ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCEWHAT IS E- GOVERNANCE? E-Governance can be defined as use of ICT (Information Communication Technologies) to enhance the quality of information and service provided to the citizen in a cost effective manner. Another definition of E-Governance: Use of ICT to process the government functioning and to bring about S SIMPLE M MORAL AACCOUNTABLE Government R RESPONSIVE T TRANSPARENT It must be noted that there 4 pillars that make e-Government a Smart Government. SMART GOVERNANCE If used effectively, will improve the government functioning E-Government PROCESS PEOPLE TECHNOLOGY RESOURCES In this paper, we are concerned with the Effective use of Emerging Technologies for Smart Governance. Before, we dig deep into use of technologies for Smart Governance, we will study about some basics of e-Government and e-Governance. It must be noted that based on market and people, there are four types of eGovernment. Basic citizen needs: 1) Online Registration 2) Health Care 3) Education 4) Taxes 1) Employee Information 2) Online Management for Employees 3) Online training/ Conferences 1) Disseminatio n of Government policies, rules, regulations and information 2) Renewing 1) Federal Government support 2) Government Plans 3) Records of Government Smart Governance is the collaboration of all types of e-Governance in an Effective and Efficient manner, as depicted in the following figure: G2G Federal Government G2BCitizen G2G Local Government G2G G2E G2C Busines s Browse r Govt. thereEmploye are 4 types of interaction that takes place e in a Smart Governance. website Now suppose. B . Sometimes. G2G G2G G2C G2G G2E G2G G2B G2G The initial phase of the Interaction was Static. the he goes to 2 different websites to gather the information. the contents on the website were not uploaded for years. as mentioned below: Browse r Browse r Dept. wherein. leading to misleading information flow. Businesses and other Governments) were only viewing the contents. without any interaction. All the stakeholders (Citizens. A Dept.As mentioned in the Figure above. the government created the website and uploaded the static contents on the website. the same customer wants to get the information two government departments. This means that citizens. as EStrategy=SS+DD SS Static + Supply based DD Dynamic +Demand Driven IIInteractive + Integration Before. the report was released. apart from technological involvement and change management. businesses and other government departments. started using Dynamic way of We get almost outdated Interactions. we need shift in the mindset of public administration. United Nations e-Government Survey in 2010. the component of interactivity was still missing. proposed a mechanism of Interaction of Government with citizens. The study elaborated that in order to successfully build e-Government (and later Smart Government). information Browse r Dept. The mechanism was named as e-Strategies. B website Web Server Databas e Server We get updated information Although. every government departments. businesses and other government departments cannot interact with each other and still depends on traditional modes of communication. A website Web Server Browse r Databas e Server Dept.Later. . the governments were already in second stage (DD). the information received was updated. The report elaborated that e-Strategy includes three parts. The shift from DD to II (Interactive and Integration) requires the current eGovernment architecture to be changed technically. But the inclusion requires a major drift in the complete e-Government architecture. which makes the communication interactive. The most important question to ask here. as mentioned below: Applicati on Servers Browse r Dept. A website Databas e Server Web Server Applicati on Servers Browse r Dept. is how inclusion of Application Server increases interactivity? . B website Web Server Databas e Server Interactive information We can easily observe the inclusion of Application Server in the architecture. Application Server is used to generate Business logic and interacts with Database Server more efficiently to answer the queries of Citizen. many of the stakeholders started asking for online financial transactions online. B website Browse r Web Server Databas e Server Interactivity + Payment The above-mentioned types of e-Government development defines the spectrum of e-Governance and information flow. which is a more challenging job to be conducted. Applicati on Servers Dept. Static Information Dynamic Information Provide forms which may be printed and mailed Submit Information online Complete Financial transaction online Service transformatio ns .Basically. Businesses and other Government Departments. With two way interaction in place. A website Browse r Databas e Server Web Server Applicati on Servers Dept. businesses and other government department gets maximum benefits. when we achieve high transaction (referred as mature transaction).Although. as given below: High Transaction (mature) Complexity of eGovernment 2-way interaction Startup Low 1-way interaction Benefit High As mentioned in the graph above. This means we need to have multiple applications interactions. Such an architecture is called n-tier e-Government architecture. businesses and other government departments. which needs complex technologies interaction. it results in greater complexity in e-Government architecture. citizen. . the benefits of Service transformations looks quite good and includes benefits to citizens. However. B website Browse r Web Server Databas e Server Applicati on Server 1 Applicati on Server n Mature Transaction A 1 A 2 A 3 A A 2 1 Almost every government department installed multiple Application servers with loads of Applications on the Servers. and up-to-date information amongst others. there was no integration between departments. A website Browse r Databas e Server Web Server Dept. These applications were used for different purposes. This means that the A 3 .A 1 A 2 A 3 A 1 Applicati on Server 1 …………………… A 2 A 3 Applicati on Server n Dept. as online payments. Each of these departments followed their own structure and own set of applications. business registrations. which included four layers: Access Layer E-Government Layer E-Business Layer Infrastructure Layer Each of these layers had its own requirements in the e-Government Integration framework. as by the time government understood the need to integrate departments. The complete architecture is given below: One of the early adoption of the proposed e-Government Integration Framework is given below: . most of the departments complete the IT development and implementation phase. so the use of technologies can be used in full swing. The task was difficult to obtain.citizens and businesses were able to transaction of a particular department. the interlinking of process between them was still missing. Zakareya Ibrahim and Zahir Irani proposed the e-Government Integration framework. Some people still proposed the integrated architecture framework for e-Government adoption that can be helpful in integration. e-Business Layer User Interface Layer eGovernment Layer Issues in e-Government and e-Business Layer Network Layer . the proposed e-Government Integration framework was suitable for languages departments. and how to manage the rollout. 4) Manage post-implementation change: Any major change will trigger off another cycle of ADM. What are the technologies used for integration. This phase is called Preliminary phase. This phase is called Implementation Governance. It must be noted that all these phases are combined together by Requirements Management. there was the need for Integration Framework that could help the departments in post implementation phase. ADM is a 4step process.E-Business Layer adopted different tools E-Government Layer adopted different programming Though. But for the departments whose ICT implementation was completed. who initiated the use ICT for e-Governance late. 2) Define scope of work and prepare plan for rollout: We need to define the complete scope of the tasks for integration process. The framework was termed as EA (Enterprise Architecture) Framework. and includes 10 circles. Architecture Vision +Business Architecture +IS Architecture+ Technology Architecture+ Opportunities and Solutions+ Migration Planning 3) Oversee development and implementation: How the overall integration should take place. The most adopted EA Framework for e-Government Integration Framework is TOGAF-The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF). The major issues was in E-Business and E-Government Layer. Thus. 1) We need to tailor TOGAF to suit the need of departments: This is one time activity and needs to be carried before adopting TOGAF for a departments. . the framework did not added much results. The core element of TOGAF is ADM (Architecture Development Method). Manage postimplementation change Tailor TOGAF to suit your need Define scope of work and prepare plan for rollout Oversee development and implementation . The2 solution that came to rescue is called Web Services.One of the biggest challenges is the integration process of different departments. What is a Web Service? A 3 . A website Databas e Server Web Server Integra tion Browse r Dept. A 1 A 2 A 3 A 1 Applicati on Server 1 …………………… Browse r A 2 A 3 Applicati on Server n Dept. Integration was the major issue for Mature Transaction. B website Web Server Databas e Server Applicati on Server 1 Applicati on Server n Mature Transaction A A A A A 3 2 1 1 As mentioned earlier. the work had already started in 1999. an official standard Web Services Protocol was launched in 2003. Although. We need a protocol (a set of patterns which is of universal standard) which will be followed for easy integration. Let us consider the same example as mentioned above for explanation: XML XML But use of XML in the Server integration was mere a solution. [email protected] Service is a piece of software.1 gets its acknowledged (May 2000) XML Protocol Working Group Formed (September 2000) Workshop on Web Services (April 2001. which can be exchanged between servers and is both human-readable and machine-readable. CA) Web Services Activity Group Formed (January 2002) . What is XML? eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents. that can be used over internet for communication between different Servers using XML messaging System.org list created for XML protocol discussions (December 1999) SOAP 1. Web Services using XML become popular. Web Services using XML SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) SOA + REST JSON (Representational State Transfer) (Java Script Object Notation) EGovernment Infrastructure The main advantages of REST web services are: Lightweight .After 2003.not a lot of extra xml markup Human Readable Results Easy to build . adheres to a contract Development tools = SOE .no toolkits required SOAP also has some advantages: Easy to consume . and three versions were launched.sometimes Rigid .type checking. Cloud Computing and Smart Government Infrastructure Cloud Computing provides the services through Internet. Considered to be less secure due to its openness. Community Cloud is the best suited model. when the service hosting system is located at a remote location. . others) (G2C) 2) Services provided to businesses (G2B) 3) Data transfer between different departments (G2E/G2G) Types of Cloud Computing for Smart Governance Public Cloud Private Cloud Hybrid Cloud Community Cloud Public Cloud: Public cloud enables applications and storage available to general public over the Internet. Amazon etc. such as offerings by Google (Gmail). These services in Smart Government context can be: 1) Services provided to citizens (such as registration card. These cloud services allow various departments to share the documents and is designed to deliver IAAS. Private Cloud: The more relevant cloud model used for Smart Governance is Private Cloud. based on requirements. PAAS and SAAS. Visa. Public cloud=used for non-sensitive resources Private cloud=used for sensitive information Community Cloud: For delivering citizen services. Community Cloud model is used by many Government to provide services to citizens. which can be used anytime. where organizations can procure their own standardized cloud. These departments can also include their own security features as well. anywhere and on any device (especially Mobile Apps). Hybrid Cloud: Private Cloud + Public cloud where. Summary of Cloud Usage for Smart Governance Public Cloud Private Cloud Hybrid Cloud Non-Sensitive Citizen Requirements G2C Sensitive Information G2G G2B G2c G2E G2G G2B G2C G2E Cloud Service Models Community Cloud G2C . . by which data from various departments in an e-Government Infrastructure would be serving a large number of devices. as Cisco predicted on May 29. speed of data transfer from remotely located Data Center was the major concern. that every individual will be using 5 devices connected to Internet. Content Download Time CDN helps in Reduction of Network Traffic CDN Architecture . 2013.Content Delivery Networks (CDN) As e-Government Infrastructure started using Cloud Computing. the problem of maintaining the infrastructure. which are strategically and geographically located. platform and even software was solved. However. The Solution to the above mentioned problem is called CDN (Content Delivery Network). CDN is a network constructed from the group of “Caching Servers”. CDN is one of the most efficient mechanism. If the content does not reside in the Caching Server. the most popular contents are loaded in the distributed set of caching servers. CP includes all the contents (usually. CDN Structure CDN includes Content Providers (CP) and Caching Servers (as mentioned in the Figure above). and needs to be redirected from remotely located (in Cloud) CP. User requests a content to its nearest Caching Server. thereby. increasing HIT RATIO and reducing MISS RATIO. or 5) The content does not exist in any of the Caching Server.Caching Server Store popular contents in advance (in Millions) Store popular contents in advance Caching Server Caching Server Store popular contents in advance (in Millions) (in Millions) As the numbers of electronic devices are increasing (in billions). . Amongst these. there are two possibilities: 4) The content may be in another Caching Server. Both of these conditions are called MISS RATIO. Content Aging Procedure is focused on delivering the most popular contents to users in the most effective way. This is done using CONTENT AGING PROCEDURE. thus. it becomes very difficult for the web and application server to handle all the request fast and hence CDN architecture was introduced. Such a condition is called HIT RATIO. Thus the biggest challenge for Caching Servers is to maintain the balance of contents. may be redirected from other Caching Server to the user. these are department websites/applications in e-Government Infrastructure). which gets delivered to the user. 3% to $12. CDN Market was about $3. by 2019. the market is expected to grow by 26.16 billion.71 billion. CDN Market and Providers In 2014. .Content Aging Procedure is dependent on three main factors: 1) Number of Caching Servers in the region 2) Location of Caching Servers 3) Memory Size of each of Caching Servers The Content Aging Procedure works effectively by deleting the outdated contents from Caching Servers (works on the concept of Time to Live [TTL]) and gets an updated content from CP.