• Technological Issues and Challenges- Suntechnics India • Interview – Mr. Pradeep Chaturvedi • New Gen-Set Plant – Himoinsa/Control & Switchgear Pvt. Ltd. • Clean Development Project – Acciona • A new Biofuel: Spent Grain – Wärtsilä Biopower e n e r g e t i c a i n d i a | j a n / f e b 0 9 | # 0 0 1 Portada.indd 1 30/12/08 16:02:58 ����� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� �������� ������� ������ ���� ��� �� ��������� ���� ���� ����� �������� � ����� ����������� ��� �� �� ���� ��� ������ ������������� � ���������� �������� �� ����� ���� ���� ��� � ��� ������������� ������ ��� ������ ����� ����� � ����������� ���������� � ����������� ���������� ��� ������ � ����� ��� ������ ��������� �� ����� �� ���� ���� ��� ���� � ���� ��� ���� �� ������� � ������� ����������� ��� ����������� Untitled-2 2 30/12/08 16:00:43 EDITORIAL Dear Readers After 8 successful years of publication in the Spanish, European and Latin American markets, Energética XXI is now expanding into India. This diverse and lucrative market is fast becoming a major attraction for power generation com- panies from all over the world. ENERGÉTICA INDIA will be the first technical power generation magazine dedicated to giving your companies products maxi- mum coverage to industry professionals all over India and also at internationally recognised events, exhibitions and conferences. ENERGETICA INDIA published six times each year, covers the latest power generation news, outstanding product developments, technologies, legislations and much more in India and other countries. Our readers are your customers and the decision makers of the power generation industry. If you want to introduce your company to the Indian Market, or if you are an Indian company wanting to showcase your products to the international market, contact us and feel free to send press releases to be publish in the magazine or via our weekly e-news letter. In this first issue you will find reference information and news articles from the different sources of renewable and conventional power generation and energy. We hope that you enjoy reading this first edition and that you find the con- tent very useful, we would also like to invite you to participate actively in the following editions. With kind regards, The Energética India team. EDITOR: EUGENIO PÉREZ DE LEMA
[email protected] CEO: ANAND GUPTA
[email protected] DIRECTOR: GISELA BÜHL
[email protected] Contacts in India 17 Shardhanand Marg, Chawani Indore - 542001 Madhya Pradesh - INDIA Tel. +91 731 255 3881 Fax +91 731 255 3882 Editorial Department: NITI PARIKH
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[email protected] GAJENDRA MALL
[email protected] Customer Department: RAHUL NAIR
[email protected] Contacts in Spain Tel. +34 902 364 699 Fax. +34 630 8595 Spain + Abroad: RAQUEL RAMOS
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[email protected] Layout and Design: DANIEL CONEJERO BERNARDO Contras-t The views expressed in the magazine are not necessarily those of the editor or publisher. The magazine and all of the text and images contained therein are protected by copyright. If you would like to use an article from Energética India or our website www.energetica-india.com you may obtain the rights by calling Omni-Editions India Private Limited. Omnimedia S.L. C/ Rosa de Lima 1 bis, Edificio Alba, Oficina 104, 28290 Las Matas. Madrid - Spain. Tel +34 902 36 46 99 Fax + 34 91 630 85 95 www.energetica-india.com Editorial.indd 3 30/12/08 10:48:49 The revolution is coming. The solar energy revolution is not far away. The spark will come when solar electricity reaches grid parity. With its unique know-how in gases and chemicals, Linde Electronics is working with solar cell manufacturers worldwide to increase cell throughput and efficiency, and to reduce the cost per watt, helping to bring grid parity, and the revolution, ever closer. Meet the Linde team at the World Future Energy Summit, 19th-21st January in Abu Dhabi. Visit us at booth 7410 and learn more about our unique gas and chemical technology and turn-key capabilities Linde is commited to the rapid development of sustainable energy, not only in field of PV, but also in hydrogen, carbon capture and storage and biofuels. For more information:
[email protected] www.linde.com/electronics 401075-Energetica India Ad 4 PRINT:Layout 1 12/16/08 4:36 PM Page 1 Editorial 3 Events 6-7 Energy news 8-20 SOLAR POWER India shining 22 Solar photovoltaic power technological issues & challenges - Suntechnics 23-25 Breaking the solar barrier - Advent Solar 26-29 Siliken specialises in turn-key projects 30-31 Silicon chemistry accelerating grouth of solar energy - Dow Corning 32-34 WIND POWER Wind blows in favour of China or India? 35 Acciona wind farms in India 36-37 Harnessing the potential of wind - Vitaa zeus 38-39 BIO ENERGY Innovative system for automatic cleaning of biomass boilers-Aerovit 40 A new biofuel-spent grain- Wärtsilä 42-45 GEN-SETS Himoinsa-Control and Switchgear PVT. Ltd 46-48 RENEWABLE ENERGY Renewable energy can be centre stage - Mr.Chaturvedi 49-52 Independent island systems - Wind & Sun ltd. 56-58 COGENERATION Five years of operational experience - the Györhö plant - Wärtsilä 60-63 DISTRIBUTION & TRANSMISSION On line insulation monitoring - P.K. Bhattacharyya and V.D. Vaidya 64-67 WATER Process designing of a SWRO desalination plant in Chennai - Befesa 68-73 EXHIBITIONS & EVENTS World energy summit - Abu-Dhabi -74-76 Energy & Enviro Tech, China Epower, National Energy Conservation Day 80-81 Renewable Energy Asia, Energy India 82-83 Ewec 84-86 Products 88-89 Subscription + Advertisers index 90 CONTENTS º ¡echao|og|cz| Issaes za4 0hz||eages - 8aatecha|cs Ia4|z º Iaterc|ew - Mr. Frz4eep 0hztarce4| º ßew 0ea-8et F|zat - h|mo|asz/0oatro| 8 8w|tchgezr Fct. Lt4. º 0|eza 0ece|opmeat Froject - kcc|oaz º k aew 8|o|ae|: 8peat 0rz|a - Nárts||á 8|opower e n e r g e tic a in d ia | ja n / fe b 0 8 | # 0 0 1 Portada.indd 1 26/12/08 18:04:54 VOLUME 1 | JAN/FEB 09 COVER C&S HIMOINSA A COMPANY SPECIALISED IN THE DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND MANUFACTURING OF GENERATING SETS, LIGHTING TOWERS AND ENERGY GENERATION PRODUCTS Controls & Switchgear Himoinsa Pvt. Ltd. 222, Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase III, New Delhi 110 020 India. Tel (+91 11) 3088 7520-25, Fax (+91 11) 2684 8241, 2684 7342 Sumario.indd 4 30/12/08 15:39:57 The revolution is coming. The solar energy revolution is not far away. The spark will come when solar electricity reaches grid parity. With its unique know-how in gases and chemicals, Linde Electronics is working with solar cell manufacturers worldwide to increase cell throughput and efficiency, and to reduce the cost per watt, helping to bring grid parity, and the revolution, ever closer. Meet the Linde team at the World Future Energy Summit, 19th-21st January in Abu Dhabi. Visit us at booth 7410 and learn more about our unique gas and chemical technology and turn-key capabilities Linde is commited to the rapid development of sustainable energy, not only in field of PV, but also in hydrogen, carbon capture and storage and biofuels. For more information:
[email protected] www.linde.com/electronics 401075-Energetica India Ad 4 PRINT:Layout 1 12/16/08 4:36 PM Page 1 Sumario.indd 5 30/12/08 15:39:58 TAKEADVICE 6 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india 2009 ASIA SOLAR ENERGY PV Date: 30th March-1st April, 2009 Place: Shanghai, China Organiser: CCPIT Pudong Sub-Council and EPIA Tel: +86 21 65 92 99 65 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.asiasolarexpo.com.cn RIO 9 – LAREF 2009 Date:17-19th March, 2009 Place: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Organiser: Rio Solar Ltda Tel: (+55-21) 22 11 50 26, (+55 21) 22 63 78 76 Fax: (+55-21) 22 11 50 19 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.rio9.com RENEWTECH INDIA Date: 03-05th, March, 2009 Place: Pune, India Organiser: MCO-Winmark Services Pvt. Ltd. Tel: +91-22-2660-5550 Fax: +91-22-2660-3992 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.renewtechindia.com POWER-GEN MIDDLE EAST Date: 17-19th February, 2009 Place: Bahrein Organiser: Pennwell Tel: +44 19 92 65 66 10 Fax: +44 19 92 65 67 00 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.power-gen-middleeast.com THIN-FILM PHOTOVOLTAICS Date: 26th-28th January, 2009 Place: Würzburg, Germany Organiser: OTTI Tel: +49 94 12 96 88 24 Fax: +49 94 12 96 88 17 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.otti.de PETROTECH Date: 11-15th January, 2009 Place:New Delhi, India Organiser:Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Tel.: +91 120 2448625 Fax: +91 120 2448899 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.petrotech2009.org POWER-GEN INDIA Date: 02nd -04th, April, 2009 Place: New Delhi, India Organiser: PennWell Tel: +44 19 92 65 66 14 Fax: +44 19 92 65 67 00 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.power-genindia.com ENERGY TECH 2009 Date: 19th-22nd, March, 2009 Place: Thessaloniki, Greece Organiser: HELEXPO SA Tel: +00 30 2310 291 531 Fax: +00 30 2310 291 553 E-mail :
[email protected] Web: www.helexpo.gr GREEN ENERGY SUMMIT Date: 3-7th March, 2009 Place: Bangalore, India Organiser:Saltmarch Media Tel: +0091 8040051000 Mobile:+0091 9845064453 E-mail:
[email protected] Web : www.greenenergysummit.com EUROPEAN PELLET CONFERENCE Date: 25 -26th February , 2009 Place: Wels, Austria Organiser: O.Ö. Energiesparverband Tel: +43 73 27 72 01 43 86 Fax: +43 73 27 72 01 43 83 E-mail: offi
[email protected] Web: www.esv.or.at CEP 2009 Date: 29th-31st January, 2009 Place: Stuttgart, Germany Organiser: REECO Tel: +49 712 13 01 60 Fax: +49 712 13 01 61 00 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.cep-expo.de WORLD FUTURE ENERGY SUMMIT Date:19th-21st January, 2009 Place: Abu Dhabi, UAE Organiser: Turret Middle East Tel: +971 2 444 6011 Fax: +971 2 444 3987 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.worldfutureenergysummit.com GREEN ENERGY EXPO Date:8-10th April, 2009 Place: Daegu, Korea Organiser: EXCO, Korea Energy News Tel: +82 536015024 Fax: +82 536015327 E-mail:
[email protected] Web : www.energyexpo.co.kr ENERGYMED Date: 26-28th March, 2009 Place: Naples, Italy Organiser: ANEA Tel: +39 081 40 94 59 Fax: +39 081 40 99 57 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.anea.eu EWEC 2009 Date: 16-19th March, 2009 Place: Marseille, France Organiser: EWEA Tel: +32 24 00 10 79 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.ewec2009.info SOLAR ENERGY & TECHNOLOGIES FAIR Date: 26th February-01st March, 2009 Place: Istanbul, Turkey Organiser: Ihlas Fuar Hizmetleri Tel: +90-212-4542503 Fax: +90-212-4542506 E-mail:
[email protected] Web : www.gunesenerji.com CIS-IT 2009 Date: 5 -6th February, 2009 Place: Rome, Italy Organiser: Solarpraxis Tel: +49 307 26 29 64 69 Fax: +49 307 26 29 63 09 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.solarpraxis.de PVSEC 18 KOLKATA Date:19th-23rd January, 2009 Place: Kolkata, India Organiser: Conferences & Incentives Management (I) Pvt. Ltd. Tel: +91 9748999995 (GSM Landline) Fax: +91 33-23370727 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.pvsec18.in Agenda.indd 6 30/12/08 11:37:46 TAKEADVICE ENERGY INDIA Date: 08th -11st December, 2009 Place: Bangalore, India Organiser: Hannover Fairs India Pvt.Ltd. Tel: +91 22 40050-681 Fax: +91 22 40050-683 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.hf-india.com 24RD EU PVSEC Date: 21st-25th September, 2009 Place: Hamburg, Germany Organiser: WIP Tel: +49 89 72 01 27 35 Fax: +49 89 72 01 27 91 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.photovoltaicconference.com INTERSOLAR NORTH AMERICA Date:14-16th July, 2009 Place: San Francisco, USA Organiser: Solar Promotion International GmbH Tel: +49 (0)7231 / 58598 - 0 Fax: +49 (0)7231 / 58598 - 28 E-mail:
[email protected] Web : www.intersolar.us INTERSOLAR Date: 27-29th May, 2009 Place: Munich, Germany Organiser: Solar Promotion y Freiburg Wirtschaft Touristik und Messe Tel: +49 72 31 58 59 80 Fax: +49 723 15 85 98 28 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.intersolar.de GASTECH 2009 Date: 25-26th May, 2009 Place: Abu Dhabi, UAE Organiser: DMG World Media (uk) ltd, Tel: +44 (0)1737 855000 Fax: +44 (0)1737 855482 Email:
[email protected] Web : www.gastech.co.uk HANNOVER MESSE Date: 20-24th April, 2009 Place: Hannover, Germany Organiser: Deutsche Messe, Tel: +91 22 40 05 06 81 Fax: +91 22 40 05 06 83 e-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.hannovermesse.de ENERGAIA Date:December, 2009 Place: Montpellier, France Organiser: Enjoy Montpellier Tel: +33 (0)4 67 17 67 17 Fax: +33 (0)4 67 17 67 00 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.energaia-expo.com INDIA ELECTRICITY Date: 10th-12nd September , 2009 Place: New Delhi, India Organiser: Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry Tel: +(91)-(11)-23738760 -70 Fax: +(91)-(11)-23320714/23721504 E-mail: indiaelectricity@ficci.com Web: www.indiaelectricity.in CARBON EXPO Date: 27-29th May, 2009 Place: Barcelona, Spain Organiser: Koelnmesse and IETA Tel: +49 22 18 21 31 32 Fax: +49 22 18 21 30 98 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.carbonfinance.org POWER-GEN EUROPE Date: 26-28th de May, 2009 Place: Cologne, Germany Organiser: PennWell Tel: +54 11 47 87 38 17 Fax: +44 19 92 65 67 00 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.powergeneurope.com CHINA E-POWER Date:23rd – 25th April, 2009 Place: Shanghai, China Organiser: Zhongmao International (Shanghai) Pte Ltd Tel: +86 21 54 59 23 23 ext. 389 Fax: +86 21 64 87 76 69 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.china-epower.com EGÉTICA-EXPOENERGÉTICA Date: 25-27th November, 2009 Place: Valencia, Spain Organiser: Feria Valencia and Five Continents Exhibitions Tel: +34 902 36 46 99 Fax: +34 91 630 85 95 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.egetica- expoenergetica.com SOLAR CONVENTION LAS VEGAS 2009 Date: 15-17th September, 2009 Place: Las Vegas, USA Organiser: Allstate International,INC Tel: +00 1 702-735-4446 Fax: +00 1 702-732-8088 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.solarconventionlasvegas.com FORO EUROPEO DE LAS ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES Date: 09-11th June, 2009 Place: Bilbao, Spain Organiser: Turret Middle East Tel: +34 94 404 00 98 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.europeanfutureenergyforum. com ENERMOTIVE Y ENERSOLAR+ Date: 26-30th May, 2009 Place: Milán, Italy Organiser: Feria de Milán Tel: +39 02 66 30 68 66 Fax: +39 02 66 30 55 10 E-mail: areatecnica2@fieramilanotech.it Web: www.fieramilanotech.it GENERA Date: 12-14th May, 2009 Place: Madrid, Spain Organiser: Ifema Tel: +34 902 22 15 15 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.ifema.es 7 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 POWER INDIA Date:still open, 2009 Place: Mumbai, India Organiser: India-Tech Foundation Tel: +91 - 22 - 2660 5550 / 7755 Fax: +91 - 22 - 2660 3992 / 93 E-mail:
[email protected] Web: www.indiapowershow.com Agenda.indd 7 30/12/08 11:37:46 Energetica News 8 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india Zero-Max is in rapid development The small Silkeborg located company Zero-Max is in a rapid development and in the next three years they expect to quadruple their sales. The main products are primarily a flexible clutch system, and a developed and patented torque limiter. The products are delivered to the wind turbine industry. Fur- thermore they have normal transmission products, which they deliver as a sub supplier for the part of the industry that develops and sells machines and automation for produc- tion. Since an American sub supplier acquired us three years ago, we have been work- ing with a very streamlined strategy. We have developed our sale so much that we now have twenty employees com- pared to the ten we had when American Zero-Max bought us, says Stig Nilsson, Executive Di- rector for Zero-Max Denmark. At the same time he states that the Danish company is ahead of its strategy plan. Mainly because that the products the company has chosen are well- developed and approved on the market. Especially the sales for the wind turbine industry are increasing. Our development happens in the middle of a time where economical crisis are striking one after another. But we are progressing in the specializa- tion strategy we have set up as a goal. Our ordinary products are progressing when we talk about the OEM market (origi- nal equipped manufacture), where the customers buy our products and use them as part of a solution for the equipment they sell themselves. Our moth- er company in the USA also have experienced large growth despite the declining economi- cal development, says Stig Nils- son We can offer professional challenges with meaningful work content. A part of our plan is - apart from develop- ment - to be very close to the customers. That is the only way we can predict how their needs will be, and in that way shape our further development. Zero-Max believes in a big- ger organization. The goal is to follow the customers, which will give the possibility of pro- duction for the local market where the customer produces. Today the company has so many orders that it has been necessary to transfer technol- ogy to the mother company in Minneapolis, USA. At the same time the mother com- pany takes care of the sale of products in the USA. Finally in 2008 Zero-Max Denmark also started a sales company in the Chinese market with both sales and support. The company wants to service the customers in the near markets. Water current the next big thing Can power be generated from a current of water flowing in the river? Well, if you think no, you need to be updated, for it is possible now. Heralding new dimensions to the renew- able energy sector, an engineer from the US has conceived a device that generates power from the current of water in the ocean or river. While turbines and water mills could generate power through water streams, flow- ing at a velocity more than 8 km per hour, the new device can generate electricity at a rate of 3 km per hour, claimed Michael Bernitsas, an engineer from Michigan, who gifted the world this innovative device, “A prototype of the device has been prepared, which is kept in Michigan university’s marine renewable-energy laboratory”, Bernitsas said adding that the device named as Vivac, encom- passes an aluminum cylinder suspended by a pair of springs in a tank, which contains water that flows across the cylinder at around 2 km/h.“The pro- totype could produce just 51 watts power, however the de- vice installed in a river or ocean could generate around 5 kw of power. If an array of cylinders are added to it, the device can generate 50 kw or 500 kw of power. Research is being un- dertaken to generate electric- ity of around 10 mw from this device”, Bernitsas was quoted as saying. The surprising fact is that the device produces electricity at most economic rates. While wind energy generates electric- ity at 7 cents kw per hour and solar energy at 16 cents kw per hour, the innovative technique generates electricity at 5.5 cents kw per hour. There are many structures like hydrofoils that could be installed in be- tween waves to harness elec- tricity, said Stephen Salter of Edinburgh University, who has carried out research on tidal and wave energy. However, he suggested that cylinders could be cheaper and efficient option from other alternatives. Heraldo.indd 8 30/12/08 16:07:49 Heraldo.indd 9 30/12/08 16:07:49 Energetica News 10 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india Konarka Announces 45 million USD Strategic Collaboration with Total Total, One of the World’s Major Integrated Oil and Gas Companies, and First Rank Player in Chemicals, Aims to Grow Photovoltaic Thin Film Business through R&D, Collaboration with Konarka Technologies, Inc., an innovator in develop- ment and commercializa- tion of Power Plastic®, a material that converts light to energy, has announced the company has signed bi- lateral R&D and cooperation agreements with Total, one of the largest publicly-trad- ed integrated international oil and gas companies in the world. Konarka has secured $45 million in funding and Total will become the lead- ing shareholder with its stake being slightly less than 20%. Konarka will work on developing new com- ponents for their products with Total’s chemical sub- sidiaries – Atotech, Bostik, Hutchinson, Sartomer and Total Petrochemicals USA. Already present in solar energy through its interest in Photovoltech and Tenesol, Total intends to step up its crystalline silicon-based cell production. At the same time, it aims to grow in the thin film segment; which Konarka will help it to do. “This is a very substantial and significant in- vestment from a major global energy corporation,” com- mented Howard Berke, execu- tive chairman and co-founder of Konarka. “This strategic alignment will give Konarka access to a new strength of resources, assets and opera- tions from around the world. Through the agreements, Konarka will be very instru- mental in helping Total to se- cure its future in solar energy by facilitating the growth of its solar thin film segment of the company’s renewable en- ergy business.” Following the transaction, Philippe Boisseau, president, Total Gas & Power, stated: “This investment po- sitions Total strategically to secure the future of solar energy while expanding its technological portfolio.” “We look forward to working with Total’s five chemical subsidiar- ies on technical collaboration, as well as efficient operational procedures,” commented Rick Hess, president and CEO at Konarka. Active in the area of solar energy for the past 20 years, Total also brings extensive expertise in carbon chemistry. The collaboration between the two companies will advance the deployment of solar power for more cost- efficient, renewable energy around the globe. Total is one of the world’s major oil and gas groups with activities in more than 130 countries. Its 96,000 em- ployees put their expertise to work in every part of the industry – exploration and production of oil and natural gas, refining and marketing, gas and power and trading. Total is working to keep the world supplied with energy, both today and tomorrow. China Fuels Linde’s Leadership Position in Global Photovoltaic Industry Technology Company The Linde Group announced the award of three new multi- million US-dollars (USD) con- tracts to capture more than 50 percent of the thin film photovoltaic (PV) market in China. The agreements are bol- stering the company’s position as the world’s largest supplier of bulk and specialty gases to the thin film PV industry. The Linde Group’s local subsidi- ary, Linde LienHwa has been awarded contracts by Tian- wei Baoding, Hangzhou Am- plesun Solar and ENN Solar in China. As part of these new long-term contracts, The Linde Group will be provid- ing ongoing delivery of bulk and specialty gases essential to make thin film solar cells – including large volumes of si- lane and hydrogen gas, used to deposit silicon light absorb- ing layers on large-area sheets of glass used in solar panels. China is fast emerging at the forefront of the global solar industry, with over 50 percent growth in solar cell manufac- turing in 2008 – a huge jump compared to only one percent five years ago. With these three new contracts, Linde continues to play a crucial role in enabling China to secure her position as the world’s leading manu- facturer of PV modules. Linde has the full capability to deliv- er both gases and chemicals with turnkey solutions to so- lar customers today. Howev- er, Linde’s involvement in the solar industry is much more comprehensive than just ma- terials supply. Customers rely on Linde’s commitment to bring industry leading gas technologies into their manu- facturing processes and, fi- nally, to help them deliver on their objective of reducing the cost of solar cell produc- tion. Its technology focus is an important reason that cus- tomers increasingly choose Linde as their supply partner for these essential materials. “China is a strong contender to become a model for the global solar energy market, with the recent rapid-paced growth in the photovoltaic market, and The Linde Group is excited to be a part of this dynamic evolution of the re- newable energy landscape,” said Andy Cook, President of Linde LienHwa China. “Linde’s successful relationships with Tianwei Baoding, Hangzhou Ample Solar and ENN Solar illustrate our commitment to deploy innovative approaches to production and utilization of materials in solar manufac- turing. Ultimately, Linde’s collab- oration with such world lead- ing companies is aimed at the universal industry goal of re- ducing cost per watt of solar cell production and bringing the cost of solar electricity to grid parity.” Heraldo.indd 10 30/12/08 16:07:49 Energetica News 11 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 TiSUN gives help for Christmas European Parliament adopts Climate Change Package Tyrolean Solar Expert gives a South African orphanage a wa- ter-purifying solar installation The phrase ‘Merry Christ- mas’ is all around us – we hear it, think it or say it almost every day of December. Yet saying it does not make it happen. For many, Christmas is far from merry, and the season of Peace and Goodwill is in fact the most hectic time of the year. Presents, hot drinks and cook- ies take centre stage, while the true values of Christmas—joy, giving, and thanks—take a back seat. So TiSUN has decided to donate gifts to those who re- ally need them, rather than to our clients, who no doubt ap- prove. With your help we will build a solar thermal installa- tion to turn salt water into pu- rified, clean drinking water for orphans in South Africa. TiSUN will put all of its expertise and 25,000 Euros towards developing, produc- ing and installing the prod- uct. It will go to the Mordecai orphanage in Port Elizabeth, South Africa, which is run by Pastor Geert Jansingh and fi- nanced by donations alone. The daily purification of 250 litres of salt water into clean drinking water will help 24 children orphaned by the AIDS virus to improve their living and health standards. A 3-year old wishing for a Merry Christmas sounds naive at best. An adult sounds al- most laughable. Which is why we are trying to live up to our simplest Christmas wishes— bringing good cheer to those who need it—by doing what we do best. You can learn more about the progress of these 24 chil- dren on www.tisun.com, where we will document every step of the project. The European Parliament in Brussels set the course for Eu- rope’s energy future. With the plenary vote on the climate change package in December, the eleven months lasting ne- gotiations and legislative work came to an end. The package confirms the EU binding target of 20% re- newable energy share by 2020 as well as 20% reduction on greenhouse gas emissions and a 20% improvement on en- ergy efficiency. Applied Mate- rials welcomes the adoption of the Climate Change Package and especially the Directive on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sourc- es. Based on this Directive all Member States will now have to reach their own targets by 2020 by promoting renewable energies. This means a strong consolidation of national sup- port schemes, more security of investments and a reduction of administrative procedures as well. Dr. Winfried Hoffmann, Vice-President and Chief Tech- nology Officer of Applied Ma- terials and President of the Eu- ropean Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) spoke out contentedly on the reached agreement: “This package serves manifold: first the en- vironment by less polluting thereby leading to a cleaner future, second the renewable markets by clearly defined me- dium term targets and third the renewable industry with many new high skilled work- places.” With the adoption of the Climate Change Package photovoltaic technology gets the chance to be an important part of a cleaner and more sustainable European energy future. Consolidating the Phoenix Solar brand Renewable Energies Development 2002 srl (RED 2002), the Italian subsidiary of Phoenix Solar AG is to be renamed Phoenix Solar srl effective from 1 January, 2009. In taking this step, the parent com- pany is not only consolidating the Phoenix Solar brand: its subsidiary in Italy will also derive sustained, long-term benefits from the know-how and brand awareness of a solar energy enterprise active on the international stage. Phoenix Solar AG is one of the world’s leading photovoltaic (PV) system suppliers with a highly efficient European distribution network as well as outstanding in-depth expertise in the construc- tion of solar power plants up to and including the multimegawatt range. The company is based in Sulzemoos, near Munich, and has subsidiaries in Italy, Spain, Greece, Singapore and Australia. After first acquiring a strategic interest in RED 2002 in 2006, in July 2008 Phoe- nix Solar increased its stake to 100 percent. The change of name ef- fective 1 January is the logical next step in the company’s world-wide internationalisation and branding strategy. Phoenix Solar aims to operate globally under a single brand. “We see huge potential in the Italian PV market. Together with our Italian colleagues we aim to grow substantially in Italy and expand our market share ac- cordingly“, explained Dr. Andreas Hänel, CEO of Phoenix Solar AG. “RED’s knowledge of the Italian market and Phoenix So- lar’s competence and experience complement one another per- fectly“, added RED 2002 General Manager Domenico Inglieri. “Our highly motivated team is looking forward to shaping Italy’s solar fu- ture as a part of the international Phoenix Solar Group“. Heraldo.indd 11 30/12/08 16:07:52 Energetica News 12 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india IBC and Enercoop Build 13 Megawatt Solar Power Plant in Crevillente, Spain IBC SOLAR, a leading photo- voltaic system integrator, has finished construction of a new solar PV plant together with the Spanish energy supply com- pany, Grupo Enercoop in Crevil- lente, near Alicante, Spain. The project was completed in three phases. The first sec- tion, with an output of 6.2 MWp (Megawatt peak) has been feeding environmentally friendly energy into the Span- ish power grid since December, 2007. In September, 2008, this power plant was extended with two additional facilities for a to- tal power rating of 13.2 MWp enabling it to supply approxi- mately 4,000 Spanish house- holds with electricity. Within the Enercoop part- nership beginning in 2006, IBC SOLAR managed the module procurement, the construc- tion process, the monitoring concept and environmental controls for the power inverter building. Following completion of the planning stage, IBC SO- LAR delivered the first modules in April, 2007 which were then installed in several construction phases. In total, IBC SOLAR pro- vided 27,000 high-quality, poly- crystalline modules for the first phase of the solar park. The 6.2 MWp plant has supported the Spanish power grid with solar energy since December 2007. In 2008, IBC SOLAR ex- tended the solar power plant with two new areas for a to- tal output of 13.24 MWp. The plant can now supply approxi- mately 4,000 households with energy. For the two additional plants, over 31,400 IBC SOLAR PV modules were installed. The area surrounding the fast- growing town of Alicante is experiencing a constant eco- nomic upswing due to tourism and a surge in industrial activ- ity. In order to accommodate the growing need for energy, the IBC SOLAR power plant now provides environmentally friendly solar energy. IBC SO- LAR project manager Frank Mueller emphasizes: “The col- laboration with Grupo Ener- coop worked very well. With this project we have shown how reliably and efficiently so- lar parks can produce environ- mentally friendly energy. De- spite the statutory cap of 500 Megawatt per year in 2009, we hope to be able to extend our successful col- laboration further“. Aleo solar has already signed contracts for more than 25 megawatts for 2009 Expansion to increase supply of renewable energy to Los Angeles Aleo solar AG has announced that it has already signed contracts with a total volume of more than 25 megawatts in Europe. Agreements for the delivery of aleo modules were signed with a number of spe- cialist dealers, installers and solar technology specialists in the Euro- pean core markets. The customer base of Aleo solar AG currently includes more than 400 specialist companies throughout Europe. Heiner Will- ers, member of aleo solar’s Man- agement Board, is in a confident mood: “We are already in a posi- tion to forecast that this trend is likely to continue in 2009 even though the larger digression in the feed-in tariff, which is sched- uled to kick in at the turn of the year, will be a challenge for all market participants in Germany”. International demand con- tinues to be strong. “Italy, Bel- gium, France, Greece, and the Czech Republic are developing very well,” Willers said. aleo solar has observed a shift to- wards smaller and medium-sized rooftop installations in Europe. Photovoltaic installations are also becoming increasingly attractive for safety-conscious investors. Further support for investments in solar electricity systems is pro- vided in Germany by KfW Bank’s loan offerings. Recently, Aleo solar an- nounced that it would surpass its 2008 sales target of EUR 330 mil- lion. Aleo solar AG expects total sales for 2009 to be in excess of EUR 380 million, which is antici- pated to go hand in hand with a solid EBIT margin. ABB, has won an order worth $87 million to expand and strengthen the power trans- mission network in the area of Los Angeles, California, so that it can deliver more electricity from renewable sources. The capacity of the 22- year-old Intermountain Power Project Southern Transmission System will be increased by 25 percent to 2,400 megawatts by 2010. The upgrade is part of the Los Angeles Depart- ment of Water and Power’s (LADWP) goal to bring 20 per- cent of power to customers from renewable energy sourc- es by the end of the decade. “ABB is proud to be a part of this project, which is very much in line with our focus on increasing energy efficiency and leveraging the power of renewables,” said Peter Leupp, head of ABB’s Power Systems division. Intermountain Power Agency and LADWP, the op- erating agent, selected ABB to upgrade the high-voltage direct current (HVDC) sys- tem with a state-of-the-art control and protection sys- tem, MACH2, as well as ef- ficient cooling systems for the valves that convert the current from AC to DC and back, and additional AC fil- ters to strengthen the quality of the power supply. Heraldo.indd 12 30/12/08 16:07:53 Energetica News 13 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 Wärtsilä wins 5-year operations and maintenance contract from Argentina Taiwan’s Auria Solar starts micromorph® pilot production Wärtsilä, a leading supplier of flexible power plants for the decentralized power genera- tion market, has been awarded an operations and mainte- nance (O&M) contract by an Argentinean power plant cus- tomer. This agreement relates to a power plant currently be- ing installed by Wärtsilä. The operations and maintenance contract has been agreed for a period of five years. Under the contract Wärtsilä will operate and main- tain the power plant, which is being installed for the Mina Pirquitas mining project in the province of Jujuy, in the north of Argentina. Wärtsilä is currently sup- plying equipment and engi- neering for this new baseload power plant, which will provide electricity for the mining activi- ties. The delivery includes three Wärtsilä 18V34SG engines, which run on natural gas and have a total output of 15 MW. Wärtsilä has already sup- plied Argentinean customers with power plants that pro- duce a total of 51 MW of elec- trical power. In commenting on this latest order, Tomas Hakala, President of Wärtsilä in Latin America, said: “This is a valu- able order and one that rep- resents a further endorsement of Wärtsilä’s ability to provide the right solutions in a vari- ety of climates and operating conditions around the world. The power plant for the Mina Pirquitas project will be operat- ing at an altitude of 4500 me- tres, and our proven success at meeting the challenge of high altitude operations was a key to being awarded this con- tract.” Energy-intensive industries can, in many cases, improve their competitiveness through reduc- ing energy costs by producing electricity for their own needs in a local captive power plant. In some areas of the world, this also improves reliability of supply because of the inherently unsta- ble grid conditions. Wärtsilä’s gas-driven pow- er plants offer high reliability, price stability, and independ- ence from fluctuating grid conditions. They provide very rapid start-up, and consistent performance throughout vary- ing ambient conditions, while meeting today’s increasingly stringent air quality require- ments. There are to date more than 3300 Wärtsilä engines un- der delivery or already installed in more than 1700 power plants for the industrial self-generation segment, producing more than 12 GWe. Wärtsilä’s comprehen- sive O&M programme enables the plant owner to focus on the company’s core business, knowing that Wärtsilä is able to ensure optimal plant perform- ance. The O&M coverage is available for the complete oper- ational lifecycle, from receiving fuel to supplying energy. Wärt- silä operates 132 installations in 34 countries, supplying some 3800 MW of power. Oerlikon Solar the world’s leading supplier of thin-film silicon photovoltaic (PV) pro- duction equipment, have an- nounced that Auria Solar (Tai- wan) is now the first customer in Asia to begin production of thin-film silicon solar mod- ules using Oerlikon’s micro- morph® technology. Thanks to intensive cooperation be- tween Oerlikon Solar and Auria’s dedicated engineering and R&D teams, Auria Solar has already produced its first micromorph® thin-film solar cell modules – less than four months after the equipment was delivered in August 2008. Full-volume production will commence in Q1 2009 with yearly output capacity exceed- ing 60 MWp, helping Auria Solar move toward its goal of producing 500 MWp annu- ally by 2012. Auria executives expressed strong confidence that the company will start to earn revenue as early as 2009, as present capacity has already been fully booked. “The elements required to successfully compete in the global thin-film market include innovative and prov- en technology, end-to-end capabilities and extensive customer service that enable manufacturers to increase production as quickly and ef- ficiently as possible,” said Dr. Chi-Yao Tsai, CEO of Auria Solar. “Oerlikon Solar offers the strongest combination of these qualities and has con- sistently demonstrated that the company not only has proven technology but also has the ability to deliver and ramp-up systems in an ex- tremely timely fashion”. Oerlikon Solar’s micro- morph process significantly boosts solar cell efficiency by adding a second microcrys- talline absorber to the amor- phous silicon (a-Si) layer. This layer converts the energy of the red- and near-infrared spectrum, facilitating efficiency increases of up to 50 percent. The micromorph technology also bolsters overall module power, enabling its customers to produce cost-effective thin- film silicon solar modules. “Oerlikon Solar’s proven ability to rapidly deliver pro- duction lines to customers sig- nificantly reduces their time to market. This is a key differen- tiator that separates Oerlikon from our competition,” said Jeannine Sargent, CEO Oer- likon Solar. “Our best-in-class production solutions combine our mature mass-production technology with unmatched output and performance guar- antees, enabling us to offer our customers something that no other company can. Au- ria Solar starting production represents another milestone in Oerlikon Solar’s mission to make solar power economi- cally viable as an alternative, sustainable energy solution”. Heraldo.indd 13 30/12/08 16:07:54 Energetica News 14 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india IBC SOLAR and relief organizations install photovoltaic systems and give hope The photovoltaic system inte- grator IBC SOLAR has installed several photovoltaic systems in Afghanistan in order to supply schools and hospi- tals with reliable energy. The projects were financed by the Liechtenstein Development Service in cooperation with the society for development in Afghanistan (Verein für Afghanistan-Förderung e.V. Bonn, VAF) and IBC SOLAR. Electricity in Afghanistan. Energy is a scarce com- modity in Afghanistan’s rural regions as well as in the often ruined towns. A large number of the electricity plants built and in operation at the be- ginning of the civil war, have been damaged over time and do not come close to being able to guarantee the basic provision of energy required. According to the calculations of the German development bank, KfW Entwicklungs- bank, less than ten percent of the population have access to electrical energy. As, at 24 US Cent per kilowatt hour, the price of electricity is unaf- fordable for Afghan citizens, it does not come as a surprise that usage per head is one of the lowest in the world. How- ever, electricity is important for the economic and social development of the country. For the Afghanistan govern- ment renewable energies represent an environmentally friendly and reliable opportu- nity to improve the electricity supply in the long term. By 2018, according to of- ficial plans, at least sixty per- cent of the population should have access to electricity from renewable energy. As electric- ity networks do not function reliably, the country is focuss- ing on decentralised energy supplies that produce energy at the site of use. Social establishments, such as children’s homes, schools and hospitals need a reliable electricity supply. The joint project by IBC SOLAR, Liechtenstein Development Service and VAF is designed to help meet this need with photovoltaic systems. The VAF has been running peace houses for many years for boys and girls who cannot be cared for properly in their home environment due to physical handicaps from war wounds or illness. The Kabul Peace House has charge of around 100 children. Over half of the girls and boys from the peace houses spend the night at home. The other half live in the Peace House, either because they have no relatives or come from far away. The 4 kWp power pho- tovoltaic system helps the or- ganization to guarantee their electricity supply in the long term and to develop further. By day, a water pump is di- rectly powered with solar en- ergy. The electricity for the lighting of the Peace House is provided by batteries, which are charged during the day. The unused energy stored in the batteries can also be used elsewhere, for example to charge car batteries, or to supply a small craft business. The photovoltaic system will not only power the Peace House, but also the immedi- ate vicinity. In the future, the excess energy will also be used for a small workshop, which, for example, will give women the opportunity to learn to sew. The aim is to make further education op- portunities available, which will help the people to en- sure an individual long term income. Apart from the Peace House in Kabul, IBC SOLAR, the VAF and the Lichtenstein Development Service have equipped five schools and hospital wards in Afghani- stan with photovoltaic sys- tems. These so-called solar home systems for decentral- ised energy supply consist of two solar modules, a battery charging station and batter- ies, which store the energy produced until it is needed. In order to secure the sys- tems in the long term, IBC SOLAR monitors the systems and therefore is able to check regularly that everything functions. If a problem were to emerge, we are in contact with an electrician on site, who would take over the maintenance and service”. Heraldo.indd 14 30/12/08 16:07:57 Energetica News 15 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 ABB successfully tests ultrahigh-voltage transformer, key for power superhighways in China GAMESA receives several orders from Longyuan to supply 295 MW to different Chinese wind farms during 2009 ABB, the leading power and au- tomation technology group, has successfully tested a new type of transformer that is a key compo- nent of power superhighways, or power links that can deliver vast amounts of electricity over very long distances. ABB developed the 800- kilovolt transformer within one year of winning a major order to equip the ultrahigh-voltage direct current (UHVDC) trans- mission corridor from the Xi- angjiaba hydropower plant in western China to Shanghai, 2,000 kilometers to the east. It is the world’s highest-voltage power link and will have a record capacity of 6,400 meg- awatts, capable of supplying about 31 million people. The transformer is the first of several ordered by the State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC), and is a critical element of the systems that ABB is sup- plying to convert AC current to DC and back, and to alter the voltage at each end. Among other challenges, raising the voltage to as much as 800 kV increases the technical require- ments on a transformer’s insula- tion and on the design of critical parts such as bushings. “The cooperation between ABB and SGCC has played a key role in this success, which is further evidence of ABB’s commitment to technology and innovation,” said Bernhard Jucker, head of ABB’s Power Products division. “UHVDC technology enables more effi- cient use of renewable energy sources, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and cutting car- bon dioxide emissions.” Power transmission at ul- trahigh voltage has considera- ble advantages for the environ- ment, as it reduces the power losses and requires a smaller transmission corridor than con- ventional technologies. UHVDC technology is particularly suit- able for large countries such as China, where the centers of power consumption are often far from the power sources. UHVDC is a technological development of HVDC, pio- neered by ABB more than 50 years ago, and is the biggest leap in capacity and efficiency of transmission in more than two decades. Gamesa Corporación Tec- nológica continues to reinforce its market leadership in China after receiving several orders for a total power of 294,95 MW that will be supplied in 2009 from Longyuan Electric Power Group Corporation, a leading firm in renewable en- ergies in the Asian country that belongs to the largest Chinese electric utility group, the Guo- dian Corporation. The wind turbines ordered amount to a total of 347 units from the Gamesa G5X-850 kW platform manufactured in Gamesa’s production facilities in Tianjin. These turbines will be destined to different wind farms located in several Chi- nese provinces. The scope of the order includes the supply of wind turbine generators (without towers), the supervision of their assembly and start-up, along with two years of opera- tion and maintenance. These projects are part of the frame- work agreement entered into by both companies for differ- ent wind energy projects. Through the awarding of these orders, Gamesa has taken another step forward in its strategy to focus on key accounts in the main growth markets, particularly in Asia. These orders also consolidate the company’s business rela- tionship with the Longyuan Electric Group, which was es- tablished in 2004. From an environmental viewpoint, the wind turbine generators Gamesa will sup- ply to these wind farms will contribute towards generating electricity supplies that respect the environment and avoid the emission of pollutants to the atmosphere. More specifically, the annual production of these installations’ 335.75 MW will replace 63,414 tons of petro- leum equivalent (TPE) per year and avoid the emission into the atmosphere of 442,425 tons of CO 2 a year. Heraldo.indd 15 30/12/08 16:08:00 Energetica News 16 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india Intersolar and PV Group cooperate in photovoltaic production Siemens installs photovoltaic plant for climate-friendly power generation Together with the worldwide ac- tive PV Group, Intersolar 2009 is expanding its services for exhibi- tors in the area of photovoltaic production and technology. At Intersolar 2009, companies in the industry will for the first time find a dedicated hall to show- case their products and services. A high class “PV Production and Technology Conference” will highlight the most recent and important industry topics and is now going to accompany the new offer at Intersolar 2009. The once separated indus- tries of industrial semiconduc- tor production and photovoltaic production are growing together and both industries are mutually profiting from a big international market and the profound exper- tise on both sides resulting in bet- ter efficiency and lower prices of photovoltaic products. For both SEMI’s PV Group and Intersolar it was therefore a logical step to join forces at Intersolar 2009. “We are delighted to have gained an inter- nationally recognized partner for the photovoltaic production and automation sector. The new coop- eration with the PV group allows us to meet the needs of the sector at Intersolar 2009 by expanding our services for the manufactur- ing industry in this area,” explains Markus Elsaesser, Managing Di- rector of Solar Promotion GmbH, Pforzheim, one of the two organ- izers of Intersolar 2009. Klaus W. Seilnacht, Manag- ing Director of Freiburg Wirtschaft Touristik und Messe GmbH & Co. KG, the other organizer of Interso- lar, also sees great potential in the cooperation: “As the leading inter- national trade show, our exhibitors and visitors expect us to reflect the latest stateof-the-art of the entire solar technology supply chain. The cooperation with the PV Group will help us to create a worldwide industry network and to promote the industry’s further growth.” The PV Group is an initiative of SEMI, the international associa- tion serving the needs of compa- nies which produce semiconduc- tor equipment and materials, and within the association specifically addresses the photovoltaic pro- duction sector. In 2007 the European pho- tovoltaic industry generated a total sales revenue of 5.5 bil- lion Euros and the trend is still upwards. At the same time, the price of photovoltaic modules, measured in terms of the cost per installed watt, has more than halved over the past 20 years. On the one hand, this trend can be attributed to the constantly ris- ing energy efficiency of modern photovoltaic modules. On the other hand, new manufacturing technologies and the growth and further interlinking of the indus- try are also contributing to the reduction in costs. Eddy Blokken, Director Technology and Stand- ards at SEMI: “Thanks to the co- operation with Intersolar we will be able to promote the creation of an international industry net- work and support companies in the further optimization of pro- duction. In the long term, this will help to bring prices for solar elec- tricity down further. It remains our long-term aim to achieve grid parity for the industry, i.e. being able to offer photovoltaic elec- tricity at a competitive price.” Exhibitors welcome the ini- tiative and see it as an attractive opportunity for strengthening their trade show presence. Urs Waelchli, Vice President of IN- FICON, said, “The cooperation between SEMI and Intersolar in creating a segmented exhibi- tion with a targeted focus on PV production and technology in one hall will address the de- cision makers important in the worldwide PV community for our products. We expect that the technical conferences and sym- posia during Intersolar 2009 will discuss the cutting-edge topics, innovations and ideas necessary to grow the solar manufacturing market.” “Applied Materials considers Intersolar to be one of the most significant events for the global PV industry,” states Charlie Gay, Vice-President and Managing Di- rector of the Solar Business Group at Applied Materials Inc., Santa Clara/USA. “It provides an im- portant venue for us to showcase how our technology helps to drive down the cost per watt of solar electricity and to communicate our unique value to downstream solar markets. We are pleased that SEMI is partnering with Inter- solar to create a hall dedicated to PV production and technology.” Dean O’Connor, Head of Solar Business for Linde, said, “Linde believes that this co-oper- ation between SEMI’s PV-Group and Intersolar will bring more fo- cus on PV production and tech- nology, particularly in the area of critical materials. Furthermore the important area of PV Standards development will benefit from a wider participation during the show”. Siemens Energy has installed a turnkey photovoltaic plant on the roof of the Siemens Health- care x-ray systems manufactur- ing plant in Forchheim, Germany. The solar power installation will generate more than 750MWh of climate-friendly electricity per year, the company said. The solar modules’ high ef- ficiency makes the output of the power generating plant around one-third higher than that of cus- tomary units of a comparable size, according to Siemens Energy. The solar plant is operated by Siemens Real Estate. Sie- mens Energy has designed and constructed the photovoltaic system and was also responsi- ble for commissioning. Rene Umlauft, CEO of the renewable energy division at Siemens, said: “The solar power plant in Forchheim is an important flagship project for us. With the solar mod- ules providing an electrical ef- ficiency of over 18%, the unit is extremely powerful and prof- itable. As general contractors, we are focused on engineering and implementing large pho- tovoltaic installations for cus- tomers from industry and the power business”. Heraldo.indd 16 30/12/08 16:08:00 Energetica News 17 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 India could become top player in world’s solar market with huge power deficit SolarPlaza, a world leader in con- necting solar industry members, will lead an international trade mission to India from February 16 to 20. The aim of the mission will be to explore the potential for a strong market in India for solar products in the coming years, an opportunity that could reap huge dividends for solar manufacturers. India, one of the world’s fast- est-developing countries, currently has no electric grid, with 400 mil- lion people without access to elec- tricity. With about 301 clear, sunny days a year, solar power stands to become the predominant energy source for the nation, which is cur- rently exploring ways to deal with its energy shortage. Already, some large-scale projects are being proposed, in- cluding a 35,000 km 2 area of the Thar Desert that’s been set aside for a solar power project generat- ing 700,000 to 2.1 million Mega- watts. So far, only about 1,748 MW of power is produced from solar energy, while India needs 1.3 mil- lion MW of electricity each year. “India is just getting started,” said Johan Trip, CGO of SolarPlaza, a portal for news, trade, informa- tion and high level events about the worldwide solar industry. “The world needs to be better educated about India’s solar market, which offers a huge opportunity for the solar industry. The purpose of this mission is also to connect solar industry experts, business developers and project developers looking for pan- els with Indian manufacturers.” SolarPlaza will give participants an inside track to connecting with cus- tomers in India. It will also facilitate a look at such Indian companies as Moser Baer, Solar Semiconductor and XL Telecom, all Indian manu- facturers of solar panels. Government incentives aimed at creating a solar industry in India have lead to start-ups which could solidify a solar industry there in the coming years. SolarPlaza will open doors for members of the solar industry at their factories in Banga- lore, Hyderbad and New Delhi. In addition, SolarPlaza will host two conferences highlighting the growing opportunities in India. Representatives of the global solar industry will have the opportunity to meet, network and make busi- ness connections with Indian com- panies and other key players in India’s solar energy market. JUMO extends its Asian market activities and invest on the Indian subcontinent JUMO, a leading German manu- facturer of industrial measure- ment and control instrumenta- tion, has extended its worldwide sales network by installing its 22nd foreign daughter company JUMO India Pvt. Ltd. The official opening of the new company on December, 11th, 2008 was headed by the Director Market- ing / International Sales, Wolf- gang Wenzel, and the Head International Marketing, Stefan Kaess. The new Indian Regional Sales Managers, Mr. Vinod Pi- lania (North/East), Mr. Amol Deshmukh (West) and Mr. Pra- kash Rao (South), witnessed the event during the recent Industrial Automation Fair in Bangalore. A number of customers and guests had followed the invitation to the opening ceremony. The of- fices for the Northern Region are located in Gurgaon near the capital New Delhi. The Western Region will be addressed from Pune, while Bangalore is the lo- cation of the Southern Region Office. All customers present welcomed the new option to receive their goods from local stock quickly and against local currency. The newly installed well-trained sales staff can of- fer qualified advice on applica- tion of the wide range of JUMO products in the local languages. JUMO India Pvt. Ltd. aims to provide good service to the exist- ing distributor network and to get established in the attractive OEM business. “The Indian Sub- continent has been in a phase of rapid economic development for many years. It will also be a world wide growth driver in fu- ture decades”, said Stefan Kaess. A great number of international enterprises in the pharmaceuti- cal, chemical, energy and other industries with growing require- ments for measurement and control instrumentation have been established in India in re- cent years. “We support the glo- balisation strategies of our major international customers by this extension of our sales organiza- tion in India. Being close to our international customers base has always been our policy”, said Wolfgang Wenzel. BHEL to make inroads into solar sector Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited, a public sector un- dertaking unit, has a plan to make inroads into the solar sector with venturing capital of Rs 3000 crore. “Things are in nascent stage. But it is for sure that the giant is looking for a technology partner”, said Vishnu Gupta regional head of BHEL. “The stable is in talks with many Japanese companies”, he added de- clining to disclose names of the companies. “Technol- ogy is the prime concern for BHEL, which is the rea- son the stable is looking for Japanese companies”, he added. The company is open to the idea that part- ners could share equity. Gupta stated this adding that the project would help the country to ensure devel- opment. Besides, the solar project, BHEL in association with defense electronics company, Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) has decided to establish an integrated photovoltaic facility, which would entail investment of Rs 6000 crore. “The Com- pany is planning to rope in a private sector partner in the venture”, said Gupta adding that process in that direction has commenced. “The integrated facility would have polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) ingots, conversion into wafer, solar cells and modules and solar panel systems. A capacity of 200 to 250 MW is be- ing envisaged to achieve economies of scale”, Gupta concluded. Heraldo.indd 17 30/12/08 16:08:01 Energetica News 18 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india Reliance to lighten up life Ceremonial Inauguration of solar room at Goethe-Institut, Bangalore Giving hope to the denizens of Rajasthan, who are living in a lantern era in the age of computerization due to regular load shedding. Reliance energy has decided to set up a solar energy plant in the State. The electricity produced by Reli- ance would be sold to three power companies of Rajas- than, which would channel it to the grid, lightening up many lives. Unveiling a string of de- velopments in the solar power sector, Mukesh Dhirubhai Am- bani Group’s Reliance Industry has inked a pact with the Ra- jasthan government to supply electricity to three power com- panies of the Rajasthan State. The company would supply power to Jaipur Discom, Jodh- pur Discom and Ajmer Discom, stated R G Gupta chairman and managing director of Jodhpur Discom. The agreement was signed, taking benefits of the Union government’s enticing subsidy scheme for encour- aging companies into solar power generation. Resolute to support the solar energy sector in the country, the Un- ion government has come up with a scheme, said R G Gupta chairman and managing direc- tor of Jodhpur Discom adding that reliance industry will get Rs 15.78 per unit. The power would be sold at rate of Rs 3.67 for 10 years, while Indian Renewable Energy Develop- ment Agency (IREDA) will pay Rs 11.33 per unit to Reliance. The Reliance industry is survey- ing land near Naguar region for establishing a solar plant for generating 5mw of power. While the government has de- clared to provide a subsidy up to 50 mw of power, the Reli- ance industry has struck deal of 5 mw. This indicates that many more companies could make a beeline to Rajasthan. Elated over the deal, Gupta said that the benefits of the scheme were first noticed by business tycoon, Mukesh Ambani, who decided to gain ground in the early stages. Others will follow the suit, he added. Giving a reason for investment in Ra- jasthan, Gupta said that west- ern Rajasthan shines with sun for long hours, giving ample opportunity to harness solar energy. Supporting the state- ment, Gupta said that Rajas- than has an abundant natural resource and it has the poten- tial to be developed into a so- lar hub not only for the country but also the world. Initially the government would incur losses through the high subsidy, but once the production increases, the costs would come down substantially, giving huge prof- its and rendering light to many lives in the rural region, which otherwise are having dark nights because of erratic load shedding, opined Gupta. Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH, (dena), held a ceremo- nial inauguration of the photo- voltaic installation on the roof of the Goethe-Institute/Max Mueller Bhavan in Bangalore, India. Udo Möhrstedt, IBC SO- LAR AG Chairman handed the system over to the head of the institute, Dr. Evelin Hust, in the presence of the Consul General of the Federal Republic of Ger- many, Mr. Stefan Graf. The project is part financed by the dena Solar Roofs Programme and realized by German IBC SOLAR with installation and maintenance support from SELCO INDIA. The PV system at Goethe-Institute/Max Muel- ler Bhavan is connected to the house grid and feeds the elec- tricity into its grid. It allows the institute to use the energy im- mediately and, in the case of a grid disconnection, the system switches instantly to backup mode in order to directly sup- ply the institute. During the inauguration event, a number of experts, including Professor Dr. Olav Hohmeyer, member of the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007 along with Al Gore, outlined the advantages of photovoltaic energy pro- duction for India. Through its Solar Roofs Programme, dena supports German PV compa- nies in installing their technol- ogy abroad on German schools or institutions. Dr. Christine Wörlen, Head of the Renew- able Energy Division at dena is convinced of the future of photovoltaics in India: “India could become an important market. IBC SOLAR has been a solar pioneer since 1982 in the area of photovoltaics and is an excellent role model for “Re- newables made in Germany”. Through its competence and commitment, IBC SOLAR has achieved a solution tailored to the needs of the Goethe-Insti- tut that secures undisturbed teaching even if the public electricity grid fails. This project is a beacon and should serve as a good example for other companies and organizations in India and make the practi- cal advantages of solar energy clear.” The demand for reliable energy is particularly high in India. Electricity cuts can be a regular occurrence and are a great challenge for firms. Solar energy is one solution to this problem. “Sun-drenched India in particular can cover a large proportion of its energy needs through photovoltaics,” stress- es Prof. Dr. Olav Hohmeyer, member of the U.N. Intergov- ernmental Panel on Climate Change. “The photovoltaic in- stallations provide reliable, en- vironmentally friendly energy and can contribute to delivering energy to the aspiring Indian market, without immeasurably raising the carbon dioxide out- put. Fast growing markets like India can profit from the know- how of industry experts such as IBC SOLAR. The example of the Goethe-Institut shows how en- ergy requirements and climate protection can be brought into accord.” As a next step IBC SOLAR has decided to partner with Refex Energy Pvt Ld to address the utility-scale and stand alone photovoltaic projects in India. This business partnership will specialise in PV system integra- tion that will include planning, engineering, implementation and maintenance of solar in- stallations ranging from small scale systems to megawatt so- lar PV power plants. Heraldo.indd 18 30/12/08 16:08:01 Energetica News 19 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 Energy India: an enlightening event PLG Power inaugurates 50 MW solar power plant in Nashik Energy demand drives in- vestment, investment drives wealth and wealth drives growth. Considering the fact, Hannover Fairs India conduct- ed Energy India exhibition in Bangalore from December 10 to 13 2008 at Bangalore International Exhibition Cen- tre (BIEC), which succeeded in bringing industry tycoons, distributors and resellers at one spot. “With the industry grow- ing at electrifying speed, there is a direct need to connect the industry barons and power generating units’ stalwarts at a place. And what could be the best option than or- ganising an exhibition”, says Dr Andreas Gruchow, Mem- ber of the executive board, Deutsche Messe AG. “Indian energy market is among the fastest growing in the world and the emphasis on renew- ables at the policy level is also enormous, but there is lack of appropriate platform for the players in the sector to get to know of latest technology and solutions and also, for global players looking to enter the In- dian market or partner Indian companies. All the more rea- son for an event like Energy India which promises to ad- dress these issues” he adds. Given the high levels of in- vestment in power generation industry in India, the growth prospects for the renewables look extremely promising both in the short and long term, he adds. Taking note of the scenario, many exhibitors pre- sented efficient and effective energy supply concepts for In- dia’s growing economy, along with solutions that embraced both conventional and alter- native energy generation. The German company Block Transformatoren-Ele- ktronik GmbH & Co. KG, based in Verden, unveiled a portfolio of products at the show specially assembled for the Indian market. These include high-efficiency elec- tricity supply systems, trans- formers designed to minimize power losses and components needed for alternative energy generation. “The fact that we exhibited in Bangalore again this year is also an indication of how pleased we were with Industrial Automation India last year. We had made lots of interesting contacts at the show and made new custom- ers for our German-made products”, says Udo L. Thiel, Managing Director of Block. A line-up of some 110 exhibitors presented ad- vanced technologies for the Indian market at Energy India, including such market lead- ers as Siemens from Germany as well as GE and Crompton Greaves from India, to name a few. The exhibition attracted diverse stakeholders from manufacturers, distributors of products and services to policy makers. Notably, the latest McK- insey & Co. report, “Power- ing India: The Road to 2017”, predicted that India’s power demand will grow from its present level of 120 GW to 300 GW by 2017. And by 2020, renewable will make up 20% of the total energy mix. In order to get to that level India is increasingly looking at private investment. And, to attract these investors, India is currently considering intro- ducing long-term tax and de- preciation concessions, as well as tradable eco-power cer- tificates similar to the Kyoto emissions certificates currently traded around the world. In- dia’s primary focus in the re- newables segment is on wind power, which is expected to account for some 60% of the extra 12 GW of renewable generation capacity planned between now and 2012. PLG Power, a flagship energy and power division of the aprox. USD 418 million PLG Group, successfully inaugurat- ed its world class solar power project (100 per cent EOU) to manufacture 50 MW of solar photovoltaic modules recently at, Nasik, Maharashtra, under the technical and turnkey col- laboration with Spire Corpora- tion, Boston, USA. The state of the art plant was inaugurated by K L Ba- blani, Chief Commissioner of Customs & Central Excise in the presence of foreign and lo- cal dignitaries and buyers from Europe. This is the first phase of the company to manufacture mono-crystalline and multi- crystalline solar modules of the highest efficiency. The total in- vestment of PLG Power sector in solar power sector is to the tune of aprox.USD 104 mil- lion. PLG Power has bought the entire state of the art turnkey machinery, equipment and technology from Spire Corpo- ration, Boston, USA to manu- facture 25 MW of highly effi- cient solar modules. Spire Corporation is a Nas- daq listed global solar company providing turnkey solar facto- ries and capital equipments for the solar photovoltaic industry having more than 90 per cent market share. The company has already signed MoUs and five year long term agreements with its sup- pliers and buyers worldwide. It has secured substantial export orders to back up its expansion plans which is proposed to raise upto 100 MW by June 2009 at an expenditure of aprox. USD 94 million . Pramod K Goel, CMD is hopeful to achieve an annual export turnover of USD 625 million by 2010. Heraldo.indd 19 30/12/08 16:08:02 Energetica News 20 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india inter solar2009 w w w . i n t e r s o l a r . d e P h o t o v o l t a i c s S o l a r T h e r m a l T e c h n o l o g y S o l a r A r c h i t e c t u r e 1.300 Exhibitors 100.000 sqm Exhibition Space wi t h I nt er nat i onal Conf er ences 4 t h Eur opean Sol ar Ther mal Ener gy Conf er ence - est ec2009 5 t h PV I ndust r y For um I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e F a i r f o r S o l a r T e c h n o l o g y May 27–29, 2009 Ne w Muni c h Tr a de F a i r Ce nt r e , Ge r ma ny AZ_IS09_energetica-India 1.1 19.12.2008 15:56 Uhr Seite 1 Avanti wind systems opens office in India The Danish based sub-supplier to the wind turbine industry, Avanti Wind Systems, opens of- fice in India. It will be operated by general manager for Avanti Wind Systems India, Mr. Lars Rasmussen and based at the Trade Commission of Denmark in Bangalore At the beginning of 2009, Avanti Wind Systems expands operations to Chennai, where the company will open a factory for Service Lifts and Fall Protect- ing Systems. Avanti Wind System is leading world marked pro- ducer of service lifts and other personal safety systems to wind turbine towers. Including the of- fice and factory in India, Avanti Wind Systems will operate fac- tories, technical service centers, offices and training centers in six countries, Denmark, Spain, China, USA and Germany. “The wind industry is growing very fast in India too and Avanti Wind System wants to be close to our costumers, so we are able to provide a fast and high quality service”, says Avanti Wind Sys- tems CEO, Soren Midtgaard. The Avanti Company was founded in Denmark in 1885 and was originally a ladder fac- tory. The company still produces ladders, but is now focusing on developing and producing safety equipment for the service tech- nicians working in wind turbine towers. Avanti has developed a complete range of safety prod- ucts for mowing up and down in wind turbine towers. Avanti Wind System products like Serv- ice Lifts, Fall Protecting System and Climb Assistance has been approved in accordance with of- ficial standards in EU, USA and Australia. The products are sold all over the world, and in order to serve demands from customers, Avanti offers a range of training courses for service technicians in wind turbine towers in various coun- tries. Avanti Wind System will be present at the Wind India 2008 exhibition in Chennai Nov. 25.- 26, represented by CEO Soren Midtgaard and General Manager Avanti India, Lars Rasmussen. 8-megawatt solar parks inaugurated in Extremadura, Spain Obama’s green promise to bring sea of change The Spanish company Vasolar 2006 S.L. and its Portuguese business partner Cavalum SGPS; S.A. inaugurated four solar parks delivering a total output of eight megawatts in the autonomous region of Extremadura. The tracking systems pro- duce on average 26 gigawatt- hours of energy per year, covering the requirements of about 8,300 households and saving 25,000 tonnes of car- bon dioxide. 250 people came to the inauguration, including the mayors of the villages of Fuente de Cantos, La Albuera, Don Alvaro and Montemolín, where the solar installations produce their electricity. For the tracking systems, operators Valsolar and Cavalum still receive the higher feed-in tariff guaranteed by royal de- cree RD 661/2007 for solar installations commissioned be- fore the end of September. The decree guarantees a higher payment for installations of up to100 kilowatts. Valsolar and Cavalum have therefore di- vided the four solar parks into smaller systems, each with an output of 100 kilowatts. They receive 45.51 eurocents for each kilowatt-hour fed into the grid. The four solar parks cost a total of 40 million euros. Val- solar is reckoning on a payback period of 10 years. When deciding on which inverters to install, Valsolar and Cavalum chose Sputnik Engi- neering’s 100-kilowatt central inverters. “We know that the devices are good. That’s why we chose SolarMax inverters,” ex- plains Valsolar’s company spokes- person Mónica Martins. In 2008 alone the company has so far in- stalled 70 SolarMax inverters. The United States presidential election has augured well for the Indian renewable energy industry, with the first African American US president-elect Barak Obama declaring to approbate $ 150 bil- lion in the coming 10 years for promoting the industry. “The declaration would surely prove a boon for conglom- erates, planning a foray into the sector and existing units contem- plating to expand”, said Vishnu Gupta, regional head BHEL. “The idea behind this policy is to en- courage stables to venture into the renewable energy sector. The fund to be approbated would facilitate the attainment of the objective”, he added. With the announcement, Indian compa- nies engaged in production of equipment used for power gen- eration would also make head- ways. Assuming a sudden spur in the renewable energy sector, Moser Baer Photovoltaic maker of solar cells have decided to ramp up manufacturing of solar cells by 2010, which could pro- duce 1000 mw electricity. The declaration has also opened up the gates of the world for the company, which is envisaging ex- porting the equipment to ensure progress. While Moser Baer is all set to pull ahead of the scenario, Suzlon, major exporter of equip- ment for wind energy, is not far behind. Technically sound, the company’s growth prospects could be defined as the sky is the limit. “Obama’s ‘green’ promise would definitely bring a sea of change in the renewable energy sector of the country, encourag- ing foreign investors to venture into the country” added Gupta. Lars Rasmussen. Heraldo.indd 20 30/12/08 16:08:04 inter solar2009 w w w . i n t e r s o l a r . d e P h o t o v o l t a i c s S o l a r T h e r m a l T e c h n o l o g y S o l a r A r c h i t e c t u r e 1.300 Exhibitors 100.000 sqm Exhibition Space wi t h I nt er nat i onal Conf er ences 4 t h Eur opean Sol ar Ther mal Ener gy Conf er ence - est ec2009 5 t h PV I ndust r y For um I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e F a i r f o r S o l a r T e c h n o l o g y May 27–29, 2009 Ne w Muni c h Tr a de F a i r Ce nt r e , Ge r ma ny AZ_IS09_energetica-India 1.1 19.12.2008 15:56 Uhr Seite 1 Heraldo.indd 21 30/12/08 16:08:05 India shining W hile some projects are currently in the planning stage. Tata BP Solar, Reliance industry and Wipro Lim- ited attracted by the infinite opportunities in the sector are already working in the country. L&T are in talks with two firms for manufacturing solar panels for an ambitious project, it is on the verge of venturing into, while Haryana Renewable Energy Develop- ment Agency (HAREDA) have issued a letter of intent to Astonfield Renewable Resource (ARRL) for setting up solar power projects of 3 mw in the state with the option of two more in the future. Clear Solar Inc has decided to set up a solar plant at Chitrakoot in Uttar Pradesh. While zeroing in on the project, new opportunities have opened up for the compa- ny. It is also in the process of executing other contracts in the region, including a previously announced Rs 100 crore ($20 million) project to design and construct a multi-megawatt so- lar power system. Haryana Electricity Regula- tory Commission (HERC) has fixed the tariff for solar energy generation at Rs 15.96 per unit for the projects to be commenced up to December 31, 2009 and Rs 15.16 per unit for projects commencing between December 31, 2009 and March 31, 2010, confirmed an official from HERC. In an attempt to make a stronghold in the West, ARRL bought its first plot of land in Bankura, a total of 26 acres for a 5 mw solar PV plant, which ARRL will start constructing later this year, the official added. Why India? No more a sphinx riddle It is no more a million dollar question why ma- jor solar giants, breaking the political bounda- ries, are coming to India for installing power plants. With the geographical advantages well known for some time, it is now also be- cause of the enticing offers the government is presenting. For that matter, high quality power production at economic rates is the other reason responsible for companies mak- ing in-roads into India. Government assistance Top notch companies are making a bee-line to India, with Union government offering so- lar incentive package schemes (SIPS). Encour- aged by the scheme, around 14 conglomer- ates have proposed to invest over Rs 1.4 lakh crore in the country. Under the SIPS scheme, the corporate would be entitled to receive over 20 to 25 per cent financial assistance from the government of India. Besides this, there is MNRE’s 10 year generation-based incentive (GBI) scheme guarantees a regular return framework. With a view to woo the barons of the industry, the governments of Rajasthan and Punjab have added some more benefits to the scheme, assuring long term revenue and spurring in private investment. Unlimited potential While India has an installed SPV capacity of about 10 mw as of March 2008, it has poten- tial to generate over 12,632 mw of electricity from the renewable energy sector. The wide gap is stirring domestic as well as internation- al players to venture into India. “To sustain the solar market in India, the country needs to support the industries by establishing re- search and development units for technologi- cal advancements”, said Upendra Khachru, Chairperson of Technology and Management Systems. Low cost of production “The companies are entering India because of the low cost of production. In India manpow- er is available at cheaper rates, while the qual- ity of the produced electricity is much higher. This is the reason companies are planning to venture in India,” asserted Khachru. “Well, the influx of companies could be termed as a win-win situation for all. If companies get economic yet quality production, local resi- dents would get ample green job openings in the years to come,” stated Arvind Krishan, Professor at the Centre of Advance Studies. “No doubt India has copious opportunities to generate solar power, but to keep the things going, research and development should be carried out at a fast pace. In the present sce- nario, the whole research and development is being carried out by western companies. To gain ground, India needs to work on the development sector,” maintained Upendra Khachru. SOLARPOWER With around 301 sunny days a year, India is becoming a ‘hot favorite’ for domestic as well as international solar giants planning to foray into this lucrative energy sector. Going green, the renowned engineering and construction company Larsen and Toubro Limited is all set to establish solar energy plants in the country. Astonfield, a major player in the industry, is following suit. The company has plans to invest Rs 2000 crore in the coming two years. Following in their footsteps, Clear Solar Inc has inked a pact of over Rs 40 crore with Prayag Green Solar Power Private Limited to develop and construct a 2 MW solar power project in India. 22 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india IndiaShining.indd 22 30/12/08 11:51:58 RAJESHWARA BHAT. DIRECTOR SUNTECHNICS ENERGY SYSTEMS INDIA Solar Photovoltaic Power – Technological Issues and Challenges P hotovoltaics are poised to be one of the key energy technologies of this century, and its extensive industrial development must be accelerated now. One of the first efforts in terrestrial use of PV solar electricity started circa 1980, and since these early efforts, photovoltaics have developed very steadily in terms of technol- ogy, industry, and market share: TECHNOLOGY: The cost of the first solar cells was high and efficiencies relatively low (around 10%). The price decreased by a factor of ten during the past twenty years and efficiencies today range between 14 to 16%. Reliable products are on the mar- ket, and modules are generally sold with a performance warranty of 20 years and more. The day is not far away, where we will witness an efficiency of 25 to 30 years in range. INDUSTRY: During the mid-eighties and nine- ties, companies started investing in com- mercial production plants, and today mass production has risen due to the develop- ment of sophisticated equipment and technologies. More than 10 companies are currently delivering PV cells and modules worldwide, with the first five serving more than 70% of the world market, and the competition is strong. Challenges: - technology and manufacture of PV modules Type of cells / modules that are prevalent in the market: Crystalline silicon • Monocrystalline (Cz-Si), • Multicrystalline (mc-Si), • Ribbon Thin film technology • Amorphous silicon (a-Si). To make PV a success, a collective effort between industry, government, the research community and society is needed. This ini- tiative has already proven beneficial in some countries and India is one of the counties at the forefront of such developments. The Indian PV industry has shown im- mense development in recent years. All branches of PV manufacturing, distribution and system installation are represented by strong companies, with their global market share rising steadily. Technology development and research are becoming increasingly so- phisticated, and the industry is in an excellent position, well-primed for the challenges of the future. Fast facts on the current status of energy developments in India India currently has an installed base of 140 GW and would need approximately 70 GW by 2012 to meets its energy demand • There are approx 20,000-30,000 MW Die- sel Generators supplying Back Power in the country. • The grid electricity supplied to areas has high distribution losses, not considered in the calculation of price at which energy can be supplied at reasonable profit • For today’s current 8% GDP growth, an en- ergy mix of Coal, Oil, Gas, Hydro, Nuclear, and Renewables is essential for achieving the above growth • Encouraging exponential growth of Rural Economy is a must for this growth to be sustainable • Investors are keen to put funds in technol- ogy where they can expect 12 - 14% IRR. • The lifespan of Solar Power is 25 years, with minimal maintenance cost and apt for the growth of a Rural and Semi-Urban Economy Mankind needs to actively pursue varieties of energy sources, both conventional and renewable in India. Spurred by Government of India initiatives, electricity generation from renewable sources will become one of the essential contributors to the national energy mix. There are indeed myriad options to harness renewable energies, however photovoltaic electricity generation from solar radiation has the most uniquely strong and valuable position. Solar cells, the basic elements of photovoltaic (PV) technology, convert light energy directly into electric energy. This one-step process is clean and absolutely emission- free; and also a modular electricity source that can be installed in every power size from microwatt to multi-megawatt scales. Therefore, it is ideally suited for distributed generation of electricity near the user, everywhere around the globe. Moreover, solar energy is an unlimited resource, readily available everywhere – hence PV solar electricity together with solar thermal has the highest potential of all renewable energies. SOLARPOWER 23 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 PHOTOVOLTAICS ARE POISED TO BE ONE OF THE KEY ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES OF THIS CENTURY, AND ITS EXTENSIVE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT MUST BE ACCELERATED NOW Conergy.indd 23 30/12/08 11:58:24 SOLARPOWER 24 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india • India has to spend 400,000 Crs on oil sub- sidies yearly • Discourage installation of DG sets at the cur- rent subsidised prices. It costs approximately Rs 20 - 40 per unit to generate power at remote locations, especially new telecom sites, retail outlets, SWAN applications, emergency power, computer power, rural schools, banks, ATMs, railways etc. • This is adequate to replace 252 million liters of diesel per day with a payback of approxi- mately 4 years, thus creating the path to- wards energy independence from oil, which is already under pressure from economic ef- fects in the country. • Instead of spending 235,000 - 400,000 Crs every year on oil subsidies (depending on fluctuations in imported oil prices) in the form of Bonds to PSU, a feed-in-tariff market is suggested to create 1,000 MWp of solar PV and 500 MWp of CSP - costing India approxi- mately 4,500 Crs per annum (at Rs 20/ unit, a meager 1.5% of the oil subsidy fund). • Encourage investors/industries to put up grid-connected solar power plants in remote locations where DG power is targeted. • Off-grid with net metering (for one Million Solar Homes) can take care of all the home- owners’ load. • The local ERC has to be involved with the implementation of the projects. What is required in India? To generate an economy of scale in PV, we need to target 1,000 MWp of PV and 500 MWp in Concentrating Solar Power every year till 2012. With an average feed-in tariff of Rs 20/ unit, this would cost Rs 4,500 Crs per year. This fund can be implemented as an energy security programme to alleviate our risks on fossil fuel. Alternatively, a Green CESS could be imposed on consumers. Our current demand is 655 billion units in the country, which earns us revenue of approximately 229,250 Crs at a weighted average of Rs 3.50 per kWh. If we charge Green CESS of approximately 1.5% of the total electricity bill (collected from commercial and industrial consumers), this may result in an additional burden of 5 Paisa per unit. Ide- ally, this should be the way forward for our energy security policy, or the Government of India would need to allocate funds of 4,000 crs per annum to Discoms to implement solar power projects of 1,000 MWp PV and 500 MWp CSP. Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Power SunTechnics India successfully completed a first-of- its-kind BIPV housing project for India in Kolkata, through an eco-housing project conceived and developed by the West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency. Asia’s largest solar power plant - 24 MWp project in SinAn, South Korea. Conergy.indd 24 30/12/08 11:58:28 SOLARPOWER 25 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 By adapting various methods and over- coming the limitations of fossil fuel, grid par- ity is likely to be reached at 2014 in Europe and at 2018 in India. In the European Union, Germany has shown that market growth can be stimulated considerably through supportive legislation. Germany is now the second strongest market worldwide and a role model for other coun- tries with renewable energy goals. German achievements to date: • More than 214,000 jobs created • 97 million tonnes of CO 2 emissions avoided in 2006 through Renewables • 11.8 % share of total gross electricity con- sumption from Renewables in 2006 • 5.3% share of total primary energy con- sumption from Renewable Energy in 2006 • US$ 28.0 billion total turnover in 2006 through Renewable Energy (building and operation) • US$ 11.3 billion investment per year All this, at a cost of only around US$ 2.00 per household per month! Strategic action plan In addition to sound government policies, India should devise a roadmap (in collaboration with other key stakeholders from EPIA and NREL) based on the following three branches of poli- cy support which provide long-term stability. To encourage both developer and indus- try, the policy should allow only such firms that allocate 1% of the feed-in-tariff rate (feed-in-tariff to be approximately Rs 20/unit) in order to encourage PV manufacturers to strive for continued cost reductions. To keep this scheme simple and effective from an administrative point of view, every electricity consumer will pay a small surcharge with his electricity bill to the utility company. Extensive research and technological development are essential for the Indian PV industry to remain competitive and to open up new markets. The African and Asian mar- kets can be the future export market for India. The major goal of all efforts must be substan- tial cost reduction for all stages of the value chain, from materials to systems, in order to eventually compete with other methods of electricity generation. Intense cooperation between the research sector and industry is required to reach that target. PV power systems – the next steps PV currently supplies only a minute amount of electric power generated worldwide. Nonetheless, due to its decentralised nature it provides millions of people around the globe with a minimum of electricity to satisfy basic needs in communication, health and water supply. However, in order to achieve the goals of the country, having the following imple- mentations are ideal: • Implementation of the modularisation con- cept with standardised components to be coupled on the AC-side that are compatible with the existing utility grid • Integrating intelligent components with standardised interfaces and functions for control and communication (monitoring, diagnosis) • Increasing conversion effciency of inverters to exceed 96 % and increasing input volt- age range • For island grids in particular, simple design and low maintenance and service costs should be considered to carry out the super- visory control task for various components (converters, battery, etc.) • Prefabricated systems for low-cost installa- tions • Cost reduction with increasing production volume for all components In summary, in addition to creating a market of 1,000-2,000 MWp PV and 500- 1,000 MWp CSP both for on-grid and rooftop systems, research funds need to be created in collaboration with industry for enhancing ef- ficiency, while improving costs and ensuring that over time we achieve grid parity. Elsewhere in the Asia-Pacific - Conergy Group activities Asia’s largest PV plant with a current total ca- pacity of 24 MW was commissioned in SinAn, Southwest of the Korean capital of Seoul. It is installed on a vast field of 720,000 m?. The on-grid system will provide more than 33,000 MWh of electricity, which corresponds to the annual consumption of more than 7,200 households. It also reduces carbon emissions of up to 24,000 tonnes a year (or the equiva- lent of planting 168,000 trees). About SunTechnics India SunTechnics India is a brand subsidiary of the Conergy Group, headquartered in Hamburg, Germany. The solar concern is one of the big- gest European suppliers of renewable energy systems and one of the world leaders in solar system integration. Since its foundation in 1998, the Conergy Group has sold more than one gigawatt of renewable energies and has been listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange since 2005. SunTechnics India, with a head offce and manufacturing facility in Bangalore, is a one-stop solution provider for all renewable energy requirements. We provide complete end-to-end solutions from conceptualisation to completion, including evaluation, feasibil- ity study, design, engineering, supply, instal- lation, commission, operation, maintenance and financing. SunTechnics India offers a wide range of renewable energy solutions comprising of: 1. Solar photovoltaic megawatt projects 2. Solar photovoltaic off-grid systems 3. Solar thermal systems for water heating 4. Solar water pumping systems 5. Solar-wind hybrid systems NEXT STEP IN SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS: CREATE A MARKET OF 1,500-3,000 MWP OF PV TO ENCOURAGE INVESTMENT IN THE COUNTRY BOTH FOR CELLS, MODULES AND BALANCE OF SYSTEMS B. Rajeshwara Bhat, Director and CEO - SunTechnics Energy Systems, India. • Based in Bangalore, leading SunTechnics India (a brand of the Conergy Group) as CEO responsible for operations in India and SAARC countries. • With 25 years of experience in Head of Proft Center, Integrated Solutions, Marketing, Sales, as well as Project Management in India and internationally for diverse product ranges including: renewable energy systems, UPS systems, power systems, enterprise solutions / telecom accessories. • Worked in Philips India as Sales Engineer for the Lighting division before moving on to international markets in the United Arab Emirates as Head of Business for Power Electronics division. • He is experienced in the design, installation and commissioning of photovoltaic systems for powering up GSM sites, offshore locations, well- head platforms, RTUs and cathodic protection. He has also worked with various overseas European and American manufacturers and successfully established market leadership positions for them. • He is also consultant to UNIDO in recommending renewable energy solutions. • Chairman of Technical Sub-Committee (under WISE) for recommending policy changes to the Government of India, in contributing towards making solar power a sustainable mode of energy in India. Conergy.indd 25 30/12/08 11:58:32 ADVENT SOLAR Breaking the Solar Barrier: Eliminating the Silicon PV Performance Gridlock C onventional PV manufacturing approaches have emphasized cell efficiency and wafer thickness as primary drivers to address the $ per watt equation. However, gains in cell efficiency are invariably frittered away at the system level due to cumbersome manufacturing processes while reductions in wafer thick- ness are becoming increasingly more dif- ficult. Therefore, conventional PV manu- facturing is approaching a gridlock, where system level improvements are becoming marginal. Meanwhile, market demands for PV modules have become more strin- gent in terms of output energy, quality, reliability, and cost. In order to establish a renewed momentum towards grid par- ity, creative architectural approaches are required. Advent Solar’s comprehensive Ventura™ Technology breaks the technol- ogy constraints of traditional silicon pho- tovoltaics, and powers the way to a new generation of silicon PV products. With an innovative architecture, combined with proven principles of manufacturing from the semiconductor industry, Advent Solar is delivering a new generation of module products that are both high value and Beautiful by Design™. Ventura™ Technology: Breaking the Gridlock Advent Solar® Ventura™ Technology revolutionizes photovoltaic product man- ufacturing and performance. Ventura is based on a system level architecture that optimizes output value at both the cell and module level. It combines unique back-contact cell architecture (called Emit- ter Wrap-Through, or EWT) with a highly automated, planar manufacturing process (Monolithic Module Assembly, or MMA). This architecture was inspired by the semi- conductor industry that excels in rapid technology evolution. In this way, cell and module performance characteristics are optimized together to deliver modules that have a higher output and are more reli- able than conventional modules. Modules made with Ventura Technology are assem- bled on efficient manufacturing lines with high precision and throughput, resulting in overall reduced costs. Beautiful Inside and Out Ventura Technology is the industry’s only comprehensive system level approach that eliminates efficiency bottlenecks through- out the module manufacturing chain. By eliminating grid lines on the front, the EWT cell maximizes light capture for energy con- version and also creates a visually appealing module surface. Products created with Ven- tura Technology deliver superior value by providing more energy output, and also ad- dress the aesthetic considerations for build- ing integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) markets. Taken together, the architecture’s abilities to both maximize light capture and deliver an elegant, visually pleasing design, demon- strate why Ventura Technology is beautiful inside and out…Beautiful by Design. SOLARPOWER Conventional silicon based photovoltaic (PV) architectures are rapidly approaching a point of diminishing return in garnering efficiency improvements, specially at a system level. Until recently, the learning curve of solar PV delivered around 19% cost improvement (measured in $ per watt) with each doubling of industry production output. This has been the case over the past three decades, but in the past few years steady improvement has been harder to sustain. 26 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india With EWT, charge passes through an emitter diffusion via to contacts located entirely on the backside of the call. Ventura Technology delivers elegant, visually pleasing products. Advent.indd 26 30/12/08 12:04:03 Benefits of Advent Solar® Ventura™ Technology The synthesis of high quality back-contact cells, with an integrated module architec- ture and highly automated manufactur- ing delivers the best value silicon solar photovoltaic products in the industry. An overview of some of the key benefits of Ventura Technology follows: BETTER CELLS: Ventura Technology Emitter Wrap Through, EWT, is a breakthrough cell design that was originally conceived at Sandia National Laboratories and de- veloped into a high-efficiency commer- cial product by the Advent Solar team of technology pioneers. The patented EWT design produces a more powerful cell by eliminating front grid obstruction and im- proving light capture. In addition to the clear advantage in energy generation, the EWT architecture enables a revolutionary module manufacturing process. Going to back-contact cell architecture is in itself a fundamental and essential step towards achieving high performance solar archi- tecture. The Ventura EWT Cell Technology uniquely enables an efficient planar mod- ule manufacturing process that is highly automated and reliable. Unique cell ben- efits include: • Higher conversion effciency due to front grid elimination • Better aesthetics due to elimination of unsightly grid lines and improved cell alignment accuracy on module • More fexible contacting geometry for improved cell and module optimization BETTER MODULES: Using proven semiconduc- tor-style manufacturing techniques, Ventu- ra™ Monolithic Module Assembly (MMA) Technology enables fully automated mod- ule assembly with planar processes for the first time, delivering scalable high volume module manufacturing capabilities. MMA also allows EWT cells to be used in an op- timal way by vastly improving interconnec- tivity within cells and at the module level. Advent Solar modules are designed to be beautiful – inside and out – delivering higher energy output and enhanced build- ing aesthetics. Module benefits include: • Highly automated, planar module as- sembly process • Maximized output power with minimal interconnection resistive losses • Precision cell placement allows tighter packing density on module (higher effi- ciency or watts per area) BETTER MANUFACTURING: Ventura Technology is the best blueprint for designing and manufacturing industry-leading silicon PV solar modules. The blueprint incorporates a comprehensive, system level architecture that preserves high efficiency at all points of the manufacturing chain. In addition, it provides scalability across silicon types and wafer thickness levels. Benefits of our unique manufacturing process include: • Lower cell processing and interconnect costs than other back contact technolo- gies • Faster production due to integrated backsheet production with roll-to-roll processing and automated “pick and place” of cells • Best quality and reliability due to superior yield control and precision manufactur- ing – elimination of breakage, rework and specification deviations • Better production throughput due to pla- nar module assembly process, delivering more capacity per factory foot print area • Enables a better distribution of power output of the product Delivering Higher Value with Ventura Technology Today, conventional cell and module tech- nologies are designed and manufactured independently and lack a cohesive archi- tectural framework for system level opti- mization. Improvements in cell perform- ance are “wasted” at the module level due to efficiency bottlenecks that prevail in the overall system. Typical conventional PV manufacturing processes force-fit cells into module assembly methods with seem- ingly unrelated, non-complimentary design considerations. The following discussion will lead us through an overview of why Advent Solar Ventura Technology is differ- ent, along with some notable advantages delivered by this revolutionary approach. Manufacturing Advantages of Ventura Technology vs. Conventional PV: COST: Gains in cell and module-level per- formance are becoming increasingly ex- pensive to achieve. Conventional silicon PV manufacturers have a limited number of options for improving performance while simultaneously controlling costs. Since the silicon cost represents a domi- nant portion of the overall costs, most approaches focus on reducing wafer thickness as a primary avenue for reduc- ing cost. By reducing wafer thickness, the utilization of silicon increases, thereby SOLARPOWER 27 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 Ventura monolithic module assembly. Cells are assembled directly to an integrated module circuitry via distributed contacts and selective isolation. Advent.indd 27 30/12/08 12:04:05 SOLARPOWER 28 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india reducing costs. However, without an ef- ficient module manufacturing process that accommodates thinner wafers, the cost reduction can be negated due to in- creased breakage and yield losses. As wa- fers get thinner, the cells become more susceptible to stress and bow resulting in yield fallout—thus increasing costs. In contrast, Advent Solar Ventura Back Contact Technology opens the door for many new cost improvements; here are a few: • EWT cell and MMA assembly approaches are accommodative to thin wafers • With the use of soft handling robotics, the highly automated manufacturing process uses “pick and place” tooling with precision, which reduces cell break- age. • Integrated module circuitry opens new opportunities for cost optimization of metal circuitry. PERFORMANCE: In conventional modules, cur- rent is extracted from the cells through small solder connections along long, nar- row tabs (interconnects.) Power losses in the interconnects are significant— the cell power is degraded about 4% on aver- age after interconnection and lamination into the module using conventional cells. In conventional assembly technologies, this loss is unavoidable; the thickness of the tabs cannot be increased for fear of adding mechanical stress, and the number of busbars cannot be increased due to cell shading, which already accounts for roughly 8% performance decrease. By contrast, the resistance of the in- terconnect for MMA is not constrained by front side metallization optical losses or by stress considerations. The combina- tion of EWT with MMA results in less than half of the electrical interface performance loss compared to conventional module as- sembly. The Advent Solar Ventura™ archi- tecture takes a system level approach to performance optimization, combining the strengths of the EWT cell architecture with the integrated backsheet MMA design to maximize energy output. CONSISTENT OUTPUT: In conventional module assembly technology, the process variabil- ity in the many assembly steps result in a wide range of module outputs. Stand- ard modules require handling steps dur- ing tabbing, stringing, offoading, layup, and lamination stages. At each handling step, cells shift position; solder bonds are stressed and quality is compromised. Due to the many process steps, a wide varia- tion builds up as the module is assembled. This variation manifests itself in a wide performance distribution and occasional expensive rework. In contrast, Advent Solar Ventura ar- chitecture is designed for intelligent manu- facturing methods. Cells are individually examined, softly handled and set into place in only a single step. This reduction of com- plexity in manufacturing results in highly repeatable, consistent module output. RELIABILITY: Conventional tabber/stringers use heat intensive methods and create sig- nificant thermal stresses inside the mod- ule. These stresses are concentrated along the front busbars of the cells, and increase the likelihood of failures in the field. In contrast, cells designed with Ven- tura Technology utilize distributed con- tacts—instead of few high stress bond locations, these cells use multiple bonds strategically distributed around the back of the cell—thus stress concentrations are evenly spread out over the area, resulting in improved reliability. AESTHETICS: Due to front-side metallization and inconsistent tolerances in strin ging technology, conventional modules are generally lacking in visual appeal. In contrast, Ventura products are en- gineered to be beautiful by design. Strik- ing, perfectly aligned clean blue squares of silicon represent a consumer product that customers are proud to showcase on homes and businesses. Solar Green Index Advent Solar has developed the Solar Green Index, a measurable benchmark for assessing the efficiency and value of silicon PV architectures from a system perspec- tive. One of the key factors in this index is the ratio of module efficiency to cell ef- ficiency – the higher the index, the better the delivered value. MODULE EFFICIENCY: This is arrived at by di- viding module power by module area. Module efficiencies were computed from Comparison of Advent Solar EWT to conventional a PV cell. EWT moves gridlines from the front to the back of the cell, increasing power output and enabling MMA. Module using Advent Solar Ventura manufacturing. Schematic view of an EWT cell using backside distributed contacts. Advent.indd 28 30/12/08 12:04:08 publicly available product specifications for each of the silicon PV technologies. CELL EFFICIENCY: Cell efficiencies were ob- tained by first determining the effective cell efficiency of a module—the minimum value required for a module to achieve the stated label power. The actual cell efficiency was calculated by using an en- capsulated loss factor—a value of 4% for total encapsulated loss factor was used to describe conventional cells in this analysis. This is consistent with industry data [1] . Ven- tura technology has a much lower loss fac- tor of only 1.2% MANUFACTURING EFFICIENCY FACTOR: This value represents the precision of module power given a consistent input of cells. Due to the precision and repeatability of Advent Solar’s Ventura Technology, the Manu- facturing Effciency Factor is signifcantly improved over conventional technology. However, for simplification purposes the calculation performed below used 100% for all technologies. Peter Green, Advent Solar president and CEO, has challenged his company to lead the way in advancing the Solar Green Index. Ad- vent Solar Ventura technology is the world’s only comprehensive cell-to-module architec- ture designed from the ground up to help boost the Solar Green Index. Conclusion Advent Solar® Ventura™ Technology is based on a scalable architecture that squarely addresses the needs of the sili- con PV market today and into the future. Conventional silicon PV manufacturing is approaching a gridlock in terms of scal- ing for cost and performance. This cannot be resolved without a system level archi- tecture and a revolutionary approach to photovoltaic design and manufacturing. Advent Solar Ventura Technology delivers a unique, high value solution using proven semiconductor manufacturing techniques. The advanced EWT cell design eliminates front grid obstruction and improves light capture; it also enables an efficient planar module manufacturing process, MMA. The Ventura architecture optimizes cost, throughput and performance to deliver products with high energy output and reli- ability. The added advantage of aesthetics of Advent Solar modules refects the ex- citement of Ventura Technology – Advent Solar: Beautiful by Design™. References [1] A.W. Weeber et al., “How to achieve 17% cell efficiencies on large back-contacted mc-Si solar cells.” , 4th World Conference on PV Energy Conversion, Waikoloa, 2006 SOLARPOWER The Solar Green Index. Calculations were performed by comparing the cell to module efficiency using published module specifications. Advent.indd 29 30/12/08 12:04:12 SILIKEN Siliken specialises in turn-key projects and its own sales promotion A s in the rest of the countries in which Siliken already operates, the company of Spanish origin would enter India applying a local philosophy, try- ing to fully adapt to the characteristics of this country. It would do so with the same spirit of commitment which has turned Si- liken into a company that offers high quality products and services, which is its main value added. Siliken’s production plants are locat- ed in Valencia, Albacete and Tenerife (Spain), and San Diego (USA). The company has sales offices in France, Germany, USA and Italy and is eager to enter new markets. Thanks to its vertical integration, Si- liken’s activity ranges from the production of electronic silicon for the manufacture of wafers and cells, to sales promotion, main- tenance and after-sales service of photo- voltaic installations, including components manufacturing. With these credentials, Si- liken enters each market offering investors, industrial realty owners, and other clients a direct promotion of ground or rooftop- SOLARPOWER India is one of the countries in which the renewable energy company Siliken is considering to establish itself in the foreseeable future. The Indian photovoltaic market is among those with the highest expected growth in the following years. The feed-in rates for power supply, the meteorological conditions –one of the best in Asia– and the Indian enterprising spirit will all be conducive to its rapid growth. In addition, the country wants to make good use of renewable energy, seeking greater energy self-sufficiency as well as a reduction of CO 2 emissions, which is one of the main challenges faced by the second most populated country in the world and one of the fastest growing countries in the coming years. It is precisely the environmental and energy policies of India that will be decisive in the struggle of mankind to reduce its impact on the environment via sustainable development. 30 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india Siliken.indd 30 30/12/08 12:05:30 mounted PV installations and turn-key projects. This type of projects adds value for the client who only needs to rely on one specialised and consolidated company in order to become an electric energy pro- ducer. Each Siliken subsidiary has its own Engineering, Sales and Construction de- partment in order to be closer to clients, offering a “perfect” service based on the company’s standards. Therefore, in each project Siliken provides engineering works, the best PV equipment with direct guarantee and without intermediaries –as it manufactures photovoltaic modules, power inverters and other materials– and its installation by highly skilled professionals. The quality of the products is so high that the company guarantees the estimated production of each installation in writing. This is checked using Contractual Service Agreements, as well as Maintenance and Insurance agree- ments that guarantee the maximum ef- ficiency and output of each installation, sharing risks and benefits. This to the ex- tent that if the output for any reason does not correspond to the initial estimate, Si- liken will compensate this difference by reducing its contractual rate. Siliken’s own sales promotion of instal- lations is another business model used by the company. Energy sales benefits from such installations can be shared in case of land rights; they may belong solely to the installation owner, or be sold to very prof- itable, secure and environmental-friendly investment funds. Mounting PV installations on rooftops of industrial buildings is one of the com- pany’s fortes. This adds value to its merely structural function, optimising the use of space and allowing for the generation of distributed power. Rooftops cannot be used for any other production purposes; thus opportunity costs are non-existent. In addition, PV installations do not affect the activities performed inside the building in any way. Thanks to financial incentives for generating power using renewable tech- nologies, this type of installation is eco- nomical and environmentally sustainable. Siliken also holds vast experience in photovoltaic park installations. It is true that these installations, colloquially known as solar gardens, have a larger im- pact on common land than on industrial sites, where this impact is already appar- ent. However, the advantages they bring to their environment should be consid- ered: installations are usually mounted on farmland with hardly any agricultural use, where crops currently yield little or no prof- itability at all. But the impact (only visual since the installations do not produce any noise or any type of residue) is even relative in these cases as all projects envisage the dismantling of the installations at the end of their lifecycle, its proper recycling and reversion of the land to its original, e.g. ag- ricultural, use, which basically means just removing the installation. The generation of photovoltaic electri- cal energy does not contaminate in con- trast to the generation of non-renewable energy which emits large amounts of con- taminating gases and particles that trig- ger the greenhouse effect. In addition, it does not produce any noise, vibrations, radiation, reflection, solid, liquid or gase- ous residues etc. It is a completely harm- less activity. The impact on landscapes is minimal due to the possibility of integrat- ing the installations in buildings or on the rooftops of industrial buildings. Lastly, photovoltaic technology is ex- traordinarily simple and reliable. It offers guaranteed operations for several dec- ades, as well as minimum maintenance regarding time, costs and professional specialisation. SOLARPOWER 31 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 Siliken.indd 31 30/12/08 12:05:37 Silicon Chemistry Accelerating Growth of Solar Energy O ne of the only suppliers to the PV industry to be fully integrated in the material value chain—from the basic building blocks of silicon feed- stock used to make ingots and wafers, to encapsulants to protect cells, to sealing materials used to assemble solar mod- ules—we are helping to accelerate the growth of solar-generated electricity that can serve diverse regions – from outlying areas that are currently off the electrical grid to urban centers. Solar energy meets all the fundamen- tals of sustainable development. It’s good for people and communities. It makes sound environmental sense. And, it makes sound business sense. It is an energy gen- eration model that we believe is sustain- able over the long term. We are continuing to increase our investments year on year to bring the power of silicon to the industry, to reduce costs and get to grid parity. We’ll be do- ing that a variety of ways: through silicon metal or other silicon-based materials, as well as through innovative processing and materials science. We are unique across industries in that our entire R&D focus is dedicated to exploring the potential of the silicon atom. We’re bringing the depth of understanding of chemistry and technol- ogy that we’ve been applying to electron- ics and construction and many different industries to the whole PV value chain. We’re addressing key issues such as avail- ability of raw materials and cost, durability and performance of solar modules. Dow Corning has a majority share- holder position in Hemlock Semiconduc- tor Corporation, one of the world’s lead- ing polycrystalline silicon manufacturers. HSC, is aggressively expanding its capacity to meet the worldwide demand for poly- crystalline silicon. Shining Light on Silicon Chemistry The depth of Dow Corning’s expertise in silicon-based materials will play a pivotal role in our ability to help PV producers in- vent the future in solar. The fundamental strong technical fit of the silicon atom with PV application performance requirements makes solar a prime area of opportunity to innovate and grow. Silicones are an ideal product family to meet the needs in the PV module assembly market. Silicones are highly transparent in the UV-visible wavelength region, which makes them ideal candidates for cell en- capsulants. They can be formulated to have low modulus and be stress relieving while also having excellent adhesion to the glass and cell substrates. In addition, they can be formulated into hard/resinous coatings that provide effective durable protection and abrasion resistance while maintaining optical clar- ity. Silicones can also be employed as PV junction box potting agents. For this ap- plication they need to have high reliability, long-lasting protection against environ- mental ingress and excellent electrical in- sulation of components. They can be modified to have a ther- mal conductivity in the range of 0.4-1.34 W/mK, or higher if needed. Finally, silicones can be formulated into sealants for frame and junction box sealing. These sealants provide long-term bonding and protec- tion against moisture and environmental attack. Chemical properties Silicones can be considered a ‘molecular hybrid’ between glass and organic linear polymers. If the Si atom is only bonded to oxygen atoms, the structure is an in- organic glass (called a Q type Si). If one oxygen atom is substituted by an R group (i.e., methyl, ethyl, phenyl, etc.), a resin or silsesquioxane (T-type Si) material is formed. These silsesquioxanes are more flexible than the Q-type materials. Finally, if two oxygen atoms are replaced by or- ganic groups, a very flexible linear polymer (D-type Si) is obtained. The increased flex- ibility that is found with increasing organic SOLARPOWER As solar energy technology begins to take its place as an accessible, economically viable and self- sustaining energy alternative around the world, we at Dow Corning are committed to using our in-depth knowledge of silicon chemistry to drive solar energy toward grid parity. 32 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india SILICONES ARE AN IDEAL PRODUCT FAMILY TO MEET THE NEEDS IN THE PV MODULE ASSEMBLY MARKET. SILICONES ARE HIGHLY TRANSPARENT IN THE UV-VISIBLE WAVELENGTH REGION, WHICH MAKES THEM IDEAL CANDIDATES FOR CELL ENCAPSULANTS. THEY CAN BE FORMULATED TO HAVE LOW MODULUS AND BE STRESS RELIEVING WHILE ALSO HAVING EXCELLENT ADHESION TO THE GLASS AND CELL SUBSTRATES Dow Corning.indd 32 30/12/08 16:03:47 Dow Corning.indd 33 30/12/08 16:03:54 SOLARPOWER 34 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india substituents on the Si results in a low glass transition (Tg) of the linear polymers. The Tg of linear polydimethylsiloxane (if all R groups are methyl units) is -120 °C. Due to the Tg, silicones also typically have a low modulus once formulated and cured, especially when compared to organic polymers. The modulus of cured silicones can be quite low due to low crosslink density, and in this form silicones often function to relieve stress due to CTE (co- efficient of thermal expansion) mismatch between two components in many appli- cations. Similarly, the modulus is higher in branched, tack free resin systems; they can be as high as 10 MPa at room tempera- ture. It is also important to note that as the branched to.linear nature of the silicon polymer increases the CTE also increases. Along with a wide range in modulus is a variation in other mechanical properties such as tensile strength and elongation de- pending upon many formulation variables. For example, frequently reinforcing fillers are added to enhance mechanical proper- ties of silicones. Durability More traditional markets and applications have exposed silicones to outdoor weath- er conditions. For example, construction sealants have proven silicones’ ability to withstand UV and other outdoor condi- tions. These durable materials are virtually unaffected by UV light or ozone and have been successfully tested in many acceler- ated aging tests. Dow Corning® brand silicones have also been put in PV modules as the cell encapsulant and have withstood 15 years of sun exposure and are still per- forming satisfactorily. Their wide tempera- ture of use range results in many of their properties remaining virtually unchanged from between -40°C and 150°C,previous studies have shown little change in trans- parency and mechanical properties when exposed to temperatures >150 °C for ex- tended times. Optical properties The refractive index of silicone polymers can vary from 1.38 to 1.54, depending on the nature of the R groups, RI tuning can be critical for some optical applications. Silicone polymers are also highly transpar- ent in the UV and visible wavelengths. Sili- cones are renowned for their UV stability, and require no additional additives to pro- tect against UV degradation. Further silicone features Silicones can be formulated with a variety of cure systems. The most common cure system for materials used in electronics ap- plications is the addition cure of Si-H to Si- Vinyl. This reaction is typically catalyzed by platinum and can be accelerated with heat at a variety of temperatures. This type of cure system can be formulated as a one– part or two–part product and it is a neutral cure system that releases no cure by-prod- ucts. While silicones are very permeable to gas and liquid vapors, they are also very hydrophobic. These two attributes result in silicones having very low moisture pickup in damp heat environmental exposure or total water immersion. The silicones also can be formulated to have strong adhesive bonds to multiple substrates. Due to low surface energy of silicones and the wetting of surfaces, when strong adhesive bonds are formed the moisture will not have a path to wick into moisture sensitive components and cause corrosion or other degradation mecha- nisms. The ability for silicones to transmit water vapor due to high permeability to moisture rather than absorb it prevents moisture from being trapped at an inter- face when good adhesion is obtained. Silicones are very well known for their excellent dielectric strength and high vol- ume resistivity. There are many applications where silicones are used as electrical insu- lators. They are nonconductive because of their chemical nature, and when com- pounded with the proper fillers and addi- tives, they can be made to meet a wide range of electrical insulating applications. Because of the low equilibrium moisture content they remain non conductive even in high humidity conditions. Silicones are also known as one of the most flame resistant polymers. Certain Si- lastic® silicone rubber products inherently possess a profile of fire hazard character- istics which makes them useful for appli- cations where good flame retardation and minimum fire hazard is desired. They have a low flammability rating (UL) and typically do not support or promote flame and do not produce toxic combustion by-product. Silicones can be formulated with a variety of thermally conductive fillers and have been used successfully in thermal man- agement applications. This is typically an important property for PV junction box pottants for diode temperature control. Going forward As the industry expands, it is critical that suitable material solutions are available to meet the numerous requirements including durability, performance, price, through-put and global availability. Dow Corning will continue to offer solutions and options that can significantly contribute to addressing availability of ma- terials along the value chain, the profitable growth expansion of our customers and the long-term sustainability of the PV in- dustry. In close relationships with our cus- tomers, we will meet these challenges. WHILE SILICONES ARE VERY PERMEABLE TO GAS AND LIQUID VAPORS, THEY ARE ALSO VERY HYDROPHOBIC. THESE TWO ATTRIBUTES RESULT IN SILICONES HAVING VERY LOW MOISTURE PICKUP IN DAMP HEAT ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE OR TOTAL WATER IMMERSION AS THE INDUSTRY EXPANDS, IT IS CRITICAL THAT SUITABLE MATERIAL SOLUTIONS ARE AVAILABLE TO MEET THE NUMEROUS REQUIREMENTS INCLUDING DURABILITY, PERFORMANCE, PRICE, THROUGH-PUT AND GLOBAL AVAILABILITY Dow Corning.indd 34 30/12/08 16:03:54 H owever, there was unanimity over the fact that the dragon country is moving ahead in a big way for the renewables and has installed many state-of-the-art wind turbines and solar pv modules to bring sea change in the power production capacity. “It seems that China has piped the post in terms of installed wind energy fa- cility, with India receiving negative growth in installing wind energy projects this fiscal as compared to fiscal 2006-07,” says D.V. Giri, chairman of an industry lobby, the In- dian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Associa- tion (IWTMA). In support of his views, the chairman states, “As on December 2008, China has crossed 10000 MW installed capacity, while India has just 9521 MW installed ca- pacity”. “China has a national policy to in- stall 5000 MW capacity wind turbines in a year, whereas India would be installing just 1500 MW capacity more turbines till end of fiscal 08-09”, Giri maintains. “If China could move at fast pace, why India is not taking lesson? India has huge coastlines in Maharastra, Tamilnadu and Kerala regions, where wind turbines could be installed in large capacity to gen- erate wind energy. The efforts in this re- gard should be initiated,” opines Giri. “I would not like to go into the fig- ures, for they might be calculated or au- dited but this is for sure that technology of China either in wind or solar is far ahead of India”, says Pradeep Chaturvedi, Chair- man, Indian Association for the Advance- ment of Science and international consult- ant for Bio Fuels Project, Cambodia. “The technical problem in generating electricity through wind turbines is that some time wind blows and for some time it does not, which fails to ensure round the clock power supply. In such condition, it is difficult to feed in grids, which are sensi- tive. We can’t switch on and off the grids, when wind blows or does not. So, there is a grave need to work upon technology to harness electricity through wind genera- tion”, he adds. However, as far as produc- tion of wind energy is concerned India is still ahead of China. India holds forth posi- tion, while China stands on fifth position, asserts Chaturvedi. Suggesting a way to sort out inter- rupted power generation through wind turbines, H P Garg, IREDA Chair Emeritus Professor, said that integration of the wind and solar energy could be the best solu- tion. When there is wind, power would be generated by wind and when velocity of the wind decreases, energy production could be done by solar pv modules. “The company is planning to inte- grate wind and solar technologies in near future,” indicates a representative from Suzlon in an exhibition. Informing about policy measures In- dia is adopting to promote wind energy, P C Maithani, Director Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, says, “A package of fiscal and finan- cial incentives is available which includes concessions such as 80% accelerated de- preciation, concessional custom duty on specified items, excise duty exemption, sales tax exemption, income tax exemp- tion for 10 years, etc. In addition, State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) are determining preferential tariffs. Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) and Power Finance Corporation (PFC) provide loan for setting up power projects.” “Earlier, the benefits were provided at installed capacity but as the people had started adopting sharp practices to avail benefits now the policy has been changed. Now benefits are made available on per- formance basis”, discloses Chaturvedi. It might be worthless to rank the two countries but the positive thing is that both the fastest growing economies are working diligently for ensuring that the world becomes a green heaven, which is the need of today. Wind blows in favour of China or India? Whether China is ahead of India in terms of installed capacity of wind turbines or not, is an unanswered question but discussions over this view are getting heat. While some are of the opinion that wind is blowing in favour of China, others are of view that India too holds water and is ahead of China in terms of production of energy through wind turbine. WINDPOWER 35 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 “IF CHINA COULD MOVE AT FAST PACE, WHY INDIA IS NOT TAKING LESSON? INDIA HAS HUGE COASTLINE IN MAHARASTRA, TAMILNADU AND KERALA REGIONS, WHERE WIND TURBINES COULD BE INSTALLED IN LARGE CAPACITY TO GENERATE WIND ENERGY WindBlows.indd 35 30/12/08 15:48:45 The United Nations registers two Acciona wind farms in India as a Clean Development Project T he status of ‘Clean Development Project’ was issued by the Executive Board of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), a body that reports to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The total renewable energy production from the two wind farms over the ten years covered by the agreement will avoid the emission of 884,200 tonnes (975,000 US tons) of CO 2 that conventional power stations in Karna- taka would have generated to produce the same amount of electricity. By doing this, Acciona will obtain Emissions Reduction Certificates (ERCs) that it can then sell on the emissions trading market. At Karnataka The 16.5 MW Anabaru wind farm entered service in October 2008. It has ten 1,650 kW wind turbines and is the second to be installed by the company in India. In 2007, Acciona installed the Arasinagundi wind farm (13.2 MW), located adjacent to Anabaru. The company thus has a total of 29.7 MW opera- tional in India, all under its ownership. Both wind farms are located around 250 kilometers (155 miles) from Bangalore, the capital of Karnataka State in SW India, at an altitude between 700 and 810 meters (2,300- 2,650 feet) above sea level. The zone is stable from a seismic point of view. The facilities are located at Jagalur Taluk in the district of Davangere. Their eighteen V82 wind turbines (1.65 MW capacity each) send the electricity generated to the substa- tion at Hiremallanaholle. A 9-kilometer (5.6- mile) power line had to be built to evacuate this electricity. The wind turbines stand on tubular steel towers (78 meters –256 feet– hub height) and have a rotor diameter of 82 meters (269 feet), giving a swept area of 5,281 m2 (56,844 square feet). The weight of the nacelle –the shell that houses the es- sential components of the machine– is 52 tonnes (57.3 US tons), plus the 43 tonnes (47.3 US tons) of the rotor (hub + blades) and the 115 tonnes (126.7 US tons) of the tower. Operation and maintenance is done by a team of around 12 people, in addition to the remote sens- ing and control carried out from the Renewable Energies Control Center (CECOER) of Acciona locat- ed in Sarriguren (Navarra). New projects At the present time Acciona has applications for two more wind farms in India at an advanced stage (116 MW total capac- ity). The status of CDM projects will also be requested for these facili- ties. Acciona En- ergy is the first Spanish wind power developer to own fa- cilities in India. Its subsidiary, domiciled in the city of Bangalore, has a workforce of 14 people. The company aims at a strong presence in the country, the fourth world market in terms of wind power implementation. India ended 2007 with 7,844 MW of installed wind power capacity, after Germany (22,248 MW), the United States (16,971 MW) and Spain (15,145 MW). In mid-2008 installed capacity in the country was already 8,800 MW. WINDPOWER The Anabaru (16.5 MW) and Arasinagundi (13.2 MW) wind farms represent the entry of Acciona, a world leader in renewables, in the Indian wind power market, one of the world markets with strongest prospects for the future. Acciona is also the first Spanish company to own wind farms in the country. Both facilities, located in Karnataka State, were recently registered as a joint project under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) envisaged in the Kyoto Protocol. 36 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india Acciona.indd 36 30/12/08 12:10:42 The project ties in with India’s energy policy, which envisages 10,000 MW of in- stalled capacity in renewables by 2012. It will also help to improve the quality of electricity supplies in the state of Karnataka. Total installed generating capacity in India is 126,031 MW (2006 figure) and the total existing wind energy potential is esti- mated at around 45,000 MW –this figure could rise to 60,000 MW according to cer- tain recent studies– while the useful capac- ity is around 15.000 MW, so there is great potential for the development of the sector in the country. Integration into the environment Anabaru and Arasinagundi also represent a milestone from the point of view of the environmental integration of wind farms in India. They are the first two to have their in- terior cabling buried underground and their transformers protected and hidden in a sub- station, in contrast to the usual practice in India of installing overhead lines with visible transformers. The construction of both wind farms has also been carried out using the same meth- odology that Acciona uses in all its facilities of this type to reduce their environmental impact to the maximum. This includes the use of pre- existing access tracks wherever possible, the restoration of affected land, the adaptation of interior tracks to the relief of the land and the re-use of material dug up in earthworks. The wind farms are located in a mainly agricultural area, which is fully compatible with wind power and also maintains tradi- tional land uses that were in existence prior to the implementation of wind turbines. A mechanism to reduce emissions The CDM is one of the flexible mechanisms envisaged in the Kyoto Protocol for the emissions reduction. The idea is that pub- lic or private entities materialize projects in developing countries to contribute to their sustainable development and an overall re- duction of greenhouse gases. Through this mechanism companies or entities obtain Emissions Reduction Certificates (ERCs) that can be used in in- dustrial countries to comply with reduction commitments undertaken under the Kyoto Protocol. Operating on the emissions trading market guarantees the financial viability of the projects and also favors sustainable de- velopment initiatives in countries receiving the investments. A leader in renewables Acciona Energía is a world leader in re- newable energies with a major presence in eight technologies. In wind power –at 30 September 2008– it had installed 5,571 MW (4,105 MW owned by the company) in 200 wind parks in fourteen countries, and it produces wind turbines using pro- prietary technology. It has installed 65 MW of solar thermal power, 114 MW of pho- tovoltaic power and 15 MW of thermal energy. It also owns and operates three biomass plants (33 MW) and 19 small hy- dro power stations (59 MW). In biofuels, it produces biodiesel from vegetable oils and bioethanol from wine-surplus alcohol. It belongs to the Acciona group, one of the main Spanish corporations, with ac- tivities in more than thirty countries in the five continents in the fields of infrastruc- tures, energy, hydro resources and serv- ices, with a turnover of 9.353 mEUR in the first three quarters of 2008. Acciona has a workforce of over 41.000 employees and is quoted on the Spanish IBEX-35 (ANA. MC) selective index. WINDPOWER 37 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 THE TWO WIND FARMS, WITH A TOTAL CAPACITY OF 29.7 MW, WILL AVOID THE EMISSION OF 84,000 TONNES (92,592 US TONS) OF CO 2 OVER 10 YEARS ACCIONA ENERGY IS THE FIRST SPANISH COMPANY TO OWN WIND FARMS IN THE COUNTRY Acciona.indd 37 30/12/08 12:10:45 VITAA ZEUS ENERGY Harnessing the Potential of Wind T oday the need of the hour is clean and environment friendly energy to meet the quantum demand for power all over the world. The coming years will see an influx of wind turbine manu- facturers from all over the world more so from China. The latest report states that every province in China will be producing wind turbines of various sizes to meet the global demand. This leads us to the billion dollar ques- tion on post installation, operation, main- tenance and services? Turbines have a giant rotor, in some cases as large in diameter as a football field, generating 1 to 2 million lb-ft of torque. The gearboxes commonly have 75:1 to 100:l step-up ratios, taking wind energy from the rotors at about 20 rpm up to 1,500 to 1,800 rpm at the generator. The trouble is, when wind speed suddenly changes, a relatively small amount of ac- celeration and angular movement at the gearbox input gets multiplied 100 times at the output - building up massive amounts of torsional windup and strain energy in the gears. Turbines typically use planetary gears to divide torque along three paths and reduce individual loads on each gear. But torsional loads twist gears out of align- ment, and slight dimensional variations in gearbox components - including shafts, bearings, gears, and carrier - means planet gears don’t equally share the load. Misaligned gears, shock loads, and uneven forces lead to high localized stress- es and, eventually, fractures along the gear edges. It also causes bearings to skid rath- er than roll, smearing and micro pitting the raceways and hastening failure. Fatigue Loads Wind turbines are subject to fluctuating winds and hence fluctuating forces. This is particularly the case if they are located in a very turbulent wind climate. Components which are subject to repeated bending, such as rotor blades, may eventually devel- op cracks which ultimately may make the component break. This is the critical factor which we specialize in providing predictive maintenance on an 8760 hour basis and which is the major difference between us and other service providers. Structural Dynamics A 50 metre tall wind turbine tower will have a tendency to swing back and forth, say, every three seconds. The frequency with which the tower oscillates back and forth is also known as the eigenfrequency of the tower. The eigenfrequency depends on both the height of the tower, the thick- ness of its walls, the type of steel, and the weight of the nacelle and rotor. Now, each time a rotor blade passes the wind shade of the tower, the rotor will push slightly less against the tower. If the rotor turns with a rotational speed such that a rotor blade passes the tower each time the tower is in one of its extreme positions, then the rotor blade may either dampen or amplify (rein- force) the oscillations of the tower. The rotor blades themselves are also flexible, and may have a tendency to vi- brate, say, once per second. As you can see, it is very important to know the ei- genfrequency of each component in order to provide a safe and smooth running of turbines that do not oscillate out of control and again this forms one of the critical as- pects in maintaining wind turbines. Operation & Maintenance Maximum Machine availability at calcula- WINDPOWER Vitaa Zeus Energy specializes in providing predictive, preventive optimization in the field of wind turbines. Wind turbines of the megawatt class generally consist of more than 10,000 components, each distinctive and critical for generating quality power by maintaining the flicker and harmonic ratios as demanded by the national and international grid code. Vitaa Zeus Energy Private Limited is also one of the leading developers for installing wind turbines in various states and is in the final stages of acquiring a land bank for 350MW of Wind Energy in proven locations identified by CWET and also have independently put up wind masts in various states for data collection. 38 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india J. Jeyakumar. CEO, Vitaa Zeus Energy Private. Vitaa Zeus.indd 38 30/12/08 12:12:08 ble costs is the prerequisite for economic success in wind power generation. A de- manding technical and logistical task. The solution is provided by our professionally qualified and skilled man power with more than 35 million hours of man hour experi- ence in operating and maintaining various turbines manufactured by various leading Wind turbine Companies. Vitaa Zeus OMS Management The name says it all. This comprehensive maintenance and operating system for power plants was developed on the ba- sis of experience that technically caused yield losses are generally avoidable. Power Management reduces system down time, significantly reduces yield losses, pre- vents expensive consequential damage and increases the service life of the ma- chines. The system also serves to control the plants in the grid with the objective to achieve high quality electricity and grid stability. Thus, Vitaa Zeus Energy Manage- ment is an important service offered to the operators of wind turbine systems for secure energy supply. Vitaa Zeus optimizes the operational results and costs of your energy facilities. Modules for maximum availabilitv Preventative and predictive maintenance with Vitaa Zeus OMS Management com- prises of the below given components: The internet-linked online monitor- ing system Vitaa Zeus Terminal allows the operator to react to all events immediately and facilitates a complete overview of all systems, their operating status and their performance, irrespective of the manufac- turer. The early fault detection function of the automatic status monitoring system Vitaa Zeus helps you to purchase spare parts on time and to avoid expensive con- sequential damage. Repairs can be sched- uled for low- wind periods. The Vitaa Zeus service package completes the early fault detection system: All major components including the gear oil and compliance with all maintenance regulations are regularly checked by experienced technicians in ac- cordance with a specified inspection plan. The Vitaa Zeus monitors all systems from the 24h control centre and directs the work of the service teams. These serv- ice teams are available 24/7 and deal with any fault as quickly as possible. No effect without a cause - as a mobile research lab- oratory, Vitaa Zeus is always on the look- out for the causes of component wear and faults, to further increase the service life of all components. The detailed examina- tion of operating data is just as much an everyday-use tool as high-precision power train measurements in wind turbines. Vitaa Zeus database collects all infor- mation on system operation and presents all required operating information intel- ligibly. In addition to permanent operat- ing data recording, each event, whether inspection, maintenance or repair, is au- tomatically registered and evaluated. This data allows optimal planning of preventa- tive and predictive maintenance meas- ures. 39 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 WINDPOWER THE COMING YEARS WILL SEE AN INFLUX OF WIND TURBINE MANUFACTURERS FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD MORE SO FROM CHINA Vitaa Zeus.indd 39 30/12/08 12:12:10 SEDUCE THE SUNLIGHT The impressive efciency of our MAXIS solar cells makes our manufacturing plant shine with pride The MAXIS brand name results from the combination of the high efciency that the cells offer (MAX), and the the technique of Isotropic texturization (IS) that Photovoltech uses in production. This results in a cell efciency up to 16% and more with a superior stability. Visit us at www.photovoltech.com Innovative system for automatic cleaning of biomass boilers T his process allows an automatic re- moval of soot and deposits, with- out switching off and opening the boiler or heat exchanger. By using this in- novative system two fundamental benefits are achieved: a continuous full capacity performance of the boiler and the elimina- tion of the stops needed for the manual cleaning. This patented system is nowa- days installed on more than 1.000 boilers all over the world. The Aerovit system can be retrofitted on existing boilers and heat exchangers as well as integrated to new ones, without constraints about the fuel they utilise: straw, chips, wood, wasted oil, pellets, paper or other kinds of biomass or waste. Aerovit = saving The Director of OKR Cleaning – Knud Sun- dgaard Hansen – remarks on the saving produced by the cleaning system when traditional fuels are used, in backup boil- ers during shutdowns, in order to clean or cover high peak demands of energy. This saving is much bigger than the small operative cost of the Aerovit system, with a return of the investment comprised be- tween 4 – 24 months. Moreover the re- duced fuel consumption per MW output means a lower emission of CO 2 , so that AEROVIT has a positive effect on the en- vironment. How it works The system consist of valves connected to an air compressed system, mounted on nozzles that work like cannons in the internal part of the boiler, pointing at the convection tubes and at the heat-trans- mitting surface of the boiler. For a fraction of second each time, the compressed air is “shot out” in gusts through the valves and the connected pipes disposed on the boiler. The shock wave effect of the com- pressed air removes the soot fouling from the heat- transmitting surface. The strong- er is the effect of the shock waves the bet- ter the result is. Our experience testifies that few millimetres soot fouling reduces the pure heat-transfer and increases the fuel consumption by the 2 - 4% in wood chips boilers and up to 10% in bio-oil boil- ers. With Aerovit the heat transmitting sur- faces are continuously kept clean, ensur- ing maximum efficiency in the use of the fuel. The Aerovit system is also provided with an air injection system that creates a flow of cold air passing through the noz- zles. The creation of this air “cushion” un- able the heat and the corrosive flue gas to enter the nozzles, so that couplers, nipples and the valve itself remain insulated and last longer. More than 25 years of experience OKR has developed its activity in the field of boilers cleaning since 1980 and nowadays its main customers are boilers producers all around Europe. Its mission is to provide every kind of boiler with an effective soot blowing system, maintaining a stable and economic production. In the Scandina- vian countries in fact, almost every kind of boiler is already equipped with a cleaning system based on compressed air in order to increase its output. BIOMASS In the boilers the combustion of biomass causes the creation of soot coating. Each millimetre of soot diminishes significantly the boiler output. Many boilers, moreover, don’t get cleaned in a good way and with the needed frequency, so that the consequence is a lower performance compared to the standard. However a great solution for enacting an automatic, deep and effective boiler cleaning exists. In 1992 the Danish firm OKR Cleaning ApS developed the AEROVIT system, a cleaning system that uses compressed air to create computerized shock waves. 40 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india Biomass boilers. Aerovit.indd 40 30/12/08 15:52:40 SEDUCE THE SUNLIGHT The impressive efciency of our MAXIS solar cells makes our manufacturing plant shine with pride The MAXIS brand name results from the combination of the high efciency that the cells offer (MAX), and the the technique of Isotropic texturization (IS) that Photovoltech uses in production. This results in a cell efciency up to 16% and more with a superior stability. Visit us at www.photovoltech.com Aerovit.indd 41 30/12/08 15:52:41 JUHA HUOTARI, GENERAL MANAGER, R&D, BIOMASS FUELS AND COMBUSTION, WÄRTSILÄ BIOPOWER IN FINLAND, RAYMOND WALSH, GENERAL MANAGER, BIOPOWER, R&D, WÄRTSILÄ POWER PLANTS IN FINLAND, KAI HELKILINNA, CHIEF DESIGN ENGINEER, R&D, WÄRTSILÄ POWER PLANTS IN FINLAND A new biofuel – spent grain B iomass materials typically contain equal proportions of the energy- producing elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). The level of sulphur (S), at <0.05% in dry material, is low but may increase because of additives from the industrial processes. The content of nitro- gen (N), which can cause the formation of acidic compounds in the flue gas, can typically vary between 0.01% and 1%. The level of chlorine (Cl), which produces corrosive flue gas compounds, is also low in clean fuels. However, there are several mineral elements and compounds that can limit the suitability of a biomass for fuel (Table 1). The most troublesome elements among minerals are the alkali metals, such as K, Na, P, and the compounds in which they exist in fuel. They can increase both the tendency of ash to slag (or cake up) on the grate, and the fouling of the furnace, boiler and heat transfer walls. Due to the complexity of the high temperature reac- tion chemistry of minerals, the detailed be- haviour of ash is difficult to predict. Coal and peat ashes typically have a high pro- portion of Silicon (Si). The most “difficult” fuels are those that fall in the K 2 O+Na 2 O corner of the chart. Fuel and combustion Spent grain (SG) is a by-product of the brewery process. Currently, it is further processed for animal food. Fertilizers are used for growing grains, and therefore the spent grain is enriched by the fertilizing compounds. Some of those compounds are water soluble, and therefore partly sol- ute into the waste water during process- ing. After the brewing process, the spent grain has a moisture content of 80%. By pressing the SG, it is possible to reduce this water content to a 60% level, and with a specially designed belt press, it is possible to reach 58% moisture content. To make spent grain practical for use, it is mixed with wood chips at a 50:50 ratio on a dry mass basis. The detailed composition can be seen in Table 2. The combustion capac- ity of the Wärtsilä BioGrate is dependent upon the heating value of the fuel. The heating value of dry biomass material stays rather constant, but the heating value of wet fuel varies according to the moisture content. With spent grain, the moisture content remains constant after pressing, but in wood chips, the moisture content varies according to the weather conditions. The combustion temperature, together with the maximum flow of flue gas, limit the range of permissible moisture content and the heating value. In Figure 3, the adi- abatic combustion temperature and spe- cific flue gas quantity as a function of fuel moisture, is presented. The specific flue gas amount increases exponentially (+), while the adiabatic combustion tempera- ture decreases, also exponentially (-). Typi- cal dimensioning is done with 55% as the BIOMASS Small power plants – such as the Wärtsilä BioPower 5 plant –use local biomass as fuel. The type of biomass fuel, however, depends very much on cost and availability. One possible source is spent grain material from brewery processes. The very first commercial power plants using spent grain are currently under construction. 42 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india Element Peat Bark Logging residue bales Coal Si 24.0 8.8 9.9 27.3 Al 6.0 2.6 1.0 12.1 Fe 9.8 4.4 0.5 3.0 Mn 0.1 0.9 1.5 0.0 Mg 1.2 2.7 2.9 1.1 Ca 5.4 21.4 21.9 3.1 Na 1.7 1.1 0.4 1.1 K 1.8 5.4 8.8 2.2 P 1.3 2.2 2.7 0.4 S 1.8 2.1 0.9 1.5 Cl 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 Table 1 – Mineral composition of typical fuels used for large scale energy production, % in dry ash material. Fuel converted to ash at 550 °C (Source: the Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT)). Warts02.indd 42 30/12/08 12:16:28 reference moisture. In practice, the upper limit for fuel moisture is 65% in the mix- ture. Both low temperature and the flue gas fan capacity are limiting factors. The boiler steam production capacity starts to decrease when the fuel moisture increases above 55%. Availability experiments All grain materials are known to have dif- ficult combustion properties. Typically, ash left on the grate may contain compounds that cause ash deformation, softening, and melting at too low combustion tempera- tures. Also, compounds volatilizing from the grate and fl owing in the flue gases onto the heat transfer surfaces of the boiler, may cause fouling and slagging, and could eventually lead to corrosion on the metal surfaces. An extensive fuel and combus- tion research programme has been carried out to obtain more detailed knowledge of the process dimensioning, in order to mini- mize the risks. The programme scope went from detailed laboratory studies, to tests using a fuel test container at the client’s brewery in Manchester. The pressure drop over the grate must stay within the design range so that the combustion air and burn- ing gases can flow evenly throughout the burning fuel layer. Ash softening and slag- ging is dependent on the fuel ash chem- istry and temperature. An increase in the ratio of grain fuel first increases the fur- nace temperature, which in turn increases the pressure drop, and eventually results in the failure of the combustion control. This can be seen in the fluctuations of the fur- nace temperature and pressure drop. The results of the laboratory experiments have been explained by using theoretical mul- tiphase calculations. At present, there is no complete calculation model which could predict the combustion capacity, emis- BIOMASS 43 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 Spent grain Wood chips Mixture Moisture % 58 45 52.4 Heat value, dry Mj/kg 20.14 18.84 19.49 Heat value, wet MJ/kg 7.0 9.3 8.00 Bulk density kg/m 3 257 236 247 Mass ratio, dry % 100.0 Volume ratio, wet % 54.6 45.4 100.0 Elements, dry C % 51.2 50.9 51.1 H % 7 6.3 6.7 N % 3.63 0.1 1.9 S % 0.27 0.02 0.15 CI % 0.015 0.011 0.01 O % 34.485 41.169 37.8 Ash % 3.4 1.5 2.45 Sum % 100.00 Minerals in dry fuel Na % 0.0083 0.0064 0.0074 K % 0.0293 0.05 0.0396 Ca % 0.193 0.0676 0.1303 Si % 0.1452 0.0058 0.0755 Al % 0.00065 0.00163 0.0011 P % 0.429 0.0045 0.2168 Mg % 0.122 0.0111 0.0666 Table 2 – Composition of a spent grain/wood chip fuel mixture Warts02.indd 43 30/12/08 12:16:30 sions, and ash behaviour for various fuels, given only the boundary and initial values. At best, the parallel model calculations can show trends of possible influences caused by specific calculation parameters and models. Figure 5 shows examples of the temperature behaviour of ash when using different slag models. Based on the results of various laboratory experiments, the decision was made in spring 2007 to continue testing the fuel on-site using the Wärtsilä combustion container in the Scot- tish & Newcastle (S & N) Manchester fac- tory. Certain mineral elements are known to cause problems in the combustion grate and boiler. The solubility properties of these elements in the tested fuels were analyzed. With a high proportion of solu- ble alkalis, reactions can be expected at a low temperature on the grate, which can lead to slag formation. Some of the com- pounds can also evaporate to flue gases and stick to the heat transfer surfaces. The values of the spent grain properties are situated between those of wood chips and Fuel B (a known difficult grain fuel). The experiments’ flue gas emissions are shown in Table 3. CO emission levels were rather constant, even when the heat value of the fuel during each test period decreased as the spent grain proportion increased. NO emissions remained at a level of ap- proximately 300 ppm throughout. It is known that the conversion of fuel nitro- gen to NO decreases when fuel nitrogen increases. On the other hand, part of the fuel nitrogen may convert to N 2 O with a higher fuel-N content and at lower tem- peratures. Therefore, the NO stays rather constant even with 100% spent grain. The 100% spent grain test was intended to give “worst case” reference values. In Figure 8, grate ash samples from the 50% and 100% SG tests are shown. The hard- ness of the sinter particles did not increase so much as to prevent the operation of the grate. Thus the grate capacity is not limited, even when the share of spent grain varies around the 50% mass ratio. In practice, the share of spent grain does not stay constant and the mixture is not fully homogenous. Therefore it is important to consider some margin for the long-term running of the grate. Based on the re- sults and experiences from the laboratory BIOMASS 44 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india Boiler steam temperature °C 485 485 Boiler steam pressure bara 64 64 Steam flow t/h 21.7 4.7 Electricity output at terminal poles MW 4.7 3.1 Process steam MW 0 7.3 Steam pressure bara 10 10 CO mg/m 3 n, 200 O 2 =11% db. NO x mg/m 3 n, 315 O 2 =11% db. SO 2 S ≤ 0.15% mg/m 3 n, 230 O 2 =11% db. Particles mg/m 3 n, ≤10 O 2 =11% db. Date 21.08.2007 22.08.2007 24.08.2007 Fuel Wood chips 100 Wood chips 50 Spent grain 50 Spent grain 100 Measurement period(s) 1 x 30 min 2 x 60 min 2 x 60 min Measurement Flue gas T [°C] 141 153 138 0 2 [%] 5.0 5.9 5.8 CO [ppm] 54 36 31 *CO [ppm] 51 36 31 NO [ppm] 85 314 273 *NO [ppm] 80 312 269 * Normalised to O 2 6% Table 4 – Wärtsilä BP5 CEX values for the Scottish & Newcastle projects Table 5 - Expected emission values of the spent grain and wood chips mixture Table 3 – Flue gas analysis; average results of dry gases The dependencies of the adiabatic combustion temperature and the specific flue gas (FG) quantity from the fuel moisture, heat value of dry fuel 19 MJ/kg. Increase of pressure drop over the grate when increasing the ratio of grain fuel. Multiphase calculation examples of ash melting behaviour using various slag models (Source: VTT). Warts02.indd 44 30/12/08 12:16:31 analysis, from the small scale combustor, and from the combustion container, it was concluded that it is technically feasible to base the design of a commercial plant on a ratio of 50% wood chips and 50% spent grain. The Wärtsilä BioPower BP5 CEX plant Fuel is taken by trucks to the site, where it is screened and transported through a magnet. From the sieve magnet facility the fuel is transported by an elevator and screws into two cylindrical silos (300 m 3 per silo). From there the material is unloaded by bottom screws onto the chain convey- ors, which transport the fuel into the boiler silo, from which screws feed fuel onto the grate. The steam boiler produces super- heated steam. The combustion chamber and boiler combination is a natural circula- tion flow system constructed from mem- brane walls, with refractory insulations on the furnace walls and a steam drum above the boiler roof. The superheaters, convec- tive evaporator, and economizer are locat- ed downward in the flue gas draft. Feed water is pumped from the feed water tank to the steam drum through the fin tube economizer. The superheated steam flows to the steam turbine, where the steam ex- pands and rotates the turbine and genera- tor, both of which are connected on the same shaft. The turbine is an axial impulse- type condensing extraction turbine, placed in one casing with a controlled (pressure) steam extraction (10 bara) for process steam and the heating of the feed wa- ter tank. The exhaust pressure varies be- tween 0.07 and 0.12 bara depending on the process case. The Wärtsilä BioPower process options are presented in Table 4. When designing the Wärtsilä BioPower BP5 plant, a special emphasis has been put on modules, which can be constructed and pre-tested at the factory. It consists of 15 main functional modules, which are constructed inside steel structures. The completed modules are lifted into position at the plant site, the interconnections are assembled, and the whole process testing can start much quicker than for a typical plant fabricated on-site. Emissions into the atmosphere Due to the elevated content of nitrogen and sulphur in spent grain (see Table 2), the emission values (Table 5) differ from typical wood based biomass with respect to NO- and SO 2 emissions. A heat value level c. 8 MJ/kg enables good combustion, and the CO emission levels become typi- cal. Dust emissions, which must be kept low because of the plant’s location near the city centre, are reduced with a fabric filter. However, while the fabric filter en- sures high dust separation efficiency from the flue gases, it does inevitably increase the power needed for the flue gas fan. Further reduction of NO X emissions will be achieved with the help of a NH 3 contain- ing additive injection (SNCR) into the com- bustion chamber. In this case urea is used as the additive. The NOX reduction rate is very sensitive to the combustion tempera- ture, the reaction time, and the mixing of additive into the fl owing gas. If the plant is running at a rather constant capacity, the reduction rate can be adjusted to op- timal. However, if the boiler capacity or fuel properties (moisture, heat value) are fluctuating, the reduction results – based on experiences from another plant (wood and bark as fuel) - can vary between 20 and 60%. Conclusion Wärtsilä has been working with grain- based by-product fuels since 2004. The by-products from grain differ in their de- tailed fuel properties, partly because of the processes, and partly because of the soil properties and fertilizers present where the grains have been grown. The chemical compositions of the grains and processes are complicated, and it is not possible to calculate in advance the dimensioning details without any pre-studies of the ma- terials. Based on the experimental data, including availability experiences, an avail- ability ranking list between different types of fuel has been developed. It is based on 130 individual fuel-related items of infor- mation per fuel. Spent grain is placed in the middle of this ranking. Clean wood originated fuels ranks the best and bran type gran fuels the worst. A procedure for evaluating the availability of various fuels has been developed. Experiments from commercial plants have finally shown the usefulness of the method. Reference SCOTTISH & NEWCASTLE, UK Wärtsilä is currently constructing two combined heat and power plants (CHP) that will burn spent grain on Scottish & Newcastle’s brewary sites in Manchester and Tadcaster, UK. These Wärtsilä BioPower plants will be the first power plants in the world ever to produce, with high efficiency, both electricity and heat using spent grain as fuel. Each CHP plant will have a thermal output of 7.4 MWth in combined heat and power production, and an electrical output of 3.1 MWe. The electrical output in condensing operation is 4.7 MWe. The plants, which will burn a mixture of spent grain and wood chips from local sources, are due to start operations in spring 2009, producing steam and electricity for the breweries’ processes and exporting excess electricity to the local electricity network. The Wärtsilä BioPower plants will enable Scottish & Newcastle to make more efficient use of residue from its beer production, cut down on waste handling and energy costs, as well as reducing CO emissions. BIOMASS 45 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 Behaviour of selected mineral elements treated with various solutions. Warts02.indd 45 30/12/08 12:16:32 Controls & Switchgear Himoinsa Pvt. Ltd. 222, Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase III, New Delhi 110 020 India Tel: (+91 11) 3088 7520-25, Fax: (+91 11) 2684 8241, 2684 7342 C&S HIMOINSA A COMPANY SPECIALISED IN THE DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND MANUFACTURING OF GENERATING SETS, LIGHTING TOWERS AND ENERGY GENERATION PRODUCTS. PURE ENERGY NOW IN INDIA Himoinsa-Control and Switchgear Pvt Ltd, strong progress in joint venture activity D ue to strong growth in demand for its products in India, HIMOIN- SA group take the initiative in 2007 to undertake the construction of a new robotic highly productive plant in In- dia. For this project HIMOINSA have cre- ated a 50:50 joint venture with the Indian partners Control and Switchgear Pvt Ltd, who were the first company in India to manufacture soundproof genset in 1998. The plant has been built up in Pant Nagar new industrial area at Uttaranchal province. This new facility has a total land area of 40,000 m 2 in which it has been built a production plant of 14,000 m 2 in the first stage. The second stage will cover 10.000 m 2 more to achieve a total of 24.000 m 2 totally close air cooled plant, plus 8.000 m 2 more cover area for final products stock.. In this facility C&S HIMOINSA is pro- ducing today more than 4.000 units in his first year operations, and is getting ready to produce more than 10.000 units year, supported with last technology on sheet metal treatment, large Automated Powder Paint Coating Plant, Advance Assembly / Testing facilities, to produce high quality Generating Sets & Control Panels. To date, the total amount of invest- ment in India has been more than 5 Mil- lion Euros, where the percentage for tech- nological investment will be approximately 20%. C&S Himoinsa is commitment with quality and for this reason only works with first brand suppliers that in case of engines has choose initially the following brand covering powers from 10 up to 250 kVA. - Generating sets with Ashok Leyland pow- ered engine: 10-250KVA - Generating sets with Yanmar engine powered: 12.5 – 40KVA - Generating sets with Volvo engine pow- ered: 250 – 630KVA On alternators bases only Leroy Som- mer and Stamford are accepted suppliers. In order to support the product evolu- tions inside and outside the India market C&S HIMOINSA has created a engineer- ing department which will be responsible for new designs, focusing their efforts on the optimisation of the process and saving cost in order to offer to the final client the best product at the best possible price. Today, C&S Himoinsa Ltd. markets GEN-SETS HIMOINSA, a company specialized in the design, development and manufacture of generating sets, lighting towers and associated products for power generation, exports its product portfolio from its European factories to the Indian market since 1996. 46 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india Himoinsa.indd 46 30/12/08 16:10:22 Controls & Switchgear Himoinsa Pvt. Ltd. 222, Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase III, New Delhi 110 020 India Tel: (+91 11) 3088 7520-25, Fax: (+91 11) 2684 8241, 2684 7342 C&S HIMOINSA A COMPANY SPECIALISED IN THE DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND MANUFACTURING OF GENERATING SETS, LIGHTING TOWERS AND ENERGY GENERATION PRODUCTS. PURE ENERGY NOW IN INDIA Himoinsa.indd 47 30/12/08 16:10:26 GEN-SETS and distributes its products mainly in Indi- an where at the end of his first operations year will have 20 distributors all around Indian. C&S Himoinsa Ltd can be proud to say that manufactures the most innova- tive, technological and soundproof gener- ating sets of the Indian market. CONTACT Controls & Switchgear Himoinsa Pvt. Ltd 222, Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase III, New Delhi 110 020 India Tel: (+91 11) 3088 7520-25, Fax: (+91 11) 2684 8241, 2684 7342 www.controlsindia.com Visit our website and suscribe to receive our news-letter for free All the latest information both nationally and internationally of the power generation sectors www.energetica-india.com EINewsletterAd.indd 1 16/12/08 15:44:18 Himoinsa.indd 48 30/12/08 16:10:29 PRADEEP CHATURVEDI. CHAIRMAN. INDIAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE Renewable Energy Can Be Centre Stage E U has unanimously agreed to re- duce emissions by 20%, reduce energy consumption by 20% and introduce renewable energy use at 20% by 2020. The route to be followed may be more or less the same but each country can decide on its route. It is significant to note that the focus will be on liquid automo- tive fuels and space heating. This package for 12 years will have the window to reas- sess its performance in 2014 and redraft its route of development. Many European leaders were in a hurry to announce this package before US President Elect Obama makes his announcement on taking over on January 20, 2009 and take away the green energy leadership. Investment in Renewables An unprecedented growth in industry and investment set new pace in the global energy revolution in the year 2007. An estimated US$71 billion was invested in new renewable power and heating capac- ity world wide, out of which 47% was for wind power and 30% for solar PV. Add to that over US$ 10 billion in new solar PV manufacturing capacity, over US$ 4 billion in bio fuels plant additions, and at least US$16 Billion in research and devel- opment. The total reaches over US$ 100 billion for the first time in history. These investment flows also became more diver- sified and mainstream during 2006 and 2007, including flows from major commer- cial and investment banks, venture capital and private equity investors, multilateral and bilateral development organizations, and smaller local financiers. Countries with the largest amounts of new capacity investment were Germany, China, the United States, Spain, Japan and India. It is notable that three of the six countries are from Asia, which speaks vol- umes about the contribution of the Asian continent in renewable energy revolution. Investment in Germany increased to over US$ 14 billion in 2007, foremost for wind and solar PV. China stands second where the investment was US$ 12 bil- lion, mostly in small hydro power, solar hot water and wind power, while the US was number 3, with over US$ 10 billion. Emerging markets are also capturing in- creasing share of investments in news ca- pacity, manufacturing facilities and R&D. Further more, the years 2006 and 2007 saw investors world wide, paying much greater attention to companies in the renewable energy sector. This atten- tion can be translated into higher stock valuation and more aggressive industry ex- pansion. By mid 2007, at least 140 publicly traded renewable energy companies – or renewable energy divisions of major com- panies world wide had a market capitali- zation greater than US$ 40 million each. The estimated total market capitalization of these companies and divisions in mid 2007 was more than US $100 billion and the number of companies in this category jumped significantly over the year, from around 85 in 2006. Dozens of other com- panies appeared poised to become public and attain higher valuations, as initial pub- lic offerings (IPOs) and strong investment flows continued during 2007. Sources of finance and investment in mid 2008 have come from a diverse array of private and public institutions. From private sources, both main stream and venture capital investment is accelerat- ing, for proven and developing technolo- gies. The largest institutional investors and banks have been lending for renewable energy over the past several years, while venture capital finance for renewable en- ergy exceeded US$ 3 billion worldwide in 2006, and was substantially higher in 2007, particularly for solar PV and bio fu- els. The US led venture capital investment, with over 60% of the clean energy total during 2006, and a reported $800 million for bio fuels alone. Market and Industry Trends Future investments reflect strong market growth for a number of technologies and aggressive industry expansion. The period 2006 – 07 saw accelerating investments in manufacturing plants for wind turbines and components, conventional solar PV, thin film PV, concentrates solar thermal components, and conventional bio fuel production. Solar hot water markets con- tinued to grow in China, Europe and some other countries. This period also marked the beginning of commercial investments in advanced cellulosic ethanol bio fuel plants. Wind power now accounts for the dominant share of global investments in renewable energy. Total wind power ca- pacity grew by 28% worldwide in 2007 to reach an estimated 95 GW. Annual capac- ity additions by market size increased even more: 40% high in 2007 as compared to 2006. Wind markets have also become geographically broad, with capacity in over 70 countries. Even as turbine prices re- The Committee of Parties Meet at Poznan has miserably failed to put forth any viable solution for GHG emission reduction and targets for renewable energy use. The reasons may have to be defined yet. However, the new US President’s takeover and the possible policy thrust on higher renewable energy use in US has forced EU to deliberately take decision on specific renewable energy use targets and also on GHG emission targets. RENEWABLEENERGY 49 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 Chaturvedi.indd 49 30/12/08 15:55:51 RENEWABLEENERGY 50 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india mained high, due in part to material costs and supply chain trouble, the industry saw an increase in manufacturing facilities in the US, India and China, expanding the manufacturing away from Europe with the growth of more localized supply chains. Grid connected PV continues to be the fastest growing power generation technol- ogies, with 50% annual increase in cumu- lative installed capacities in both 2006 and 2007. An estimated 2.7 GW was added globally in 2007 compared with 1.6 GW in 2006, which brought cumulative grid-con- nected capacity to an estimated 7.8GW. Markets for grid-connected PV remained strong in Japan and California while many new emerging markets like Korea also got added. The solar PV industry produced an es- timated 3.5 – 3.8 GW of capacity in 2007, grown up from 2.5GW in 2006. Invest- ment in new PV manufacturing facilities was strong in Europe, Japan, China, Tai- wan and the US with many new reported ventures. Three of these are in Asia. By 2007, more than 70 silicon manufactur- ing facilities were being constructed or planned. Thin film PV still represents a small share of global solar PV production, about 6% to 8% in 2006, but it is gaining acceptance as a mainstream technology. Over 80 companies are now active in thin film. With these increases in wind and so- lar PV coupled with more modest increase in bio-mass, small hydro, and geothermal, new renewables now represent 5% of global power capacity and 3.4% of glo- bal generation. Renewable electricity generation capacity reached an estimated 240GW worldwide in 2007 i.e. an increase of over 50% compared to 2004. Policy Trends One clear trend is that more and more countries are enacting new policy targets for renewable energy, or strengthening and extending existing targets. Policy targets now exist in at least 66 countries worldwide. Most targets are for share of electricity production, primary energy, and final energy by future year and the ma- jority aim for the 2010-2012 timeframe, although an increasing number aim for 2020 and beyond. In addition, targets for bio fuels as future share of transport en- ergy now exists in several countries. In the Asian region, China made an announcement of specific targets for 15% of primary energy 2020, as well as many technology specific targets. This was an- nounced in September 2007. Identifying the best investment oppor- tunities requires a close understanding of the environmental infrastructure of busi- ness including an in-depth knowledge of the different regulatory regimes and mar- ket drivers that affect the sector. The three key drivers for effective re- newable energy investments are those of environment policy, market liberalization and the falling cost of technology. In order to identify the best investment opportuni- ties, it is important to pin point markets where these three drivers interact. The difficult global financial situation in 2008 has witnessed a major shift in which instead of the end users investing in devices, new brand of intermediaries are merging who are promoting leasing of the equipment, thereby taking away the risk of ownership from the end user. Impact of Renewable Energy Sources in Asia Some of the Asian countries have shown tremendous potential and determination to push forth the renewable sources. Ex- amples of Japan, China and India are rel- evant. CHINA: Realizing the future air quality threat, China has started investmenting in certain areas of clean energy technology, such as wind, the PV manufacturing sector, solar thermal, bio mass and bio fuels. In fact, China is now one of the world’s leading renewable energy producers, in terms of installed capacity. The country already has more installed domestic solar thermal sys- tems than any other country. Though China ranked second for the amount invested in renewable energy in 2007 with over US$12 billion, trailing be- hind the leader, Germany, which invested US$14 billion. If it has to meet its ambi- tious 2020 renewable goals for wind, bio- mass, hydro and solar installations that it has set itself, a further US$398 billion of investment will be needed. For the third running year, China doubled its installed wind capacity, add- ing 3.3GW of new wind generation dur- ing 2007. China has now over 6GW of installed wind capacity and the country ranks 5th in the world, after Germany, USA, Spain and India. China is expected to reach 20GW by 2010 and 200 GW by 2020. The wind manufacturing industry in China is also booming. China is expected to become the world’s leading manufac- turer of wind turbine by 2009. The primary focus of China’s renew- able goals for international use is on the less expensive technologies, such as wind and biomass. On the other side, China is committed to build its PV manufacturing industry. With already more than 400 so- lar PV companies, China’s growing solar manufacturing industry is positioned to become a low cost leader in the growing low carbon economy. There are already four Chinese solar companies with market capitalization of over US$2billion. These are Suntech, Yingli, LDK Solar, and JA Solar Holdings. Growth rates of these compa- nies and many other renewable companies in China are currently more than doubling each year. China is a world leader in the manu- facture of solar PV and its production of 820 MW in 2007 is second only to Japan. China now has an annual production ca- pacity of 1300 MW and plans to expand this to 4000 MW by 2010, more than the entire global production in 2007. On the thermal side the solar water heater market has grown rapidly and ac- counts for about 60% of global capacity. China had an estimated installed capacity of 90 sqm in 2006 and this is growing at about 20% per year. China’s construction industry has been booming with a predicted 20 billion sqm to be constructed by 2020 – equivalent to Europe’s entire building stock. China’s buildings currently consume around 18% of the country’s total energy, but this could reach up to 40% by 2030 when China’s urban population is projected to be more than double to 1 billion people. To tackle this, The Design Standard for Energy Con- servation in Civil Buildings (the building code) came into effect from 1st January 2006 requiring new buildings to use en- Chaturvedi.indd 50 30/12/08 15:55:52 ergy efficient materials and insulation, and to adopt energy saving technologies for heating, air-conditioning, ventilation and lighting systems. At the moment it is es- timated that of the existing 43 billion sqm of building stock in China only 4% meet the standard. China is also a leader in low carbon transport. With a motorized vehicle use rate of around one passenger car per 70 people in 2007, the majority of Chinese population still uses public transport, bi- cycles, motorcycles and walking. Taxation policy helps compact cars’ market reach 1.64 million vehicles in 2007. China’s entrepreneurs have brought the humble bicycle into the 21st Century by adding a nickel cadmium rechargeable battery and electric engine producing a highly efficient form of electric transport known as the e- bike with a typical engine size of 250w, e- bikes emit at least 90% less carbon dioxide than passenger cars. China is also the leading beneficiary from the United Nations CDM and has developed projects to reduce 900 million mt of carbon dioxide emissions by 2010, valued at over US$ 10 billion. INDIA: By March 2008, renewable power excluding hydro above 25 MW installed capacity, has reached over 11,200 MW, contributing around 8 percent of the country’s electric installed capacity, besides other application for cooking and heating purposes. Many of the programmes are di- rected towards providing clean energy to rural communities for meeting their cook- ing, heating and motive power needs, apart from electricity. The plans for 2012 include achieving an installed capacity of around 25,000 MW grid power; installing additional 10 million sq meter solar ther- mal collector area, 2 million family type biogas plants and electrification of 10,000 remote villages and also directed focused research and development. Over the years, the share of renewable energy technolo- gies is expected to further increase. How- ever, this will depend upon the level of maturity of technology options, their af- fordability and accessibility. Government of India has been provid- ing support for utilization and develop- ment of renewable energy technologies in the country. These could be summed up in three broad categories of: fiscal in- centives at the central level, specific pro- visions under Electricity Act 2003, and soft term financing. The fiscal incentives include direct taxes - 80 % depreciation in the first year of the installation of the project, exemption or reduction in excise duty, exemption from central sales tax, and customs duty concessions on the import of material, components and equipment used in renewable energy projects and devices. Apart from this, most of the renewable energy devices and systems are exempted from payment of excise duty. Income tax benefits are also available for setting up re- newable energy projects. Section 80 IA of the Income tax Act provides benefit to in- dustrial undertakings to set up in any part of India for the generation or regeneration and distribution of power, including re- newable energy. The most important legislative devel- opment, which had induced the recent growth in renewable power, is the “Elec- tricity Act 2003’’ notified in June 2003. It recognizes the role of renewable en- ergy technologies for supplying power to the utility grid as well as in stand-alone systems. The section 86(1)(e) of the Act makes it mandatory for the distribution companies to buy a certain percentage of the total energy consumption from renew- able sources of energy. The State Electricity Regulatory Commissions have been given responsibility of determining this percent- age or creating a quota for renewable power, which at present is in the range of 1 to 10%. The National Electricity Policy notified on 12 February 2005 addresses renewable energy. Inter-alia it states that wherever above is not feasible decentralized distrib- uted generation facilities, also from renew- able energy, together with local distribu- tion network, would be provided so that every household gets access to electricity. In compliance with Sections 4 & 5 of the Electricity Act 2003, the Ministry of Power, Government of India has notified the Rural Electrification Policy on 23 Au- gust 2006. It views rural electrification as the key for accelerating rural development and states that provision of electricity is es- sential to cater for requirements of agricul- ture and other important activities includ- ing small and medium industries, khadi and village industries, cold chains, health care, education and information technol- ogy. The policy aims at: a) provision of access to electricity to all households by year 2009; b) quality and reliable power supply at rea- sonable rates; and c) minimum lifeline consumption of 1 unit per household per day as a merit good by year 2012. The envisaged approach includes the electrification of villages and habitations, where grid connectivity is not feasible or not cost effective, through off-grid so- lutions based on stand-alone systems. Where neither stand-alone systems nor grid connectivity is feasible and if the only alternative is to use isolated lighting tech- nologies like solar photovoltaic, the above may be adopted. However such remote villages may not be designated as electri- fied till the time appropriate solutions are found to provide electricity in these villages to meet the requirements of the definition of village electrification. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) market has seen a steady growth. Due to its vast market potential for re- newable energy projects, and a relatively well-developed industrial, financing and business infrastructure, India is perceived as an excellent country for developing CDM projects. As such, India has emerged as one of the most favored destination for CDM projects globally, with renewable en- ergy projects having the major share. Indi- an CDM projects constitute around 28 % of total projects and 65% of these projects emanate from renewable energy. JAPAN: Renewable technologies are ex- tremely attractive to energy importing Ja- RENEWABLEENERGY 51 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 Source Potential Wind Energy 45, 000 MW Small hydro (up to 25 MW) 15,000 MW Biomass Power (Agro residue) 17,000 MW Cogeneration baggase 5,000 MW Waste to Energy 2,700 MW Solar Energy 20MW//sq.km Solar Water Heater 140 million Square meter collector area Family type Biogas Plants 12 million RENEWABLE ENERGY POTENTIAL Chaturvedi.indd 51 30/12/08 15:55:52 52 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india RENEWABLEENERGY pan. Though non-hydro renewable energy technologies, such as solar, wind, geo- thermal and waste contribute a negligible amount towards Japan’s overall energy consumptions the potential for these tech- nologies to contribute more significantly remains as abundant as the technologies themselves. Wind, particularly off-shore wind, has significant potential, with less potential for small turbines. The Japan’s installed capacity of 136 MW at the end of 2000 has now reached 1,538MW at the end of 2007. There has been a slowdown recent- ly, mainly because of severe weather con- ditions and the reform of the Japan Build- ing Code. The country has a history of typhoon attacks that blew down turbines, coupled with lightening incidents, strong gusts and high turbulence. A number of turbines were severely damaged during 2007. Japan’s market for solar PV grew by a compound annual rate of 20% from 2000 to 2007 and during the same pe- riod Japan’s sale of solar PV modules to its domestic market and to the worldwide market grew by a compound annual rate of 38% in 2007. Japan supplied 29% of the world’s solar PV products, while con- suming 9%. In 1974, the Ministry of Inter- national Trade an Industry (MITI) and from 2001 the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), launched the “Sunshine Project,” a long-term comprehensive plan for the research and development of new energy technologies (including solar, geo- thermal, coal gasification/liquefaction, and hydrogen). The “Moonlight Project” was established in 1978 to boost energy con- servation efforts. A research, design and development (RD&D) system focusing on global environment technologies was es- tablished in 1989. From 1974 to 2001, Ja- pan allocated US$ 3.2 billion to renewable energy research and development. Moving away from the comprehensive approach, renewable energy research is now more technology-specific with separate guide- lines and with goals for each technology. The research focuses on field tests, promo- tion and implementation. The Japanese government has planned to meet 3% of total primary energy supply based on new energy sources by 2010. The specific renewable energy targets are 4,820 MW of PV, 4,390,000 kilolitres (kl) of solar thermal production, 3,000 MW of wind power, 4,170 MW of waste power generation, 140,000 kl of waste thermal production, 330 MW of solid biomass gen- eration, 670,000 kl of biomass thermal production, 4,940,000 kl of black liquor and some woody waste. In terms of market acceptance, the im- plied high value of PV conferred by strong government support has, made PV popu- lar with Japanese consumers. Motivation for buying in Japan includes the high rela- tive costs of conventional energy, image and environmental concerns. Over 60% of the PV consumers in Japan brought their systems to reduce their electricity bills and served environmental considerations. Issues of Concern for Renewables Development Energy Security and Climate Security con- siderations are resulting in bold policy an- nouncements from global leaders to sup- port growth of renewable energy sources world wide. Announcements are welcome but actions are yet to follow. How far will the developing world gain from this move- ment is still to be seen. The economic melt- down has provided a reason for developed countries to go back on their commitment to fund and provide climate change miti- gation and adaptation technologies. The rate of trickle down effect on movement of new technologies from source of ori- gin to developing world will be slow and gradual. Conclusion Global economic melt down poses a chal- lenge as well as provides an opportunity for promotion of renewable energy based systems. Future growth will largely depend on governments’ policy and collective de- termination to resolve environmental con- cerns. Technology Indigenous technology development. Mission-mode R&D initiatives for priority technologies. Shift from intermittence of renewable energy technologies to dispatch ability, through hybridization or energy storage. Quality issues including Testing, Standardization and Certification. Economics and Financing Level playing field in energy sector-energy pricing, and inclusion of environmental aspects and externalities. Impact of economies of scale on prices. Appropriate and balanced allocation of budgetary resources. Leveraging sectored energy budgets. Credit availability for rural markets. Credit for working capital and marketing activities. Innovative Multi-lateral and bilateral funding mechanisms. Institutional and Infrastructural Capacity building and Human resources development. Involvement of NGOs and ESCOs. Establishment of renewable power generation and distribution utilities. Development of infrastructure to support renewable energy projects. Framework for project generation and approval. Incentives/ Subsidies Rationalization and careful targeting of subsidies. Subsidization to certain categories of population and for rural energy supply. Investment based incentives vis-à-vis performance linked incentives. Fiscal incentives to users. Legal and Regulatory Renewable electricity generation and distribution in a regulated market, environment-amendment of existing legislation or enacting new legislation. Agreement with utilities. Mechanisms to ensure renewable-based electricity procurement both distributed and centralized. Effective linkages with climate policy. FOLLOWING SPECIFIC ACTIONS WILL BE NECESSARY GLOBAL ECONOMIC MELT DOWN POSES A CHALLENGE AS WELL AS PROVIDES AN OPPORTUNITY FOR PROMOTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY BASED SYSTEMS Chaturvedi.indd 52 30/12/08 15:55:57 Chaturvedi.indd 53 30/12/08 15:56:06 54 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india Korea's Largest PV Trade Fair April 8 ~ 10, 2009/EXCO, Daegu, Korea 300 Exhibitors with 13,000sqm / 30,000 Visitors!! PV Korea 2009, largest PV business conference in Korea, con-currently held! Germany's Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology's participation for 3 years in a row! Organizer : EXCO, Korea Energy News Sponsors : Tel : +82-53-601-5024(Fax : -5372) E-mail :
[email protected] Application Inquiry : www.energyexpo.co.kr What is needed to ensure sustainable development discloses Pradeep Chaturvedi, Chairman, Indian Association for the Advancement of Science and international consultant for Bio Fuels Project, Cambodia in conversation with Energetica India. What technology should be adopted for sustain- able development in future? It should not be low carbon but no carbon tech- nology. Dependency on fossil fuels and coke, which emits heavy carbon dioxide, has polluted the environment. So, there is a need to adopt the technology, which could least affect the natural capital. The Renewables could play a pivotal role in conserving the nature by controlling the car- bon emission. The concept of sustainability has changed drastically and people are now aware of the fact that future lies in the renewables but the biggest setback is its cost, which is not in reach of one and all. How can we control the cost of renewable energy production? We have to frame a policy to control the cost structure. If natural resources are consumed taxes should be imposed upon users. We have been going ìga gaî over the renewables but are not focusing on policy issues, which need to be addressed meticulously. Renewable energy generation constitutes a mar- ginal per cent of the total power generation in the country. So what is the future of the renewables in India? In case of new renewables the percentage is marginal, but if you take into account the energy generations through bio-mass and hydro, the country produces one third of its power genera- tion through the renewables only. The world has set target to reduce carbon concentration by 50 per cent till 2030 and least till 2100. India could not isolate itself from the targets. As a fast de- veloping economy, India needs to contribute to the cause and should initiate steps locally in such a manner that target of 2030 and 2100 could be achieved. It is not that India is emitting higher percentage of the carbon but still it needs to play its part for keeping the globe free from carbon. Does China have upper hand in power generation sector through the renewables? There are two things technical viability and opera- tional viability. China has an upper hand in both the aspects. It would be frivolous to go into the number games because numbers are audited, but this is sure that whether it is micro hydro tech- nology or photovoltaic or wind turbines technol- ogy, China is far ahead than India. In photovoltaic technology or wind turbine manufacturing, China is on number two position in the world, which is giving it an edge over others. In opera- tional field too it is ahead, for in India, people get subsidies to install the turbines and after getting it least interest is taken in production of energy. In a bid to tighten noose on these people, the government has now framed a policy to provide subsidies on performance basis. This is a single is- sue but there are many loopholes, which have to be addressed for ensuring growth of the renew- able energy sector. Though there are many ways to generate electric- ity through the renewables but still in India many people are residing in a lantern era. Why wer- enít initiated steps to electrify the rural regions through renewable energy, where electric supply is not possible? Very true. Steps should be initiated in this regard. But the fact remains that people are not ready to take ownership of these projects. They should come forward for this purpose. The govern- ment could not generate electricity half MW or 1 MW from around 1000 or so units and sup- ply it. For this rural entrepreneurs should have to take ownership but disappointingly people are not ready to take the responsibility. One thing has turned favorable from post economic crisis in the world and that is, that many intermediaries have jumped into the game. They will lease out solar and wind equipments to entrepreneurs, giving ray of light to the people residing in a lantern era. In this deal the ownership and risk will be with leasing company. It is expected that by mid of 2009, many solar heating systems, photovoltaic modules and wind mills would be leased out by the intermediaries. In metros, why is the government not taking steps to install solar systems on roof top of the buildings for generating energy in large scale? We have a national building code and BIS code, which are recommendatory not mandatory. For that matter, the building law is governed by local bodies, which is apathetic towards implementa- tion of the recommendation. There is an urgent need for formulating a clear policy by govern- ment to support the renewables. The setback in formulating the strategy is that as per the proto- cal a percentage of the renewable energy needs to be declared by government, which may bar it from availing CDM funding. This is the reason government is intentionally not making the law mandatory. What is the impact of economic meltdown on the renewable energy sector? The biggest impact of the meltdown is financing. The renewable projects requisite huge funds. But as there is crisis, no financing company or banks are ready to venture into the renewables sector, giving jolt to growth. The second bottleneck is the prices of commodity like crude oil. Sudden rush for the renewables is experienced, with rate of fossil fuel going high. And as soon as the price of oil goes down to $ 30 or 40 per barrel, power generation through the renewables is given sec- ondary treatment. Moreover, unavailability of liquid cash checks bankers from venturing in the renewable projects, stalling progress of the sector. However, considering the today scenario, I could tell that future of the renewable sector is bright and would ensure development of the country. INTERVIEW “Sustainable development entails sustainable efforts” Pradeep Chaturvedi. Chairman. Indian Association for the Advancement of Science Chaturvedi.indd 54 30/12/08 15:56:08 Korea's Largest PV Trade Fair April 8 ~ 10, 2009/EXCO, Daegu, Korea 300 Exhibitors with 13,000sqm / 30,000 Visitors!! PV Korea 2009, largest PV business conference in Korea, con-currently held! Germany's Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology's participation for 3 years in a row! Organizer : EXCO, Korea Energy News Sponsors : Tel : +82-53-601-5024(Fax : -5372) E-mail :
[email protected] Application Inquiry : www.energyexpo.co.kr Chaturvedi.indd 55 30/12/08 15:56:09 WIND & SUN LTD Independent Island Systems E igg is best known as the island which became an emblem of the land reform movement when it was the first successful community buy-out. In 1997, after decades of mismanagement by absentee landlords, the island was bought by the Isle of Eigg Heritage Trust, a part- nership between the residents of Eigg, the Highland Council, and the Scottish Wildlife Trust. Visit www.isleofeigg.org for more in- formation. The Project The Isle of Eigg was not served by mains electricity, with most properties relying on ageing diesel generators for power. The Isle of Eigg Heritage Trust and Eigg Residents chose to pursue the installation of a mains type system to supply reliable and afford- able electricity to all properties on the is- land. The Isle of Eigg Electrification project is an attempt to develop a electricity sup- ply for the island which is sustainable both environmentally and economically. The Isle of Eigg Heritage Trust formed a company, Eigg Electric Ltd, to procure and operate a mains-type electrical network system for the islanders, to provide an electrical supply similar to that enjoyed by people living on the mainland with the aims of the genera- tion of predominantly renewable electricity and the supply of a reliable 24 hour elec- tricity supply for all islanders. This scheme will provide encouragement for operators of other isolated off-grid systems to adopt these technologies, both in the UK and overseas. It will also demonstrate that high proportions of renewable energy can be ac- commodated within distribution networks, encouraging attempts to integrate increas- ing proportions of renewable energy into existing networks to help the UK achieve its CO 2 reduction targets. Various renewable sources distributed around the island have been incorporat- ed to allow diversity of energy supply, –a 9.9kWp PV system, three hydro generation systems (6 kW, 6 kW & 100 kW) and a 24 kW wind farm supported by standby die- sel generation and batteries to guarantee continuous availability of power. There are currently 37 permanently occupied residen- tial properties and 5 commercial properties on the island which will be connected us- ing a high voltage three-phase distribution system. Load management will be used to ensure optimal use of the renewables. Overall design of the complete system was by Econnect Ventures who have unique expertise in the design and operation of off- grid islanded networks containing high pro- portions of renewable energy, including the POWERGENERATION The Isle of Eigg, at 8km by 6km, is the second largest of The Small Isles 10 miles off the Western Coast of Scotland south of the Isle of Skye. With 87 inhabitants, it is also the most populous. Eigg boasts a wide variety of coastal scenery, ranging from beaches and spectacular cliffs, to historic caves. 56 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india IndependentIsland.indd 56 30/12/08 16:11:49 use of load management to optimise the utilisation of renewables. Wind & Sun worked with Econnect Ventures and designed the battery inverter and PV systems. Synergy Scotland managed the electrification project using Scottish Hy- dro Contracting as main contractors and Wind & Sun worked for them as specialist sub-contractors. In January 2007 we undertook the instal- lation of the PV array, battery store and Sunny Island inverters. Installation of the island grid was carried out by Scottish Hydro Contract- ing over the summer months, which involved the laying of several km of cables together with the associated transformers and switch- gear as well as the updating and testing of the wiring to all the properties on the island. G.G.Mackenzie Contractors Ltd undertook all the groundworks and laying of cables. Scottish Hydro also installed the new 100kW water turbine, pipeline and weir. The inverter system and diesel back-ups were commissioned by Wind & Sun in De- cember, allowing electricity to be available throughout the island backbone just before Christmas. The integration of the hydro genera- tion, the wind turbine installation and the monitoring followed shortly after. Power was switched onto the island on 1st Febru- ary 2008. The Battery & Inverter System The main battery inverters are the heart of the system and provide a reference grid to which all loads and generation is connected. They control the system voltage and frequency, and manage the balance between loads and generation by controlling the power into and out of the batteries. Additional system con- trol will be provided by load management at times of high renewable generation. Twelve Sunny Island SI-5048 5kW in- verters are used connected in four three phase clusters to give a total output rating of 60kW. A MultiCluster Box MC-Box-12 is used to combine the cabling from each of the Sunny Island inverters and provides contac- tors for the connection to the island grid and the back-up generator. Each cluster is connected to a 48V 2242 Ah (C10) battery bank consisting of 24 Rolls Solar RB 4KS25PS batteries fitted with Hy- drocaps to reduce maintenance. Total energy storage is approx. 212kWh to 50% DOD. The PV array The main benefit of the PV array will occur during the summer months when its output is high, complement- ing the lower output that is expected from the hydro generation and the wind turbines (due to low summer rainfall and low sum- mer windspeeds). Because of the uncer- tainty regarding the load profile and the intermittency of the renewable sources, diesel generation will provide backup power to ensure a reliable supply for the island is maintained. The PV array is located close to the power house which houses the batteries, inverters and standby diesel generators. It consists of 60 BP Solar BP3165S PV modules mounted on an aluminium ground mount support frame. They are wired in six series strings of 10 modules with three pairs of strings each connected to an SMA Sunny Boy SB-3000 inverter The PV array is connected to the low voltage side of the AC network via these grid-connect inverters. This will allow the PV output to feed the island loads directly. Surplus output is stored in the batteries. Wind Turbines Four Proven 6kW wind turbines on 15m towers each connected to SMA Windy Boy WB-6000A inverters are sited at the South- ern end of the island where the best wind exposure is obtained. POWERGENERATION 57 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 IndependentIsland.indd 57 30/12/08 16:11:56 POWERGENERATION 58 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india These were installed by Energy Re- newed Ltd a local Proven installer based in Aberdeen who were well placed to deal with the logistics of getting the equipment to the island and the construction there. Monitoring A Sunny WebBox is used to monitor the Sunny Island & PV system allowing perform- ance to be recorded and viewed remotely over the internet. Electricity supply for each property The new grid electricity supply connects every property on the island. Households are limited to 5kW and businesses 10kW. Electricity is purchased using pre-payment cards and every property has a wireless Electrisave type meter so people can see how much electricity they are using. Nearly every light bulb on the island is low energy and the islanders are well used to energy conservation and understand much more about energy than on the mainland. Some properties used to have their own small power system (generator and in- verter etc...) and have a change-over switch so they can switch over from Eigg Electric to their own private supply if required. In the community buildings (Tea Room, Community Hall and Churches) plug-in load controllers (DILC’s) are used to switch on background heaters to utilise surplus re- newable energy in times when the battery store is full. Carbon savings There are considerable carbon savings to be gained with the installation of the mains type system. The proposed PV array will save at least 10 tonnes of CO 2 per year (based on DTI figures of 0.43kg/kWh). Wind & Sun Ltd designed & installed the PV array, battery store and Sunny Island inverter system together with remote moni- toring. Wind & Sun were chosen for this project because of their unique experience in off-grid systems (over 20 years), and their role in several similar UK island system installations. The Sunny Island inverters form the heart of the system and provide a reference grid to which all loads and generation is connected. They control the system voltage and frequency, and manage the balance between loads and generation by controlling the power into and out of the batteries. Additional system control will be provided by load management at times of high renewable generation” Please use our website www.windandsun.co.uk & email info@ windandsun.co.uk as contact details in the article. IndependentIsland.indd 58 30/12/08 16:12:08 IndependentIsland.indd 59 30/12/08 16:12:18 JACOB KLIMSTRA, SENIOR ENERGY AND ENGINE EXPERT, WÄRTSILÄ POWER PLANTS IN THE NETHERLANDS Five years of operational experience – the Györhö cogeneration plant H ungary has a long tradition of co- generation based on central pow- er plants. After the Second World War, the heat released by almost all newly constructed power plants was used for district heating or for industrial processes, with less than 5% of the total generating capacity coming from local, distributed, generation. In 1994, however, the Hungar- ian government began encouraging local generation by allowing installations small- er than 50 MW to feed into the public grid without a special licence, provided their own electricity use was higher than 40% of their generated electricity. If more than 60% of the generated electricity went into the public grid, the licence-free limit was 20 MW. In 2001, local generation really took off when the Hungarian government introduced a financial support scheme for electricity originating from small and me- dium scale cogeneration. The prerequisite was a fuel efficiency of at least 65%. Al- though this was tightened in 2004 to 75% efficiency for reciprocating engine driven installations, the new standard is, for the main part, no problem for this kind of co- generation installation. Currently, at the beginning of 2008, cogeneration systems represent approximately 25% (2000 MW) of Hungary’s total generating capacity of 8 GW. The total installed capacity of instal- lations smaller than 50 MW is about 800 COGENERATION Cogeneration of electricity and heat is a cost effective method for reducing both fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Cogeneration installations range in size from large-scale applications in process industries, to small-scale units that cover the heat load of buildings. In issuing its Cogeneration Directive, the European Commission recognizes the benefit, and promotes the use of, cogeneration. 60 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india Warts01.indd 60 30/12/08 12:29:07 MW, with some 60% of that being based on reciprocating engines. This means that reciprocating engines represent an excep- tionally high 6.3% of Hungary’s generat- ing portfolio. Hungary is, therefore, a true showcase for this energetically and envi- ronmentally attractive technology and can serve as a benchmark for the rest of the world. Other reasons behind the growth in local power generation The government’s support mechanisms are not the only cause behind the strong growth in Hungary’s local generation capacity during this decade. The coun- try’s 180 district heating plants were in drastic need of renovation, while at the same time, the growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased the demand for electricity (see Figure 2). The electricity intensity of the economy shows a slightly decreasing tendency, which is the result of strong growth in the service sector that is less energy intensive than heavy industry. Another major facilitator for engine-driven cogeneration is the availability of natural gas, which is very suitable for local gen- eration. The use of gas for electricity gen- eration increased by 50% during the years 2000 to 2005 (see Figure 3). Hungary’s extensive portfolio of local cogeneration is an ideal test case for monitoring the per- formance of engine driven generators. Performance aspects of generating equipment Modern consumers expect electricity to be available at all times. In order to meet this expectation, the generating portfolio should be able to consistently comply with demand and adjust output instantane- ously to maintain frequency and voltage within a narrow range. In an open electric- ity market, generators offer their capacity to system operators. Since low production costs are necessary to succeed in an open market; fuel efficiency should be high and specific capital costs low. Scheduled and unscheduled generator outages ne- cessitate the use of backup power from other sources. The less requirement there is for scheduled maintenance, the less reserve capacity is needed. Only spinning contingency capacity can compensate for unscheduled outages, especially in- stantaneous trips, which costs money. As scheduled maintenance does not require spinning reserve, reliable and predictable equipment demands less spinning reserve and, therefore, helps to improve profit- ability. Maintenance and repairs do take time, and no generating equipment can be expected to run continuously. By defi- nition, availability can be expressed as the percentage of time that the unit can work divided by the total time. Wärtsilä uses the term operational availability A o : A o = mean time between maintenance =x 100% mean time between maintenance + maintenance time + logistic delay time The logistic delay time is the time re- quired for getting replacement parts to the site. With a proper maintenance approach, the need for spare parts is predictable and thus the logistic delay time is hardly rele- vant. Often, generators are not required to run the entire time that they are available. The term utilization factor can be used to represent the percentage of time that the unit is working versus the total time. If the full output capacity of a cogeneration plant is only needed during colder seasons, e.g. during only 5000 hours of the 8760 hours in a year, the utilization factor is just 5000/8760 · 100 = 57%. Capacity factor or load factor are expressions used in the same context. If a power plant does not operate at full output all the time, its out- put can be converted into full-load equiva- lent hours. As an example, running 400 hours at 80% load is the equivalent of just 320 hours at full capacity. The terms ’uti- lization factor’ and ‘capacity/load factor’ are interchangeable to some extent. From a reliability point of view, the percentage of time that the unit actually performs its duty versus the time it should work is very important. We might describe this using the invented word ‘dutibility’, that is the amount of time the unit is performing its duty when it should do so: dutibility= (actual working time) = x 100% (time the unit should work) Power plant owners prefer a very high dutibility of close to 99%. Depend- ing upon utilization, they might hope for an operational availability of at least 97%. Notwithstanding such a high availability, the costs of maintenance should be low. Fuel efficiency is another important item. Currently, the average fuel efficiency of all electricity production with fossil fuels in Hungary is 34%, not taking the system losses of the sector into account. Genera- tors driven by large reciprocating engines can already reach a net fuel efficiency for electricity generation of about 44% in sim- ple cycle mode. The combined efficiency of cogeneration generally ranges between 80% and 90%, depending on the tem- perature level of the heat use. The Györhö cogeneration plant The Györhö District Heating Company (Györi Höszolgáltato Kft.) is the municipal heating company serving the city of Györ in the northwest of Hungary. Since the end of 2002, the company has operated two generator units driven by Wärtsilä COGENERATION 61 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 Fig. 1 – Total electric power capacity of cogeneration installations driven by reciprocating engines (At ultimo indicated years; data Cogen Hungary and Eurelectric). Fig. 2 – Increasing GDP and electricity use in Hungary. Fig. 3 – Fuel sources for Hungarian electricity generators. Warts01.indd 61 30/12/08 12:29:08 COGENERATION 62 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india 18V34SG gas engines each with a power capacity of 6 MW. In the wintertime, the heat released by these units serves to pre- heat the 43 km long district-heating net- work’s return water. The return tempera- ture is about 60 °C and the engine driven plant heats the water to about 90 °C. An existing boiler plant further heats the wa- ter to 110–120 °C. In the summertime, a forward water temperature of 90 °C is suf- ficient, and then the boilers are switched off. A third unit was added at the end of 2003. The three generators have a voltage of 11 kV. Economics dictate that in winter- time, the most economic operating strate- gy is to have two engines running 21 hours per day on full load and at standstill for three hours during the night. The remain- ing engine also runs 21 hours per day on full load but returns to 50% load for three hours at night. This is because the demand for electricity and heat generally reach a minimum between 2.30 am and 5.30 am. Consequently, this strategy reduces the maximum attainable utilization factor to about 90%. The three-hour stops provide some time to do minor adjustments and repairs, but scheduled maintenance needs more time. Table 1 gives the schedule for planned maintenance. The operator carries out minor tasks while Wärtsilä’s Hungarian branch office takes care of the larger jobs. The maintenance schedule results in an av- erage operational availability Ao for each unit of about 97.5% (see Figure 5). Performance of Györhö’s three generating units The first of the Györhö cogeneration plant’s two generating sets were commissioned at the end of October 2002, while the third set became operational on October 31, 2003. This article describes their perform- ance until June 30, 2007. The typical op- erational pattern of stopping two units for three hours during each night is very inter- esting as regards the sensitivity of main- tenance requirements to frequent starts and stops. Turbine-type prime movers re- quire extra maintenance due to frequent starting and stopping. Initially, the engines showed some starting problems caused by air penetration into the fuel-line via the blow-off system during standstill, but that was solved as soon as the source of the problem became clear. After that, regular starting and stopping of the reciprocating Fig. 4 – The 12 MW Györhö cogeneration plant. Fig. 5 – The cumulative amount of scheduled maintenance hours versus the operating hours of a generator set at the Györhö district heating plant. Ä TECHNICAL JOURNAL 02.2008 AT THE BEGINNING OF 2008, COGENERATION SYSTEMS REPRESENT APPROXIMATELY 25% (2000 MW) OF HUNGARY’S TOTAL GENERATING CAPACITY OF 8 GW Warts01.indd 62 30/12/08 12:29:10 engines was carried out without problems. The fuel efficiency of the three units stayed within the narrow specifications for both electricity and heat production. During the time span from October 30, 2002 to June 30, 2007, set number 1 reached 39,038 running hours. This engine acts as the so-called forerunner, since it is allowed to run as many hours as possible, while sets number 2 and especially 3, are the fol- lowers. This concept, as has been shown in extensive reliability investigations, has proven to be preferable in process plants. An approach whereby each unit acquires running hours at the same pace can lead to simultaneous failure of all units, espe- cially in the case of possible systematic er- rors during construction or during mainte- nance and operation. Set number 2 had acquired 35,651 running hours and set number 3 a total of 27,586 hours up un- til June 30, 2007. Since its commissioning up until June 30, 2007, Györhö’s unit 1 has been running for 95.5% of the time, unit 2 for 87.2%, and unit 3 for 85.9% of the time. Consequently, their average utilization factor closely approaches the 90% discussed already. The operational availability Ao according to the scheduled maintenance scheme, is close to 97.5%. However, Ao varies somewhat in time with running hours due to the stepwise mainte- nance actions, as can be seen in Figure 5. The dutibility differs from set to set. Set number 1 had a total of just 378 hours of unplanned stops, while set number 2 had 536 hours, and set 3 had 783 hours. The dutibility of unit 1 was rather high with 99.0%, while units 2 and 3 had viz. 98.8% and 98.7%. With such a good dutibility, the risk of two units failing at the same time is roughly 0.14%, and of all three units failing at the same time, less than 0.002%. This results in a very high combined security of supply to the grid, something that for an independent power producer is commercially attrac- tive. In addition, the resulting utilization factor based on total operating hours and the fact that one unit was running at just 50% during three hours per day, is very high for a cogeneration plant. Such a reli- able performance is only possible with an optimum maintenance approach. The best maintenance approach, however, requires a number of specified boundary condi- tions: * built-in capacity of the installation for reliability * reproducibility in wear patterns * built-in maintainability * skilled and trained workforce * spare-part logistics philosophy * communication and co-operation. The Management of Györi Höszolgál- tato Kft. recognized that a skilled and experienced operations and maintenance workforce is essential for effective and ef- ficient maintenance. The selection criteria for the plant’s operating crew combined the right attitude with knowledge, aware- ness and insight. A Wärtsilä mechanic was on hand at all times to guide the opera- tors during the first year of operation. The management also realized that a crew that regularly carries out the required tasks ob- tains the best maintenance results. For this reason, they decided that Wärtsilä’s Serv- ices department should carry out most of the regular maintenance. Conclusion Györhö’s three gas engine driven cogen- eration units had an average operational availability of 97% and proved to be very reliable, notwithstanding frequent desired short-time stops due to the company’s operating philosophy. The rated efficiency did not deteriorate during a time span of 40,000 hours. The utilization factor of the units was very high and the plant can serve as a benchmark for reciprocating en- gine driven cogeneration. The averaged net electrical efficiency of the units was 43.1%, while 38.4% of the fuel energy was turned into useful heat for the district heating system. NOTE: This article is based on Jacob Klim- stra’s conference paper at PowerGen Eu- rope, 3 June 2008, Milan, Italy. Acknowledgement The author wishes to thank Mr. Gábor Bercsi, President of Cogen Hungary, Mr. Ádám Prohászka from Wärtsilä Services, and Mr. Tom Strömman and Mrs. Maria Nystrand from Wärtsilä Power Plants for their valuable contributions to this paper. References 1. Eurostat, ‘Energy, yearly statistics 2005’, ISBN 978-92-79-06483-8, 2007, Luxemburg. 2. Robert Hlep and Thomas Esdaile-Bouquet, ‘Cogeneration in Central and Eastern Europe – Market Situation and Financial Support’, The European Association for the Promotion of Cogeneration, June 2007, Brussels, Belgium. 3. Gábor Bercsi, ‘Overview of Cogeneration and Policy Developments in Hungary’, presentation at regional Cogen day, 31 October 2007, Budapest, Turkey. 4. Jacob Klimstra, ‘Power Plant Operation Optimization through Business Partnership’, paper at PowerGen Europe 2004, May 25-27, 2004, Barcelona, Spain. 5. Jacob Klimstra, ‘Performance of natural gas- fuelled engines heading towards their optimum’, Paper ICES2006-1379, Proceedings of ICES06, 2006 ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference, May 7-10, Table 2. – Overview of running hours, maintenance hours and outage hours. 2006, Aachen, Germany. COGENERATION 63 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Total time span (h) 40,872 40,872 32,111 Operating hours (h) 39,038 35,651 27,586 Scheduled maintenance (h) 1060 1241 783 Unplanned stops (h) 378 536 502 External fault stops (h) 154 141 136 Operational availability (%) 97.3 97.0 97.1 Dutibility (%) 99.0 98.8 98.7 Approx. utilization factor (%) 94 86 85 Table 1. – The scheme for scheduled maintenance of each generator set. Maintenance type Frequency Duration Actor Operating hours Hours Minor 1000 3 Gyórhó Small 2000 8 Wärtsilä Medium 12,000 72 Wärtsilä Large 24,000 120 Wärtsilä Major 16,000 280 Wärtsilä GYÖRHÖ’S THREE GAS ENGINE DRIVEN COGENERATION UNITS HAD AN AVERAGE OPERATIONAL AVAILABILITY OF 97% AND PROVED TO BE VERY RELIABLE Warts01.indd 63 30/12/08 12:29:11 P. K. BHATTACHARYYA AND V. D. VAIDYA On-Line Insulation Monitoring & Earth Fault Location in Ungrounded & Residual Current Monitoring in Grounded Power Supply & Distribution Systems T he advantages of sophisticated in- dustrial systems can only be of use if high availability of power sup- plies and distribution system along with time and cost-effective fault detection & location system is ensured. A reliable EMC-friendly electrical installation ensur- ing highest degree of safety for personnel and equipment is of primary importance for industrial systems, hospitals and of- fice & commercial complexes. In modern electrical distribution systems, it has now become imperative to ensure security of supply, without sacrificing the safety of personnel and equipment. These aspects have gained prominence due to the fact that a large number of Industries have continuous manufacturing process, where loss of power imposes unacceptable losses due to loss of production and loss of un- finished products. Similarly, hospitals and health care facilities have critical areas such as Operation Theatres and ICCUs where loss of power can endanger pa- tients’ lives. While loss of power due to overloads, tripping of utility supplies etc. can be reasonably handled with minimum loss of time, the most troublesome faults are earth faults on the systems, as they are not easy to locate in shortest possible time. It is, therefore, considered necessary to have an advance indication of impending earth faults, so that suitable maintenance action can be taken to avoid loss of power. This article gives a brief overview of how this can be achieved. Electrical power supply & distribution system Earth is a reference for all types of power supply and distribution systems. Proper selection of power supply and distribution system and protective measures depends on the criticality of the equipment, proc- esses and reliability required. The issues to be considered are a) likelihood of insula- tion faults b) basic and fault protection c) availability of power supply d) technical & economic considerations e) practicability of implementation. IEC60364-1 [1] defines three main types of distribution systems: a) IT System – All active parts are insulated from earth or one point of supply is connected to earth through a sufficiently high impedance. The exposed non current carrying conductive parts of the electrical installation are earthed individually or col- lectively. b) TN System –One point of the supply is directly earthed. The exposed non current carrying conductive parts of the instal- lation are connected to that point by protective conductors. c) TT System – One point of the supply is directly earthed. The exposed non current carrying conductive parts of the installa- tion are connected to earth electrodes, which is/are electrically independent of the earth electrode of the system. POWERSUPPLY&DISTRIBUTION Various power supply and distribution schemes with regard to earth connection as per international standards is presented. Monitoring & protective measures with respect to availability and reliability is included. On-line insulation monitoring for ungrounded systems and residual current measurement for grounded system is discussed. On-line earth fault location system for both grounded and ungrounded power supply and distribution system is discussed for actual industrial systems in the presence of various noises like harmonics, EMI etc. Recommendation for including advance information system for on- line detection and location of incipient earth faults in industrial and commercial power supply and distribution systems for increasing availability and reducing downtime. 64 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india Figure 1. Types of systems as per IEC 60364-1. Bender.indd 64 30/12/08 12:33:15 In order to ensure sufficient protection to persons and property, proper coordina- tion between the earth connection, char- acteristics of protective conductors and the type of distribution system is required. Moreover these days with rapid prolif- eration of sensitive equipment, high fault currents, over-voltages caused by discon- nection and/or electromagnetic influences may lead to functional disturbances or even damage to sensitive devices. There- fore, with regard to the availability of pow- er supply, in particular, the behaviour of power supply systems in case of first earth fault is of importance. Based on the above characteristics power supply and distribu- tion systems can be classified in two broad categories viz. a) Ungrounded (IT) and b) Grounded (TN &TT) systems. The charac- teristics of each are as follows. A. UNGROUNDED (IT) POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM IT systems are either supplied from an isolating transformer or an independent voltage source, such as a battery of a gen- erator. In the event of an incipient fault, a small fault current, depending on fault resistance RF and the capacitance of the system to earth CE. Such a fault (generally called ‘first fault’) changes the unearthed system to earth system (TN) and the next fault may lead to tripping of supply. Thus if the first fault is detected and eliminated, tripping due to second fault becomes un- likely. This is the reason why IT system is used where maximum reliability and safety of power supply is required. B. GROUNDED (TN/TT) POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM In case of occurrence of earthed fault on TN system, the fault current IF will be de- termined by fault resistance RF . If this cur- rent is higher than the rating of the pro- tective fuse will blow and disconnect the power supply. If, however, the fault current is less than the fuse rating the fuse will not blow and a dangerous situation is created. Under such circumstances there would be rise of temperature at the point where the earth fault has occurred and can give rise to a serious fire risk, if heat dissipation is of the order of 60W (260mA at 230V). Protective measures IEC-60364-4-41, ‘Low-voltage electrical in- stallations-Protection for safety-Protection against electric shock’ [2] , recommends an IT system must always be equipped with an insulation monitoring device for detec- tion of incipient earth faults and residual current devices (RCD) and over-current protection devices for TN, TT systems. A. ON-LINE INSULATION MONITORING IN UNGROUNDED (IT) SYSTEM IEC60364-4-41 specifies that an IT system must always be equipped with an insula- tion monitoring device for detection of in- cipient earth faults. The insulation monitor is connected between active conductors and earth as shown below. Modern Insulation Monitors super- impose a measuring signal, generated by signal generator G. On the occurrence of an incipient insulation fault, the meas- uring circuit between system and earth closed via the fault RF causing a voltage drop across the measuring resistance Rm, which is processed and evaluated by elec- tronic circuitry. If the voltage drop exceeds the set value proportional to insulation re- sistance, an alarm is given. The signal has a DC component which is used to charge the system capacitances, thereby ensuring that the signal goes through the incipient fault. The nature of the measuring signal is very important as it should not affect op- eration of devices such as switched mode power supplies, computers, variable fre- quency drives etc. Further, the harmonics and other disturbances created by these devices, presence of filters connected to the system should not affect the measure- ment of the insulation fault. A detailed de- scription of requirements for an insulation monitoring device is given in IEC-61557-8 [5]. The insulation monitor provides in ad- vance, information for effective preventive maintenance thereby ensuring the avail- ability of power supplies. It also prevents shock hazards in small and medium size low voltage power supply and distribution system. B. RESIDUAL CURRENT MONITORING IN GROUNDED (TN/TT) SYSTEM As a point of power supply system is grounded, insulation monitoring as men- tioned above for ungrounded (IT) systems is not applicable for grounded (TN/TT) sys- tems. For grounded systems IEC-60364-4- 41 recommends residual current monitors as additional protective measure to provide advance information in case of insulation deterioration. POWERSUPPLY&DISTRIBUTION 65 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 Figure 2. IT System with insulation monitoring (IMD=Insulation Monitoring Device). Figure 3. TN system with warth fault R F . Figure 4. Functional principle of an insulation monitoring device. Figure 5. Functional principle of residual current monitoring. Bender.indd 65 30/12/08 12:33:17 When an earth fault occurs on TN sys- tem, as explained earlier, the fault current which flows through the fault is depend- ent on the fault resistance. Under such circumstances, zero sequence current is generated due to shifting of star point and a residual current monitor is used to evalu- ate this zero sequence current as a meas- ure of the gravity of the earth fault condi- tion. On a 230V/415V grounded system, 30 mA is considered as earth fault. When this value is reached the earth leakage cir- cuit breaker will operate and disconnect the power supply. The aim of the residual current monitor is to indicate the develop- ing fault at a much lower value, so that corrective action can be taken. In applications, considered as special a few years ago, but now quite common, such as large computer installations, an interruption can give rise to severe conse- quences. Therefore, use of residual current devices is avoided. Further, such installa- tions have UPS systems, which have a low short circuit withstand capacity and can- not trip protective devices such as MCBs or fuses. In such situations residual current monitors give pre-alarm indication for tak- ing suitable preventive action. It may not be out of place to men- tion that sensitive installations like the one described above, require TN-S distribution system instead of usual TN-C system to take care of problems created by harmon- ics generated in such installations. TN-S systems with monitoring of critical points with residual current monitors would en- sure a high degree of security and safety. A detailed description of requirements for residual current device is given in IEC- 61557-6 [4] . C. EARTH FAULT LOCATION IN UNGROUNDED (IT) SYSTEM Low insulation resistance in electrical in- stallations endangers personnel and opera- tional safety and also poses high economic risk. Therefore insulation faults must be detected, localized and eliminated. A large number of sub-circuits and branches also increase the risk that an insulation fault can go undetected. IEC-60364-4-41 rec- ommends that the first insulation fault be eliminated with the shortest practical delay. This results in fewer downtimes, increased productivity, maximum system utilization, reduced repair and maintenance costs etc. A special advantage of IT system with regard to operational safety is possibil- ity to detect and to eliminate insulation faults during operation. The earth fault location system consists of on-line insu- lation monitor integrated with test pulse device, earth fault evaluator, number of special CTs depending on number of branch feeders and hand held portable evaluator. The on-line insulation moni- tor continuously measures the insulation resistance of the entire galvanically con- nected IT system including all connected loads. Whenever the insulation of the sys- tem drops below a preset value an alarm is generated and a test current driven by the system being monitored is generated alternately between each phase conduc- tor and earth. This test current is detected selectively by means of special residual current transformers with evaluators. The design of the system is such that it rejects the noises in the industrial power supply and distribution systems and is sensitive to the test current generated by the system. This makes the system robust and reliable without generating nuisance alarms. The above scheme is applicable for both AC as well as DC systems. A detailed descrip- tion of requirements for earth fault loca- tion system is given in IEC-61557-9 [6] . D. EARTH FAULT LOCATION IN GROUNDED (TN/TT) SYSTEM As mentioned above on-line insulation monitor is not conducive for grounded system as one point of the supply is grounded. For securing the power supplies Residual Current Monitoring (RCM) is used for fast fault location & preventive mainte- nance. The purpose of the residual current monitor is to monitor an electrical installa- tion or circuit for the presence of an unbal- anced earth fault current and to indicate by means of alarm the presence of residual current when it exceeds a predetermined level. RCM may be used in conjunction with protective device to disconnect the affected branch feeder. Special CTs are installed at in-feed point of each of the branch feeders. The residual current is detected and evaluated in the evaluator. The residual current re- sponse value may be set between 10 mA to 300 mA depending on the installation. An alarm is indicated if the residual cur- rent exceeds preset value. This may also be used to disconnect the power supply to the faulty feeder. The design of the system is such that it rejects the noises in the in- dustrial power supply and distribution sys- tems and is sensitive to the actual residual current in the faulty feeder. This makes the system robust and reliable without gener- ating nuisance alarms and disconnection. The above scheme is applicable for both AC as well as DC systems. Application areas The insulation monitoring and earth fault location system in IT system is useful in POWERSUPPLY&DISTRIBUTION 66 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india Figure 6 Principle of Earth Fault Location System. Figure 7. IT-System: Fast localisation of insulation faults. Figure 8. Earth fault location with RCM for TN/TT system. Bender.indd 66 30/12/08 12:33:20 advance detection of earth faults in Power Generation plants, Mining, Ships, Railway engines, coaches and signaling systems, Steel and chemical industries and particu- larly Hospitals. The residual current monitoring and earth fault detection system in IT, TN/TT systems is useful in advance detection of earth faults in Power Generation plants, Traffic, infrastructure and logistics, Serv- ice industries like Software Parks, Banks, Communication, Commercial Complexes, Steel and chemical industries and particu- larly Hospitals. Conclusion Modern installations demand security of supply in addition to safety of personnel operating such installations. The loss of power supply can cause severe problems, for example, in hospitals, in critical areas of nuclear, thermal and hydro power sta- tions, refineries etc. Such interruptions are no more acceptable. Insulation monitoring and residual current monitoring are use- ful tools in obtaining advance information about impending earth faults, thereby fa- cilitating immediate remedial action. Be- sides there is facility available for transfer- ring measured data via Field-bus, Ethernet to higher level systems in order to register events including date and time for future analysis. Complete earth fault location sys- tem allows time and cost saving by locat- ing faulty circuits. REFERENCES [1] IEC-60364-1 : Low-voltage electrical installations- Part-1: Fundamental principles, assessment of general characteristics, definitions. [2] IEC-60364-4-41: Low-voltage electrical installations- Part-4-41: Protection for safety- Protection against electric shock. [3] IEC-60364-7-710 : Electrical installations of buildings-Part-7-710: Requirements for special installations or locations- Medical locations. [4] IEC-61557-6: Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1000 VAC and 1500 VDC- Equipment for testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures- Part-6: Residual current devices (RCD) in TT and TN systems. [5] IEC-61557-8: Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1000 VAC and 1500 VDC- Equipment for testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures- Part-8: Insulation monitoring devices for IT systems. [6] IEC-61557-9: Electrical safety in low voltage distribution systems up to 1000 VAC and 1500 VDC- Equipment for testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures- Part-9: Equipment for insulation fault location in IT systems POWERSUPPLY&DISTRIBUTION INSULATION MONITORING AND RESIDUAL CURRENT MONITORING ARE USEFUL TOOLS IN OBTAINING ADVANCE INFORMATION ABOUT IMPENDING EARTH FAULTS, THEREBY FACILITATING IMMEDIATE REMEDIAL ACTION Bender.indd 67 30/12/08 12:33:23 MR. JORGE SALAS, DIRECTOR DESALINATION, BEFESA AGUA AND MR. RODRIGO SEGOVIA, PRODUCTION DIRECTOR, INTERNATIONAL DIVISION, BEFESA AGUA Process designing of a SWRO desalination plant in Chennai with a capacity of 100 MLD B efesa Agua, in consortium with the local company IVRCL, was the successful bidder for this plant with production capacity of 100,000 m 3 / day (expandable to 120,000 m 3 /day) in the category of DBOOT (Design, Built, Own, Operate and Transfer), the operating pe- riod being 25 years. The development of the design and construction of the plant is the full responsibility of Befesa Agua. The plant intake water has special characteristics and is difficult to treat. It is a raw water with high concentrations of solids in suspension (peaks of up to 116 mg/l have been detected) and high levels of metal content (aluminium, silver, cop- per or lead are some of those detected). These characteristics are due to the fact that an estuary, a port and an overpopu- lated urban area are found in the intake water area, and there is not a good control of the different urban and industrial dis- charges into the sea. The sea water temperature is fairly stable, remaining around 29°C through- out the year. The plant has been designed seeking greatest possible energy efficiency and the studies in this regard determined that the optimum option for this project is the in- stallation of medium-voltage frequency shifters in the high pressure pumps. With this system, the guaranteed maximum specific consumption of the plant of 3.61 kWh/m 3 is ensured. Intake water The main characteristics of the water of the intake area of the Chennai desalina- tion plant are shown in tables 1-3. Salinity of the raw water As is observed in the following graphics of raw water salinity (historic analysis), said detail is highly variable, and throughout the year there are periods of high salinities and low salinities, which require a high- flexibility plant model which can easily adapt to such variable conditions. This fluctuation is typical of tropi- cal latitudes with monsoon rain, as is the present case and new sampling and analy- sis campaigns have been confirmed and this continues to be worked on. It should be highlighted that, al- though the maximum salinities detected are around 39 g/l, the maximum salinity for which the plant has been designed is 42 g/l since this is the maximum guaran- teed contractual value to comply with the plant quality parameters. Product water The guaranteed parameters in the product water are the following: - Salinity: 500 ppm - Alkalinity: max. 200 ppm - Total hardness: max. 300 ppm as CaCO 3 - pH: 6.5 to 8.5 General description of the plant A general process diagram and short de- scription thereof and a general implemen- tation of the plant are shown below. The general design diagram is as fol- lows: • Open water intake with dual system of intake and pumping with Debris filters of 1000 µm mesh opening. • Coagulation-focculation system in pre- treatment (residence times of 2 minutes for the coagulation and 4 minutes for the flocculation). • Impulse lamellar decantation system. (4 lines, Hanzen velocity of 1.1 m/h). • Chemical dosing for pre-treatment and prior to entry to RO membranes: Sodium hypochlorite, ferric chloride, polyelectro- lyte, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, so- dium metabisulfite and antiscalant. • Gravity sand fltration (Filtration rate: 5.2 m/h). • Regulation tank and intermediate pump- ing. WATERTREATMENT+ENERGYOPTIMIZATION The design of the Chennai desalination plant has involved an engineering challenge mainly of the special characteristics of the water to be treated. The plant is located in Minjur, Chennai (India), a city which currently suffers from water shortages and poor quality in its supply. The desalination plant forms part of the plan that the city’s water service company, The Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewerage Board (CMWSSB), is carrying out to improve both the quality and quantity of the water for human consumption in the area. 68 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india Befesa.indd 68 30/12/08 12:53:15 • Pressurized sand fltration (Filtration rate: 15 m/h). • Cartridge or safety microfltration (Filtra- tion rate: 13.65 m/h and 1 5 µm mesh opening. • High pressure system and reverse osmo- sis racks in one simple stage with 45% conversion. • Chemical dosing post-treatment: Cal- cium hydroxide, carbon dioxide, sodium hypochlorite. • Storage of product water. • Brine dilution and discharge system. 1. WATER INTAKE. OPEN INTAKE. The intake system formed by a dual intake line is designed to collect the maximum ca- pacity necessary for the plant through just one of them bearing in mind the possible future expansion. This capacity is set at 9,921 m 3 /hour and would supply the five lines of the current project plus a sixth one for the future expansion. It is an open in- take composed for two lines of pipes with 1.6 m diameter and 725 m length and two collection towers each one of 4.6 m exter- nal diameter and 5.1 m in height located at a level of -10 m. The water intake will be performed at a medium height to avoid the entry of sand which would occur if it was collected in areas close to the ground and the entry of floating material which would occur if collected in very surface areas. The entire design of the plant, start- ing with the intake of raw water, has been performed with the idea of achieving a highly flexible plant. 1) The intake hopper has the follow- ing significant characteristics: • The fact of having designed a dual intake for safety reasons (2 intake pipes), each one of them with capacity to collect the entire capacity of the plant, instead of a single intake as was initially planned, logically causes greater load losses than those expected and which are obtained in the normal operation of the plant with the two operating lines. This, to- gether with a tidal range of 2 metres (+1.20 high tide and -0.80 low tide) and the load losses from the pipe, filter and grille -1.74 metres will make the NPSH required from the sea water pumps a factor which needs to be carefully con- sidered when choosing them. • Moreover, the study of the transit due to the possible cuts in electricity leading to the stoppage and restarting of the dual intake pumps has caused the rise of the bottom level of the pumping to approxi- mately 30 cm higher than that initially calculated, which has also significantly affected the NPSH required from this pump which was already critical. In conclusion, the NPSH necessary for the pumping, as well as the great intake capacity to pump means that the pump selected has not been a usual model in this typo of plant. Finally, vertical pumps with axial suction have been chosen as op- timium solution. 2) As pre-filtering system, after study- ing various options (installation of self- cleaning screens, drum filters, etc.) the installation of debris filters has been de- cided. These filters have a mesh opening of 1 mm and the load loss therein changes significantly according to their state of cleanliness until a maximum expected of WATERTREATMENT+ENERGYOPTIMIZATION 69 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 Physicochemical analysis Property Minimum Maximum Average Unit Turbidity: 0 8 2,3 NTU Colour: 3 3 3 Units Smell: 8 8 8 TON Temperature: 27 30 29 ºC Oil and greases 2 11 4,8 Specific conductivity 48400 68200 65000 umhos/cm pH: 7,9 8,26 8,1 Units TDS 39.700 37.992 mg/l Alcalinity 103 127 117 mg/l CO 3 Ca Total hardness 5.500 12.400 10.033 mg/l BOD5 38 73 57 BDL TOC 64 126 101 BDL TSS --- 116 60 mg/l Element Minimum Maximum Average Ca++ (mg/l) 339 644 495 Mg++ (mg/l) 886 1281 1123 Na+ (mg/l) 7800 12400 10220 K+ (mg/l) 274 650 484,4 Ba++ (ug/l) BDL 6,41 3,05 Sr++ (mg/l) 8,96 12 10,6 Fe total (mg/l) 0,54 0,62 0,59 Ag+ (ug/l) 0,005 0,259 0,08 Mn++ (ug/l) 4,55 10,9 6,28 Ni (ug/l) 0,22 0,28 0,26 Cu++ (mg/l) 0 0,6 0,24 Al+++ (mg/l) 0,03 0,8 0,3 Pb (ug/l) 0,01 0,192 0,071 Total Cr (ug/l) 0,37 0,74 0,5 Boron (mg/l) 1,6 2,1 1,86 SO4= (mg/l) 1.986 3.748 3.072 Cl2 (mg/l) 0,02 0,05 0,035 Sr (mg/l) 8,96 12 10,6 F- (mg/l) 1,2 4,4 2,1 Br- (mg/l) 0,02 0,03 0,025 Nitrite (mg/l as N) BDL 0,6 (DL) BDL NO3- (mg/l) 0 0,59 0,16 CaCO3 (mg/l) 110 116 113 Silica (mg/l) 0,96 4,6 2,9 Thallium (ug/l) 0,01 0,01 0,01 Mercury (ug/l) 0,05 0,117 0,079 Cadmium (ug/l) BDL 0,116 0,021 Barium (ug/l) BDL 6,41 3,05 Arsenic (ug/l) < 1 < 1 < 1 Antimony (ug/l) 0,047 0,1 0,077 Microbials Aerobics (Standard PI) 150 32000 5275 U/100 ml Faecal Coliforms (Total) 2 80 13,6 U/100 ml Table 1. Physicochemical analysis of the intake water of the Chennai desalination plant Table 2. Analysis of the metal concentration in the intake water of the Chennai desalination plant Table 3. Microbiological analysis of the intake water of the Chennai desalination plant Befesa.indd 69 30/12/08 12:53:15 0.3 to 0.4 m. Furthermore, they require an increase in supply capacity when they have to enter in the cleaning phase and are esti- mated to be 5% of the nominal operating capacity. 3) Due to the changes in the height and flow of the sea water depending on the tides, number of lines in operation and state of soiling of the debris filters and in order to optimize the intake pumping based on the load losses at any time, this would have frequency shifters (1 + 1R) that could be used to regulated capacity and pressures. Table 4 summarizes the results of the energy study performed on this point. 2. PRE-TREATMENT PRIOR TO FILTRATION The main challenge contemplated here is that of the high load of solids in suspen- sion. Hence, the pre-treatment consists of a coagulation-flocculation system and an impulse lamellar decantation. To optimize the coagulation-floccula- tion process, jar tests have been performed with the object of setting the preliminary doses of coagulant and flocculant for this type of water, as well as determining the nature of the particles eliminated, which are largely inert. The characteristics of the matter and the variation in granulometry with the dif- ferent Jar tests are shown in the table 5: In table 6, the results of the Jar tests performed with respect to time are shown. From the analysis of the results shown above, the tendency of the decanting of the solids in suspension contained in this water can be gathered as can the effect of the greater or lesser dosing of reagents, although the times and definitive doses would have to be confirmed with the con- tinuous pilot tests currently being carried out. The impulse lamellar decantation sys- tem consists of four separate decanters, two by two, through a purge zone. It has been designed so that, if required, three decanters can take on the work of a fourth which is having problems. The plant’s different types of chemical dosing in the pre-treatment and the maxi- mum design doses are: - Sodium hypochlorite: 5 ppm – - Sulfuric acid: 36 ppm - Ferric chloride: 80 ppm - Polyelectrolyte: 2 ppm In accordance with the philosophy of achieving high flexibility, there is the possi- bility of performing the chemical dosing at different points of the process depending on requirements. 3. SAND FILTRATION. The water is then filtered in sand. There are two filtration stages, a first of gravity filtration and a second of pressure filtration (positioned after the intermediate pump- ing). This option was decided as optimum after analysing the possibilities of installing two stages of gravity filters or two stages of pressure filters. It should be highlighted that, although the closed filters introduce greater energy costs since there are greater load losses to be assumed by the intermediate pumping, in exchange it is possible to regulate much better than the gravity filters and provide greater plant flexibility. The first stage of gravity or open filter will have a total of 20 units (4 lines of 5 units each), each with a filtration surface of 93.9 m 2 of each filter and a filtration rate of 5.2 m/h. WATERTREATMENT+ENERGYOPTIMIZATION 70 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india Intake pumping with frequency shifters 1788 kWday Intake pumping without frequency shifters 18327 kWday Daily saving 442 kWday 0.00363 kWday/m 3 Table 4. Energy results of the of the intake pumping Ferric chloride + Anionic polyelectrolyte Parameter 0 ppm FeCl 3 5 ppm FeCl 3 15 ppm FeCl 3 30 ppm FeCl 3 60 ppm FeCl 3 + 0 ppm Poly + 0.2 ppm Poly + 0.3 ppm Poly + 0.5 ppm Poly + 1.5 ppm Poly TSS, mg/l 116 108 100 92 102 ≥50 µm 0% 33.73% 41.29% 30.55% 0% TSS size 25 - 50 µm 0% 28.81 % 30.03% 26.53% 50.11% range 5 - 25 µm 96.43% 37.46% 28.68% 39.33% 49.89% 1 - 5 µm 3.57% 4.86% 0% 3.59% 3.07% < 1 µm 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Table 5. Results of the Jar Test Figure 3. Results of the Jar Test Befesa.indd 70 30/12/08 12:53:17 The second, of pressure or closed filters with sand/anthracite bed, will be formed by 18 units (2 lines of 9 filters each), with a filtration area per filter of 40 m 2 and a filtration rate of 15.2 m/h. Sufficient space will also be available for a future increase in the number of pres- sure filter units in the event of the plant being expanded from 5 to 6 racks. 4. INTERMEDIATE PUMPING. Located between both stages of sand fil- tration, we have the intermediate pump- ing, with 5+1R pumps installed, i.e. one pump per rack whose function is to pump the raw water to the pressure filtration and the cartridge filtration, as well as to ensure its arrival at the suction of the high pressure system pumps with the minimum pressure required for its correct operation. In this pumping, where the low volt- age frequency shifters are typically in- stalled, they are not used in this case as medium voltage shifters have been in- stalled. The use of the shifters will be ex- plained in more detail in later sections. 5. CARTRIDGE OR SAFETY FILTRATION. After the second stage of sand filtration, and as last stage prior to the entry of water in the rack zone, there is a cartridge or safety filtra- tion. It will have 10 filters with 375 cartridges each and its working rate will be 13.65 m/h. The following is also added after the filtration: Sodium metabisulfite: 6 ppm Antiscalant: 2 ppm Sodium hydroxide: 30 ppm* * (if necessary to adjust the output boron). 6. HIGH PRESSURE SYSTEM AND REVERSE OSMOSIS RACKS. The plant has been designed with 5 lines, each with capacity to produce 20,000 m 3 / day of permeate. The conversion factor of the osmosis racks is 45%. The main elements each of the lines have are: - High pressure pump with frequency shifter. - Booster pump with frequency shifter. - Energy recovery system with hyperbaric chambers. - 5 reverse osmosis membrane racks of 20,000 m 3 /day with 248 pipes of 7 mem- branes each. Due to the great fluctuations in salin- ity, already mentioned, the energy study of the high pressure system of this plant was more important, should that be possible, than in other projects, since it relates to achieving a system capable of adapting to the very different water intake conditions with the greatest possible energy efficien- cy to tackle oscillations in the pressure re- quired of the membranes of over 10 bars depending on the case. Of the different possibilities studied, the optimum was to install the medium voltage frequency shifters in the high pres- sure pumps (Design 3 described below). Different configurations were consid- ered: DeSIGN 1.a - Intermediate pumping with frequency shifter. - High pressure pumping with frequency shifter. Recirculation pumping with fre- quency shifter. - Control of the pressure in the membrane racks via back-pressure in the permeate. DeSIGN 1.B - Intermediate pumping with frequency shifter. - High pressure pumping without frequen- cy shifter. - Recirculation pumping with frequency shifter. - Control of the pressure in the membrane racks by the combination of back-pres- sure in the permeate and constriction at the outlet of the high pressure pumps. DeSIGN 2. - Intermediate pumping without frequency shifter. - Introduction of low pressure booster pump with frequency shifter. - High pressure pumping, without fre- quency shifter. - Recirculation pumping, with frequency shifter. DeSIGN 3. - Intermediate pumping without frequency shifter. - High pressure pumping with frequency shifter. Recirculation pumping with fre- quency shifter. DeSIGN 4.a WATERTREATMENT+ENERGYOPTIMIZATION 71 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 Time TSS in mg/l for 5 TSS in mg/l for 15 TSS in mg/l for 30 TSS in mg/l for 60 ppm FeCl 3 +Poly ppm FeCl 3 +Poly ppm FeCl 3 +Poly ppm FeCl 3 +Poly 0 100 100 100 100 15 88 80 75 81 30 71 76 63 72 60 58 72 50 66 90 49 60 34 58 120 39 48 25 50 150 30 32 10 44 180 26 20 5 41 Average specific Other direct process Average specific consumption consumptions: 0.22 kWh/m 3 consumption Design 1 (kWh/m 3 ) 2.99 (kWh/m 3 ) 0.22 (kWh/m 3 ) 3.21 Design 2 3.04 0.22 3.26 Design 3 2.95 0.22 3.17 Design 4 3.09 0.22 3.31 Table 6. Results of the Jar Test Table 7. Energy consumptions of the designs studied Befesa.indd 71 30/12/08 12:53:18 - Intermediate pumping without frequency shifter. - High pressure pumping without frequen- cy shifter. - Recirculation pumping, with frequency shifter. - Control of the pressure in the membrane racks via back-pressure in the permeate. DeSIGN 4.B - Intermediate pumping without frequency shifter. - High pressure pumping without frequen- cy shifter. - Recirculation pumping, with frequency shifter. - Control of the pressure in the membrane racks by the combination of back-pres- sure in the permeate and constriction at the outlet of the high pressure pumps. An energy study has been performed with the results shown in table 7. And a comparison of the solutions on a technical level: Design 1, in its variants a and b was the configuration which was initially adopt- ed during the development of the Basic Project, but there was a clear need to seek a solution which gave greater flexibility to the plant on studying the analyses and the variations in salinity expected throughout the year and the wide ranges thereof to guarantee the design of the plant. Design 2 posed, in principle, impor- tant advantages: The pressure variations at the intake of the membranes would be controlled from the low pressure pump positioned before the high pressure pump, which would en- tail that the pumping prior to the filtration could work at constant pressure. The only pressure variations that occur in the filtration system prior to this pump are due to the greater or lesser soiling of the filters. Said pumping would carry the water at around 5 bars, approximately constant. This change would entail that both the pressure sand filters and cartridge filters, could be made in PN 6 instead of in PN 10 as would occur in the first solution, which would be translated into significant sav- ings in their cost. The pressure to be guaranteed with the intermediate pumping after the car- tridge filtration (suction pressure necessary in the pump positioned after the filtra- tion) decreases in Design 2, whilst in the high pressure pump the suction pressure that must be guaranteed is 2.5 bars ap- proximately, in the low pressure pump this pressure decreases to 1.5 bars. Another important advantage of De- sign 2 is that it would provide independ- ence to each rack so that each one works at its optimum pressure, since the intake pressure to the membranes is regulated from the pump prior to each one of the high pressure pumps. As disadvantages: Design 2 would involve greater invest- ment in fixed assets since: - I t includes one pump more per each re- verse osmosis rack which was not con- sidered in Design 1. - Due to the new plant arrangement, the processing bay would be expanded - The energy consumptions are not im- proved with this pumping option since one pump per line is positioned, and therefore another element which pro- duces losses. In the case of Design 3, the pressure variations at the intake of the membranes would be controlled from the high pres- sure pump positioned before the high pressure pump, which would entail that the pumping prior to the filtration could work at constant pressure. Said pumping would drive the water at 5.5 bars constantly, whilst in Design 1 it was considered having to work at a range of pressures between 3 and 10 bars. This change would mean that both the pres- sure sand filters and the cartridge filters could be made in PN 6 instead of in PN 10. With this intermediate pumping it would be necessary to ensure a suction pressure in the high pressure pump of 2.5 bars as minimum. Each rack would work with this sys- tem at its optimum pressure, since the intake pressure to the membranes is regu- lated from the high pressure pump prior to each one of the racks. Energetically, it is the optimum op- tion, this pumping approach is the one with the least consumption per m 3 of wa- ter produced. As disadvantage the fact that it is necessary to work with frequency shifter in the high pressure pumps entails a pe- nalization in the investment in fixed assets but, however, it is justified by the operat- ing energy savings. And, finally, Design 4 that considered working both with the intermediate pump- ing and with the high pressure pumping at constant pressure. Energetically, it is the least favourable of the options considered, it has the great- est consumption of kWh per m 3 of water produced, but it has the lowest investment in fixed assets, since it would not be neces- sary to invest in frequency shifters in any of the pumps. Therefore, and after checking their economic feasibility, it was decided to adopt Design 3 as configuration of the plant’s high pressure system. As energy recovery system, a system of hyperbaric chambers is chosen, a solution with greater energy efficiency that that of the traditional turbine systems, etc. WATERTREATMENT+ENERGYOPTIMIZATION 72 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india THE DESIGN OF THE DESALINATION PLANT OF 100,000 M 3 /DAY IN THE INDIAN CITY OF CHENNAI ACHIEVES A FLEXIBLE PLANT AND WITH EXPANSION CAPACITY WHICH ALSO GUARANTEES THE PARAMETERS GUARANTEED TO CMWSSB BOTH IN QUALITY AND IN QUANTITY Befesa.indd 72 30/12/08 12:53:19 With regard to the reverse osmosis racks, their main characteristics are: - Number of pressure pipes per rack: 248 units - Number of membranes per pressure pipe: 7 units. - Number of membranes per rack: 1736 units 7. POST-TREATMENT AND STORAGE OF PRODUCT WATER. The permeate product of the reverse os- mosis racks undergoes a post-treatment in order to maintain guaranteed water qual- ity which consists of: - Dosing of milk of lime. - Dosing of carbon dioxide. - Dosing of sodium hypochlorite. Although in a first stage of the project the option was considered of installing calcite beds in the post-treatment, it was rejected due to the impossibility of guar- anteeing the supply of lime with sufficient purity (>99.5%) in the plant location. The product water is stored in a two- vessel tank with a capacity of 10000m 3 each. 8. DISCHARGE AND DILUTION OF BRINE. The discharge of the brine from the os- mosis racks will be performed into the sea via an outfall designed with capacity not only to evacuate brine from the racks but also with capacity to by-pass the to- tal of the intake capacity of the plant if necessary. This fact and the by-passes commented in the following point con- tinue in the line of designing a plant of maximum flexibility. For the dilution of brine to be dis- charged into the sea, the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) of In- dia recommended changing the diffusion system to achieve a greater degree of di- lution. This made it necessary to change the first proposed system of 14 distributors operating with a fluid outlet rate of 2.5 m/s through a system of only 4 distributors with a water outlet rate of 5.65 m/s. A new hydraulic study of the brine dis- charge system was then performed and a possible recirculation of water towards the filter washing pump was detected, caused by the increase in load loss at the distribu- tor outlet. Two solutions were studied: - Change in diameter of the brine discharge pipe from 1600 mm to 1800 mm. - Increasing the level of the plant until the level of the filter cleaning discharge sys- tem was greater than that of the water sheet of the brine tank. After the technical and economic evaluation, the first option was chosen. 9. BY-PASSES As commented throughout the previous sections, one of the main elements of this project was operating flexibility, but also in commissioning, cleanings, etc. In order to achieve said objective, in addition to redundant units throughout the process, there are different by-passes throughout the process. We can differenti- ate the process unit by-passes and the wa- ter discharge by-passes to the brine outfall for its return to the sea. These by-passes are observed in the general process diagram and are those named below. - Process unit by-passes: - Coagulation-flocculation and decanta- tion by-pass. - First stage of sand fltration by-pass. - Second stage of sand filtration by-pass. - Discharge by-passes to the brine outfall: - By-pass from the storage hopper prior to pre-treatment. - By-pass from coagulation-flocculation. - By-pass from lamellar decanters. - By-pass from first stage of sand filtra- tion. - By-pass from intermediate pumping. - General plant by-pass after cartridge fl- tration. 10. CONCLUSION The design of the desalination plant of 100,000 m 3 /day in the Indian city of Chennai achieves a flexible plant and with expansion capacity which also guarantees the parameters guaranteed to CMWSSB both in quality and in quantity with suf- ficient safety margins to ensure its compli- ance in the 25 subsequent years of opera- tion, namely: • Capacity for immediate expansion from 100,000 to 120,000 m 3 /day • Implementation onsite with capacity to double the capacity by building a line parallel to this plant with the object of this design. • Capacity for adapting to different intake salinities of the plant maintaining the guaranteed parameters. • a complete pre-treatment with the pos- sibility of by-passing units with the con- sequent savings in operation of the in- take water does not require a complex treatment. • existence of redundant units (dual in- take, dual power supply) and of reserve units (configurations in pumps or pre- treatment units) which make the plant more robust. • existence of multiple by-passes of proc- ess water to outfall which enables an easy commissioning of the plant at the same time as a rapid response to unex- pected situations of bad salinity of the intake water. • ensuring the new environmental dis- charge requirements without affecting the piezometric line already established for the plant. WATERTREATMENT+ENERGYOPTIMIZATION 73 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 Befesa.indd 73 30/12/08 12:53:20 World Future Energy Summit, 19-21 January 2009, Abu Dhabi I f you could develop or grow an oil- field, would you? Of course you would. Future energy reserves are currently being created throughout the world. Now is the time to get involved in an industry where the opportunities are endless. Energy has become a mainstream is- sue, but how much do we know about the business leaders in the area? The policy makers went to Poznan in December to debate climate change issues, but in Janu- ary the business leaders are coming to Abu Dhabi to find practical solutions. The epicenter of the alternative and renewable industry will gather for three days of global strategy sessions, future energy technical streams and an in-depth look at the green building industry. Whether the speaker is a head of state or a senior project manager, all have been selected due to their experience in success- ful commercial projects. The World Future Energy Summit has been developed to be solution-orientated for businesses, politi- cians and NGOs across the board. Over 100 speakers from 6 continents will inspire an international audience. Each keynote will feature an impressive line up of influential thought leaders from govern- ment, industry and academia. The keynote theme is “Future Energy Policy and Strat- egy”. Each session deliberately includes a mix of politicians, policy influencers and industrialists. The heterogeneous make up of the panel will ensure a lively and at times controversial debate. The Summit presented by Masdar also features a large exhibition showcasing 300 companies from around the world, includ- ing 12 country pavilions and a wide range of features. It will also see the first Zayed Future Energy Prize winner announced at an impressive ceremony and gala dinner on the first night. The summit is open for all relevant business professionals to attend and speakers of the event include: Andris Pie- balgs, EU commissioner of energy, Frank Mastiaux, CEO, E.ON Climate and Renew- ables, Dr Susan Hockfield, President, Mas- sachusetts Institute of Technology. Vinod Khosla, Founder, Khosla Ventures. Ditlev Engel, CEO Vestas. EVENTS&EXHIBITIONS Under the patronage of H.H. General Sheikh Mohammad bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces. Business leaders from around the globe gather in Abu Dhabi to celebrate the World Future Energy Summit. 74 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india THE SUMMIT IS OPEN FOR ALL RELEVANT BUSINESS PROFESSIONALS TO ATTEND AND SPEAKERS OF THE EVENT INCLUDE: ANDRIS PIEBALGS, EU COMMISSIONER OF ENERGY, FRANK MASTIAUX, CEO, E.ON CLIMATE AND RENEWABLES, DR SUSAN HOCKFIELD, PRESIDENT, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. VINOD KHOSLA, FOUNDER, KHOSLA VENTURES. DITLEV ENGEL, CEO VESTAS. Abu Dhabi.indd 74 30/12/08 15:50:37 EVENTS&EXHIBITIONS 75 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 Some outstanding Exhibitor Companies at WORLD FUTURE ENERGY SUMMIT are: Cuantum Solar Cuantum Solar presents his new products in the World Future Energy in Abu Dhabi. During the next World Future Energy in Abu Dhabi Cuantum Solar will show the high powered modules SUNPORT 72M with 280 Wp and SUNPORT 72P with 270 Wp both of them produced in Spain with all the material european. This modules are the perfect combination for the SUNPORT TRACK 3D, a solar linear tracker where each module has his own independent structure and also the turn element but the actuators and the orientation system are common to the whole row. Stand : 6_6107 Lahmeyer International Gmbh Lahmeyer International GmbH, Germa- ny, offers for Renewable Energy Projects Consultancy and Engineering Services - worldwide Our Range of Technologies: • Wind turbines and wind farms • Photovoltaics • Solar thermal electricity generation,:solar troughs, freznel technology, solar tow- ers, solar dish • Solar thermal heat supply • Hydropower • Biomass combustion, gasifcation, pyrol- ysis; biomass heat and power plants • Biofuels: - Biodiesel - Bioethanol - Biomass-to-liquid (BTL) • Thermal, mechanical and biological waste treatment facilities • Ocean and Tidal Energy • Fuel cells • Hybrid systems (PV-hydro, PV-battery, design and optimisation of wind-diesel systems, PV-pumping systems etc.) • Energy Effciency, Energy Audits Stand : 8_8420 Scheuten Solar Scheuten Solar is providing daily training sessions on ‘Solar in Building Design and Construction’ at The World Future Energy Summit, Abu Dhabi, 19-21 January 2009. With continued development and con- struction in the region and higher demand for power as well as the introduction of green building regulation, it is essential to learn about the latest developments in the solar technology and related applications in the construction industry. Who should attend: • Architects, Façade Designers, Building Technologists & Urban Planners • Construction, Real Estate & Property De- velopment Companies • Banks, Venture Capital & Financiers • Engineering, Asset Management & Infra- structure Groups • Utilities, Gas & Power Providers • System Integrators & Project Developers • Industry Analysts, Consultants & Industry Press • Ministries, Regulators & Government Scheuten is a fast-growing international company with two divisions: solar and glass. The essential feature of the Scheuten brand is its focus on energy, sustainability, growth and life. Scheuten Solar has a wide experience in the realization of large iconic PV projects. Stand: 9_9000 Aries Ingenieria Aries Ingeniería is a Spanish-owned inde- pendent engineering company special- ized in the development of high tech- nology solutions which clear mission is to satisfy the needs of our customers worldwide with efficient and exceptional value-added solutions, using the most advanced technology and the highest qualifed team in niche markets where we can profitably, solidly and stead- ily grow, obtaining fair money for value. Aries Ingeniería promotes, develops and engineers solar power projects from basic design and optimization to the turnkey supply of the plants. We are involved in of- fering the optimum solution and the most efficient, trustworthy and economic CSP and PV projects.Our range of Engineer- ing Services includes: Feasibility studies and techno-economical consultancy, Basic and detailed engineering, Plant engineer- ing, Comprehensive project management, System integration, Project supervision, planning, construction and start-up and Turnkey projects. Stand : 7_7275 Solaria Energia Y Medio Ambiente Solaria Energía y Medio Ambiente, S.A. designs, manufactures, installs and devel- ops photovoltaic and thermal solutions for the use of solar energy. Thanks to its fast expansion and technological innovation in the last few years, it has become one of the leading companies in the renewable energy industry. Since June 2007, it is the only solar energy company listed in the Spanish continuous market. The business strategy foresaw the expan- sion of the Company, covering other steps of the photovoltaic value chain (the manu- facturing of photovoltaic modules and solar cells), as well as other areas of the solar energy market, especially solar ther- mal energy, through the manufacturing of thermal panels. The privileged position of Solaria in the market reflects a continuous search for in- novation that manifests itself in a dynamic organization, a solid financial structure and an effective distribution, marketing and sales network. Stand : 6_6109 Abengoa Solar Abengoa Solar focuses its business on developing and applying technologies for generating electric power with the sun. The company develops, builds and oper- ates Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) and photovoltaic electricity plants and devel- ops and commercializes the technologies needed to do so (R&D+i). It is headquar- tered in Spain and USA and is involved in the development of projects worldwide. Abengoa Solar is a pioneer and interna- tional leader in the development of solar technologies and their application in large- scale power generation plants. Abengoa Solar has successfully raised about 700 million euros in project fund- E X H I B I T O R S Abu Dhabi.indd 75 30/12/08 15:50:37 Tony Blair Vinod Khosla Dr Pachauri Dr Susan Hockfeld Dan Arvizu Andris Piebalgs www.WorldFutureEnergySummit.com Abu Dhabi, 19-21 January 2009 www.WorldFutureEnergySummit.com Abu Dhabi, 19-21 January 2009 your Plus... Join the leaders, be part of the solution 300 12 15,000 YOU! www.WorldFutureEnergySummit.com ing for the 130 MW of CSP plants in Spain (PS10, PS20, Solnova 1, Solnova 3 and Solnova 4), all 100% owned by Abengoa Solar. In addition the company signed a contract with Arizona Public Serv- ice Co. to build, own and operate what would be the largest solar power plant in the world if it were in use today. Stand : 7_7120 Abener Abener has become a pioneer in ISCC (Integrated Solar Combined Cycle) technology which stands for a sym- bol of Innovation and Sustainability repre- sented by the first two world plants under construction located in the Maghreb. These are the first two world plants with hybrid technology, which combines solar technology and combined cycle; incorpo- rating a parabolic trough collector’s solar field into a combined cycle. The instal- lations, located in Algeria and Morocco have a power output of 150 and 470 MW respectively. They are in an advance con- struction phase and the completion of the building work is scheduled for 2010. The international cooperation has been crucial for both projects development. Abener counts with others electricity na- tional company’s support from Algeria and Morocco, as well as the backing of the World Bank, which through the Global Enviromental Facility (GEF) lends a fund al- located to Morocco projects. This fact re- inforces Abener’s role as one of the most consolidated firms in the international en- gineering market and construction for the sustainable development. Stand : 7_7120 3S Industries AG 3S Industries AG brings together the three key technologies in the field of solar mod- ule production, namely soldering, laminat- ing and testing, under a single roof. With the acquisition of Somont, the Group has continued its expansion strategy and, with automatic string soldering machinery, has added the missing element in the value- creation chain of solar module produc- tion. 3S Swiss Solar Systems has been the world’s technological market leader in laminating for years. In August 2007, 3S Industries acquired a further key technol- ogy with Pasan SA, the leading producer of module testers. The three companies operate independ- ently of each other on the market, each focused on one of the three key technolo- gies. Furthermore, 3S Industries integrates this production equipment in turnkey, au- tomatic production lines. 3S Industries is also a producer of solar modules and plans and develops building-integrated solar sys- tems. Stand : Swiss Pavilion Advent Solar Advent Solar is the leading designer and manufacturer of silicon-based photovoltaic (PV) solar cells and modules. Based in Al- buquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A., Advent Solar’s leading-edge Ventura™ Technol- ogy provides the blueprint for high-value silicon PV solar modules. With Ventura Technology, Advent Solar is applying prov- en semiconductor-like design and high volume manufacturing techniques to cre- ate high-energy output and aesthetically pleasing solar modules that are Beautiful by Design™ and accelerate the time for grid parity economics. Stand : 8_8240 Polar Photovoltaics Polar Photovoltaics Co., Ltd. is a joint ven- ture company incorporated in China in April, 2006 by a group of internationally known thin flm photovoltaic (PV) experts and semiconductor equipment veterans. The company manufactures large-area thin film solar modules. Polar Photovolta- ics is also a leading equipment manufac- turer of low cost amorphous silicon pho- tovoltaic panels. Amorphous silicon is the most widely developed thin film technology in use today. Amorphous silicon cells consist of amorphous silicon layers only a fraction of a micron thick, which means they use less than 1% of the raw material used in standard crystalline silicon cells, resulting in a significant cost reduction. Therefore, it is significantly less sensitive to the recent soaring prices of raw sili- con. Headquartered in the Business Development District in Bengbu, Anhui Province, China, Polar Photovoltaics has dedicated 50,000 square feet of state- of-the-art facilities to its first production line with an annual capacity of 10MW by the end of 2007. Plans to expand to the capacity of 50 MW are underway. Stand : 8_8103 Kyoto Energy Ltd. Kyoto Energy announced recently the in- ternational launch of its operations as a leading low-cost solar energy company. Kyoto Energy has developed a range of cost-effective solar energy solutions for energy supply in developing countries. Kyoto Energy is based in sunny Kenya with subsidiaries in Norway and Indonesia. The company is active in East Africa, Southern Africa, and is also starting operations in the Middle East. Our product line begins with “Kyoto Fam- ily”, which includes solar cookers, smoke- less biomass cookers, solar water heating/ cleaning bags and solar flashlights. This Quick Impact Package (QIP) is targeted to the poor in rural or slums, as well as refu- gee camps. For more upscale markets, we have started manufacturing of our new, patented low cost aluminum-based solar water heater “Kyoto SunTrap” both for export and lo- cal re-sale. The “Kyoto Butterfly” solar concentrator is designed for industrial and farm scale and provides both low-cost electricity and wa- ter / air heating in a co-generation system. Kyoto Butterfly uses the patented Kyoto Mosaic plastic mirror technology, which offers unprecedented photon distribution on the PV cells at extreme low cost. Stand : 7_7500 EVENTS&EXHIBITIONS 76 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india Abu Dhabi.indd 76 30/12/08 15:50:52 Tony Blair Vinod Khosla Dr Pachauri Dr Susan Hockfeld Dan Arvizu Andris Piebalgs www.WorldFutureEnergySummit.com Abu Dhabi, 19-21 January 2009 www.WorldFutureEnergySummit.com Abu Dhabi, 19-21 January 2009 your Plus... Join the leaders, be part of the solution 300 12 15,000 YOU! Organised by On behalf of Gold Sponsors In association with Top Tier Partners Platinum Sponsors www.WorldFutureEnergySummit.com Abu Dhabi.indd 77 30/12/08 15:51:06 How long have Augusta & Co. been active in the renewable energy market? We have been active in the renewable en- ergy market since our inception in 2002. To date we have placed some 3 1/2 billion euros of capital in this space. We have made it our job to know the 250 – 300 private investors in the renewable energy space across the spectrum of institutional investors, infrastructure investors, private equity investors, Hedge funds, corporate and utilities. We have used this knowledge base and skill to help clients place their funding needs into the market effectively. Offshore has been a strong area for you. What other areas of the renewable energy market do you have experience in? We have experience and understanding all the primary renewable energy sources. We have placed capital or worked on projects in onshore wind, offshore wind, landfill gas, solar, biomass, waste to energy and landfill diversion. (EI) And conventional energy? No. One thing that sets us apart is that we are renewable only and we raise capital. We don’t look to do renewables as a bolt on to a general power business or some affiliation to a large or more impor- tant group. Our industry focus is on renew- ables and raising capital in that space. From your research. Which area of renew- able energy has the strongest potential for investment returns? Renewable energies as an industry all ex- hibit the same attractive characteristics that make it interesting for investors. We are talking about non-correlated long term yielding assets with no or limited feed stock risk (Or potential for feed stock risk, depending on the technology) and a subsidised and stable off take or revenue generating mechanism. Within this arena each of the renew- able technologies offer a different return profile based on the risks associated with that particular technology. As one can im- agine the risks in building and operating an offshore wind farm are more substan- tial than the risks involved with an onshore wind farm. Therefore the equity returns and the debt returns for an offshore wind farm are higher to reflect that risk. I don’t think you can say which have the strong- est potential for investment returns be- cause they all provide attractive returns to fit their risk profile. Part of our job is to identify what the risk profile of a particular asset or company is and find the right capi- tal source that would be most appropriate for funding that. The latest deal (Eclipse Energy UK plc ac- quisition by Vattenfall AB from initiation to announcement in 12 weeks) was the eco- nomic climate a driving factor in this time frame? The driving force of this operation was the funding requirements of the company in the context of the wider economic climate. The company had significant funding re- quirements to fulfil in a relatively short time scale. Our timetable was tailored to best meet its funding requirements and capital needs to get them where they wanted to go. I don’t suggest that every deal we do takes 12 weeks but we tailored this proc- INTERVIEW 78 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india “We provide tailored capital raising advice through a detailed understanding of the renewables market and the universe of strategic and financial investors in the space” Mr. James Knight, Director of Augusta & Co. Augusta & Co. is an independent merchant bank and advisory firm active in debt advisory, M&A and a strong industry practice in renewables, to date having placed some 3 1/2 billion euros of capital in to the market. Augusta & Co. are very active in placing equity in the renewable industry, including developers, value chain companies and assets Augusta enjoys a well respected position as a leading independent advisor in the space. Mr James Knight, Director of Augusta & Co. takes some time to talk with Energética, before August & Co. will take part in the WORLD FUTURE ENERGY SUMMIT in Abu Dhabi. Visit our website and suscribe to receive our news-letter for free All the latest information both nationally and internationally of the power generation sectors www.energetica-india.com EINewsletterAd.indd 1 16/12/08 15:44:18 Augusta.indd 78 30/12/08 13:00:42 ess to ensure we delivered a solution with- in the timeframe we had available. It was a client specific solution. Eclipse Energy UK plc was one of the last independent offshore developers in the UK. Is the consolidation of the offshore market a prelude of things to come in the renew- able energy market as a whole? I don’t believe so no. The renewable ener- gy industry as a whole has in recent years gone through a wave of consolidation by utilities – marking a watershed as the in- dustry becomes accepted as an important part of the future energy mix. From a fringe or marginal technology it has now become mainstream and an important part of the utilities’ power mix. Offshore wind are the largest, most capital intensive, most industrial scale of the renewable energies projects being developed in the UK at the moment. Therefore large balance sheets need to be put to work which is more of a utility play, than appropriate for an in- dependent player. This does not mean that there will be no space for smaller independents players during the offshore development process itself and across the value chain in less capital intensive projects such as onshore wind, solar, waste to en- ergy or biomass. There has been a pretty grim outlook paint- ed for 2009. In your opinion, what can help stimulate growth in the renewable energy market in the current financial climate? We are not so pessimistic. While of course the renewable energy market has been affected by the credit crisis, we still see a substantial amount of interest by equity and strategic capital ready to be deployed in this market. The issue for renewable en- ergy revolves around the liquidity of banks. We saw that renewable energy was one of the last industries where bank finance became challenging and we expect it to be one of the first industries where liquidity returns. This is a capital intensive business and therefore the liquidity and supply of bank financing to support the project fi- nance of these projects is important to en- sure the industries’ continued growth. The equity is there, and we anticipate the debt markets will open up during 2009. There remains appetite within the banking sector for small deals; the larger deals where they look to syndicate are obviously a lot more challenging. Renewable energies have been generally constrained around plan- ning issues, not the supply of capital. Currently you have offices in London and Frankfurt. Is Europe your only focus or will the markets of Asia be an attractive pos- sibility for you in the future? Certainly, we have built up our business based on a European model and under- standing the investments and investors in Europe but we see renewables as a global phenomena. We would absolutely intend, in time, to look to expand our services to meet demands on a global basis. We see Asia as an attractive and important market for renewable energy going forward and in time hope to support it. INTERVIEW Visit our website and suscribe to receive our news-letter for free All the latest information both nationally and internationally of the power generation sectors www.energetica-india.com EINewsletterAd.indd 1 16/12/08 15:44:18 Augusta.indd 79 30/12/08 13:00:43 With a view to make one and all aware about the alternative sources of energy, an exhibition Energy Tech was organised at Pragati Maidan New Delhi from Dec 14 to 17, 2008, which has succeeded in generating overwhelming response from industry stalwarts, experts and students. “There is a need to give people reason to ponder about the alternative sources of energy and the exhibition has taken the initiative”, said, Kapil Sibal, Union Min- ister for Science, Technology and Earth Sciences, inaugurating the event. Con- cerned about environment, the political leader said that overdrawing of natural resources was causing an irreparable damage to the ecology. Dr R K Pachauri, Director General, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) was guest of honour, while Sheela Bhide, Chairman and Managing Director India Trade Promotion Organisation and Dr Ajay Mathur Director General Bureau of En- ergy Efficiently marked their presence in the event as special invitees. Stressing upon need to conserve the world, Sibal said, “The government should not only take immediate ini- tiatives towards the sus- tainable development but also steps for long term solutions.” “Humans were adding carbon diox- ide in atmosphere at the rate of 2ppm annually, which might have deadly re- percussion for future generations”, said R K Pachauri in his keynote address. He pointed out that the current growth path was not sustainable for society. Attempts must be taken for locating renewable en- ergy sources and damage control meth- ods for stalling deterioration of environ- ment. He suggested deserts of Rajasthan and Gujarat could be used for harnessing solar energy. “The motto of the fair was undoubt- edly pulling prospective clients towards the products of the exhibitors but it was also intended to create awareness about the alternative sources of the energy. In today’s time the industrial world heavily rely on conventional sources of energy, which are polluting the environment. By this event, we had tried to make in- dustry people understand the long term benefits of the renewables,” asserted Sheela. “The exhibition created awareness about the renewable energy and nuclear energy and enabled us to come in di- rect contact with the prospective buyers “India has been increasingly decoupling its energy use from its economic growth. This has been reflected by the rapid decline in ‘energy intensity’ of the economy in the recent past, despite the growth rate of 9 per cent”, said Union Minister for Power Sushilkumar Shinde. Addressing the annual energy conservation awards function, organized by the ministry of power to mark National Energy Conservation Day at the Hyatt Regency, New Delhi on De- cember 14, 2008, Shinde said that 44 units, who were awarded during the function have collectively invested 514 mill. US$ in energy conservation measures and achieved an an- nual monetary savings of 383 mill. US$. The minister reaffirmed the govern- ment’s commitment towards improvement of efficiency both in energy end use and along the supply chain. “Enhancing power supply and access being the key constituent of national de- velopment strategy, the government has planned to increase per capita availability of electricity to 1000 units by 2012 by harness- ing various sources of energy in the cleanest possible way”, the minister informed. He highlighted the importance of Na- tional Energy Conservation Award Scheme saying that it not only recognizes energy conservation efforts by various industries and establishments but also motivates oth- ers to follow suite. “The awards enhance awareness about the need of energy ef- ficiency”, Shinde said exhorting all energy intensive industries to come forward and stimulate market transformation in favor of energy efficient technologies and products. Mr.Anil Razdan Secretary, Minister of Power emphasized that both supply side solutions and demand side management are an indispensable means to meet all our energy needs. He stressed that energy conservation and energy efficiency are the atmost importance in order to minimize the production of usable energy sources and generation of electricity. EVENTS&EXHIBITIONS 80 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india “Renewables give food for thought” ‘Energy efficiency: Need of the hour’ E N E R G Y & E N V I R O T E C H ‘ 0 8 Eventos.indd 80 30/12/08 13:05:25 China EPower 2009---the leading power exhibition in China Launched in 2001, China EPower---The China International Electric Power & Electric Engineering Technology Exhibition is the leading professional power exhibition annually held in Shanghai, China, covering power generation, power transmission and distribution, electric power automation, electric power construction, electric factory energy conservation and emission reduction and electric products, etc. The 9th China International Electric Power & Electric Engineering Technology Exhibition showcases a comprehensive range of the most advanced products and services. Successfully held in Shanghai, the past eight shows have drawn the participa- tion of more than 2,500 exhibitors and 200,000 visitors from more than 30 coun- tries and regions. This has made it the most influential exhibition of its kind in China, with a high representation of international participation. Through presenting world- wide state-of-the-art products, technolo- gies and solutions, China EPower is able to maintain its leading position, thanks to its quality global business and networking platform for major industry players. China EPower 2009- The 9th China International Electric Power & Electric Engi- neering Technology Exhibition will be held on April 23-25, 2009 at Intex Shanghai, providing 15,000 sqm. It is estimated that the show will attract the participation of 400 exhibitors and 18,000 target visitors from home and abroad. Besides displaying the equipments and technologies, a series of seminars by experts and individual en- terprises will be held in conjunction with the show. Concurrent China Power Forum 2009 focusing on related technologies and designs of electric power will definitely draw a number of high level visitors and industry players worldwide. Mark your calendar for China EPower 2009! Participate in this international plat- form that helps you gain access to the vi- brant power market. EVENTS&EXHIBITIONS 81 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 and make them understand what our products are all about”, said Bhupen- dra Kumar director Inter Solar. Not going into nitty-gritty of sales figures, Chargewave Energykem was all contended with the response. Producer of a chemical, which saves 20 per cent coke, while generating electricity, Vishwanath Raja said,“ My company has received unexpected re- sponse from industry people”. National Power Corporation of India head corporate communication, Nalinish Nagaich said, “People do not know about the benefits of power generation through nuclear fission. Through this exhibition, we are trying to make them understand that what breakthroughs India has explored in- digenously.” “Biogas is much talked about thing in the country. But very a few know about how it is being generated and how biogas gasifiers work”, said a representative from TERI explaining about the process of production of bio gas through gasifiers prepared by TERI. He commended energy conservation award winners for their endeavors to- wards greater efficiency and prudent use of resources. He acclaimed the innovative ideas and dedication of young talents to- wards the energy conservation movement and hoped that they will be the guiding stars of India of tomorrow. Energy Conservation Awards were presented to 44 outstanding achieve- ments by industrial units, buildings, zonal railways; state designated agen- cies and municipalities selected from 368 nominations received. The awards scheme recognized best practice in 33 sub-sectors from large and medium scale industries, 3 sub-sectors from small scale industries, 4 sub-sectors from the construction segment and in zonal railways. Under the campaign a national level painting competition for children was organized in 35 states. The minister presented gifts and mementoes to the winners during the programme. NATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION DAY CHINA EPOWER2009 Eventos.indd 81 30/12/08 13:05:27 “The future lies in renewable sources of energy. Whether it is wind, solar or biogas, alternative energy has the power to light up the world”, said Deepak Gupta, Secretary, MNRE addressing the inaugural event of Renewable Energy Asia 2008, an international conference & 4th SEE Forum meeting held at the Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi on December 11. Highlighting that priority should be giv- en to performance and cost reduction of Renewable Energy sources to sub- stantially increase the share of these in the total energy mix, he said that MNRE has undertaken some measures in this regard. Informing about the steps initiated by MNRE, Gupta said, “It has planned mission mode research for various tech- nologies”. He emphasized on up-scaling of R&D in Renewable energy sectors. In the plenary session that followed, the Scientific Adviser to the US Secretary to DoE, Victor Reis threw light on mer- its of nuclear technology as a renewable alternative. A broader viewpoint of energy in the context of 3Es was outlined by Chaturve- di Swamiji. Inspiring facts about organic photovoltaics were presented by Prof. Yoshikawa of Kyoto University, who said that organic photovoltaic has tremen- dous potential and could change the outlook of the world towards renewable energy. His IIT Delhi counterpart, Prof. H.P. Garg presented a general outlook towards the energy. The second plenary session saw presentations on the measures taken by the Governments of India and Thailand in the presentations by Dr Maithani and Prof. Fungtammasan. Dr Rajeswaran from Moser Baer presented the active Industry perspective on silicon-based photovoltaic systems. The need to look at the two big Es, namely entropy and ethics, without which the web of the other 5 classical Es of Energy, Ecology, Economy, Equity and Employment can- not be solved, was emphasized by pow- erful presentations by Prof. Dhar. The technical sessions took place in four sets of three parallel sessions. Many interesting studies were present- ed on the hardware, issues and param- eter optimization of various renewable energy technologies, namely, biodiesel and bio alcohol, biogas, pyrolysis and gasification, solar thermal and phtoto- voltaic, micro-hydel and other technol- ogies such as hydrogen from biofuels. The studies focused on social, econom- ic and demographic issues in India and other Asian countries with reference to the dissemination and successful entre- preneurship development in renewable energy. Many useful recommendations on policy on renewable energy were suggested, including incentives for re- newable usage and disincentives for us- ing fossil reserves. Recognizing that global warming is one of the most challenging problems for a sustainable environment, particu- larly in the Asia region the 4th SEE Forum focused on human capacity building and The four concurrent international trade shows ENERGY INDIA, MDA INDIA, CeMAT INDIA and IA INDIA closed on 13 Decem- ber after four days of successful business. More than 9,500 trade visitors attended the exhibitions and accompanying conferences. Over the course of the four-day event some 500 exhibitors from 23 countries, more than two thirds of them from outside the host country, staged an impressive line-up, which included national pavilions from Ger- many, Italy, Spain, Taiwan and the UK. The four trade fairs made their debut in India this year, each perfectly complementing the others to create a global B2B platform for current trends in energy, power transmis- sion and control technology, automation, materials handling and intralogistics. The premiere line-up brought together interna- tional players and their Indian counterparts from the different events and generated important synergies. Dr. Andreas Gruchow, Member of the Board of Deutsche Messe AG, was pleased with the outcome of the four events, saying that “in view of the worldwide economic cri- sis and the recent tragedy in Mumbai, I think that our trade fairs were able to send a very positive signal and offer a vote of confidence in India as a business location. In spite of this difficult background, the events were all suc- cessful. Deutsche Messe continues to regard India as one of the most important markets of the future, and we intend to pursue our activities here. Events of this kind are espe- cially important in difficult and challenging times like these. They not only afford an ide- al platform – they also help to raise morale, not least because they facilitate the transfer EVENTS&EXHIBITIONS 82 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india Alternative energy for a brighter tomorrow ENERGY INDIA, MDA INDIA, CeMAT INDIA and Industrial Automation INDIA a clear success R E N E W A B L E E N E R G Y A S I A 2 0 0 8 Eventos.indd 82 30/12/08 13:05:28 EVENTS&EXHIBITIONS 83 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 of knowledge and ideas as well as providing access to a cross-section of technology. In the face of the current economic downturn it was encouraging to see a good response from both the exhibitors and from the high- calibre visitors who attended. This excellent outcome confirms that there was a real need for this kind of line-up in India. Industry has waited a long time for something like this to emerge and its immediate success bodes well for the long-term value that it can of- fer.” Samir Gandhi, Director of Gandhi Au- tomation Pvt. Ltd., concurred, adding: “Ce- MAT INDIA 2008 has helped us greatly to expand our business, in part because earlier success convinced us of the need to double our stand space. In fact, we are considering booking even more space at CeMAT 2009. This is a global event attended by top indus- try professionals from all industrial sectors”. Sudhir J. Patil, Managing Director of Hannover Fairs India Pvt. Ltd., said: “The overwhelming presence of a large number of overseas visitors – despite recent events – is a sure sign that India still enjoys the confidence of the business world. It reflects the belief that the economy will continue to flourish and that companies still regard the Indian market as one of great promise.” The four trade shows were supported by a parallel program of seminars on top- ics such as dynamic warehousing and cold storage solutions, low cost automation for SME’s, industrial automation, etc. The Fluid Power Society of India (FPSI) organized a CEO conclave which proved extremely pop- ular with attendees from across industry, and also staged a seminar on fluid power tech- nology. ENERGY INDIA, MDA INDIA, CeMAT IN- DIA and Industrial Automation INDIA 2009 will be taking place again from 8 to 11 De- cember 2009 in Bangalore. “Judicious Use of Energy for a Better Tomorrow” Sustainability through renewable energy is a greatly talked about issue these days but how we can go about it? Reveals Prof. R.R. Gaur to Niti Parekh on sidelines of renewable energy conference held at IIT Delhi from December’08 11 to 13. Can renewable energy ensure sustainability? Sustainability would be possible only if alternative sources of energy would be used for generating electricity. People should realize the fact that future gen- eration would survive only if renewable energy is used for it is in consonance with the eco system. In solar modules, we ab- sorb Sun’s natural energy and convert it directly in electricity without emitting green house gases, while through tur- bines; we harness electricity by speed of wind. Both the systems are in harmony with nature, which means they do not pollute the environment. However, the irony is well cognizant with the fact that use of fossil fuels and coal in abundance could turn into catastrophe in future; we are using these resources, giving a cloudy tomorrow to next generation. That is true, we all know that use of fossil fuel could change the world the way we don’t want to. But, the question is what we should do to ensure growth. Growth would be always there, if we evaluate our energy demand because supply is limited. There is grave need for articulating the demand that is neces- sary for one. We need to meet demand and supply. So, if the supply is limited we need to decide on the minimum require- ment of the energy to sustain a life. How can we decide that a particular amount of energy would be needed to move ahead in life? You need to design an appropriate life- style and decide how much energy would be needed to follow the lifestyle and in the form it is needed. How can one decide upon the lifestyle, as many new innovations are taking place and with time they become a need for survival? When I was a child there was tel- evision, when I grew up computer came into market and now mobile phones are in fad, so with time many new products would come into market , which may re- quire energy in any form. So, how do you foresee that after a particular time this much electricity would be needed? It all depends upon the calculation. You have to calculate appropriate energy, which is required for a particular period. If you will use the natural resources inju- diciously, on one fine day it would be ex- hausted totally and you end up with noth- ing in hand. For example, you are using fossil fuel copiously to generate electricity, which results into two unwanted conse- quences. One it is leading to depletion of fossil fuel in earth and second it is polluting the environment. So, there is a strict need to use the natural resources judiciously to save the day for next generations. collaboration among Asian countries to- wards a sustainable society. At the final stage, the proposal of SEE Forum Action Plan 2009 was discussed, wherein dig- nitaries and delegates unanimously de- cided to promote research on renewable energy, educate and train manpower and share technology. Project financing issues were also discussed. ENERGY INDIA Eventos.indd 83 30/12/08 13:05:29 “An ideal opportunity to discover the latest developments in the wind energy sector, exchange ideas and information, and generate new industry contacts and business opportunities.” Roland Sundén, CEO, LM Glasfber & Conference Chair “I’ve attended the last fve EWECs... an unmissable event, giving you unrivalled insight into the future of wind energy policy, technology and business.” Steve Sawyer, Secretary General, Global Wind Energy Council The opening session of EWEC 2009 will feature leading political fgures, who will deliver their vision on the future of wind power and renewable energies from national, European and global perspectives. Confrmed speakers include: ORGANI SER: Andris Piebalgs EU Energy Commissioner Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet Secretary of State for Ecology, France Mechtild Rothe Vice President, European Parliament Nobuo Tanaka Executive Director, International Energy Agency Waldemar Pawlak Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Economy, Poland www.ewec2009.info Conference programme available online: Parc Chanot, Marseille, France 16 - 19 March 2009 SUPPORTI NG ORGANI SATI ONS: Key decision-makers confirmed for opening session Register now to take part in the following tracks: business, policy, fnance, scientifc, technical and grids F/A ewec 21x29,7.indd 1 18/12/08 17:44:21 EWEC to take place in one of Europe’s strongest wind energy markets O rganised by the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) the voice of the wind industry, Over 6,000 participants from all over the world will meet to discover the latest develop- ments in the wind energy sector, exchange ideas and information, and generate new industry contacts and business opportuni- ties. EWEC is the only annual event which combines an extensive exhibition of the leading players with a conference cover- ing every key aspect of the wind energy market – from technical and theoretical to policy and practice. The 2009 event is sup- ported by the French Agency for Energy and Environment (ADEME), the French Wind Energy Association (FEE) and the Syndicat des énergies renouvelables (SER). Every year the leading wind event in Europe continues to grow. The 2009 ewec event will welcome over 6,000 industry professional participants from all over the world. Over 260 exhibitors will display their products and latest technical advances in the largest event in the history of ewec. 9,000 m 2 will house the key players of the wind energy industry. At this event you will receive a comprehensive over view of the wind sector and have the opportunity to network with the key decision makers. The conferences feature over 4 days and include over 50 sessions, workshops and side events. The conferences cover all the key as- pects of the wind energy market including technical and theoretical, political and prac- tical. Monday the 15th begins with sessions that look at the visionary and consider the future direction of the growing wind energy market. The participation of outstanding in- ternational companies such as GE, Vestas, Suzlon, Siemens and many many more, make this occasion an event not to be missed. EVENTS&EXHIBITIONS The 2009 European Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition (EWEC 2009) will take place in Marseille from 16-19 March. France has one of Europe’s strongest wind energy resources and is now experiencing dramatic development. The opening session of EWEC 2009 features leading political figures, who will deliver their vision on the future of wind power and renewable energies from national, European and global perspectives. 84 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india E X H I B I T O R S Energética India Energética India (Technical Indian Power Generation Magazine) published 6 times each year, covers the latest power genera- tion news. Outstanding product develop- ments, technologies, legislation and much more in India and other countries. Our readers are our customers and the decision makers of the power generation industry If you want to introduce you company to the Indian market. Contact us
[email protected] www. energetica-india.com EWEA EWEA is the voice of the wind industry, actively promoting the utilisation of wind power in Europe and worldwide. It now has over 500 members from more than 50 countries. EWEA organises numerous conferences, exhibitions, seminars and working groups. The main events are the: annual European Wind Energy Conference and Exhibition (EWEC), bi-annual Euro- pean Offshore Conference and Exhibition (EOW). Visit our stand (number 2532 in Hall 2) to find out more about the benefits of joining the world’s largest and most powerful wind energy network. For more information contact Christi Newman: at +32 2 400 10 56 or
[email protected] GreenEnergyWorld GmbH Green Energy World GmbH is a service provider in the field of renewable ener- gies. As a marketing agency the company supports project developers and operators with the implementation and marketing of their wind and solar farms. GreenEnergyWorld’s commitment addresses all project stages from green- Ewea. Ewec.indd 84 30/12/08 16:04:42 “An ideal opportunity to discover the latest developments in the wind energy sector, exchange ideas and information, and generate new industry contacts and business opportunities.” Roland Sundén, CEO, LM Glasfber & Conference Chair “I’ve attended the last fve EWECs... an unmissable event, giving you unrivalled insight into the future of wind energy policy, technology and business.” Steve Sawyer, Secretary General, Global Wind Energy Council The opening session of EWEC 2009 will feature leading political fgures, who will deliver their vision on the future of wind power and renewable energies from national, European and global perspectives. Confrmed speakers include: ORGANI SER: Andris Piebalgs EU Energy Commissioner Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet Secretary of State for Ecology, France Mechtild Rothe Vice President, European Parliament Nobuo Tanaka Executive Director, International Energy Agency Waldemar Pawlak Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Economy, Poland www.ewec2009.info Conference programme available online: Parc Chanot, Marseille, France 16 - 19 March 2009 SUPPORTI NG ORGANI SATI ONS: Key decision-makers confirmed for opening session Register now to take part in the following tracks: business, policy, fnance, scientifc, technical and grids F/A ewec 21x29,7.indd 1 18/12/08 17:44:21 Ewec.indd 85 30/12/08 16:04:43 EVENTS&EXHIBITIONS 86 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india field, development, turn-key to opera- tion and repowering. The online project market www.green-energy-world.com is an international exchange interface for global investors and local project developers. Projects are offered from a variety of European countries. GreenEn- ergyWorld provides their growing coop- eration network and is in direct contact with project developers and investors across Europe. Suzlon Wind Energy A/S Suzlon is one of the world’s leading wind turbine manufacturers and a pioneer in providing end-to-end wind power solu- tions. The company has come to the fore of the business by combining innovation, focused R&D and a vertically integrated manufacturing strategy to deliver maxi- mum value to the customer. In 2007 Suzlon had a global market share of over 10,5 %. Visit us at Stand no. 2326-Hall 2 Bredskifte Allé 13 8210 Aarhus V-Denmark Tel.: +45 8943 8943 Fax.:+45 8943 8942
[email protected] www. suzlon.com Hansen Transmissions International nv Hansen Transmissions is an established global wind turbine gearbox and industrial gearbox designer, manufacturer and sup- plier, with a leading position (by MW sup- plied) in the wind turbine gearbox market. Hansen supplies gearboxes to four of the five largest manufacturers of gear-driven wind turbines and is increasing its wind turbine gearbox manufacturing capabili- ties up to 14,300MW, by 2012. It has 3 fully integrated state-of-the-art manufac- turing facilities in Belgium, India and has a large new plant under construction in Chi- na. Hansen has strong R&D operations to maintain its technological leadership and employs nearly 2000 people worldwide. Visit us at EWEC 2009 – Hall 1, Stand 1640 Hansen Transmissions International nv Gerard Mercatorstraat 40, 3920 Lommel. Belgium T +32 11 34 97 11 F +32 11 34 97 10 -
[email protected] www. hansentransmissions.com Avanti Wind Systems AVANTI is market leader when it comes to supplying Service Lifts and equipment for safe and fast ascent and descent in wind turbine towers. The company focuses on safety for service technicians working in the wind turbine. AVANTI Service Lift, Fall Protection and PPE Equipment and Climbing Assistance has been tested and approved according to standards in Europe, USA and Australia and are in use through out the world. Visit us on EWEC 2009 Stand number 2557 and learn more about safe working in wind turbines. AVANTI WIND SYSTEMS A/S, Hoegevej 19, 3400 Hilleroed, Denmark. Telephone: +45 4824 9024 Fax: +45 4824 9124 -
[email protected] Web:www. avanti-online.com Avanti. Suzlon. Hansen. GreenEnergyWorld. Ewec.indd 86 30/12/08 16:04:48 PV*express 3.0 – PV System Design Made Easy Version 3.0 of PV*express, the quick and easy design and simulation programme for grid connected photovoltaic systems, includes a new in- verter configuration selection as well as an automatic inter- net update facility to ensure that the module and inverter databases are kept regularly up to date. PV*express has been developed for use by sales staff and system install- ers who need a reliable tool to design grid-connected systems quickly and precise- ly. The programme is user- friendly, with just a few clear- ly laid-out dialogues, allowing each project to be completed quickly and reliably. The da- tabases includes the required technical data for around 2000 modules and approxi- mately 700 inverters and, for the first time, has an auto- matic internet update facility to keep the databases up to date. The databases can of course be edited, so that new modules and inverters can be added by the user at any time. With PV*express, users can determine the generator output through a two-dimen- sional diagram of the avail- able roof area. Users can en- ter the measurements of the roof and automatically cover this with the maximum pos- sible number of pre-selected modules. The simple inverter configuration selection pro- vides automatic configuration for two inverter types. Sorting according to the total dimen- sioning factor provides a clear overview of the criteria for op- timisation. Alternatively, three types of inverters can be con- figured by manual selection. In either case, PV*express 3.0 carries out a system check to guarantee reliable design. The software also includes an eco- nomic efficiency prognosis for the PV system, based on the feed-in tariff. PRODUCTS 87 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 Safety courses for wind turbine technicians Thermal evacuated tube solar panel and Flat Plate The world’s leading producer of safety equipment for service technicians in wind turbines, the Danish company Avanti Wind Systems, has just trained yet another team of Safety Trainers. And thus, Avanti Wind Systems can offer safety courses every- where in the world and in sever- al languages, including English, Spanish, German, Chinese and Danish. Avanti Wind Systems Training Programme covers all safety aspects for the techni- cians who work in wind turbine towers. The courses comprise theoretic and practical train- ing. The service personnel who are to work in the wind turbine towers learn the techniques that are necessary when climbing up and down the towers. Moreo- ver, there is also instruction and exercises in rescuing an injured person down from a tower as well as evacuation of all person- nel in the tower, such as in case of fire. “Wind turbines are be- ing built higher and higher, so the demands on safety for the service technicians who work in the towers is even more impor- tant than before. Avanti consid- ers safety a high priority and in order to provide our customers with the best service, we have developed these courses which we can now conduct all over the world and in one of the main languages so that linguistic mis- understandings do not occur,” says Avanti Wind Systems CEO, Soren Midtgaard. Avanti was founded in Denmark in 1885 and was originally a ladder fac- tory. The company continues to manufacture ladders but now focuses mainly on the develop- ment and production of auxilia- ry equipment and safety equip- ment for the service technicians who work in the wind turbine towers. Avanti Wind Systems has developed a number of products that make it easier and safer to move up and down in the towers. Products like service lifts, ladders with built- in fall safety rail and climbing assistance are approved accord- ing to the official standards in the EU countries, the USA and Australia. Avanti Wind Systems has offices, factories and train- ing centres in Denmark, Spain, China, the USA and Germany and in the near future in India as well. All Solar Limited, determined to promote the concept of har- nessing solar energy for daily activities, has manufactured thermal evacuated tube solar panels, which are ideal for heat- ing domestic water and water in swimming pools. Ideal for a family of four, the heating device contains 20 panel tubes that are sufficient for heating 160 litres of water. However, there is al- ways an option to multiply the panels for heating a larger quan- tity of water. Cost effective, the thermal evacuated tube solar panel has an efficiency rating of 96 per cent. To offer advanced products at economical rates is the sole aim of the company. Flat Plate Designed for All Solar, the flat plates are manufactured in Europe to the highest specifi- cations. The plates’ sleek profile and neat appearance makes it ideal for domestic installations, where design and aesthetics are important. Complimenting per- fectly to the All Solar range of vacuum tube systems, the plates can be mounted on rooftops. The flat plates are one of the best collectors available in the market. Products.indd 87 30/12/08 13:12:44 PRODUCTS 88 JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 energética india Rolls solar series. Next generation batteries In the Rolls Solar range there are two options, the Series 4000 mono bloc range with a 7 year warranty, and the Se- ries 5000 dual container range with individual removable 2 V cells and with a 10 year war- ranty. Rolls batteries have many unique points that set them apart from the rest, not just in terms of technical performance but also product design. DUAL CONTAINER No acid leakage: the new gen- eration of batteries use a unique dual container construction. The individual cells are assembled into a tough outer container with removable lid. Even if the outer container were to break, the battery would still be usea- ble without the harmful affects of a sulphuric acid spillage. The dual container also eliminates any chance of stray current or voltage. INSTALLATION The individual cells are bolted together allowing the battery to be assembled with ease in remote locations. Battery in- stallation can be accomplished without special skills or tools, the batteries can be placed di- rectly on the ground with no need for any metal racking. VOLTAGES & CAPACITY Rolls Solar batteries are avail- able in 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 V con- figurations ranging from 80 Ah to 3,300 Ah. The configurations can be simply connected up in series using the supplied 95 mm link leads to form a 12, 24 or 48 V system. The high Ah capacity available with Rolls eliminates the need to have long strings of series parallel connections; this solves charging problems that many conventional battery banks encounter. CYCLE PERFORMANCE Rolls offer an extremely high cyclic rate against depth of dis- charge. The Rolls 4000 series will give 1,280 cycles at 50% depth of discharge, whilst the 5000 series will give a tremendous 3,200 cycles at 50% depth of discharge. These cycle rates are the direct result of high quality manufacturing processes and the use of a very thick 6 mm positive plate construction. ENVELOPED POSITIVE PLATES The positive plates are double pocket insulated; this results in the elimination of a traditional sediment chamber and allows the plates to sit lower within the battery. This in turn creates a larger liquid reservoir above the plates, reducing battery maintenance. HYDROCAPS Optional Hydro-caps are availa- ble on all Series 5000 batteries. They reduce battery gassing by 85% and limit battery mainte- nance to a yearly fluid check. Rolls in the renewable energy market Distributed in North America since 1935, the company looked at the renewable en- ergy market twenty years ago and designed a product spe- cifically suited to this niche market. Having gained an enviable reputation in North America, they are now look- ing to expand into Europe via a network of distributors. Rolls continue to promote the brand at trade shows around Europe and through the website that gives both product and techni- cal advice. Rolls batteries offer the reliability and performance that today’s consumers expect from there electrical storage systems. Built to last with a 15- 20 year life expectancy they of- fer a fantastic energy return on investment. Photovoltaic Equipment Boostsolar Photovoltaic Equip- ment Co., Ltd is a high-tech enterprise of producing Solar Module Laminator, Solar Mod- ule Tester, Solar Cell Tester and Framing Machine. Boostsolar has been manufacturing solar module equipment since 2001. Boostsolar has developed its own advantage on research, design production and sale. Boostsolar is the pioneer of the solar manufacturing equip- ment industry and continues to be the first choice of more than 70% of the photovoltaic mod- ule manufactures in China. Boostsolar owns some talented and professional engineers who can devote to research and develop more advanced solar photovoltaic equipments. Boostsolar offers a wide range of solar manufacturing equip- ment, on-site installation, complete training and unpar- alleled customer support. You can purchase individual pieces of manufacturing equipment from Boostsolar, or an entire product line that provides all the equipments, supplies and training needed to establish a photovoltaic manufacturing line. The company has a strong development technique and may design solar module prod- uct line according to different requirements of customers. Our Equipment has been approved by CE Certification Systems. Our Product has been exported to Foreign Countries since 2005. Products.indd 88 30/12/08 13:12:45 89 energética india JANUARY/FEBRUARY09 PRODUCTS New Lapp Group Main Catalogue for 2008/09 with over 1000 Pages and over 40,000 Products Including All of Our New Innovations The new 2008/2009 main catalogue from Lapp Group has an eye catching design. The cover illustration features seven em- ployees from different countries where the Lapp Group operates as they cheerfully roll a huge ÖLFLEX® cable drum over the Castle square in Stuttgart. Rising up impressively behind the New cas- tle building are the Taj Mahal of India, the Leaning Tower of Pisa and the Statue of Lib- erty of New York. The picture is, of course, a photomontage and it is intended to sym- bolise the success enjoyed by the ÖLFLEX® brand of cable around the world. After all, ÖLFLEX® celebrates its 50- year anniversary in 2009. For this reason, the theme of this anniversary year at Lapp Group will be “ÖLFLEX® keeps the world moving”. This is also the title of the Lapp Group an- niversary catalogue. With more than 1000 pages and well over 40,000 individual products, the catalogue is by far the most extensive product overview for highly- flexible connection and con- trol cables, data and fibre optic cables, industrial con- nectors, systems and acces- sories. Along with interna- tionally successful branded products such as ÖLFLEX® connecting and control ca- bles, UNITRONIC® data cables, HITRONIC® fibre optic cables, SKINTOP® cable glands, SIL- VYN® cable protection and guiding systems, FLEXIMARK® marking systems, EPIC® indus- trial connectors and ETHER- LINE® components for active network technology, the new catalogue also contains all of our new innovations The Lapp Group cata- logue comes out with a total print run of 90,000 copies. The catalogue is available on CD-ROM. The catalogue and CD- ROM can be requested from Lapp India by speaking with our representatives or by e-mailing
[email protected] or by call- ing +91 (0) 8110 - 414800. ABB enabling the power of wind with reliable grid interconnections Wind power generation, from large wind farms as well as a number of small turbine groups, now supply hundreds of mega- watts to several regional AC pow- er grids. Grid codes have existed for decades, mainly as national regulations for connecting all types of large power generators to AC grids. The grid manages the reactive power supply to keep the grid voltage within operational limits and recover voltage imme- diately after a fault. The interna- tional harmonization of national grid codes to accommodate the growing contribution of renew- able energy generated from wind is ongoing. ABB provides wind farms a variety of products and so- lutions while participating in many international groups addressing grid code issues. A selection of solutions from the Flexible AC transmission sys- tems (FACTS) family are available which provide the functions of connecting wind farms to the grid and dynamic reactive power compensation . These include the PCS6000 and SVC Light® based on STATCOM technology and SVC solutions. STATCOM solutions i.e. PCS6000 and SVC Light® are based on voltage source con- verter technology and equipped with pulse-width-modulated- control. They are particularly well- equipped to enhance grid compli- ance of wind power applications on a large scale. SVC is based on Thyristor Controlled Reactors (TCR), Thyristor Switched Capaci- tors and / or harmonic filters. All the above solutions of- fer farm operators fast control, continuous compensation, low harmonics and low costs with in- creased efficiency. ABB’s HVDC Light® under- ground transmission system with is a successful and sustainable technology for power transmis- sion systems for wind farms and submarine cables. The polymeric insulated HVDC light cables are strong, flexible and robust. The low losses together with the pos- sibility to connect asynchronous networks make it ideal for con- nections between mainland and offshore wind farms. ABB’s Network Manager SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is a solution for the supervisory control of the en- tire power system. It provides load forecasts with a time horizon of several days in advance as input for several planning tools. ABB also conducts system studies like conducting initial fea- sibility studies, interconnection requirement studies and power collection design studies. Products.indd 89 30/12/08 13:12:46 CHINA POWER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 DEUTSCHE CELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 ECOCONSTRUCCION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 EGETICA-EXPOENERGETICA. . BACK COVER ENERGETICA XXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 EWEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 GREEN ENERGY EXPO KOREA . . . . . . . . 55 HIMOINSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . COVER , 47 INTERSOLAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 LINDE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 MECASOLAR . . . . . . . . . . . . INSIDE COVER PHOTOVOLTECH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 POWER-GEN INDIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 PV KOLKATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ROLLS BATTERIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 SNEC PV SHANGHAI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 WORLD ENERGY SUMMIT ABU DHABI. . 77 ADVERTISERS INDEX ORDER NOW! Subscribe “ENERGETICA INDIA” at www.energetica-india.com or fill your complete address and fax (+91 731 400 7524) Yes! I would like to Subscribe to Energética India Magazine For 1 Issue: Indian citizens 160 Rs. International 30 € Please Mail the copies to: Name: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Job Title: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Department: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Company: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Description of the Company: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adress: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . City/State/Zip Code: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Country: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phone:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fax:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-Mail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Web site: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PAYMENT 1.- My Cheque/DD in favour of “Omni-Editions India Private Limited” for Rs…………………………………………………………………… Drawn on………………………………………is enclosed herewith. Date/Signature: Mail this coupon to: Omni-Editions India Pvt. Ltd. Subscription Department. 17 Shradhanand Marg, Chawani. Indore – 452 001. Madhya Pradesh. India º ¡echao|og|cz| Issaes za4 0hz||eages - 8aatecha|cs Ia4|z º Iaterc|ew - Mr. Frz4eep 0hztarce4| º ßew 0ea-8et F|zat - h|mo|asz/0oatro| 8 8w|tchgezr Fct. Lt4. º 0|eza 0ece|opmeat Froject - kcc|oaz º k aew 8|o|ae|: 8peat 0rz|a - Nzrts||z 8|opower e n e r g e t i c a i n d i a | j a n / f e b 0 8 | # 0 0 1 Portada.indd 1 26/12/08 18:04:54 2.- I will pay by Credit Card Type: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Name on Card: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Security Code: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Expiration Date: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . For 1 Year (6 issues): Indian citizens 780 Rs. International 150 € Anunciantes.indd 90 30/12/08 15:47:08 ����� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� �������� ������� ������ ���� ��� �� ��������� ���� ���� ����� �������� � ����� ����������� ��� �� �� ���� ��� ������ ������������� � ���������� �������� �� ����� ���� ���� ��� � ��� ������������� ������ ��� ������ ����� ����� � ����������� ���������� � ����������� ���������� ��� ������ � ����� ��� ������ ��������� �� ����� �� ���� ���� ��� ���� � ���� ��� ���� �� ������� � ������� ����������� ��� ����������� Untitled-2 91 30/12/08 16:01:16 Untitled-2 92 30/12/08 16:01:28