due to project rice production) and urea (less urea will be exported due to its increase used on the project). the (financial) market price of an item should closely approximate its opportunity cost (=economic value). p366) Transfer payment is a payment made without receiving any good or service in return. subsidies. (4. Consequently. If not.8. Common examples of transfer payments are taxes on construction contractors and on farmers.f. then estimates of real values (=”accounting” values or “shadow prices”) are substituted. Then.371. p370. but usually in project analysis is intended as an estimate of the economic value of a good or service). This procedure is described in detail for rice in Figure 10. In other words. in general. In order to determine economic values for project items. market prices tend to approximate real value. price for imports and the f. The border price is first determined. and the analyst would be more effectively employed in obtaining more accurate estimates for major items.The capacity of the project to create (national) income. the economic valuation is completed by adjusting the border price against transport and marketing costs between the project site and the point of import or export. A full classification of project inputs and outputs for purposes of determining their economic value is given in the Figure below (4. Although markets are never completely free.2. and repayment of loans. price for exports. the exclusion of transfer payment.o. project inputs and outputs are first categories as follows: Economic pricing is limited to tangible items. Such items usually include major construction costs. (A shadow price is any value that is not a market price. Traded goods and services are those. this is normally the c.i. In practice. Examples of market imperfections are import taxes. can be measured only when project costs and benefits are valued in terms of their “opportunity cost” to society. Some adjustment to market prices will make a considerable difference to the economy viability of a proposed project. Under free market conditions. the adjustment of labor input to reflect its opportunity cost and the use of world prices as a basis for evaluating goods and services which are internationally traded. and wage inflexibility in the labor market. On the other hand. Typical non-traded items are construction. Unskilled labor 9 million 30 2. and perishable vegetables. Those two stages are summaries into a single conversion factor. unskilled labor. obtaining economic values for non-traded items is more difficult and involving two stages. individual component costs can usually be split up into major categories.f. Cost Item Financial Cost % of financial cost 1. determination of the economic value of the item expressed in domestic rupiah.i. and second.b. marketing services. prices. which do not enter into international trade because of trade barriers or other factors. Tax 3 10 5.o. which directly converts the market price of non-traded item into its border rupiah value. Non-traded inputs 6 20 3. one has to analyze the contract and engineering data.Non-traded items are those. which have c. For example. and can be categories as follows: No. Construction is the major non-traded item for most projects and to determine its economic value. Traded Inputs 6 20 4. and f. Compare to the traded items. land. converting the domestic rupiah value into the equivalent “border rupiah” value in order to place non-traded items on the same accounting basis as traded items. . total financial cost for a component is 30 million rupiah. First. transport. Once the above estimates of economic value have been made. Profit .0 4.g. Unskilled labor 9 million 0. they are converted from domestic rupiah units of value to border rupiah unit of value by applying the standard conversion factor. Tax 3 0.5 2.0 5. The eventual calculation may appear as follows: Cost Item Financial Cost Conversion Economic Cost 1. Unskilled labor is multiplied by the ratio of the economic wage rate to the financial. The exception is the “traded item” category.0 0.Profit 6 20 Total 30 100 To calculate the economic cost.0 6.5 e. each of item 1 to 5 must be multiplied by an conversion factor of economic-financial ratio. which is already calculated in the border rupiah. Non-traded inputs 6 1. 4. g. from the point of view of project participants.0 Total 16. If the objectives are achieved for both with-project and without-project circumstances. to determine farmers‟ credit needs and cash balances to determine the returns to the capital investment made by the farmer to determine the returns to the labor and management skills of the farmers. because the market price is normally the best estimate of an item‟s “marginal value product” and of its “opportunity cost”. and may be the point-of-first-sale.6 1.15 million (e. For project capital costs. this means “at the farm gate”.0 6. traded inputs (already calculated in border rupiah) = 7. The main objectives of the financial analyses of farmers in an irrigation project are: To determine the effect of the project on farmers‟ income.9) = 14.85 + 7. to be used as the starting point.0 A single conversion factor for this particular construction component would be calculated as: EMBED Equation.3 Financial analysis from beneficiaries (farmers) point of view The measure of value in financial analysis is the market price. the project analyst can determine the “farm gate” price directly as the farm boundary. the information can be used to evaluate the incentives that farmer will be/should be provided within .g. the project site refers to the construction site. In some cases.85 million rupiah. For agricultural inputs and outputs. the “farm gate “ is usually taken as the boundary of the farm.) Total economic cost in million of border rupiah = 14.5 Total converted to border rupiah: x (Standar conversion factor e. Project financial prices should reflect the market value of an item at the project site. 0.15 = 22. where CRI = Cost Recovery Index T E = Taxes/Charges on beneficiaries due to the project = Project expenditure by the public sector Both T and E are expressed as discounted values (to the same base year) derive from cash flows . Project costs include all capital (development) costs. and assembled into an analytical framework known as the crop and farm budgets. physical and financial data on farm inputs and outputs must be collected. and An estimate of the proportion costs. A standard farm budget table is presented in Table (4. Recovery is undertaken by increasing taxes. and operation and maintenance costs. which is the ratio between the direct taxes/charges on project beneficiaries as a result of the project. or imposing water charges. which benefit from the implementation of the project.p341. by the government: CRI = T/E. in the case of irrigation projects).order to successfully participate in the project.p340). Once representative farms have been selected. The “current” prices for budgeting purpose are estimated by computing a cost escalation adjustment to the financial costs of project expressed in constant terms. Financial Analysis from Government Point of View The financial analysis of government project as a whole should provide: A summary of the anticipated costs of the project which will be incurred by each of the funding/implementing agencies. A crop budget in Table (4. which are incurred by government. and total project expenditures. is constructed for each major crop grown in the project area and summaries all of the necessary physical.3. the procedures used to achieve the objectives provide the basis for the analysis of the economic viability of the project. The costs of the project will normally be estimated at a particular point in time. The efficiency of the farmers‟ additional investment of capital. as in Table 10. The economic analysis avoids this problem by using all costs expressed in constant values. labor and management skills in the project can also be readily measured using the crop and farm budget data. The credit requirements and cash flow of the farm households are easily obtained from the cash entries in the crop and farm budgets. Farmers‟ incomes are expressed as net household income. The process of “cost recovery” is the recovering of project costs by the government from those persons and organizations. The extent of cost recovery for any project is simply measured by the Cost Recovery Index. and are base on the crop and farm budgets for representative farms.). In addition. employment effects and foreign exchange effects. . on the direct beneficiaries (usually farmers. which will be recovered by the government. financial and economic data necessary for the analysis. The information can also be used in planning credit arrangements and in the analysis of income distribution effect of the project.2. although many will be incurred later and may be higher (mainly as a result of inflation). Analyzing the Impact of Project on Foreign Exchange Savings One minor objective of the analysis of projects is sometimes to determine the performance of project in generating a net inflow to Indonesia of foreign exchange. For some projects the possibility of technological obsoletes Economic Evaluation of Irrigation Project The best estimates of the values of project items are the prices of items. Introduction to risk analysis Risk analysis is an analytical technique in which probabilities of occurrence are determined for all critical project elements and then. this objective is achieved by calculating: The foreign exchange inflow and outflow due to the project. and The domestic resources costs and compare it with official exchange rates/shadow prices. repeated computation of a Measure of Project Worth are made. The result is most commonly reported in the form of a cumulative probability curve plotted on a graph in which the vertical axis represents the probability a measure of project worth will fall below a stated value and the horizontal axis represent the values of the measure of project worth. Sometimes called “probability analysis.expressed in constant prices (to the same base year). Irrigation Project Bolango-Bionga is used for an example Economic Evaluation of Urban Drainage and Flood Control Project . each element entering in successive computations according to each probability of occurrence. by computer. projects will exist in a changing technical environment.” To begin with. Study of River Flows and Flood Control in Medan River Basins is used for an example The opportunity cost of an aquifer The optimal spacing of standpipes “Lifeline” pricing for equity. and revenue The optimal timing of large infrastructure investments The concept of “long-run marginal cost” Elements of a benefit-cost analysis of cleaning one river Government interventions ITEM TO BE VALUED INTANGIBLE TANGIBLE INVOLVE REAL RESOURCE USE DIRECT TRANSFER PAYMENT NON-TRADED TRADED ýù÷÷÷ó C:\WINDOWS strings SystemClassName systemclassname System devices GENDEV_MFG gendev_mfg (Standard system devices) . efficiency. devicedesc System board extension for ACPI BIOS *pnp0c01.DeviceDesc *pnp0c02.DeviceDesc *pnp0c05.DeviceDesc *pnp0c0a.DeviceDesc *pnp0c09.DeviceDesc *pnp0c00.DeviceDesc *pnp0c04.DeviceDesc acpi\*pnp0c01.DeviceDesc *pnp0c08.devicedesc Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) BIOS *pnp0c09.DeviceDesc *pnp0c01.devicedesc Numeric data processor *pnp0c05.devicedesc ACPI Battery *pnp0c0b.Microsoft WINBASE winbase Base Windows Components SRCPATH srcpath Distribution directory MS_CHICAGO ms_chicago Standard PC DetZenithPC detzenithpc Zenith PC *pnp0c00.devicedesc Motherboard resources *pnp0c04.devicedesc ACPI Embedded Controller *pnp0c0a.devicedesc System board extension for PnP BIOS ACPI\*pnp0c01.DeviceDesc bios\*pnp0c01.DeviceDesc *pnp0c0b.devicedesc Advanced Power Management support *pnp0c08.devicedesc ACPI Fan .devicedesc Plug and Play BIOS BIOS\*pnp0c01.devicedesc System board *pnp0c02. 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VLSI Chipset Dell 4 PCI slot Dell 2 PCI slot Gateway 2000 3 PCI slot Intel 430MX Motherboard Sample pci_dev_properties_addreg . PC87415 System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\IDEMiniports\05711106 VT82C586B PIPC System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\IDEMiniports\01021179 Toshiba EX-IDE System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\IDEMiniports\01031179 Toshiba EX-IDE Type-B System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\GARTMiniports\71808086 Intel 440LX System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\GARTMiniports\71908086 Intel 440BX System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\GARTMiniports\05971106 VIA Tech 3045 System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\GARTMiniports\05981106 VIA Tech VT82C598 System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\GARTMiniports\154110B9 ALi M1541 System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\IRQRoutingTable VLSI Sample IBM Mach. Sem.Cyrix 5520 Rev 0 System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\IDEMiniports\12308086 System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\IDEMiniports\70108086 System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\IDEMiniports\71118086 System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\IDEMiniports\76018086 System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\IDEMiniports\C6211045 Opti 826612A or Viper-M/N+ System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\IDEMiniports\D7211045 Opti FireStar System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\IDEMiniports\55131039 SiS 5513 System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\IDEMiniports\05971039 SiS 5513 C Stepping System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\IDEMiniports\AE330E11 Compaq MISC L/E System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\IDEMiniports\521910B9 ALi 5219 System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\IDEMiniports\522910B9 ALi 5229 System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\IDEMiniports\D5681045 System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\PCI\IDEMiniports\100B0002 Nat. drv=system.drv=Standard PC system.drv=atmsys.drv .ini system.dll.ini Rename NUL=C:\detcrash.dll.drv APM_Cleanup No_APM_Inis No_APM_Fields apm_cleanup power.dll.drv ~SetupTemp~=* system.log system_driver_inis system.description system.drv boot.PCIEnumPropPages dummy_drv_addreg *CONFIGMG vdma_drv_addreg *VDMAD PrivateProblem DMAProblemHandler pnpbios_drv_addreg bios.EnumPropPages system_removable_addreg CMDrivFlags basewinoptions system_driver APM_Base apm_base ACPI_BASE acpi_base DetCleanUp detcleanup ACPIAddReg acpiaddreg Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Detect ACPICheckDate 12/31/99 DeleteDetCrashLog deletedetcrashlog wininit.BIOSEnumPropPages system_dev_properties_addreg sysclass.vxd bios_dev_properties_addreg sysclass.sysclass. addreg controlflags ExcludeFromSelect excludefromselect CatalogFile machine.386 device=*vpowerd CPQAE05.drv lmouse.386 vpowerd.inf signature $CHICAGO$ System ClassGUID {4d36e97d-e325-11ce-bfc1-08002be10318} Provider .pci pci.exe CPQAE06.drv lmouse.exe bios.EXE cpqae06.vxd cpqmon.EXE cpqae05.cat LayoutFile Layout.vxd supervga.dll no_apm_fields drivers no_apm_inis 386Enh device=vpowerd.OptionsDLL=apmext.drv wd.vxd pcimp.ini wd.ini cpqmode.vxd apm_driver_ini noshutdownremove.386 pnpbios_inis pnpbios_reg System\CurrentControlSet\Services\VxD\BIOS presario_update_autobat CmdAdd cmdadd prolinea_update_autobat compaq.drv compaq. devicedesc PCMCIA Card Services GenPCIC genpcic PCIC or compatible PCMCIA controller IntelProto intelproto .DeviceDesc pccard.Microsoft SetupClass C:\WINDOWS strings ClassName classname PCMCIA socket Microsoft GenDrvs gendrvs (Standard PCMCIA drivers) IntelMfg intelmfg DatabookMfg databookmfg Databook VLSIMfg vlsimfg CompaqMfg compaqmfg Compaq CirrusMfg cirrusmfg Cirrus Logic VademMfg vademmfg Maxtor SCM SwapBox Toshiba toshiba Texas Instruments Trident trident IBMMfg ibmmfg O2MicroMfg o2micromfg O2Micro/ROHM PCCard. DeviceDesc *dbk0402.DeviceDesc pci\ven_10b3&dev_3106.devicedesc Databook Plug and Play PCMCIA Controller based on DB86084 *DBK0204.devicedesc Databook ISA PCMCIA Controller *DBK0402.devicedesc Databook Plug and Play PCMCIA Controller based on DB86184 *DBK0214.devicedesc PCIC Compatible PCMCIA Controller *PNP0E02.DeviceDesc *dbk0214.devicedesc Vadem PCIC compatible Plug and Play PCMCIA controller SCM.devicedesc Cirrus Logic PCIC compatible PCI to PCMCIA Bridge Vadem.DeviceDesc pci\ven_10b8&dev_b106.devicedesc Vadem PCIC compatible PCMCIA controller *VDM0469.DeviceDesc *dbk1402.DeviceDesc scm.DeviceDesc *pnp0e02.devicedesc Cirrus Logic PCIC compatible PCMCIA controller PCI\VEN_1013&DEV_1100.DeviceDesc *pnp0e00.DeviceDesc cirrus.DeviceDesc vadem.DeviceDesc *dbk0204.devicedesc .devicedesc IBM King ISA Plug and Play PCMCIA Controller *DBK0000.devicedesc Databook DB87144 CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_10B8&DEV_B106.DeviceDesc *vdm0469.devicedesc PCI\VEN_10B3&DEV_3106.devicedesc *DBK1402.DeviceDesc *dbk0000.devicedesc SCM SwapBox Family PCMCIA controller *SCM0469.DeviceDesc *ibm0030.DeviceDesc *scm0469.Intel PCIC compatible PCMCIA controller Cirrus.DeviceDesc pci\ven_1013&dev_1100.devicedesc SCM SwapBox Family Plug and Play PCMCIA controller *PNP0E00.devicedesc VLSI PCIC Compatible PCMCIA Controller with ELC Extensions *IBM0030. DeviceDesc pci\cc_0607.devicedesc Texas Instruments PCI-1210 CardBus Controller .devicedesc Toshiba ToPIC95 CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_1179&DEV_060F.devicedesc Toshiba ToPIC97 CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_104C&DEV_AC12.DeviceDesc pci\ven_1179&dev_060a.devicedesc Intel 82092AA PCI to PCMCIA Bridge IntelPCI intelpci Intel PCI to PCMCIA Bridge PCI\CC_0607.DeviceDesc pci\ven_104c&dev_ac19.DeviceDesc pci\ven_1179&dev_060f.DeviceDesc pci\ven_104c&dev_ac1a.DeviceDesc pci\ven_104c&dev_ac17.DeviceDesc pci\ven_104c&dev_ac13.devicedesc Texas Instruments PCI-1250 CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_104C&DEV_AC17.devicedesc Texas Instruments PCI-1221 CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_104C&DEV_AC1A.Deskrunner mxtr.DeviceDesc pci\ven_104c&dev_ac12.DeviceDesc pci\ven_8086&dev_1221.DeviceDesc *cpqa0de.devicedesc Texas Instruments PCI-1130 CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_104C&DEV_AC15.devicedesc Texas Instruments PCI-1260 CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_104C&DEV_AC19.devicedesc Texas Instruments PCI-1131 CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_104C&DEV_AC13.deskrunner MobileMax Deskrunner ISA PCMCIA Controller *CPQA0DE.devicedesc Compaq PCMCIA Controller PCI\VEN_8086&DEV_1221.SMC34C90 CardBus Controller MXTR.DeviceDesc pci\ven_104c&dev_ac18.DeviceDesc pci\ven_104c&dev_ac16.devicedesc Texas Instruments PCI-1220 CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_104C&DEV_AC18.devicedesc Texas Instruments PCI-1031 PCMCIA Controller PCI\VEN_104C&DEV_AC16.devicedesc Generic CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_1179&DEV_060A.DeviceDesc pci\ven_104c&dev_ac15. devicedesc OPTi 82C824 CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_1045&DEV_C814.DeviceDesc trident094.PCI\VEN_104C&DEV_AC1D.DeviceDesc pci\ven_1217&dev_673a.DeviceDesc pci\ven_1045&dev_c814.devicedesc O2 Micro OZ6730 PCI to PCMCIA Bridge PCI\VEN_1217&DEV_6832.devicedesc Cirrus Logic PD6832 CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_1013&DEV_1112.DeviceDesc pci\ven_1180&dev_0475.DeviceDesc pci\ven_1013&dev_1112.DeviceDesc pci\ven_1180&dev_0466.devicedesc Ricoh RL5C476 CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_1180&DEV_0478.devicedesc Texas Instruments PCI-1251 CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_1045&DEV_C824.devicedesc Cirrus Logic PD6834 CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_1013&DEV_1113.DeviceDesc pci\ven_1217&dev_6729.devicedesc Ricoh RL/RB5C478 CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_1180&DEV_0475.DeviceDesc pci\ven_1045&dev_c824.devicedesc Ricoh RL5C475 CardBus Controller Trident094.DeviceDesc pci\ven_1013&dev_1113.DeviceDesc pci\ven_1180&dev_0476.DeviceDesc pci\ven_1023&dev_0194.DeviceDesc pci\ven_1013&dev_1110.DeviceDesc pci\ven_104c&dev_ac1d.DeviceDesc .devicedesc Trident Omega-82C094 PCI to PCMCIA Bridge PCI\VEN_1023&DEV_0194.DeviceDesc pci\ven_1180&dev_0478.devicedesc Ricoh RL5C465 CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_1180&DEV_0476.DeviceDesc pci\ven_1180&dev_0465.devicedesc Trident 82C194 CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_1217&DEV_6729.devicedesc OPTi 82C814 Docking Controller PCI\VEN_1013&DEV_1110.devicedesc Ricoh RL5C466 CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_1180&DEV_0465.devicedesc Cirrus Logic PD6833 CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_1180&DEV_0466.devicedesc O2 Micro OZ6729 PCI to PCMCIA Bridge PCI\VEN_1217&DEV_673a. pci\ven_1217&dev_6832.inf PCMCIA ClassGUID classguid {4d36e977-e325-11ce-bfc1-08002be10318} Provider provider classinstall AddReg addreg ClassAddReg classaddreg Installer MSPCIC.devicedesc O2 Micro OZ6832/6833 CardBus Controller PCI\VEN_1217&DEV_6836.dll.dll EnumPropPages MSPCIC.inf Layout1.DeviceDesc pci\ven_1217&dev_6836. EnumClassPropPages manufacturer microsoft (standard pcmcia drivers) Generic databook DATABOOK compaq cirrus logic Cirrus maxtor scm swapbox texas instruments o2micro/rohm O2Micro .cat Signature signature $CHICAGO$ LayoutFile layoutfile Layout.devicedesc O2 Micro/ROHM OZ6836/6860 CardBus Controller version CatalogFile catalogfile pcmcia.inf Layout2. pcmcia card services PCCARD PCMCIA\PCCARD generic cardbus controller CARDBUS PCI\CC_0607 controlflags ExcludeFromSelect excludefromselect PCI\VEN_8086&DEV_1221 PCI\VEN_10B3&DEV_3106 PCI\VEN_10B8&DEV_B106 PCI\VEN_1013&DEV_1100 PCI\VEN_1013&DEV_1110 PCI\VEN_1013&DEV_1112 PCI\VEN_1013&DEV_1113 PCI\VEN_1179&DEV_060A PCI\VEN_1179&DEV_060F PCI\VEN_104C&DEV_AC12 PCI\VEN_104C&DEV_AC15 PCI\VEN_104C&DEV_AC13 PCI\VEN_104C&DEV_AC16 PCI\VEN_104C&DEV_AC17 PCI\VEN_104C&DEV_AC18 PCI\VEN_104C&DEV_AC19 PCI\VEN_104C&DEV_AC1A PCI\VEN_104C&DEV_AC1D PCI\VEN_1045&DEV_C824 PCI\VEN_1045&DEV_C814 PCI\VEN_1180&DEV_0466 PCI\VEN_1180&DEV_0465 PCI\VEN_1180&DEV_0476 PCI\VEN_1180&DEV_0478 PCI\VEN_1180&DEV_0475 PCI\VEN_119B&DEV_1221 PCI\VEN_1023&DEV_0194 PCI\VEN_1217&DEV_6729 PCI\VEN_1217&DEV_673a PCI\VEN_1217&DEV_6832 PCI\VEN_1217&DEV_6836 CopyFilesOnly copyfilesonly *DBK0402 *DBK1402 *DBK0214 *CPQA0DE . *VDM0469 *SCM0469 *IBM0030 generic pcic or compatible pcmcia controller *PNP0E00 ibm king isa plug and play pcmcia controller intel pcic compatible pcmcia controller intel pci to pcmcia bridge compaq pcmcia controller *PNP0E02 databook isa pcmcia controller DBK0000 *DBK0000 databook plug and play pcmcia controller based on db86084 DBK0402 *DBK0204 databook plug and play pcmcia controller based on db86184 DBK1402 databook db87144 cardbus controller DBKCARDBUS smc34c90 cardbus controller mobilemax deskrunner isa pcmcia controller vlsi pcic compatible pcmcia controller with elc extensions cirrus cirrus logic pcic compatible pcmcia controller *PNP0E01 cirrus logic pcic compatible pci to pcmcia bridge cirrus logic pd6832 cardbus controller CLCARDBUS cirrus logic pd6834 cardbus controller cirrus logic pd6833 cardbus controller vadem pcic compatible pcmcia controller vadem pcic compatible plug and play pcmcia controller scm swapbox family pcmcia controller scm swapbox family plug and play pcmcia controller toshiba topic95 cardbus controller toshiba topic97 cardbus controller texas instruments pci-1130 cardbus controller TICARDBUS texas instruments pci-1131 cardbus controller texas instruments pci-1031 pcmcia controller texas instruments pci-1250 cardbus controller texas instruments pci-1220 cardbus controller texas instruments pci-1260 cardbus controller texas instruments pci-1221 cardbus controller . LC3 *dbk0000.lc1 10@200-3FF%FFF0(3ff::) *dbk0000.LC1 *DBK0000.lc2 NORMAL .vxd DatabookReg LogConfig logconfig *DBK0000.LC2 *DBK0000.texas instruments pci-1210 cardbus controller texas instruments pci-1251 cardbus controller opti 82c824 cardbus controller OPTICARDBUS opti 82c814 docking controller ricoh rl5c466 cardbus controller RICOHCARDBUS ricoh rl5c465 cardbus controller ricoh rl5c476 cardbus controller ricoh rl/rb5c478 cardbus controller ricoh rl5c475 cardbus controller trident omega-82c094 pci to pcmcia bridge trident 82c194 cardbus controller TRIDENTCARDBUS o2micro o2 micro oz6729 pci to pcmcia bridge o2 micro oz6730 pci to pcmcia bridge o2 micro oz6832/6833 cardbus controller o2 micro/rohm oz6836/6860 cardbus controller dbk0000 CopyFiles copyfiles CSCopyFiles @dbkvssd.LC0 *DBK0000.det ForceCopy *dbk0000.lc0 ConfigPriority configpriority DESIRED IOConfig ioconfig 20@200-3FF%FFE0(3ff::) IRQConfig irqconfig *dbk0000. posdup *pnp0e02 vlsireg PCICIRQMap *pnp0e02. PCICProperties CSCopyfiles @socketsv.lc4 HARDRECONFIG 2@100-3FF%FFFE(3ff::) *pnp0e00.vxd Properties MSPCIC.LC0 *PNP0E02.*dbk0000.lc3 *pnp0e00.reg Override dbk1402 databookreg Driver DbkVssD.LC1 *PNP0E02.posdup *pnp0e00 pcicreg SocketSv.det *pnp0e02.LC2 *PNP0E02.lc3 dbk0402 DBK0402.vxd PCICReg *PNP0E00.lc2 3e2-3e3(3ff::) *pnp0e00.LC5 pcic.LC3 *PNP0E00.lc0 3e0-3e1(3ff::) *pnp0e00.LC0 *PNP0E00.vxd *pnp0e00.LC4 *PNP0E00.lc0 .LC1 *PNP0E00.lc5 VLSIReg *PNP0E02.det *pnp0e00.LC3 vlelc.Reg dbk0402.lc1 *pnp0e00.dll.LC2 *PNP0E00. lc1 3e4-3e5(3ff::) *pnp0e02.lc2 *pnp0e02.VXD .vxd cardbus.vxd CARDBUSReg TOPICReg topicreg CBSSIRQMap CBSSCSContextRanges ticardbus TICBReg ticbreg dbkcardbus DBKCBReg dbkcbreg clcardbus CLCBReg clcbreg CBSSEXCAContextRanges opticardbus OPTICBReg opticbreg ricohcardbus RICOHCBReg ricohcbreg CBSSCBContextRanges CBSSCompatID tridentcardbus TRIDENTCBReg tridentcbreg cardbusreg cbss.posdup cscopyfiles PCCard.*pnp0e02.vxd FLS1MTD.posdup topic.vxd FLS2MTD.VXD fls1mtd.vxd csmapper.sys carddrv.exe SRAMMTD.vxd pccard.lc3 cardbus @cbss.VXD srammtd. sys CARDTALK.EXE sramdrv.SYS cardtalk.sys CTALKCS.EXE ssvlsi.EXE ssdbook.exe SRAMDRV.exe SSVLSI.SYS cardsock.exe CIC.vxd DevLoader PCCARD.EXE ralloc.EXE cs.EXE ss365sl.EXE scard29.exe SS365SLB.SYS arimatn.exe SSDBOOK.exe CARDTALK.EXE cic.exe SS365SL.EXE ss365slb.EXE ctalkcs.sys ARIMATN.exe S_IDE.vxd Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run SystemTray SysTray.exe MS-FLASH.EXE s_ide.exe CS.sys RALLOC.exe SCARD29.SYS ms-flash.EXE sscirrus.Exe destinationdirs DefaultDestDir defaultdestdir forcecopy NoSetupUI configsysdrivers CARDSOCK.fls2mtd.exe .EXE cardtalk.exe SSCIRRUS. exe MEMDRV.exe ATADRV.EXE card_bap.EXE atainit.exe DBLFLASH.exe CARDINFO.EXE cardinfo.EXE ss6942.exe SSIBM720.EXE atadrv.EXE mtsram.exe MTI1.exe MTAB.EXE ss365lp.EXE ssppec.exe MTSRAM.exe CARD_BAP.EXE mtaa.EXE mti1.exe .EXE ssibm720.EXE csalloc.exe MTAA.exe ATAINIT.exe CSALLOC.exe MTI2P.exe MTAMP.EXE mti2p.exe PCIC.exe SS6942.EXE ssmsflsh.EXE mtddrv.exe SSMSFLSH.EXE mtamp.exe MTDDRV.exe SSVADEM.EXE mtab.EXE ss6941.exe SSPPEC.EXE memdrv.exe SS365LP.EXE dblflash.EXE ssvadem.EXE cardid.exe SS6941.CARDID.EXE pcic. exe PCMATA.sys PCMP615B.exe .exe PCMSSVD.exe SSTPIC95.exe PCMCS.EXE cs_apm.SYS caccess.sys PCMSCD.exe CNFIGNAM.EXE pcmffcs.EXE pcmfdd.exe CARDLITE.SYS pcmatadd.sys PCMSSCL.FTL.exe PCMSS.EXE cardlite.exe PCMSSIT.SYS pcmata.EXE sstpic95.sys PCMATADD.EXE pcmssit.exe PCMFFCS.EXE pcmssvd.SYS pcmrman.exe PCMRMAN.EXE pcmcs.exe PCMRMAN.EXE pcmssrc.EXE pcmmtd.EXE pcmsscl.EXE pcmss.exe CS_APM.exe PCMMTD.EXE pcmssdb.EXE cnfignam.exe PCMSSDB.exe CACCESS.EXE pcmrman.EXE pcmscd.exe PCMFDD.EXE ftl.exe PCM.EXE pcmp615b.exe PCMSSRC.EXE pcm. EXE pcprep.EXE pcdisk.exe PCRM.EXE doscard.exe PCCS.EXE pcdirty.SYS ibmdss01.sys IBM2SS01.EXE sstcic.SYS ibm2ss01.exe PCMCS95.EXE ssphic.exe SSPHIC.sys IBMDSS01.sys PCMSMIX.SYS ibmdoscs.EXE pcmwarn.EXE pccs.exe PCCARD.EXE sstpp163.exe SSPCIC.EXE pccard.exe DOSCARD.exe IBMDOSCS.exe SSTCIC.sys .exe PCPREP.EXE sstact.exe PCENABLE.SYS ss82086.sys PCMCIA.EXE pcss.exe SS82086.EXE pcmcs95.SYS pcmcia.EXE pcrm.sys PCDIRTY.SYS topic.EXE sspcic.exe TOPIC.exe SSTPP163.EXE pcmsmix.exe PCSS.exe SSTACT.EXE pcenable.PCMWARN.exe PCDISK. sys SS2PCIC1.SYS ibmdss03.EXE ezplay.EXE ezplayw.SYS autodrv.SYS ssdpcic1.sys DISKDRV.sys IBMDSCSE.SYS sramdrv2.sys .sys ICRMU01.SYS icrmu01.EXE pcmciaon.SYS $icpmos2.exe AUTODRV.SYS ssdtcic1.exe EZPLAYW.sys SRAMDRV2.sys PCMCIAON.DICRMU01.exe PCMCIAOF.SYS ibm2ss02.sys SS2TCIC1.SYS ibmdss02.SYS dicrmu01.SYS vpcmcia.SYS rmudosat.SYS ibm2ss03.sys $ICPMDOS.EXE pcmciaof.SYS ibmdscse.exe EZPLAY.sys AUTODRV2.sys RMUDOSAT.sys SSDPCIC1.sys IBMDSS03.sys IBM2SS03.SYS autodrv2.SYS $icpmdos.sys VPCMCIA.sys $ICPMOS2.sys IBMDSS02.SYS ss2tcic1.SYS diskdrv.sys IBM2SS02.SYS ss2pcic1.sys SSDTCIC1. exe MODINSTL.exe ENABLEEA.EXE tdkmodem.COM set3300.exe b8895.com ETHERNET.sys TOSHETH.PCM2FLSH.com TDKCARD.sys PAWATASF.SYS flsh2mtd.exe PCMSM.SYS pawata.SYS pawatasf.sys cendis.exe MODACTIV.sys FLSHDMTD.sys POINTETH.exe SET3300.sys EZLAUNCH.COM ssdos.SYS ma460.EXE enableea.exe MA460.SYS pcmssdif.SYS ethernet.COM pcmsm.sys PCMSSDIF.EXE ezlaunch.EXE sktndis.com modem.SYS .SYS pointeth.SYS flshdmtd.SYS pcm2flsh.exe SKTNDIS.EXE modinstl.sys PAWATAS.EXE tdkcard.EXE modactiv.EXE obss.sys FLSH2MTD.com OBSS.SYS pawatas.exe TDKMODEM.exe SSDOS.sys PAWATA. DOS pcmniccs.SYS pmodem.SYS pcmcia1.tosheth.com PCMNICCS.SYS pcmc .COM pcmdmcs.exe PMODEM.dos CONXDRV.EXE conxdrv.sys PCMCIA2.sys PCMCIA1.sys PCMDMCS.
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