DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETICENGINE A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by VIGNESH T (111612114106) VIMAL RAJ R (111612114109) SAMINATHAN S (111612114080) in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RSM NAGAR, PUDUVOYAL – 601206. ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025. APRIL 2015 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this project report “ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE” is the bonafide work of “VIGNESH T (111612114106), VIMAL RAJ R(111612114109) & SAMINATHAN S (111612114080)” who carried out the project work under my supervision. SIGNATURE SIGNATURE Dr.M.BALASUBRAMANIAN ME.,Ph.D; Mr.K.RAJESH ME HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING RMK COLLEGE OF ENGG & TECH RMK COLLEGE OF ENGG&TECH ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Support on demand, encouragement at the needed moment and guidance in the right direction are in dispensable for ht success of any project. We have received these in excess from all corners from various people, we are glad to submit our gratitude to them. We thank Shri.R.S.Munirathinam, Chairman and Shri.R.M.Kishore, Vice Chairman of RMK group of Institutions for extending a generous hand in providing the best of resources to the college. Dr.E.B.Perumal Pillai, the esteemed Head of our Institution has been a source of motivation to all the staffs and students of our college. We are so much thankful to him. Our sincere thanks to Dr. S.BhagavathiPerumal, The VicePrincipal, for giving the continuous support for the completion of our project. Our Sincere thanks to Dr.M.Balasubramanian, the Head of the Department for his continuous support and motivation throughout our project. We extend our profound gratitude to Mr. Nirmal.N our Project Coordinator and Mr.K.Rajesh our Guid for his guidance, who has indeed been a polestar throughout the course of the project, we thank him for giving us full support to complete the project successfully. Last, but not the least, we take this opportunity to thank all the staff members of the Department of Mechanical Engineering. Regards to our family, classmates and friends who offered an unflinching moral support for completion of this project. which will result in the rotary motion of crank shaft. We have changed the operating principle of IC Engine by using electromagnetic effect instead of combustion of fossil fuels. The Electromagnet is energized by a battery source of suitable voltage and the polarities of electromagnet are set in such a way that it will repel the permanent magnet i. The total power supplied by battery will be just to fulfill the copper losses of winding and power required to magnetize the windings. piston from TDC to BDC. the permanent magnet which was repelled to BDC will come back to its initial position i. our output work.e. . This procedure completes one revolution of crank shaft i. This engine works on the principle of magnetic repulsion between two magnets. TDC.e. Permanent Magnet acts as piston and Electromagnet is located at the top of the cylinder instead of spark plug and valve arrangement in IC Engines. This electromagnetic engine consists of two magnets. one of them is an Electromagnet and other one is a Permanent Magnet.e.e. When the piston is at BDC the supply of Electromagnet is discontinued.ABSTRACT The main objective of our project to design and construct an electrically operated engine i. because of the inventory advancement in operating principles. Our engine is totally different from ordinary IC Engine. In this way this engine does not contain any spark plug and fuel injection system. Electromagnetic Engine. 3. INTRODUCTION 1. DESCRIPTION OF PARTS 5. SCOPE & OBJECTIVES 4.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE 1.5 1.6 2.2 PISTON .1 ADVANTAGES 1.1 ADVANTAGES 1.1.2 DISADVANTAGES 1.3.1 IC ENGINE 1.2 DISADVANTAGES 1.2.CONTENT i) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii) ABSTRACT 1.2 DISADVANTAGES 1.1 CYLINDER 5.1.3 AIR COMPRESSED ENGINE 1.1 APPLICATION 1. LITERATURE SURVEY 3.2 ELECTRIC VEHICLE 1.2. DESIGN CALCULATION 5. CONCLUSION 9. RESULTS & DISCUSSION 8. BILL OF MATERIAL .4 FLY WHEEL 5.6 PERMANENT MAGNET 5.3 CONNECTING ROD 5.7 BATTERY 6.5. FABRICATION & WORKING 7.5 ELECTROMAGNET 5. The force is applied typically to pistons. jet engines and most rocket engines. such as the six-stroke piston engine and the Wankel rotary engine. heated in a boiler. such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines. pressurized water or even liquid sodium. Firearms are also a form of internal combustion engine. or contaminated by combustion products. This force moves the component over a distance. turbine blades. hot water. The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent. or a nozzle. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine. A second class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines. mixed with. in which the energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of. transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical energy.1. The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir around 1859 and the first modern internal combustion engine was created in 1864 by Siegfried Marcus. such as steam or Stirling engines. each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously described. ICEs are usually powered by energy-dense fuels such as . Working fluids can be air. Internal combustion engines are quite different from external combustion engines.1 IC ENGINE An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. along with variants. INTRODUCTION 1. 1. There's a growing usage of renewable fuels like biodiesel for compression ignition engines and bioethanol for spark ignition engines.2 DISADVANTAGES Air pollution Internal combustion engines such as reciprocating internal combustion engines produce air pollution emissions. The main derivatives of the process are carbon dioxide CO2. due to incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuel. water and some soot — also called particulate matter (PM). 1. Typically an ICE is fed with fossil fuels like natural gas or petroleum products such as gasoline. and boats.1. locomotives and ships. most ICEs are used in mobile applications and are the dominant power supply for cars. Where very high power-to-weight ratios are required. While there are many stationary applications.gasoline or diesel. internal combustion engines appear in the form of combustion turbines. 1. diesel fuel or fuel oil. In addition to providing propulsion. Hydrogen is sometimes used. motorcycles. Powered aircraft typically uses an ICE which may be a reciprocating engine. Wankel engines are found on some automobiles and motorcycles.1 APPLICATION Reciprocating piston engines are by far the most common power source for land vehicles including automobiles. airliners employ a separate ICE as an auxiliary power unit. Airplanes can instead use jet engines and helicopters can instead employ turbo shafts. aircraft. The effects of inhaling particulate . both of which are types of turbines. liquids derived from fossil fuels. and can be made from either fossil fuels or renewable energy. it is a secondary air pollutant.3-butadiene that are also hazardous air pollutants. leaving behind unreacted fuel that is expelled with the exhaust. and premature death. ground-level ozone should not be confused with . such as formaldehyde or acetaldehyde. Increasing the amount of air in the engine reduces emissions of incomplete combustion products. rather. NOx is hazardous to both plant and animal health. sometimes causing the engine to stall. The flame is "quenched" by the relatively cool cylinder walls. When running at lower speeds. Incomplete combustion also leads to the production of carbon monoxide (CO). There are. Ground-level ozone is harmful to human health and the environment. cardiovascular issues. however. produced in the atmosphere by the reaction of NO"x" and volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight. or hydrocarbons not originally present in the input fuel mixture.matter have been studied in humans and animals and include asthma. Not all of the fuel is completely consumed by the combustion process. Ozone is not emitted directly. Incomplete combustion usually results from insufficient oxygen to achieve the perfect stoichiometric ratio. depending on the operating conditions and the fuel-air ratio. Quenching reduces efficiency and increases knocking. Though the same chemical substance. and some of it reacts to form oxygenates. but also promotes reaction between oxygen and nitrogen in the air to produce nitrogen oxides (NOx). quenching is commonly observed in diesel (compression ignition) engines that run on natural gas. a small amount of fuel is present after combustion. lung cancer. Further chemicals released are benzene and 1. and leads to the production of ozone (O3). some additional products of the combustion process that include nitrogen oxides and sulfur and some uncombusted hydrocarbons. Automobile and truck traffic operating on highways and street systems produce noise. Other pollutants. as do aircraft flights due to jet noise. In the United States. Noise pollution Significant contributions to noise pollution are made by internal combustion engines. which protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet rays. or the ozone layer. Idling Internal combustion engines continue to consume fuel and emit pollutants when idling so it is desirable to keep periods of idling to a minimum. Rocket engines create the most intense noise. Non-road engines The emission standards used by many countries have special requirements for nonroad engines which are used by equipment and vehicles that are not operated on the public roadways. nitrogen oxides. such as benzene and 1. Carbon fuels contain sulfur and impurities that eventually produce sulfur monoxides (SO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the exhaust. are regulated as criteria air pollutants under the Clean Air Act to levels where human health and welfare are protected. are regulated as hazardous air pollutants whose emissions must be lowered as much as possible depending on technological and practical considerations.3-butadiene. Many bus . which promotes acid rain. particularly supersoniccapable aircraft.stratospheric ozone. and ozone. PM. The standards are separated from the road vehicles. carbon monoxide. sulphur dioxide. In order to help positively the environment we live in. with the aim of assisting the rider at ‘’difficult’’ moments: hills. some also offer hybrid vehicles that work off both electricity and gas. The electric car (EV) is a relatively new concept in the world of the automotive industry. Cars produce a lot of carbon emissions that are ejected into our natural atmosphere. Chevrolet Volt is a great way for you to not only save money.2 ELECTRIC VEHICLE An electric bicycle. . leaving us vulnerable to things like pollution and greenhouse gases. An electric car such as Nissan Leaf. an electric car is a great step forward. headwind. or more precisely. 1. Although some companies have based their entire model of cars around being proactive and using electricity. a "power-assisted bicycle" is a traditional bicycle to which a small electric engine and a battery have been added. but also help contribute towards a healthy and stable environment.companies now instruct drivers to switch off the engine when the bus is waiting at a terminal. Ford Focus Electric or Tesla Model S. recovery period …it’s enough to have you make friends with your bicycle again. It’s the same kind of batteries that are commonly used when starting up a gasoline engine. However there are still two sides to consider when you’re thinking about investing in an electric vehicle. The only difference comes in the fact that in electric vehicles.1 ADVANTAGES No Gas Required Savings No Emissions Popularity Safe Drive Cost Effective Low Maintenance Reduced Noise Pollution . the positives greatly overshadow the negatives. Electric cars have more batteries than normal gasoline car. These batteries are not only used to power the car but also used for the functioning of lights and wipers. EV’s get their power from rechargeable batteries installed inside the car. Although you may end up paying more for your vehicle. 1. they have more of them which are used to power the engine. you can also receive government subsidies for being environmentally conscious.By buying an electric car.2. which is stored in a tank.1.2 DISADVANTAGES Recharge Points Electricity isn’t Free Short Driving Range and Speed Longer Recharge Time Normally 2 Seaters Battery Replacement Not Suitable for Cities Facing Shortage of Power 1. using compressed air.2.3 AIR COMPRESSED ENGINE A compressed-air vehicle (CAV) is powered by an air engine. Instead of mixing fuel with air and burning it in the engine to drive pistons with hot expanding gases. compressed-air vehicles use the . because there is no need to build a cooling system.expansion of compressed air to drive their pistons. Ignition Systems The engine can be massively reduced in size. fuel tank. 1. low friction teflon or a combination. such as with battery electric propulsion. Compressed-air technology reduces the cost of vehicle production by about 20%. This presents significant cost benefits. One manufacturer claims to have designed an engine that is 90 percent efficient. so can be made of lower strength light weight material such as aluminium. Low manufacture and maintenance costs as well as easy maintenance. Additionally.3. This kind of system is called a hybrid-pneumatic electric propulsion. regenerative braking can also be used in conjunction with this system. air powered vehicles would ultimately be powered through the electrical grid.1 ADVANTAGES Much like electrical vehicles. as opposed to the millions of vehicles on the road. . plastic. Pollution created during fuel transportation would be eliminated. The engine runs on cold or warm air. Transportation of the fuel would not be required due to drawing power off the electrical grid. Which makes it easier to focus on reducing pollution from one source. Compressed-air propulsion may also be incorporated in hybrid systems. Compressed-air vehicles are unconstrained by the degradation problems associated with current battery systems. 1. diesel or biofuel. resulting in lower maintenance cost. Compressed-air tanks can be disposed of or recycled with less pollution than batteries. then compressing air will also be relatively cheap.3. as it would in the engine. it cools dramatically (Charles's law) and must be heated to ambient temperature using a heat exchanger similar to the Intercooler used for internal combustion engines. the temperature difference between the incoming air and the working gas is smaller. moist climates. The heating is necessary in order to obtain a significant fraction of the theoretical energy output. Lighter vehicles cause less damage to roads. with re-filling rates comparable to liquid fuels. the device gets very cold and may ice up in cool.2 DISADVANTAGES When air expands. . The price of filling air powered vehicles is significantly cheaper than petrol. If electricity is cheap. The air tank may be refilled more often and in less time than batteries can be recharged. In heating the stored air. The heat exchanger can be problematic. While it performs a similar task to the Intercooler. generators.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by the flow of electric current. such as motors. Refueling the compressed-air container using a home or low-end conventional air compressor may take as long as 4 hours. such as Dewar (vacuum) flask design. 1. Tanks get very hot when filled rapidly. hard disks. as well as being employed as industrial lifting electromagnets for picking up and moving heavy iron objects like scrap iron. . relays. scientific instruments. the only published test of a vehicle running on compressed air alone was limited to a range of 7. However. That would not be possible with tanks in a car and thus it would either take a long time to fill the tanks. since heat drives up the pressure. MRI machines. if well insulated. and magnetic separation equipment. Early tests have demonstrated the limited storage capacity of the tanks.22 km (4 mi). the heat would not have to be lost but put to use when the car was running. while the specialized equipment at service stations may fill the tanks in only 3 minutes. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off. Electromagnets are widely used as components of other electrical devices. or they would have to take less than a full charge. SCUBA tanks are sometimes immersed in water to cool them down when they are being filled. loudspeakers. creating a strong magnetic field there. The . The field is oriented according to the right-hand rule. a solenoid that is bent into a donut shape so that the ends meet is called a toroid. Much stronger magnetic fields can be produced if a "core" of ferromagnetic material. A coil forming the shape of a straight tube (a helix) is called a solenoid. is placed inside the coil. Current (I) through a wire produces a magnetic field (B). An electric current flowing in a wire creates a magnetic field around the wire (see drawing below). such as soft iron. The magnetic field of all the turns of wire passes through the center of the coil.A simple electromagnet consisting of a coil of insulated wire wrapped around an iron core. The strength of magnetic field generated is proportional to the amount of current. in an electromagnet the wire is wound into a coil with many turns of wire lying side by side. To concentrate the magnetic field. a continuous supply of electrical energy is required to maintain the field. the thumb points in the direction of the field inside the coil.4. This drawing shows a cross section through the center of the coil. The side of the magnet that the field lines emerge from is defined to be the north pole.ferromagnetic core increases the magnetic field to thousands of times the strength of the field of the coil alone. flow of positive charge) through the windings. 1. The main advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet is that the magnetic field can be rapidly manipulated over a wide range by controlling the amount of electric current. The direction of the magnetic field through a coil of wire can be found from a form of the right-hand rule. the dots are wires in which current is moving up out of the page. due to the high magnetic permeability μ of the ferromagnetic material. This is called a ferromagnetic-core or iron-core electromagnet. If the fingers of the right hand are curled around the coil in the direction of current flow (conventional current. Magnetic field produced by a solenoid(coil of wire). The crosses are wires in which current is moving into the page.1 USES OF ELECTROMAGNET . However. including reed relays originally used in telephone exchanges Electric bells Loudspeakers Magnetic recording and data storage equipment: tape recorders. hard disks Scientific instruments such as MRI machines and mass spectrometers Particle accelerators . VCRs. 1914 Electromagnets are very widely used in electric and electromechanical devices. including: Motors and generators Transformers Relays.Fig: Industrial electromagnet lifting scrap iron. When the electromagnet is excited by A. (Square Wave) supply. thus causing the to and fro movement . Anandhi (2013): “Electric Vehicle with Zerofuel Electromagnetic Automobile Engine” The main aim of the project is to design an electromagnetically reciprocating automobile engine. for same polarities these magnets will repel and for opposite polarities they will attract. Magnetic locks Magnetic separation of material Industrial lifting magnets Electromagnetic suspension used for MAGLEV trains 2. A four-stroke engine is used in the vehicle.C. The design involves the replacement of the spark plugs and valves by conductors and strong electromagnetic material. LITERATURE SURVEY Rithula. The piston is a movable permanent magnet and while an air core electromagnet is fixed at the top of the cylinder. Jeyashruthi. Thus we can run the electric vehicle without a motor and the energy is extracted in a clean way as it does not require fuels reducing the air pollution. So with the help of the electromagnets and permanent magnets. So basically we have to prefer Engines for more power & more running capacity. The to and fro movement of the piston is converted into a rotary motion by the crank shaft. Shirsendu Das (Jun 2013): “An Electromagnetic Mechanism Which Works Like an Engine” Engine is the main power source of Automobiles.of the piston. The battery of electrical vehicle can charge easily like mobile. Modern Science & Technology has been taken many positive steps for emission control. which is responsible for the movement of the vehicle. Here I have introduced a mechanism which has more load caring & running capacity then electrical vehicles but makes zero emission or pollution.But the incomplete combustion produces some harmful gasses. But they have very less load carrying capacity & not suitable for long run. where combustion takes place & produces heat which converts into mechanical energy. We know IC-Engines are used in Automobiles. Aeroplane etc . using CNGs & LPGs instead of petrol & diesel. Like. . which in turn is coupled to the wheels which causes the wheels to rotate. the to and fro movement of the piston is obtained using the alternating attractive and repulsive force of the magnets. which is one main cause of air pollution. scooters & cars. They have less running cost & 100% emission free. So when the cylinders 1 &4 of the four-stroke engine experience attraction of magnets due to which the piston moves upwards. Now technology brings Electrical bikes. repulsion takes place inside cylinders 2 & 3 in which the piston moves downwards and then during the next stroke vice-versa occurs . They are 97% cleaner than gas-powered cars. The maintenance cost of electric cars is optimum. The maintenance cost of the type of electromagnetic engine is also low. magnetic repulsion between the same poles of two different magnets.Abil Joseph Eapen. Also there is need for installation of charging stations as the energy densities of normal batteries is less for vehicles to travel over long distances and getting a full charge takes around eight hours. SCOPE & OBJECTIVES Nowadays the electromagnetic vehicle has high innovative compared with IC engine. The main aim of the project is the zero point fuel consumption. The main problems faced by electric vehicles are its inability to run long distances before being charged again and the high initial cost of the electric vehicles. Aby Eshow Varughese (Jun 2014): “ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE” Increasing fuel prices and pollution are the major demerits of Internal Combustion (IC) engines. And this engine has very cleaner and which is not produce any kind of the smokes. Most production electric cars about to hit the market can only go about 100 miles (160. shortage of fossil fuels is being expected due to the ever growing consumption. So need of alternative energy has become necessary. Also presently the demand for fuel has increased and in the nearby future. The present day electric vehicle is efficient than petrol/diesel vehicles. 4. i. When similar poles of two different magnets come in contact with each other they repel each other. The working principle of the engine is the magnetic force principle. This phenomenon of repulsion is used in this engine to create motion.9kms). 3. DESIGN & CALCULATION .e. B = Flux density (T) A = Cross-sectional area of magnet (radius r = 0.5] Where.0175 m) G = Least distance between electromagnet and permanent magnet = 0.0125 m) μ0= Permeability of free space = 4π×10-7 Now flux density B = Br/2 × [(D + z)/(R2 + (D + z)2)0. .21 T z = distance from a pole face = 0.5 – z/(R2 + z2)0.Input voltage = 36 V Input current = 1 A Input Power = Voltage × Current = 36 × 1 = 36W Max. Br = Remanence field = 1.18 N Force exerted by permanent magnet Force F2 = (B2A)/2μ0 Where. we get Max. F2 = 12.67 N Since. N = number of turns = 1000 I = Current flowing through coil = 1 A K = Permeability of free space = 4π×10-7 A = Cross-sectional area of electromagnet (radius r = 0.2547 T Now substituting B in the equation of force. Force F1 = 24.012 m R = semi-diameter of the magnet = 0.0125 m On substitution we get flux density. Force exerted by electromagnet on piston F1 = (N2I2KA)/2G2 Where. B = 0. force F1 and F2 are repulsive.005 m On substitution.005 m D = thickness of magnet = 0. 277 × 10-7 Kg-m2 Moment of inertia. I = moment of inertia of flywheel ω = angular velocity on substitution we get moment of inertia.Total force F = F1 + F2 F = 36. Where. I = 0.5 × m × r2 Where. I = 5. m = mass of fly wheel r = radius of fly wheel = 0.94 rad/s Energy stored on flywheel E=T×θ Where.01m Torque T = 0. N = speed = 200rpm Therefore ω = 20.07 m .3685 N-m Mass of Fly wheel ω = (2πN)/60. T = torque θ = Angle of rotation = 180 0 = π radians On substitution we get energy stored E = 1.5 × I × ω2 Where. F = total force on piston r = crank radius = 0.85 N Torque T = F × r Where.157 J Also E = 0. N = speed = 200 rpm T = Torque = 0. To take care of above issues. Also the cylinder is made of aluminum.718/36) × 100 Therefore. .On substitution.718 W Efficiency = (Output/Input) × 100 = (7. We get m = 2. The temperature within the electromagnetic engine cylinder is very low and so no fins are needed for heat transfer. the cylinder must be only made up of non-magnetic materials such as stainless steel. COMPONENTS 5. This makes the cylinder easily manufacturable.154 Kg Output power P = (2πNT)/60 Where. The cylinder must take care of unwanted magnetic field and other losses further cylinder material itself should not get attracted to the magnet and resist the movement of the piston. a non-magnetic material which limits the magnetic field within the boundaries of cylinder periphery. titanium or similar materials of high resistivity and low electrical conductivity. Usage of aluminium material makes the engine lighter unlike the cast-iron cylinder used in internal combustion engine. Efficiency = 21.1 CYLINDER Electromagnetic engine uses only magnets for its operation.44 % 5. The cylinder of an electromagnetic engine is a simple rectangular block with a blind hole in it.3685 N-m On substitution. we get Output power P = 7. The flat surface of the piston head may be completely exposed or it may be covered by a thin layer of non-magnetic material of sufficient thickness. samarium-cobalt (SmCo) or similar high field strength magnetic materials.3 CONNECTING ROD . titanium or similar materials of high resistivity and low electrical conductivity. One end of the hollow case is fitted with a powerful permanent magnet made of neodymium iron-boron (NdFeB).2 PISTON The hollow piston casing is made up of non-magnetic stainless steel. piston casing can also be made up of non-metallic. The permanent magnet acts as the core of the piston.5. The crankshaft and the piston rod convert the linear reciprocating movement of the piston to the circular movement. Alternatively. The flat surface (which is also the pole of the magnet) of the piston that is nearer to the pole od the electromagnet is called the magnetic head of the piston or piston head. 5. thermal resistant materials as well or can be made by integrating both non-magnetic and non-metallic materials. The other end of the piston case connects to the piston rod that connects to the crankshaft. the connecting rod is same as that of an Internal combustion engine. This converts the linear motion or reciprocating motion of the piston to the circular motion of the crankshaft. that flywheels have a significant moment of inertia and thus resist changes it rotational speed and the amount of energy stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational speed and energy is transferred to the flywheel by applying torque and It is used to store the rotation kinetic energy.4 FLY WHEEL Flywheel is made up of mild steel. so. . It regulates the engine’s rotation and making it operate at a steady speed. so. the connecting rod is used to connect the piston to the crankshaft. 5. Hence. no modification is required. The material of the connecting rod is cast iron and the magnetic fields are contained inside the cylinder and the connecting rod will not be affected much.In a reciprocating engine. electrical connection terminals called taps are often connected to a coil. One loop of wire is usually referred to as a turn or a winding and a coil consists of one or more turns. .5 ELECTROMAGNET An electromagnetic coil is formed when an insulated solid copper wire is wound around a core or form to create an inductor or electromagnet. Coils are often coated with varnish or wrapped with insulating tape to provide additional insulation and secure them in place. When electricity is passed through a coil. For use in an electronic circuit. A completed coil assembly with one or more set of coils and taps is often called the windings. it generates a magnetic field.5. hard disk drives and magnetic fasteners. is a permanent magnet made from an alloy of neodymium.5. Developed in 1982 by General Motors and Sumitomo Special Metals. the lead-acid cell is the type most commonly used. The electrolyte is a dilute solution of sulphuric acid . iron and boron to form the Nd2Fe14B tetragonal crystalline structure. neodymium magnets are the strongest type of permanent magnet commercially available. 5. They have replaced other types of magnet in the many applications in modern products that require strong permanent magnets. NIB or Neo magnet).7 BATTERY Where high values of load current are necessary.6 PERMANANT MAGNET A neodymium magnet (also known as NdFeB. the most widely used type of rare-earth magnet. such as motors in cordless tools. This is same for the case of an electromagnet and a permanent magnet too.1V. for example. let us begin from the situation. By principle of magnetism. the copper coil is energized to produced the magnetic field the piston in side of the large power . the load current to the starter motor is typically 200 to 400A One cell has a nominal output of 2. when piston is located in the lower position. FABRICATION & WORKING The working of the electromagnetic engine is based on the principle of magnetism. To start. The engine greatly resembles the working of a twostroke engine. This working of the electromagnetic engine is based on attraction & repulsive force of the magnet. but lead-acid cells are often used in a series combination of three for a 6-V battery and six for a 12-V battery. 6. So the idea is to modify the piston head and cylinder head into magnets so that force can be generated between them. when like poles of a magnet is brought together they repel away from each other. In the application of battery power to start the engine in an auto mobile. The coil is connected through the battery.(H₂SO₄). When unlike poles are brought near each other they attract. A magnet has two poles a north pole and a south pole. Magnetism is a class of physical phenomenon that includes forces exerted by magnets on other magnets. The arrangement has shown in the Electromagnetic engines working are based on the principle of interaction between the magnetic field Permanent magnet is fixed in the piston and iron material is connected to copper coil.energized the piston move to downward. the coil is connected through the battery. . With the help of relay and control unit. The copper coil is energized to produce the magnetic field. with the help of relay and control unit. the piston moved upper and lower the fly wheel connected through the piston link the copper coil energized the piston move upward and copper coil is de-energized the piston move to downward. The continuous process through piston is move to (up and down) with also rotated the fly wheel. So that the iron material is converted into electromagnet when the power supply is given to it.Neodymium Iron Boron magnets. When the copper coil energized the piston move upward and copper coil is de. When piston is located in the lower position. The continuous process through piston is move to (up and down) with also rotated the fly wheel. RESULTS & DISCUSSION .7. The field generated will not be as strong as expected.7 A The efficiency and power output of the engine was less than what was expected. The prototype is a two stroke engine. which was the primary goal. It uses electricity as its input.22% at 229 rpm for an input current of 1. the field generated by the electromagnet will be less and results in less force. So windings are not tight and there is air gap. Experimental analysis was successfully performed on the prototype. So with less current flow.2A. Maximum efficiency obtained was 21. Only the repulsive force between the magnet and electromagnet is used for power generation. The fabrication work and the design are not perfect. There might be some misalignments and it might cause a drop in output. . The use of relay limits the flow of current as it offers a resistance. The reason for less power and efficiency are The windings of the electromagnet are not perfect.7W at 249 rpm for an input current of 1. The prototype creates no pollution and is eco-friendly. It will result in copper losses and hysteresis losses. No fuel is consumed. Prototype of an engine which works on the principle of magnetism was successfully manufactured. The windings are not machine wound. It was wound with hands on a lathe.The prototype of an electromagnetic engine which works on the principle of magnetism was successfully designed and fabricated. The windings are not laminated. Acceleration is done by controlling the timer which controls the relay. Maximum output power obtained was 20. The results obtained from the experiment are as follows. 8. This results in no pollution which is very desirable in the present day situation. we can reduce the weight of the engine. no fuel is being used in the engine. The power source is battery. Less noise is produce during working. Also by the use of materials like Aluminum. fuel tank. The number of batteries will vary according to the requirement. The usage of relay and timer will limit the output of the engine. Also existing transmission systems can be used in the electromagnetic engine. valves etc. The disadvantage of the electromagnetic engine is its high initial cost. As there is no combustion taking place inside the cylinder there is only very little heat generation. By using an ECU in the engine instead. Also the batteries needs to be charged regularly which is difficult and time consuming. fuel injector. Also. In high power engines. So the engine is not dependable The prototype is an idea which uses the property of an electromagnet by virtue of which it changes the polarity of its poles whenever the direction of current is changed. by inserting more permanent magnets in series on the piston will enhance the output . power can be obtained on each stroke which will result in an increased output. the number of batteries will increase which may increase the total weight of vehicle and consume a lot of space. As magnetic energy is being used the need for air filter. The electromagnet and permanent magnet can be very costly. The engine is not as flexible as the internal combustion engine. The main advantage is. supply system. This eliminates the need for a cooling system. are eliminated and the design of the engine is made simple. fuel pump. fuel filter. titanium etc. CONCLUSION The electromagnetic engine has various advantages over the internal combustion engines. This variation in polarity is utilized to attract or repel the permanent magnet attached to the piston. Also the power of the permanent magnet will decrease during time and the permanent magnet has to be replaced during regular intervals. By slight modification in design and by the use of better hands the engine can be modified to generate more power. thereby increasing its efficiency. BILL OF MATERIALS .of the engine. so that it can be used in commercial vehicles and other applications 8.