1GENERAL PRINCIPLES conditions. Sources of Philippine election law Scope of suffrage The election laws of the Philippines are contained in the following: 1987 Constitution BP 881 (Omnibus Election Code) RA 6646 (Electoral Reforms Law of 1987) RA 6679 (Barangay Elections) RA 6735 (Law Providing for Initiative and Referendum) RA 7166 (1991 Synchronized Elections Law) RA 7941 (Election of Party-List Representatives) RA 8189 (Continuing Registration) RA 8436 (Automated Election System) RA 8524 RA 9006 (Fair Election Act of 2001) THEORY OF POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY Art. II, Sec. 1 1987 Constitution: The Philippines is a democratic and republican state. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them. A democratic and republican government derives all its powers, directly or indirectly, from the people at large. Its essence is indirect rule. Actual sovereignty is exercised by the people by means of suffrage. Suffrage defined Suffrage is the right and obligation of qualified citizens to vote: (1) in the election of certain national and local officials, and (2) in the decision of public questions submitted to the people. It is a political right which enables every citizen to participate in the process of government to assure that it derives it powers from the consent of the governed. It operates on the principle of "one man (or one woman), one vote." Suffrage is not a natural right but a privilege which may be given or withheld by the lawmaking power subject to constitutional limitations. It is not necessarily an accompaniment of citizenship; it is granted only upon the fulfillment of certain minimum Suffrage encompasses the following: (1) Election Election is the means by which the people choose their officials for definite periods and to whom they entrust, for the time being as their representatives, the exercise of powers of government. It involves the choice of candidates to public office by popular vote. a. Regular election – refers to an election participated in by those who possess the right of suffrage and not disqualified by law and who are registered voters b. Special election – when there is failure of election on the scheduled date of regular election in a particular place or which is conducted to fill up certain vacancies, as provided by law (ex. To fill in vacancy in office before the expiration of the term for which incumbent was elected) (2) Plebiscite Plebiscite is the submission of constitutional amendments or important legislative measures to the people for ratification. (3) Referendum Referendum is the power of the electorate to approve or reject legislation through an election called for the purpose. (Sec. 2c, R.A. 6735) It may be of 2 classes, namely: (a) Referendum on statutes, which refers to a petition to approve or reject an act or law, or part thereof, passed by Congress; and (b) Referendum on local law which refers to a petition to approve or reject a law, resolution or ordinance enacted by regional assemblies and local legislative bodies (4) Initiative Initiative is the power of the people to propose amendments to the Constitution or to propose and enact legislation through an election called for the purpose. (Sec. 2a, R.A. 6735) There are 3 systems of initiative, namely: (a) Initiative on the Constitution 2 which refers to a petition proposing amendments to the Constitution; (b) Initiative on statutes, which refers to a petition proposing to enact a national legislation; (c) Initiative on local legislation which refers to a petition proposing to enact a regional, provincial, city, municipal or barangay law, resolution or ordinance Note that in the case of Santiago v. COMELEC, the Supreme Court held that there is no law yet that is sufficient enough for proposing amendments to the Constitution. R.A. 6735 was deemed sufficient for statutory amendments but not Constitutional amendments. What are the substantive requirements for the exercise of suffrage? The only substantive requirements exercise the right to vote are: (CARA) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Recall Recall is the termination of official relationship of a local elective official for loss of confidence prior to the expiration of his term through the will of the electorate. ballot Providing for the manner of choosing candidates and the names to be printed on the ballot Regulating the manner of conducting elections Suppressing whatever evils incident to the election of public officers, pursuant to its duty to secure the secrecy and sanctity of the ballots under Art. V, Sec. 2 of the 1987 Constitution. to Citizenship Age Residency Absence of disqualifications Filipino citizenship This may be by birth or naturalization. Age Who can exercise Under Art. V, Sec. 1 of the 1987 Constitution, the right of suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the Philippines who are: (1) not otherwise disqualified by law, (2) at least 18 years of age, and (3) have resided in the Philippines for at least 1 year, and in the place wherein they propose to vote for at least 6 months immediately preceding the election. The same provision provides that no literacy, property or other substantive requirement shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage, and that Congress may not add or alter the qualifications of voters under Art. V, Sec. 1 of the 1987 Constitution. This specification is an implied prohibition against interference on the part of Congress in the right of suffrage. Congress, however, to a limited extent can regulate the right of suffrage by: Defining the qualifications of voters Regulating elections Prescribing the form of official Must be at least 18 at the time of the election. Residence For the purposes of election law, residence is synonymous with domicile. Art. 50 of the Civil Code provides that “for the existence of civil rights and the fulfillment of civil obligations, the domicile of natural persons is the place of their habitual residence.” Domicile includes the twin elements of “the fact of residing or physical presence in a fixed place” and animus manendi, or the intention of returning there permanently. (Romualdez-Marcos v. COMELEC) Every person is deemed to have his domicile somewhere, and when it has been acquired, it will be deemed to continue until a new one has been acquired. Temporary absences although frequent or long continued, will not, while the person has a continuous intention to return, deprive him of his domicile and right to vote. Any person who temporarily resides in another city, municipality or country solely by reason of his occupation, profession, employment in private or public service, educational activities, work in the military or naval reservations within the Philippines, 3 service in the AFP, the PNP, or confinement or detention in government institutions in accordance with law, shall not be deemed to have lost his original residence. (Sec. 9, R.A. 8189) It is not necessary that a person should have a house in order to establish his residence or domicile in a municipality. It is enough that he should live there, provided that his stay is accompanied by his intention to reside therein permanently. Literacy requirements The Constitution imposes no literacy requirements; hence illiterates have the right to vote. Property requirements Neither does the Constitution impose any property requirement since property ownership is not a test of individual capacity. A property requirement is not only inconsistent with the concept of a republican government, but with the social justice principle of equal opportunity as well. Formal education Formal education is no guarantee for good citizenship or intelligent voting. Sex There is no adequate or justifiable basis for depriving women of equal voting rights. constructively has his permanent home, where he, no matter where he may be found at nay given time, eventually intends to return and remain, i.e., his domicile, is that to which the Constitution refers when it speaks of residence for the purpose of election law. The purpose is to exclude strangers or newcomers unfamiliar with the conditions and needs of the community from taking advantage of favorable circumstances existing in that community for electoral gain. Disqualifications (1) Persons sentenced by final judgment to suffer imprisonment for not less than one (1) year. (Note: he / she shall automatically reacquire the right to vote upon the expiration of 5 years after the service of sentence.) (2) Persons adjudged by final judgment of having committed any crime involving disloyalty to the duly constituted government (e.g. rebellion, sedition, violation of the firearms law) or any crime against national security. (Note: he / she shall automatically re-acquire the right to vote upon the expiration of 5 years after the service of sentence.) (3) Insane or incompetent persons as declared by competent authority. THE COMELEC Taxpaying Ability Purpose This is related to property requirement. Romualdez-Marcos v. COMELEC (248 SCRA 300) It is the fact of residence, not a statement in the certificate of candidacy which ought to be decisive in determining whether or not an individual has satisfied the Constitution’s residency qualification requirement. To successfully effect a change of domicile, one must demonstrate: (1) an actual removal or an actual change of domicile; (2) a bona fide intention of abandoning the former place of residence and establishing a new one; and, (3) acts which correspond with the purpose. The purpose of the COMELEC is to protect the sanctity of the ballot and to ensure the free and honest express of the popular will. To achieve this, the COMELEC was created as an independent administrative tribunal, co-equal with the other departments with respect to the powers vested in it, and not under any of the branches of Government. The intention is to place it outside the influence of political parties and the control of the legislative, executive, and judicial organs of the government. To preserve the independence of the COMELEC, appointments or designations in temporary or acting capacities are not allowed. Composition Aquino v. COMELEC (248 SCRA 400) The place where a party actually or Composition: ) Pursuant to its quasi-judicial powers. Of contempt (Note. 52m) Declaration of failure or postponement of elections. The staggering of terms makes the COMELEC a continuing and self-perpetuating body. Sec. BP 881. (Art. however. Sec. returns and qualifications of all elective. under staggered terms of 2 years interval: of 3 commissioners first appointed. 6. IX-C. i) Annulment or cancellation of illegal registry lists of voters and ordering the preparation of a new one. 1987 Constitution) Promulgation of rules and regulations (Art. (2) Quasi-judicial powers The COMELEC has exclusive original jurisdiction over all contests relating to the election. 1987 Constitution) Cancellation of the canvass of election returns and annulment of a proclamation based on incomplete results. In these cases. The chairman and the commissioners are to be appointed by the President with the consent of the Commission on Appointments. Art. IX-C. orderly. 3 shall hold office for 7 years. Powers and functions The powers and functions of COMELEC may be classified as follows: The COMELEC has exclusive appellate jurisdiction over all contests involving municipal officials decided by the RTC. and honest as such power is merely preventive and not curative. executory and unappealable. (Note. The COMELEC Commissioners are subject to the same disabilities imposed on the President and the Vice-President. Sec. Sec. provincial and city officials. 52 g. IXC. the decisions therein shall be final. The Commissioners serve for 7 years without reappointment. or involving elective barangay officials decided by the MTC. IX-C. however. as well as call for special elections (Sec. and the rest for 3 years. 2 for 5 years. 4. including the prohibition against holding any other office or engaging in any other profession or business. the COMELEC has the power: To issue subpoena. 52b) Fixing of election period (which shall commence 90 days before the election and end 30 days thereafter. Sec. 1987 Constitution) the (1) Enforcement and administration of election laws and regulations (Art. regional. 2 (2). Sec. Qualifications: Natural born citizens At least 35 years old Holders of a college degree Must not have been candidates for any elective position in the immediately preceding elections Majority of the members. To take testimony.4 - chairman 6 commissioners Fixing of other reasonable periods for certain preelection requirements (BP 881. and consequently its members would have the benefit of the experience and expertise of the older members in the performance of its functions. should be members of the Bar who have been engaged in the practice of law for at least 10 years. 6. RA 7166) Prescribe forms. as well as use or adoption of latest technological and electronic devices (BP 881. including the chairman. Sec. 2 (1). that the COMELEC's power to punish for contempt may . that the COMELEC does not have the power to annul an election which may not have been free. unless otherwise fixed by the COMELEC in special cases. BP 881) (5) Register political parties. IX-C. IX-C. (Art. 2(4). 52b. when in any area of the country there are persons committing acts of terrorism to influence people to vote for or against any candidate or political party. 1987 Constitution) The COMELEC has the power of a public prosecutor with the exclusive authority to conduct the preliminary investigation and the prosecution of election offenses punishable under the election law. as these rest within the exclusive original jurisdiction of the MTC. IX-C.g. 2 (5). 1987 Constitution) The power of the COMELEC to decide all questions affecting elections pertains to the following: (1) determination of the number and location of polling places (2) appointment of election officials and inspectors (3) registration of voters However. 1987 Constitution) (7) Investigation and prosecution of cases of violation of election laws (Art. The Ombudsman has NO jurisdiction to prosecute election offenses. 52a. PNP or any similar agency or instrumentality of the government (except civilian home defense forces) during the period of the campaign and ending 30 days thereafter. the COMELEC has NO jurisdiction over questions involving the right to vote (i. Sec. and to prevent and penalize all forms of election frauds. 1987 Constitution) CMT cadets 18 yrs. BP 881). 2 (6). offenses. law enforcement agencies and instrumentalities of the Government for the exclusive purpose of ensuring free. (Art. prohibition and mandamus (Note: but only in exercise of its appellate jurisdiction.1987 Constitution) (b) to the President for removal of any officer or employee it has deputized (Sec. IX-C. etc. IX-C. including limitation of places where propaganda materials shall be posted. 1987 Constitution) (6) Accredit citizens' arms (Art. of age and above may be authorized to act as the COMELEC's deputies for the purpose of enforcing its orders (Sec. (4) Deputize. Sec. Sec. The power may be exercised upon complaint or motu propio. Relampagos v. appealable to the RTC. 1987 Constitution) (9) Recommendatory: (a) to Congress effective measures to minimize election spending. ) (3) Decide all questions affecting elections (Art. NBI. Sec. right of a person to be registered. honest. reporter criticizes a contract with COMELEC for supplies. He may do so only if he is deputized by the COMELEC. 2 (7). or a person fails to follow the procedure for the distribution of ballot boxes). IX-C.). To issue warrants of arrest. Sec. 2 (5). 52a.e. Sec. IX-C. 2 (3). Cumba. etc. and nuisance candidates. BP 881) The COMELEC may deputize any member or members of the AFP. malpractices. (8) Filing of petitions in court for inclusion or exclusion of voters (Art. for imposition of . disqualifications of voters. The COMELEC has no power to hold a person in contempt in the exercise of its administrative functions (e. Of certiorari.5 be exercised ONLY in the exercise of its quasijudicial functions. 2 (5). with the concurrence of the President. Sec. (Sec. orderly. peaceful and credible elections (Art. all grants. Sec.A. IX-C. Sec. 7166) Calling of special elections (Sec. executory and unappealable. R. election cases shall be heard and decided in division. 1987 Constitution) communication The purpose of supervision and regulation is to guarantee or ensure equal opportunity for public service and the equitable right to reply. suspended or cancelled during the election period. 3 different calendar days. 4. orderly. suspension of sentence for violation of election laws. Questions pertaining to proceedings of the Board of Canvassers (Mastura v. Quasi-Judicial Powers Jurisdiction The COMELEC has exclusive original jurisdiction over all contests relating to the election. IX-C.A. Sec. 7 1987 Constitution) . 5 1987 Constitution. En Banc and Division Cases public The COMELEC may sit en banc or in 2 divisions.) (10) Supervision / Regulation. R. regional. Sec. 7 of R. Sec. 4.A. 1987 Constitution). or disobedience to its directive.A. 285 SCRA 493) Postponement of election (Sec. peaceful and credible elections. R. or decision (Art. R. (Art. parole. rules and regulations (Art. (Sec.6 disciplinary action for violation or disregard of. 9006) No franchise or permit to operate a radio or television station shall be granted or issued.4. and free airtime from at least 3 national TV networks and 3 national radio networks. 1987 Constitution) Decisions that must be rendered by the COMELEC en banc include: media of information.A. the decisions therein shall be final. 9006) COMELEC is mandated under Sec. 7166) Declaration of failure of election (Sec. for public information campaigns and fora among candidates. 7166) Time Period and Votes Required The COMELEC shall decide by a majority vote of all its members any case or matter brought before it within 60 days from the date of its submission for decision or resolution. 3. IX-C. IX-C. amnesty. IX-A. and assure free. all of which are to be allocated free of charge equally and impartially among all the candidates for national office on Decisions on motions for reconsideration (Art. This is to prevent the possibility of the President granting executive clemency for political reasons. or As a general rule. or involving elective barangay officials decided by the MTC. of use of all franchises or permits for operation of: transportation utilities. Rule 27 of the 1993 Rules of the COMELEC). (Sec. provincial and city officials. for the duration of the election period. R. 2. honest. 1987 Constitution). special privileges. 2 (2). 4. 4. 5. for pardon. or concessions granted by the Government or any instrumentality thereof (Art. order. 9006 to exercise affirmative action in procuring print space upon payment of just compensation from at least 3 national circulation. 2 (8). Sec. COMELEC. (Art. Petitions for correction of manifest errors in the Statement of Votes (Sec. other Rendition of Decision Composition. 6. returns and qualifications of all elective. and The COMELEC has exclusive appellate jurisdiction over all contests involving municipal officials decided by the RTC. In these cases. IXC.A. only 12 of whom shall be elected every 3 years. PRE-ELECTION REQUIREMENTS PRECINCTS AND POLLING PLACES Precincts Precinct. and a failure to observe them fully will not invalidate the election. after the expiration of the full term of former officers. and every 5 years thereafter. In case of emergencies which necessitate the changing of a polling place. except with respect to the Senators. The President and Vice-President are elected on the same day every 6 years. it is obvious that the manner prescribed is intended simply to secure the correct result. Sec. Special election It is one provided for by law under special circumstances.J. the executive or other designated power in the case of special elections). 43 (c) as amended by R. and Elective Provincial. 8524) Time and Place for Holding Elections The time must be fixed by the authoritative power (i. Findings of fact made by the COMELEC are conclusive upon the Supreme Court. (C. Manner and form should not be allowed to defeat the undoubted will of the people clearly expressed. orders or resolutions rendered by the COMELEC in the exercise of its adjudicatory or quasi-judicial powers not those which are mere incidents of its inherent administrative functions over the conduct of elections. but no method of holding it is declared. Senators. ELECTIONS IN GENERAL Kinds of elections General election It is one provided for by law for the election to offices throughout the State or a certain subdivision thereof. any decision. order or ruling of each Commission may be brought to the Supreme Court on certiorari by the aggrieved party within 30 days from receipt of a copy thereof. Such designated place shall be mandatory. IX-A. 7. By certiorari. it will be sufficient if it is held in the manner prescribed for the holding of general elections. the term for elective barangay officials having been extended from 3 years to 5 years. a party raises questions of law in the Supreme Court. where an election has been held in good faith and irregularities do not affect the result. there is a simultaneous conduct of elections for national and local officials once every 3 years. Barangay Elections are held on the same day. Date of Election Under the Law In accordance with the Constitutional policy to synchronize elections. (Art. adequate general notice must be given. Manner of Holding Elections While the manner of holding elections must be regulated. or an election at which some issue or proposition is submitted to the vote of the qualified electors.A.A. It is an election held to fill a vacancy in an office before the expiration of the full term for which the incumbent was elected. The Supreme Court has no power of supervision over the COMELEC except to review its decisions on petitions by certiorari. Sec. Where a special election is provided for. (R.unit of territory for the purpose of . 1987 Constitution) What is contemplated in this provision are decisions.e. laws in the case of regular elections. The place for holding elections shall be fixed by general law or by a proclamation or by the notice by which the election is called.7 Judicial Review Unless otherwise provided by the Constitution or by law. elections shall be held on the 2 nd Monday of May. the Constitution. 7160. Under R. 7166. City and Municipal Officials are elected on the same day every 3 years.A. Elective Members of the House of Representatives. Simpson) Regulations prescribed are merely directory. Questions arising from the latter may be taken in an ordinary civil action before the RTC. The certiorari jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is confined to instances of grave abuse of discretion amounting to patent and substantial denial of due process committed by it in the exercise of its quasi-judicial powers. defined . BP 881) Where it is not practicable to divide a precinct by territory. referendum or plebiscite except when it is destroyed or it cannot be used. 153. 149. BP 881) OFFICIAL BALLOTS. BP 881) Arrangements and Contents of Polling Places Each polling place shall have at least 10 voting booths of such size. or plebiscite. The polling places of the said precincts must be in the same building. 159 (d). the words. (Sec. a map of the city or municipality showing its division into precincts. 151. No location shall be changed within 45 days before a regular election and 30 days before a special election. or plebiscite and during the voting period a list containing the names of all candidates or the issues or questions to be voted for. the ballot boxes and the whole polling place. (Sec. 7166) Publication of Maps of Precincts At least 5 days before the first registration day and until after the election. (Sec. (Sec. BP 881) be uniform in size. BP 881) Establishment of Precincts The COMELEC shall establish all election precincts. the name of the city or municipality and the province. (Sec. Such maps shall be kept posted until after the election. defined POLLING PLACE: Building or place where the Board of Election Inspectors conducts its proceedings and where the voters cast their votes (Sec. (Sec. 8. the date of the election and the following notice in English. 152. BP 881) The polling place shall be so arranged that the booths. But no changes shall be introduced within 45 days before a regular election and 30 days before a special election or referendum or plebiscite. 159. and hearing. see to it that all polling places are inspected and such omissions and defects as may be found are corrected. clear and legible watermarks that will readily distinguish it from ordinary paper. bear at the top middle portion the coat-of-arms of the Republic. changes or new divisions or abolish precincts if necessary. the COMELEC shall post in the city or municipal hall and in 3 other conspicuous places and on the door of each polling place. BP 881) The COMELEC shall post inside each voting booth and elsewhere in the polling place on the day before the election. 149. 158. be in the shape of a strip with stub and a detachable coupon containing the serial number of the ballot and a space for the thumbmark of the voter on the detachable coupon. Each barangay shall have at least 1 such precinct. the watchers and other persons who may be within the polling place. BP 881) Inspection of polling places Before the day of the election. the Chairman of the COMELEC shall. shall be in plain view of the board of election inspectors.8 voting (Sec. BP 881) The COMELEC may introduce adjustments. be printed in black ink on white security paper with distinctive. 149. referendum or plebiscite.A. (Sec. BP 881) secretly. except what is being written within the booths. (Sec. through its authorized representatives. 158. 163. (Sec. the table. ELECTION RETURNS & BALLOT BOXES Form and Contents of ballots Polling Places The ballots shall: Polling place. “Official Ballot”. (Sec. the COMELEC may adjust or split the precinct by assigning the registered voters alphabetically and equitably among the adjusted or split precinct. referendum. specifications and materials as the COMELEC may provide to enable the voters to fill out their ballots . referendum or plebiscite. referendum. BP 881) There shall be a guard rail between the voting booths and the table for the Board of Election Inspectors. R. “Fill out Designation of polling places The COMELEC may introduce changes in the location of polling places when necessary after notice to the registered political parties and candidates affected if any. Ballot boxes On the day of the voting. (Sec. contain the names of all the offices to be voted for. have nothing printed or written at the back except the signature of the chairman of the Board of Election Inspectors Notwithstanding the preceding provisions. BP 881) The registered political parties or coalitions of parties (or their components should there be any dissolution or division of said coalition) whose candidates obtained at least 10% of the total votes cast in the next preceding senatorial election are each entitled to have a watcher and/or representative in the procurement and watermarking of papers to be used in the printing of election returns and official ballots. 186. COMELEC may prescribe a different form of official ballot on the same watermarked security paper to facilitate the voting by illiterate voters only and to use or adopt the latest technological and electronic devices in connection therewith. R. the city or municipal treasure shall provide other ballots which shall be as similar to the official ones as circumstances will permit and which shall be uniform within each polling place. (Sec. 7166) Emergency Ballots GR: No ballots other than the official ballots shall be used or counted.9 this ballot secretly inside the voting booth. sufficient space or spaces with horizontal lines where the voter may write the name or names of the individual candidates voted for by him. REGISTRATION OF VOTERS Registration defined . and for election returns. city. 182. It shall contain two compartments. one for valid ballots and the other for spoiled ballots. 189.the act of accomplishing and filing of a sworn application for registration by a qualified voter before the election officer of the city or municipality wherein he resides and including the same in the book of registered voters upon approval by the Election Registration Board. allowing opposite the name of each office. R. 23.A. 184. BP 881) Printing of official ballots and election returns The official ballots and election returns shall be printed by the Government Printing Office and/or the Central Bank printing facilities exclusively. together with the representatives of the COMELEC and the provincial. 8189) Necessity of registration . BP 881) Publication The COMELEC shall publish at least 10 days before an election. (Sec.A. 8. and in the printing. R. at the rate of one set for every polling place. in a newspaper of general circulation. Do not put any distinctive mark on any part of this ballot”. certified data on the number of ballots and returns and the names and addresses of the printers and the number printed by each. (Sec. storage and distribution thereof. election returns and sample official ballots. 6646) Requisition and Distribution The official ballots and election returns shall be distributed to each city and municipality at the rate of one and one-fifth ballots for every voter registered in each polling place. 3a. storage and distribution thereof. and municipal treasurers shall verify the contents of the boxes containing the shipment of official ballots. In these cases. BP 881) The ruling party and the dominant opposition party shall submit the names of their watchers who. (Sec. Exception: "Emergency ballots" may be used if: failure to receive the official ballots on time there are no sufficient ballots for all registered voters the ballots are destroyed at such time as shall render it impossible to provide other official ballots. numbering. under the exclusive supervision and control of the COMELEC which shall determine and provide the necessary security measures in the printing. (Sec.A. (Sec. there shall be a ballot box one side of which shall be transparent which shall be set in a manner visible to the voting public. 8436? No. The purpose of having a 120-day prohibitive period is to enable the COMELEC to complete all the necessary pre-election activities. Thus … registration cannot and should not be denigrated to the lowly stature of a mere statutory requirement. For registration is part and parcel of the right to vote and an indispensable element in the election process. 8. including the Project of Precincts. 45d. Disqualifications No member of the Board shall be related to each other or to any incumbent city or municipal elective official within the 4th civil degree of consanguinity or affinity. the COMELEC shall designate an acting Election Officer. that even pre-election activities could be performed by the duly constituted authorities in a realistic and orderly manner – one which is not indifferent and so far removed from the pressing order of the day and the prevalent circumstances of the times. March 26. March 26. R.A. . 5. In the case of Akbayan. et al v. COMELEC. In thickly populated cities or municipalities. R. October and January of every calendar year (or on the next following working day if such designated days fall on non-working holidays) To hear and process all applications for registration. 6735) CAN A SPECIAL REGISTRATION FOR A REGULAR ELECTION BE CONDUCTED OUTSIDE THE PERIOD PRESCRIBED IN SEC. (2) Members: (a) Public school official most senior in rank.A." (Akbayan.147066. or in his absence. orderly and peaceful election. R. the COMELEC may appoint additional election officers for such duration as may be necessary. in the case of an initiative or referendum.A. Election Registration Board (Sec.R. the Supreme Court held that Sec. 8189).147066. Composition (1) Chairman: Election Officer. there shall be as many Election Registration Boards as there are election officers therein. 45d. In case disqualified. may then enact laws to safeguard and regulate the act of voter’s registration for the ultimate purpose of conducting honest. NOTE: It is an election offense to either: (1) accept an appointment. (Sec. 28.A. COMELEC (G. If neither are available.A. to assume office and to actually serve as a member of the Board although ineligible thereto (Sec.R. the COMELEC is authorized to set a special registration day at least 3 weeks before the scheduled initiative or referendum. the city or municipal treasurer. 2001) member of the Board within the 4 th civil degree of consanguinity or affinity. any other appointive civil service official from the same locality as designated by the COMELEC. et al v. 8. 15. to the incidental yet generally important end. 2001). 8189 explicitly provides that no registration shall be conducted during the period starting 120 days before a regular election. or (2) appoint such ineligible person knowing him to be ineligible (Sec. R. July. G. the State undoubtedly. If in succeeding elections. such member is automatically disqualified to preserve the integrity of the Election Registration Board. 8189) Function - Qualifications and Disqualifications See previous discussion under Suffrage. (Sec. No. and (b) Local civil registrar. R. 8189) However. 8189 UNDER THE RESIDUAL OR STANDBY POWERS OF THE COMELEC UNDER SEC. any of the newly elected city or municipal officials is related to a Meet quarterly on the 3rd Monday of April. When registration conducted Registration of voters shall be conducted not less than 120 days before a regular election and 90 days before a special election. R.A.A. Proceeding from the significance of registration as a necessary requisite to the right to vote. 8189) In each city and municipality.A. R. No. 8 of R.10 "The act of registration is an indispensable precondition to the right of suffrage. in the exercise of its inherent police power. Illiterate and Disabled Voters Any illiterate person may register with the assistance of the Election Officer or any member of an accredited citizen’s arm.11 constitution of Board of Election Inspectors. 8 of RA 8189. exclusion and correction of names of voters (Sec. It is "in fact. Such challenge must be made in writing.A. Computerized Voters' List.A.A. by any candidate. RA 8189]. R. the COMELEC has the power to conduct continuing registration. or (2) his registration has been cancelled on the ground of disqualification and such disqualification has been lifted or removed (Sec. The application for registration of a physically disabled person may be prepared by any relative within the fourth civil degree of consanguinity or affinity or by the Election Officer or any member of an accredited citizen’s arm using the data supplied by the applicant [Sec. The filing of the application must be done personally. Any candidate or authorized representative of an accredited political party upon formal request to an election registrar shall be entitled to a certified copy of the most recent list of voters upon payment of a reasonable fee." Re-registration A voter who is registered in the permanent list of voters need not register anew for subsequent elections unless: (1) he transfers residence to another city or municipality. Registration of voters is not. or (3) posting in the bulletin board of city or municipal hall and in 2 other conspicuous places within the city or municipality (3) CONTENTS: Petition shall refer only to 1 precinct. contrary to popular opinion. or by any representative of a registered political party. or (2) registered mail. except during the period starting 120 days before a regular election and 90 days before a special election. R. and Voters Information Sheet. 8189) (1) TIME OF FILING: hours (2) During office NOTICE: Notice of the place. Such registration shall be conducted daily in the office of the Election Officer during regular office hours. 14. 8189) List of voters The list of voters refers to an enumeration of names of registered voters in a precinct duly certified by the Election Registration Board for use in the election. Modes of service: (1) personal delivery. Inclusion-exclusion cases Common rules governing judicial proceedings in the matter of inclusion. 3 (d). (Sec. R. 18. 125. and shall implead the Board as respondents (4) COSTS: Generally. date and time of the hearing of the petition shall be served upon the members of the Board and the challenged voter upon filing of the petition. the court may order a party to pay the costs and incidental expenses of the suit should it find that the application . However. under oath and must state the grounds therefor. BP 881). (Sec. 32. merely the act of going to the Election Officer and writing the names down. no costs shall be assessed against any party. 8189) The Board of Election Inspectors must post the final list of voters in each precinct 15 days before the date of the regular or special election or referendum or plebiscite. System of Continuing Registration Under Sec. Book of Voters and approved Voters Registration Records. a long process that takes about 3 weeks to complete not even counting how long it would take to prepare for the registration in the first place. Challenge of the right to register Any person applying for registration may be challenged before the Election Registration Board: by any voter. non-qualified registrants. 8189) petition any person whose application by registration has been disapproved by the Board of Election Inspectors or any person whose name to be any registered voter. COMELEC. 8189) Petition for Exclusion of Voters from the List The following may petition for the exclusion of a voter from the permanent list of voters: If the case involves the issue of a fictitious voter. 35. In no case shall a decision be rendered upon a stipulation of facts.filed by any registered voter who has not been included in the precinct certified list of voters Petition for correction of name filed by any registered voter who has been included in the precinct certified list of voters with a wrong or misspelled name WHERE FILED? Registration Board With the Election If the petition is denied or not acted .R." (Akbayan. the nonappearance of the challenged voter on the day set for hearing shall be prima facie evidence that such voter is fictitious. on the other hand serves the purpose of securing the voter’s substantive right to be included in the list of voters. the decision does not acquire the nature of res judicata considering the summary character of the case.147066. 33. Cases appealed to the RTC shall be decided within 10 days from receipt of the appeal. The prohibitive period. (7) DECISION: Petition shall be heard and decided within 10 days from date of filing. 138. No. (Sec. and its decision shall be final and executory. 2001) The citizenship of a person to be stricken from the list may be decided in the exclusion proceedings. (Sec. candidate or political party who may be affected by the proceedings may intervene and present his evidence. et al v. R. and the like. 37.A.A. Voters Excluded Through the Inadvertence or Registered with an Erroneous or Misspelled Name (Sec.A. R. (5) INTERVENTION: Any voter. BP 881. 8189) WHAT MAY BE FILED? (1) Petition for Inclusion of Voters in the List The following may included in the voters’ list: (2) Petition for reinstatement . 8189) "The petition for exclusion is a necessary component to registration since it is a safety mechanism that gives a measure of protection against flying voters. In all cases. the court shall decide these petitions not later than 15 days before the election and the decision shall become final and executory. Otherwise the decision of the MTC becomes final and executory after said period. (6) EVIDENCE: Shall be based on the evidence presented.A. No motion for reconsideration shall be entertained. However. March 26. R. G. has been stricken out from the list Petitioner may apply at any time except 105 days prior to a regular election or 75 days prior to a special election. 34. Jurisdiction and Appeal in Inclusion and Exclusion Cases MTC: original and exclusive jurisdiction RTC: appellate jurisdiction Appeals must be made within 5 days from receipt of notice. The RTC shall decide the appeal within 10 days from the time the appeal was received. Sec.12 was filed solely to harass the adverse party and to cause him to incur expenses. R. (Sec. the Election Officer Such petition may be filed at any time except 100 days before a regular election or 65 days before a special election. It shall be decided within 10 days from filing. any representative of a political party. such disability not having been removed by plenary pardon or amnesty. (a) Sentence by final judgment to suffer imprisonment for not less than one (1) year. Force. or the entry of his name in the list of voters used in the preceding election. 39. Intimidation. (c) Declaration of insanity or incompetence by competent authority. or Any similar irregularity The book of voters contains data that are statistically improbable The book of voters shall be annulled after due notice and hearing by the COMELEC after the filing of a verified petition. Impersonation.A. R. as shown by the voting records (Note: SK elections are NOT considered regular elections for this purpose). violation of the firearms law) or any crime against national security. or identification card.A. 8189. the voter may file on any date with the proper MTC a petition for an order directing that the voter's name be entered or corrected in the list. rebellion. (3) Proof that the petitioner has served notice of his application to the Board Annulment of Book of Voters (Sec. (2) Proof that his application was denied or not acted upon by the Board. (2) Any election officer. The following must be attached to the petition: (1) Certified true copy of his registration record. (3) Any duly registered political party GROUNDS: (1) (2) (3) The book of voters was not prepared in accordance with the provisions of R.13 upon. Deactivation and reactivation of registration Deactivation of registration (Sec. (3) Court order for exclusion of registration.A. unless restored to his full civil and political rights in accordance with law. 3c. R. 8189) CAUSES OF DEACTIVATION: (1) The 3 grounds disqualification to namely: for vote. The book of voters was prepared through: Fraud.g. 8189) The book of voters refers to the compilation of all registration records in a precinct. R. (2) Failure to vote in the 2 successive preceding regular elections. 8189) PETITION FILED: Sworn application for reactivation of registration in the form of an affidavit stating that the grounds for the deactivation no longer exist WHO MAY FILE: Any voter whose registration has been deactivated WHERE FILED: . sedition.A. 8189) WHO MAY ANNULMENT: FILE PETITION FOR (1) Any voter. 28. ruling or decision annulling a book of voters shall be executed within 90 days before an election. and (4) Loss of Filipino citizenship Reactivation of registration (Sec. (b) Adjudgment by final judgment of having committed any crime involving disloyalty to the duly constituted government (e. No order. R. (Sec. unless subsequently removed. 27.A. Forgery. Bribery. 8173) REGISTRATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES Political Party defined .A. 6646) To receive the 4th copy (if the dominant majority party) or the 5th copy (if the dominant minority party) of the election returns (Sec. 8189). 26. Sec. platform or program of government and such other relevant information as may be required by the COMELEC. 1987 Constitution). 3c. Procedure (1) The political party seeking registration may file with the COMELEC a verified petition attaching thereto its constitution and by-laws. 189. R.e. IX-C. 60. regularly nominates and supports certain of its leaders and members as candidates for public office. 15. R.A. (Sec. R.A. a party whose constituency is spread over the geographical territory of at least a majority of the cities and provinces comprising the region.A. and (3) Entitle them to the rights and privileges granted to political parties. 8. 6646). juridical (2) Qualify for subsequent accreditation. 8045 and R.A. 27. election returns and sample official ballots received by the provincial. BP 881. i.e. 7491) 2 Kinds: (1) national party. a party whose constituency is spread over the geographical territory of at least a majority of the regions. 42.A. who shall then submit such application to the Election Registration Board for appropriate action. To be present and to have counsel during the canvass of the election returns (Sec.A. 8189) To have a watcher and/or representative in the procurement and watermarking of papers to be used in the printing of election returns and official ballots and in the printing. (Sec. storage and distribution thereof (Sec.A. Purpose of registration The purpose of registration of political parties with the COMELEC is to enable them to: (1) Acquire personality. To inspect and/or copy at its expense the accountable registration forms and/or the list of registered voters in the precincts constituting the constituency at which the political party is fielding candidates (Sec. BP 881) Rights and privileges granted A registered political party is entitled to the following rights and privileges: To be voted upon as a party. city and municipal treasurers (Sec. 7166 as amended by R. (2) The COMELEC shall require publication of the petition for .14 With the Election Officer. 7166). (Sec. 25. R. R. political ideas or platforms of government and includes its branches and divisions. 7. To have watchers who shall verify the contents of the boxes containing the shipment of official ballots. To have one watcher in every polling place and canvassing center (Sec. as the most immediate means of securing their adoption. principles and policies for the general conduct of government and which.A. i.an organized group of citizens advocating an ideology or platform. R. Note that this privilege is only available to the ruling party and the dominant opposition party. 60. WHEN FILED: Not later than 120 days before a regular election and 90 days before a special registration provided that it is registered under the party-list system (Art. R. and (2) regional party. BP 881) . numbering. To have a watcher in every Election Registration Board (Sec.).an organized group of persons pursuing the same ideology. Sec. 1987 Constitution. 6. 7941). 1987 Constitution) those supported by foreign governments (Art.A. Sec. 6 (7). (Sec. the COMELEC shall resolve the petition within 10 days from the date it is submitted for decision. organization or association organized for religious purposes (Sec. (5) The party is receiving support from any foreign government. Sec.A. 2 (5). R. 6. R. BP 881) Cancellation of registration The following are grounds for cancellation of registration of a political party: (1) Accepting financial contributions from foreign governments or their Under the party-list system. IX-C. (3) The party advocates violence or unlawful means to seek its goal (Sec. R. 61.A. R. (3) After due notice and hearing. R. 1987 Constitution. 2 (5). 6 (5). 6 (8). 7941) Nomination and selection of official candidates (Sec. R. foreign political party. Sec.A. (Sec. 7941). (10) If registered under the party-list system. singly or in coalition with others. (6) The party violates or fails to comply with laws. 62 which states that resolution of the petition for registration or accreditation shall be 15 days from the date of submission for decision. 6 (6). IX-C. after due notice and hearing.A. BP 881. Sec.A. IXC. 7941). 61. 6 (1). 2 (5). (Sec. 7941).15 registration or accreditation in at least three newspapers of general circulation. (Sec. R. A. (7) The party declares untruthful statements in its petition for registration (Sec. R. organization. after notice and hearing be deemed to have forfeited such status as a registered political party in such constituency. 1987 Constitution) Forfeiture of status and cancellation of registration Forfeiture of status Any registered political party that. the party fails to obtain at least 2% of the votes in the 2 preceding elections for the constituency in which it has registered. (4) The party is a foreign party or organization (Sec. 6 (4). (8) The party has ceased to exist for at least 1 year (Sec. rules or regulations relating to elections (Sec. R. R. 2 (5). 1987 Constitution). fails to obtain at least 10% of the votes cast in the constituency in which it nominated and supported a candidate or candidates in the election next following its registration shall.A. 6 (2). 7941). 7941). IX-C. (9) The party fails to participate in the last 2 preceding elections (Sec. IX-C. Sec. 61.A. Sec. 7166) No political convention or meeting for the nomination or election of the official candidates of any political party or organization or political groups or coalition thereof shall be . BP 881) those which refuse to uphold and adhere to the Constitution (Art. (2) The party is a religious sect or denomination. foundation.) Who may not be registered agencies (Art. 6 (8). 7941).A.A. 7941) The following may not be registered as political parties: religious denominations and sects (Art. 6 (3). Note however the discrepancy with Sec. the COMELEC may refuse or cancel registration either motu propio or upon verified complaint of any interested party. BP 881) those which seek to achieve their goals through violence or unlawful means (Art. 60. 2 (5). 7941). R. whether directly or through any of its officers or members or indirectly through third parties for partisan election purposes (Sec. A. (3) Sectoral organizations.. . R. (Sec. urban poor. 7941) PETITION: Petition verified by the party/organization/coalition's president or secretary.e. R. R. and whose principal advocacy pertains to the special interest and concerns of their sector (Sec. 7941). i. they must file with the COMELEC a manifestation of such desire to participate not later than 120 days before the election. (5) Coalition agreement (as applicable). R. the COMELEC shall resolve the petition within 15 days from the date it was submitted for decision.A.e. regional. (Sec. Sec. veterans. as amended by Sec. 1987 Constitution). overseas workers. (4) List of officers. elderly.to enable Filipino citizens belonging to marginalized and underrepresented sectors. (6) Other relevant information as may be required by the COMELEC Who may be registered (1) Political parties (See discussion in previous section).A. 3f. VP. (Sec. Accepting financial contributions from foreign governments or their agencies (Art. indigenous cultural communities. regional or sectoral party or organization or a coalition of such parties or organizations. 11. Senators: 165 days before the date of the election Members of the House of Representatives 75 days before the day of Elective Provincial. Purpose of party-list system WHEN FILED: Not later than 90 days before the election . 7941) Grounds for refusal and/or cancellation of registration The following are grounds for refusal and/or cancellation of registration of a party. 2. 3d. handicapped. 7941). organization or coalition wishing to participate in the party-list system: 1. (3) Platform or program of government. fisherfolk. peasant. However. 7941) Pres. interest or concerns (Sec. organizations or coalitions that are already registered with the COMELEC need not register anew. should they wish to participate in the party-list system. but not later than 60 days before election. and professional sectors. 8436) Party-list system defined Procedure for registration a mechanism of proportional representation in the election of representatives to the House of Representatives from national. organized groups of citizens belonging to the labor. R. groups of citizens or coalitions of groups of citizens who share similar physical attributes or characteristics. provided the coalition of which they form part does not participate in the party-list system.A. i. (4) Coalitions. (Sec. 3e. (2) By-laws. 7941.A.16 held earlier than the following periods: registered national. organizations and parties. 7941) ATTACHMENTS: (1) Constitution. to become members of the House of Representatives. City or Municipal Officers the election REGISTRATION FOR PARTY-LIST Parties.A.A. i.e.A. aggrupations of duly After due notice and hearing. IX-C. employment. youth. regional and sectoral parties or organizations or coalitions thereof registered with the COMELEC. 4. 5. Component parties or organizations of a coalition may participate independently. The petition must state its desire to participate in the party-list system as a national. 3. sectoral parties or organizations for political and/or election purposes (Sec. 2 (5). R. R. (2) Sectoral parties. and who lack welldefined political constituencies but who could contribute to the formulation and enactment of appropriate legislation that will benefit the nation as a whole. women. R. 3. (Sec. 8. or (c) Becomes incapacitated . 9) (3) An elected party-list representative who changes his political party or sectoral affiliation within 6 months before an election is not eligible for nomination as party-list representative under his new party or organization.A. he/she must be a registered voter. 7. 5. 6 (1). The party declares untruthful statements in its petition for registration (Sec. 7941). 9. R. 4.A. 6 (5). organization or association organized for religious purposes (Sec. 7941). 6 (4). whether directly or through any of its officers or members or indirectly through third parties for partisan election purposes (Sec. 8) (7) Changes of name or alterations in the order of nominees are generally not allowed after the list has been submitted to the COMELEC. 6. 6 (3). after due notice and hearing. (Sec. 10. R. rules or regulations relating to elections (Sec. (Sec. In case of youth sector nominees. (Sec. 7941). R. The party is a religious sect or denomination. R. The party advocates violence or unlawful means to seek its goal (Sec. old on the day of the election.17 2. The nomination of party-list representatives is subject to the following limitations: (1) The nominee must have all of the qualifications and none of the disqualifications for the exercise of the right of suffrage. 7941). R. R.A. and at least 25 years on the day of the election. R. Moreover. 6 (8). foreign political party. the party fails to obtain at least 2% of the votes in the 2 preceding elections for the constituency in which it has registered. R. The party is receiving support from any foreign government. 7941) Nomination of party-list representatives (Sec. 7941) Each registered party. 8) (5) Only persons who have given their consent in writing may be named in the list. (Sec. 6 (7). 7941).A. The party fails to participate in the last 2 preceding elections (Sec.A. (Sec. 15) (4) A person may be nominated in 1 list only.A. R. A. The party has ceased to exist for at least 1 year (Sec.A. This list must be submitted not later than 45 days before the election. However. 6 (8). 7941). able to read and write. If registered under the party-list system. 9) (2) The nominee must be a bona fide member of the party or organization which he/she seeks to represent for at least 90 days preceding the day of the election. 8) (6) The list cannot include any candidate for any elective office or any person who has lost his bid for an elective office in the immediately preceding election. or (b) Withdraws his nomination in writing. (Sec. 7941) The COMELEC may refuse or cancel registration either motu proprio or upon verified complaint of any interested party. R.A. 7941). 8. organization. 6 (2).A. these may be allowed when the nominee either: (a) Dies. 7941).A. such nominees must be at least 25 but not more than 30 yrs. R. The party is a foreign party or organization (Sec. 6 (6). (Sec. The party violates or fails to comply with laws. 6. foundation. organization or coalition shall submit to the COMELEC a list of not more than 5 names from which party-list representatives shall be chosen in case it obtains the required number of votes. Effect vacancy of A substitution will be made within the party. A party-list representative cannot sit if he ran and lost in the previous election. Scope of electorate Residence requirement Manner election of Effect of disaffiliation with party Party-list representative District representative Elected nationally. or coalition he wants represented in the House of Representatives. which is increased according to proportional representation. A special election may be held provided that the vacancy takes place at least 1 year before the next election.e. 1. but is in no way to exceed 3 seats per organization Elected according to legislative district by the constituents of such district No special residency requirement Must be a resident of his legislative district for at least 1 year immediately before the election Voted upon by party or organization. duly verified by its President. ACCREDITATION OF A CITIZENS' ARM i. a vote for the party. 8) in the party / organization based on the list submitted to the COMELEC. Loses his seat.18 in which case the substitute nominee shall be placed last in the list (Sec. organization. Effect change affiliation within months prior election of in A party-list representative is prohibited from sitting as representative under his new party or organization. Elected personally. It is only when a party is entitled to representation that it designates who will sit as representative. Procedure) Sec. and the second. Who may be accredited Any bona fide non-partisan group. in which case he/she will be substituted by another qualified person Does not lose seat if he/she changes party or affiliation. based on the list submitted to the COMELEC. Chairman of the Board of Directors. 6 to Effect of loss during previous election A district representative is not prevented from running again as a district representative if he/she lost during the previous election. educational. . Party-list and district representatives distinguished Every voter is entitled to 2 votes: the first is a vote for candidate for member of the House of Representatives in his legislative district. or any of its duly authorized officers. by name. This does not prevent a district representative from running under his new party. and with demonstrated capacity to promote the public interest and assist the COMELEC in the performance of its functions and activities as mandated by the Constitution and by law (Rule 33. COMELEC Rules of Procedure for accreditation (1) FILING OF ACCREDITATION PETITION FOR Any group seeking accreditation may file a petition for accreditation. business or labor sectors with identifiable leadership. membership and structure. professional. association or organization from the civic. with party-list organizations garnering at least 3% of all the votes cast for the partylist system entitled to 1 seat. youth. (2) SETTING OF PETITION FOR HEARING Upon the filing of the petition. or (3) It has failed to comply with the conditions imposed upon it in the decision granting accreditation. whether natural or juridical person. Publication shall be at the expense of the petitioner. the COMELEC en banc shall immediately set the petition for hearing. and an assurance of its capability to undertake a coordinated operation and activity to assist the COMELEC. (c) Nature of its membership. The COMELEC may order the publication of the petition in a newspaper of general circulation if it deems such necessary. a certificate of accreditation shall be issued stating the following: (a) The name of the group or organization. (2) It has performed acts in excess of its duties and functions as provided by law. (3) HEARING OF PETITION The accreditation of the petitioner may be opposed by any person. association. and such other functions and activities which the COMELEC may assign. (4) DECISION The COMELEC shall then render its decision. and (c) The political exercise for which it is accredited Revocation and expiration of accreditation REVOCATION: May be done by the COMELEC after notice and hearing for any of the following acts: (1) The citizens' arm has showed or acted with partiality in any political issue or to any political party. organization or coalition of political parties. the COMELEC may motu proprio require the petitioner to present evidence to support its petition for accreditation. (g) That it shall not solicit or receive. However. (b) The constituency to which it is accredited. group. group or organization. political party. (f) That it is not supported by or under the influence of any foreign government or any of its agencies or instrumentalities. nor aim to propagate any ideology opposed to the principles of a republican and democratic government. (e) That it shall strictly remain nonpartisan and impartial during the registration and election periods. goals or programs through violence or other unlawful means. destroy its character of non-partisanship and impartiality. directly or indirectly. (d) That it shall submit itself to the direct and immediate control and supervision and comply with the orders of the COMELEC in the performance of its specific functions and activities provided by law. and (i) That it undertakes to police its ranks and prevent infiltration by persons or groups of persons who may. in the constituency where it seeks accreditation. or from any foreigner. If the decision is for the accreditation of the petition. notwithstanding the absence of any opposition. (b) That it is not supporting any candidate. whether natural or juridical person. organization or coalition of political parties. any contribution or aid of whatever form or nature from any foreign government or any of its agencies or instrumentalities. (h) That it does not seek to achieve its objectives. EXPIRATION: The accreditation automatically . and such other functions and activities provided by law. political party or coalition of political parties possessing relevant information or evidence against the petitioner by filing a verified opposition. directly or indirectly. location of principal office or place of business. names of its officers or organizers. or of any foreigner.19 The petition for accreditation must state the following: (a) The constituency to which petitioner seeks accreditation. A. telegram or facsimile. as nominees must necessarily be bona fide members of the party. Labo v.City or municipal election registrar Contents of certificate of candidacy The certificate of candidacy shall state the following: That the person filing the certificate is announcing his candidacy for the office stated therein and that he or she is eligible for such office. and decrees promulgated by the duly constituted authorities. That he / she is not a permanent resident or immigrant to a foreign Qualifications prescribed by law are continuing requirements and must be possessed for the duration of the officer's active tenure. The certificates of candidacy shall be filed in the following places: President Vice-Pres Senator | | COMELEC main office (Mla) | Congressman . 8436) Place of Filing CERTIFICATES OF CANDIDACY Candidate defined Any person aspiring for or seeking an elective public office. his title to the office may be seasonably challenged. (Sec. before the elections. one must file a certificate of candidacy within the period fixed by the Omnibus Election Code. Filing of certificate of candidacy Residence. 176 SCRA 1) Certificates must be filed by the candidate personally or by his duly authorized representative. 70. 79. COMELEC. (Sec. Qualifications See the provisions of the Constitution for the qualifications of candidates for President. and Member of the House of Representatives. 7. BP 881) Guest Candidacy A political party may nominate and/or support candidates not belonging to it. To be eligible for any elective public office. R. BP 881) Note however that this is not applicable in cases of political parties registered under the party-list system. Profession or occupation. The political party to which the candidate belongs. Post office address for all election purposes. (Sec. who has filed a certificate of candidacy by himself or through an accredited political party. legal orders. Date of birth.20 lapses at the end of the election period of the political exercise for which the petitioner was accredited as citizens' arm. (Sec. 7166) Time of Filing Certificates of candidacy must be filed in 12 legible copies not later than 120 days . COMELEC. Once any of the required qualifications are lost. 174 SCRA 245. Civil status.Provincial election supervisor If NCR district: File with Regional Election Director If legislative district in cities outside NCR which comprise one or more legislative districts: File with City election registrar concerned Provincial Offices supervisor Provincial election City / Municipal Offices . R.A. 11. No certificate shall be filed by mail. Senator. See the provisions of the Local Government Code for the qualifications of local elective officials. That he / she will obey the laws. Vice-President. or coalition of parties. Mode of Filing That he / she will support and defend the Constitution of the Philippines and will maintain faith and allegiance thereto. aggroupment. (See Frivaldo v. criminal. (Sec. he filed a petition to withdraw his certificate of candidacy for the office of the board member and to declare subsisting his certificate of Subversion. BP 881) Acts (1) Sentence by final judgment for: insurrection. Any offense for which the candidate has been sentenced to a penalty of more than 18 months of imprisonment.21 country. Since the certificate of candidacy for the position of board member was filed by his party and the said party had withdrawn that nomination. That the facts stated in the certificate of candidacy are true to the best of his knowledge.6. Status (1) Lack of Filipino citizenship. (4) Permanent residence or immigrant status in a foreign country. he filed his certificate of candidacy for mayor. (2) Lack of residency requirement. (Sec. running for any officer other than one which he is holding in a permanent capacity. commentator.A. except for President and Vice-President. announcer. BP 881) Withdrawal of certificate A person who has filed a certificate of candidacy may withdraw the same prior to the election by submitting to the office concerned a written declaration under oath. disqualifications may be classified into 4 categories: (1) status. attaching his written declaration under oath withdrawing his certificate of candidacy for board member. as declared by competent authority. 9006 (Fair Election Act of 2001). 14 of R. R. or administrative liabilities which a candidate may have incurred. However. if so required by his/her employer. (Sec. Any mass media columnist. there was substantial compliance with Sec. unless such person has waived his status as permanent resident or immigrant in accordance with the residence requirement provided for in the election laws (Sec. Effects of filing Note: Sec. 68. Any offense involving moral turpitude. and (4) falsity of material representation in the certificate of candidacy. shall be considered ipso facto resigned upon the start of the campaign period") have been repealed by Sec. he may declare under oath the office for which he desires to be eligible and cancel the certificate of candidacy for the other office or offices provided that this is done before the expiration of the period for the filing of certificates of candidacy. on-air correspondent or personality who is a candidate for any elective public office shall be deemed resigned. reporter. without mental reservation or purpose of evasion. (2) acts.A. 15 minutes before the deadline. RAMIREZ V. 73. 6. or shall take a leave of absence from his/her work as such during the campaign period. Disqualifications According to Prof. 73 of the Omnibus Election Code. (3) Insanity or incompetence. he shall not be eligible for any of them. Barlongay. 9006) candidacy for mayor. COMELEC The certificate of candidacy of petitioner for the office of provincial board member was filed by his political party. His filing under oath within the statutory period of his individual candidacy for mayor was a rejection of the party nomination of the other officer. 8 days later. (3) nuisance candidacy. Moral turpitude is an act of a baseness. 8436 (which states that "Any elective official. That the obligation imposed by oath is assumed voluntarily. 73. 67 of BP 881 and the first proviso of Sec.A. rebellion. vileness. If a candidate files a certificate of candidacy for more than 1 office. or depravity in the private duties which a man owes to his fellow . 11 of R. BP 881) The filing of the withdrawal shall not affect whatever civil. cf. or the participation in any campaign. 261k). Having solicited votes or undertaken any propaganda on the day of election for or against any candidate or any political party within the polling place or within a radius of 30 m. 86). 261e). directly or indirectly. Having engaged in election campaign or partisan political activity outside the campaign period and not pursuant to a political party nomination (Sec. or (b) To cause confusion among the voters by the similarity of the names of the registered candidates. (Dela Torre v. Moral turpitude implies something immoral in itself. contrary to the accepted and customary rule of right and duty between man and woman or conduct contrary to justice. Sec. his honor or property. 95. BP 881. 68d. or any promise of such registration. Secs. BP 881. cf. or employees. 68e. 68e. Nuisance candidacy A nuisance candidate is one who files a certificate of candidacy: (a) To put the election process in mockery or disrepute. campaign. 96. damage. to aid. or actually caused. cf. inflicted or produced any violence. BP 881. disbursement or expenditure of public funds 45 days before a regular election (or 30 days in the case of a special election) (Sec. Sec. Having violated the prohibition against release. 68b. or in any manner influenced. induce or corrupt the voters or public officials performing electoral functions (Sec. 68e. received or made any contribution prohibited under the Omnibus Election Code (Sec. BP 881). 68c. loss or disadvantage upon any person or that of the immediate members of his family. injury. 83). Sec. 261v). or omission therefrom (Sec. or (c) Clearly demonstrating that he/she has no bona fide intention to run for the office which the certificate of candidacy has been filed. or the casting of any vote. cf. defaced or tampered with or prevented the distribution of lawful election propaganda (Sec.22 men. BP 881. BP 881. 97 and 104). campaign or vote for or against any candidate or any aspirant for the nomination or selection of candidates (Sec. Having engaged in unlawful electioneering (Sec. 89. BP 881). punishment. BP 881. Having directly or indirectly threatened. 68e. 68e. destroyed. or used any fraudulent device or scheme to compel or induce or prevent the registration of any voter. modesty or good morals. 80). COMELEC. cf. Sec. obliterated. intimidated. Sec. BP 881. or to society in general. Sec. cf. 68a. cf. BP 881). Having solicited. Having removed. Sec. vote. thereof (Sec. 191 SCRA 229) Having committed acts of terrorism to enhance his candidacy (Sec. cf. Having spent in his election campaign an amount in excess of that allowed by the Omnibus Election Code (Sec. regardless of the fact that it is punishable by law or not. Having violated the rules and regulations on election propaganda through mass media (Sec. Sec. Having coerced. compelled. intimidated. etc. 251cc) Having given money or other material consideration to influence. The general rule is that crimes mala in se involve moral turpitude while crimes mala prohibita do not. 261d). and . BP 881. BP 881. 68e. 68e. any of his subordinates or members. cf. 68e. honesty. 243 SCRA 358) In the case of Rodriguez v. (4) Those with dual citizenship. (3) Those convicted by final judgment for violating the oath of allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines. it was held that Rodriguez could not be considered a "fugitive from justice" because his arrival in the Philippines from the U. An official begins to govern or discharge his functions only upon his proclamation and on the day the law mandates his term of office to begin. 1995. but likewise those who. COMELEC Reyes. . REYES V. Philippine citizenship is an indispensable requirement for holding an elective public office.23 thus prevents a faithful determination of the true will of the electorate. FRIVALDO V. he was therefore already qualified to be proclaimed. 120099. or of a promulgated judgment of conviction. 8295) The following persons are disqualified from running in a special election called to fill the vacancy in an elective office. (6) Permanent residents in a foreign country or those who have acquired the right to reside abroad and continue to avail of the same right after the effectivity of the Local Government Code. unaware of COMELEC’s decision to disqualify him. The election of Reyes did not render the administrative charges against him moot and academic. COMELEC (G. 40.R. He was therefore validly removed from office and pursuant to the Local Government Code.A. to hold such office and to discharge the functions and responsibilities thereof as of the said date. And there can only be an intent to evade prosecution or punishment when there is knowledge by the fleeing subject of an already instituted indictment. proclaimed Reyes as the mayor. R. R. See Mercado v. A "fugitive from justice" includes "not only those who flee after conviction to avoid punishment. 78 of BP 881.m. Despite this. The decision to remove him was served on Reyes and thereafter became final because he failed to appeal to the Office of the President.S. he was able to file his certificate of candidacy. BP 881) Falsity of material representation Falsity of a material representation in the certificate of candidacy is a ground for the denial of due course to or cancellation of a certificate of candidacy under Sec. after being charged. flee to avoid prosecution. preceded the filing of the felony complaint in the Los Angeles Court and the issuance of the arrest warrant by the same foreign court by almost 5 months. July 24. Although the COMELEC disqualified him. was disqualified from running for re-election. 7160) (1) Those sentenced by final judgment for an offense punishable by one year or more of imprisonment and within 2 years after serving sentence. 1996). Disqualifications under the Local Government Code (Sec. Since Frivaldo reassumed his citizenship on the very day the term began.A. 1995 through repatriation by taking his oath of allegiance at 2:00 p. Special Disqualifications under the Lone Candidate Law (Sec. Despite this. (7) Those who are insane or feebleminded. 4. 69. the incumbent mayor. Frivaldo was able to reacquire Philippine citizenship on June 30." (Marquez v. (2) Those removed from office as a result of an administrative case. Manzano (LocGov) (5) Fugitives from justice in criminal and non-political cases here and abroad. No. was found guilty in an administrative complaint. (Sec. The election occurred on May 8. COMELEC. the Board of Election Canvassers. COMELEC Frivaldo was previously declared as an alien. he filed a certificate of candidacy. The Supreme Court held that the intent to evade is the compelling factor that animates one’s flight from a particular jurisdiction. city or municipality immediately followed by the nickname or stage name of the candidate and his political affiliation. directly or indirectly. or actually causes. However. Effect of death. 4. damage. .24 provided that evidence of their guilt is strong: than one office to be filled in the same election. (1) Any elective official who has resigned from his office by accepting an appointive office or for whatever reason which he previously occupied but has caused to become vacant due to his resignation. his honor or property that is meant to eliminate all other potential candidate. bribes. the Board of Election Inspectors shall cause said list of candidates to be written on the blackboard or manila paper for posting inside the polling place. loss or disadvantage to any person or persons aspiring to become a candidate or that of the immediate member of his family. and certified. (2) Any person who. torture. Certified List of Candidates The COMELEC shall cause to be printed a certified list of candidates for each office to be voted for in each province. 78. criminal or administrative liabilities which a candidate may have incurred. The names of all candidates followed by his nickname or stage name shall also be printed in the election returns and tally sheets. (Sec. inflicts or produces any violence. Prohibitions Members of the board of election inspections are prohibited from engaging in any partisan political activity or from taking part in the election . intimidates. coerces.A. before the expiration of the period for the filing of certificates of candidacy. (Sec. The filing or withdrawal of a certificate of candidacy shall not affect whatever civil. BP 881) Prohibition against Multiple Candidacies No person shall be eligible for more Whenever practicable.after the last day for filing of the certificates of candidacy ONLY a person belonging to. threatens. by the same political party. The list shall be posted inside each voting booth. may file a certificate of candidacy to replace him. 6646) ELECTION CAMPAIGN & EXPENDITURES ELECTION CAMPAIGN Election campaign or partisan political activity It is an act designed to promote the election or defeat of a particular candidate or candidates to a public office. Such petition shall be filed any time not later than 25 days from the time of filing of the certificate. BP 881) Petition to deny due course or to cancel certificate A verified petition to deny due course to or cancel a certificate of candidacy may be filed by any person EXCLUSIVELY on the ground that a material misrepresentation contained therein as required is false. the person who was filed more than one certificate of candidacy may declare under oath the office for which he desires to be eligible and cancel the certificate of candidacy for the other office or offices. injury. (Sec. R. 77. if any. It does not include public expressions of opinions or discussions of probable issues in a forthcoming election or on attributes or criticisms of probable candidates proposed to be nominated in a forthcoming political party convention. withdrawal occurs: disqualification or . and shall be decided not later than 15 days before the election. harasses. he shall not be eligible for any of them. and if he files his certificate of candidacy for more than one office. punishment.between the day before the election and midday of the election day the certificate may be filed with any Board of Election Inspectors in the political subdivision where he is a candidate or with the COMELEC if it is a national position. disqualification or withdrawal If the death. 1987 Constitution) Members of the military are prohibited from engaging directly or indirectly in any partisan political activity except to vote. 2 (4). R.A. (Sec. 6.P. The restriction is so broad as to include even a citizen's . R.2. 3. (Art. the Supreme Court declared as unconstitutional COMELEC Resolution No. (Sec.3. 881) If the broadcast is given free of charge by the radio or TV station.A. 4. 9006) Lawful election propaganda (Sec.1. R. Handwritten or printed letters urging voters to vote for or against any particular political party or candidate for public office. 4. COMELEC (207 SCRA 712) In this case. Such streamers may be displayed 5 days before the date of the meeting or rally and shall be removed within 24 hours after said meeting or rally. broadcast or outdoor advertisements donated to the candidate or political party shall not be printed. 9006. XVI. Sec. or other written or printed materials the size of which does not exceed 8 ½ inches in width and 14 inches in length. Such written acceptance must be attached to the advertising contract and submitted to the COMELEC within 5 days after its signing. IX-B. with an area not exceeding 2 feet by 3 feet. Sec. stickers. Cloth. NOTE: Streamers not exceeding 3 feet by 8 feet in size are allowed at the site and on occasion of a public meeting or rally or in announcing the holding of such meeting or rally.A. 5 (3).A. Sec. 4. cf. political party or association of persons to engage in an election campaign or partisan political activity except during the campaign period. it shall be identified by the words "airtime for this broadcast was provided free of charge by" followed by the true and correct name and address of the broadcast entity. broadcast or exhibited without the written acceptance by the said candidate or political party. R. leaflets. Such Any published or printed political matter and any broadcast of election propaganda by TV or radio for or against a candidate or group of candidates to any public office shall bear and be identified by the reasonably legible or audible words “political advertisement paid for” followed by the true and correct name and address of the candidate or party for whose benefit the election propaganda was printed or aired. decals. (Art.A. 173. (Sec. B. 80. paper or cardboard posters. 9006) Print. published.25 except to discharge their duties as such and to vote. 9006) The following are lawful election propaganda: Pamphlets. Adiong v. R. Paid advertisements in print or broadcast media. (Sec.3. 9006) All other forms of election propaganda not prohibited by the Omnibus Election Code or the Fair Election Act of 2001. cards. 2347 insofar as it prohibits the posting of decals and stickers on cars and other moving vehicles since it infringes on the right to freedom of expression. (Sec. whether framed or posted. 1987 Constitution) advertisements must comply with the following requirements: Campaign period It is prohibited for any person. Violation of this prohibition constitutes an election offense. BP 881) Officers or employees of the civil service are prohibited from engaging directly or indirectly in any electioneering or partisan political campaigns. in broadsheet and 1/2 page in tabloids thrice a week per newspaper. date. free of charge. to contribute or make any expenditure in connection with any election campaign or partisan political activity For any person during the campaign period: to remove. to give or accept. to take part or influence in any manner any election. Badoy v COMELEC (35 SCRA 285) The prohibition against certain forms of election propaganda was upheld as a valid exercise of police power. destroy. promoting or opposing any political party or the candidacy of any person for public office within 5 days after its signing. “to prevent the perversion and prostitution of the electoral apparatus. political organization or any person: party. suspended or cancelled during the election period. and on the day of the election.” Sanidad vs COMELEC ( 181 SCRA 529) But this evil does not obtain in a plebiscite where the electorate is asked to vote for or against issues not candidates. during the campaign period. Of course. magazine. food or drinks or things of value during the five hours before and after a public meeting.26 privately-owned vehicle.A. to prevent the distribution of lawful election propaganda For any candidate. such political advertisements must be within the limits set forth in the Omnibus Election Code and R. No franchise or permit to operate a radio or TV station shall be granted or issued. Prohibited Acts It is prohibited: For any foreigner: to aid any candidate or political party. All mass media entities are required to furnish the COMELEC with a copy of all contracts for advertising. which is equivalent to deprivation of property without due process of law. Media practitioners . To this end. Mass Media Equal access to media time and space All registered parties and bona fide candidates are guaranteed equal access to media time and space under the Fair Election Act. money or things of value for such purpose. and of the denial of due process of law. radio and television facilities insofar as the placement of political advertisements is concerned to ensure that candidates are given equal opportunities under equal circumstances to make known their qualifications and their stand on public issues. or other publications. Broadcast stations or entities are required to submit copies of their broadcast logs and certificates of performance to the COMELEC for the review and verification of the frequency. Bona fide candidates and registered political parties running for locally elective office are entitled to not more than 60 minutes of TV advertisement and 90 minutes of radio advertisement whether by purchase or by donation. 7166 on election spending. time and duration of advertisement broadcast for any candidate or political party. obliterate or in any manner deface or tamper with lawful election propaganda. to give or contribute. Pursuant to such end: Print advertisements shall not exceed 1/4 page. directly or indirectly. on the day preceding the election. directly or indirectly. Bona fide candidates and registered political parties running for nationally elective office are entitled to not more than 120 minutes of TV advertisement and 180 minutes of radio advertisement whether by purchase or by donation. directly or indirectly. the COMELEC has the power to supervise the use and employment of press. transportation. it has not been demonstrated that the COMELEC has been granted the power of eminent domain by the Constitution or the Legislature. or shall take a leave of absence from their work as such during the campaign period. R. In order to hold rallies. or documentary portraying the life or biography of a candidate shall be publicly exhibited in a theater. cinematographs and documentaries portrayed by actors or media personalities who are themselves candidates. Such applications must be acted upon in writing by local authorities concerned within 3 days after the filing thereof. COMELEC The Supreme Court declared sec. Sec. meetings and other political activity Application for permits to hold rally (Sec. 88. or in the absence of such newspaper.P. 2 does not constitute a valid exercise of police power. All applications for permits to hold meetings. 8. sec. Within 7 working days. rallies and other similar political activities must be immediately posted in a conspicuous place in the city or municipal building. B. 881) The political party or candidate must notify the election registrar of any rally. COMELEC cannot procure print space without paying just compensation therefor.A. The only justifiable ground for denial of the application for the permit is that a prior written application by any candidate or political party for the same purpose has been approved. and shall be utilized exclusively by the COMELEC for public information dissemination on election-related concerns. media practitioners who are officials of a political party or members of the campaign staff of a candidate or political party prohibited from using their media time or space to favor any candidate or political party. 87. time and information bulletin COMELEC space The COMELEC shall procure space in at least one newspaper of general circulation in every province or city. First. Rallies. (Sec. 2 of COMELEC Resolution 2722 compelling print media companies to donate “COMELEC Space” as null and void. TV station or any public forum during the campaign period. 881) The holding of peaceful political rallies during the campaign period is allowed. in any other magazine or periodical in said province or city. Second. Press Institute v. Media practitioners or personalities who are candidates for any elective public office or are campaign volunteers for or employed or retained in any capacity by any candidate or political party shall be deemed resigned.P. In addition. poster area. if so required by their employer. (Sec. R. Denial of any application for said permit is appealable to the provincial election supervisor or to the COMELEC whose decision shall be made within 48 hours and which shall be final and executory. B. The same is true for movies. The element of necessity for the taking has not been shown by COMELEC. 9006) . 8. Public exhibitions No movie. 9006) Phil.A. political parties must follow the requirements of local ordinances on the issuance of permits. If the application is not acted upon within said period. COMELEC space. There is no showing that the members of the Philippine Press Institute are unwilling to sell print space.” COMELEC space shall be allocated to the COMELEC upon payment of just compensation. 2 does not constitute a valid exercise of the power of eminent domain. COMELEC time The COMELEC shall likewise air time in at least 1 major broadcasting station or entity in every province or city.27 Moreover. Notification of election registrar (Sec. and the receipt thereof acknowledged in writing. and shall be utilized exclusively by the COMELEC for public information dissemination on election-related concerns. Furthermore. or in the absence of such entity. no attempt was made to demonstrate that a real and palpable or urgent necessity for the taking of print space confronted the COMELEC. in any radio or TV station in said province or city. Thus. it is deemed approved. the political party or candidate must submit to the election registrar the expenses incurred during the rally. which shall be known as “COMELEC Space." Such COMELEC time shall be allocated to the COMELEC free of charge. there was no effort to show that police power was constitutionally delegated to the COMELEC. which shall be known as "COMELEC time. cinematograph. provided it is an exact replica and shall bear the candidate’s name who caused the reprint and the printer’s name. that is paramount. The Court gave the following reasons: (1) All broadcasting. which questioned the COMELEC's power under Sec. viz: the physical limitations of the broadcast spectrum. COMELEC poster area (Sec. alteration or repeal by Congress when the common good requires. wherein candidates can post. but only the allocation of airtime to the candidates. For independent candidates with no political parties. 9. particularly the voters. 6646) The COMELEC shall encourage nonpolitical non-partisan private or civic organization to initiate and hold in every city and municipality. voter information sheet. the COMELEC shall furnish every registered voter with an unfilled official sample ballot. The information sheet shall include the voter's name. whether by radio or TV. 881. provincial and city candidates to be voted in the said election.A. the size of the common poster area must not exceed 4 feet by 6 feet or its equivalent. to ensure equal opportunity. and a list of all registered national. and the earlier ruling that the freedom of TV and radio broadcasting is somewhat lesser than the freedom accorded to the print media. Election surveys (Sec. B. BP 881 to require TV stations to give air time for candidates free of charge. barangay centers and the like.A. COMELEC information bulletin (Sec. 9. being an exercise of the plenary police power of the State to promote the general welfare. (2) The COMELEC does not take over the operation of radio and television stations. The names of the candidates shall be listed in alphabetical order under their respective party affiliation and a one-line statement not to exceed 3 words of their occupation or profession. and simplified instructions as to the casting of votes. display or exhibit propaganda. B. Persons nominated under the party-list system shall likewise be included in the above-mentioned list. 93. R. 185. explain and/or debate on their campaign platforms and programs and other like issues. 92. COMELEC (289 SCRA 337) In this case. 9006) .P. 9006) The COMELEC may authorize political parties and party-list groups to erect common poster areas for their candidates in not more than 10 public places such as plazas.A. the Supreme Court held that such power is valid and constitutional. bio-data and program of government of every candidate. markets. R. public for a at which all registered candidates for the same office may simultaneously and personally participate to present. is licensed by the government. the precinct and the place where he is registered. as mandated by the Constitution. The COMELEC shall promulgate the rules and regulations for the holding of such to assure its non-partisan character and equality of access thereto by all candidates. and the franchise issued to a broadcast station is always subject to amendment. it is the right of the viewers and listeners. (3) There are substantial distinctions in the characteristics of the broadcast media from those of the print media which justify the different treatment accorded to each for purposes of free speech. for after all. Any candidate can reprint these bulletins. 5. time and the right to reply. Such poster areas shall not exceed 12 feet by 16 feet or its equivalent.28 Telecommunications and Broadcast Attorneys of the Philippines v. Public forum (Sec. COMELEC official sample ballot (Sec. 7904) At least 30 days before an election. There is no better measure for the common good than one for free airtime for the benefit not only of the candidates but even more of the public.P. address. as amended by R. 881) The COMELEC shall cause the printing and supervise the dissemination of bulletins which shall contain the picture. so that they will be informed of the issues in an election. not of the broadcasters. R.A. the uniquely pervasive presence of the broadcast media in the lives of all Filipinos. Prohibited contributions ." (Exact title of case and citation not available as of this writing. expression and the press… as it imposes prior restraint and therefore. party or organization who commissioned or paid for the survey. It must be noted that Sec. whether or not legally enforceable. including the number of individual respondents and the areas from which they were selected. Pollsters shall inform the voters that they may refuse to answer. for details.) Exit polls (Sec. Information required to be published in the survey During the election period. For each question for which the margin of error is greater than that reported above. 881) "Contribution” includes a gift. R. (SWS) The decision. 2000) In this case. made for the purpose of influencing the results of the elections but shall not include services rendered without compensation by individuals volunteering a portion or all of their time in behalf of a candidate or political party. including voters' preference for candidates or publicly discussed issues during the campaign period. 94a.5. the margin of error for that question. B. and A mailing address and telephone number. They do not violate the principle of secrecy of the ballot since such polls are purely voluntary on the part of the voter and do not require him or her to reveal his or her ballot. May 6. defined Election surveys refer to the measurement of opinions and perceptions of the voters as regards a candidate's popularity. the methodology used.29 Election surveys. the Supreme Court held that exit polls are valid. whether said survey is taken in a home. any person. a direct and total suppression of a category of expression even for a limited period. Inc. natural as well as juridical. Pollsters shall wear distinctive clothing. 5. 5.4 which prohibits the publication of surveys 15 days (for national candidates) or 7 days (for local candidates) before an election was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court upon a petition filed by the Manila Standard and Social Weather Station. and the places where they were taken. and The result of the exit polls may be announced after the closing of the polls on election day. subscription. Said announcement shall state that the same is unofficial and does not represent a trend. promise or agreement to contribute. The margin of error of the survey.A. and must clearly identify the total number of respondents. which was penned by Justice V. 9006.3 of R. and the specific questions asked. ABS-CBN v. 9006) Exit polls may only be taken subject to the following requirements: Pollsters shall not conduct their surveys within 50 meters from the polling place. 2001. 5. the money value of which can be assessed based on the rates prevailing in the area. platforms or a matter of public discussion in relation to the election. donation. The name of the person. dwelling place and other places. indicating it as an address or telephone number at which the sponsor can be contacted to obtain a written report regarding the survey in accordance with Sec. Mendoza. loan. COMELEC (January 28. See front page of Philippine Star. It shall also include the use of facilities voluntarily donated by other persons.V. polling firm or survey organization who conducted the survey. candidate or organization who publishes a survey must likewise publish the following information: The name of the person.P. The period during which the survey was conducted. advance or deposit of money or anything of value. stated that the provision "constitutes an unconstitutional abridgment of freedom of speech. or a contract. qualifications. ELECTION CONTRIBUTIONS & EXPENDITURES Contributions Contributions defined (Sec.A. candidate. games. or collections on Sundays and/or other designated collection days. however. directly or indirectly. beauty contests. (b) the loan is made in accordance with laws and regulations. promise or agreement to make an expenditure. 881) No contribution for purposes of partisan political activity shall be made directly or indirectly by any of the following: Public or private financial institutions. with goods or services or to perform construction or other works.A. 96. any gift. including foreign governments. whether civic or religious. for the purpose of influencing the results of the election. cockfights. they are not prohibited from making any loan to a candidate or political party if: (a) the financial institutions are legally in the business of lending money. transportation. R. or any person acting in their behalf. entertainments. 95. boxing bouts. BP 881) It is unlawful for any person to solicit or receive any contribution from any of the persons or entities enumerated. Natural and juridical persons who hold contracts or sub-contracts to supply the government or any of its divisions. Natural and juridical persons who. Limitations on expenditures (Sec. or cinematographic. agent or representative. Prohibited raising of funds It is unlawful for any person to hold the following for the purpose of raising funds for an election campaign or for the support of any candidate from the commencement of the election period up to and including election day: dances. subdivisions or instrumentalities. contribution or donation in cash or in kind from the commencement of the election period up to and including election day. tithes. incentives. B.000. Officials or employees in the Civil Service.P. the money value of the use of which can be assessed based on the rates prevailing in the area. However. theatrical or other performances It is unlawful for any person or organization. or members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. have been granted loans or other accommodations in excess of P100. lotteries. allocations or similar privileges or concessions by the government or any of its divisions. 7166) The aggregate amount that a candidate or registered political party may spend for an election campaign shall be as follows: . exemptions. subdivisions or instrumentalities. 13. or a contract. Natural and juridical persons operating a public utility or in possession of or exploiting any natural resources of the nation.30 (Sec. that normal and customary religious stipends. 94b. to solicit and/or accept from any candidate for public office. within 1 year prior to the date of the election. Expenditures Expenditures defined (Sec. or from his campaign manager. food. including GOCCs. are excluded from this prohibition. It shall also include the use of facilities personally owned by the candidate. Natural and juridical persons who have been granted franchises.000 by the government or any of its divisions. Note. subdivisions or instrumentalities including GOCCs. AND. bingo. Educational institutions which have received grants of public funds amounting to no less than P100. Foreigners and foreign corporations. BP 881) “Expenditure" includes the payment or delivery of money of anything of value.00. (c) the loan is made in the ordinary course of business. (Sec. such costs not to be taken into account in determining the amount of expenses which a candidate or political party may have incurred.31 For Candidates President and Vice-President: P 10 for every voter currently registered Other Candidates: P 3 for every voter current registered in the constituency where he filed his certificate of candidacy Candidates Without a Political Party: P 5 for every voter For Political Parties P 5 for every voter currently registered in the constituency or constituencies where it has official candidates Lawful expenditures (Sec. (f) For rent. B. and other persons actually employed in the campaign. 103. his or her spouse or any relative within the second civil degree of consanguinity or affinity. (b) For compensation of campaigners. agent or representative shall during the campaign period. 102. make any expenditure except for the following purposes: (a) For traveling expenses of the candidates and campaign personnel in the course of the campaign and for personal expenses incident thereto. messengers. school buses. Persons authorized to incur expenditures (Sec. (3) show the expenditures so authorized. such costs shall not be taken into account in determining the amount of expenses which a candidate or political party may have incurred. (g) For political meetings and rallies and the use of sound systems. directly or indirectly. and (5) be furnished the COMELEC. 881) No candidate. (j) For copying and classifying list of voters. medical clinics and hospitals. maintenance and furnishing of campaign headquarters. The treasurer of a political party. B. lights and decorations during said meetings and rallies. or his campaign manager. (c) For telegraph and telephone tolls. the cost of which shall not be taken into account in determining the amount of expenditures which a candidate or political party may have incurred. (i) For employment of counsel. (k) For printing sample ballots in such color. Any person authorized by such candidate or treasurer. churches or chapels cement pavements. directly or indirectly. 881) No candidate or treasurer of a political party shall. TV and other public advertisements.P. The same prohibition applies to . (e) For employment of watchers at the polls. investigating and challenging the right to vote of persons registered in the list.P. contribution or gift in cash or in kind. on the day before and on the day of the election. freight and express delivery charges. or any structure for public use or for the use of any religious or civic organization. (h) For newspaper. (d) For stationery. or undertake or contribute to the construction or repair of roads. radio. The authority to incur expenditures must: (1) be in writing. (4) state the full name and exact address of the person so designated. make any donation.P. postage. Expenditures duly authorized by the candidate or the treasurer of the political party shall be considered as expenditures of such candidate or political party. Prohibited donations (Sec. clerks. office or place of meetings. B. bridges. 104. size and maximum number as may be authorized by the COMELEC. stenographers. 881) Only the following persons are permitted by law to make any expenditure in support of or in opposition to any candidate or political party: The candidate. printing and distribution of printed matters relative to candidacy. (2) be signed by the candidate or the treasurer of the party. puericulture centers. Normal and customary religious dues or contributions. Failure of the candidate or treasurer to preserve such records or documents shall be deemed prima facie evidence of violation of this provision of law. and (d) such other particulars which the COMELEC may require. and person acting under the authority of such candidate or treasurer has the duty to: (1) issue a receipt for every contribution received. within 5 days from the election date. B. 7166) Form and contents of statement The statement shall be in writing. Keeping of detailed records of contributions and expenditures Keeping of records Every candidate and treasurer of the party shall keep detailed. on demand by the candidate or treasurer of the party. the candidate and the treasurer of the political party must file with the COMELEC duplicate copies of the full. R. setting forth therein all information required to be reported.A. either by personal delivery or by registered mail. tithes or collections on Sundays or other designated collection days. 106c. subscribed and sworn to by the candidate or by the treasurer of the party. 245 SCRA 759) Duty of election registrar candidates of their duty to advise It is the duty of the city or municipal election registrar to advise in writing. and the purpose of the expenditure. 14. Such accounting must be given within 5 days after receiving such contribution or incurring such expenditure.A. (b) the amount of every expenditure. its nature and amount. 7166) This requirement to file the statement covers even those who withdrew as candidates after having filed their certificates. 7166 does not make any distinction. and the full name and exact address of the person from whom the contribution was received. 105. (Sec. B. R. render to the candidate or treasurer concerned a detailed account thereof with proper vouchers or official receipts. 106b. (c) any unpaid obligation. date of receipt. 881) Issuance of receipt Every candidate. the . 881) Filing of Statement of Contributions and Expenditures Duty to file Within 30 days after election day. treasurer of the political party. (Pilar v. and accurate records of all contributions received and expenditures incurred by him and by those acting under his authority. or upon presentation of a subpoena duces tecum duly issued by the COMELEC. true and itemized statement of all contributions and expenditures in connection with the election. the date thereof. for their production for inspection by the COMELEC or its duly authorized representative. as well as periodic payments for legitimate scholarships established and school contributions habitually made before the prohibited period. 14. COMELEC. because Sec. (Sec. (Sec.P. Duties of candidates and political parties Accounting of contributions and expenditures (Sec. all candidates to comply with the obligation to file their statements. agents or representatives of any political party.32 treasurers. made no expenditure. or has no pending obligation. full. and to whom said obligation is owing. If the candidate or treasurer of the party has received no contribution. are excluded from the prohibition. 881) Every person receiving contributions or incurring expenditures by authority of the candidate or treasurer of the party shall.P. 14 of R. shall be complete as of the date next preceding the date of filing. the full name and exact address of the person to whom payment was made. (Sec. and shall set forth in detail the following: (a) the amount of contribution.P. B. Preservation of records Records of contributions and expenditures must be preserved for at least 3 years after the holding of the election to which they pertain. such as religious stipends.A. and (2) keep a receipt stating the particulars of every expenditure made. 00 to P 60.000. invoices and other records and documents relative to said expenditures. Otherwise.00. namely: (1) The election in any polling place has not been held on the date fixed on account of force majeure. violence. What constitutes an election An election is constituted when there is a plurality of votes sufficient for a choice conditioned on the plurality of valid votes or a valid constituency regardless of the actually number of votes cast. (Sec. or by the president or general manager in case of a business firm. 262 of B.00 to P 30. B. Sec. 7166 repealed the inclusion of said provisions as election offenses. (Sec.33 statement shall reflect such fact. and to a perpetual disqualification to hold office. Failure of elections Grounds for elections declaration of failure of In the case of Joseph Peter Sison v.P. Offenders are liable to pay an administrative fine ranging from P 1. 1999). No. 7166) The same prohibition also applies if the political party of the winning candidate fails to file the statement within the required period Failure to file the required statements or reports constitutes an administrative offense. 14. The report shall be signed and sworn to by the supplier or contractor. (Sec. 881 as election offenses Prior to R. B. the Supreme Court said that there are only 3 instances where a failure of elections may be declared. or other analogous . RA 7166 does not make any distinction. Such fine shall be paid within 30 days from receipt of notice of such failure. and such other particulars as the COMELEC may require within 30 days after the day of the election. failure to comply with the duties imposed by Sec. Duties of contractors. the date and costs thereof. 881.000. Those who did not vote are assumed to assent to the action of those who voted.R. the nature or purpose of each expenditure. 39 of R. suppliers and business firms Persons or firms to whom any electoral expenditure is made have the duty to: (a) Require every agent of a candidate or of the treasurer of a political party to present written authority to incur electoral expenditures in behalf of such candidate or treasurer. R. COMELEC (245 SCRA 759) The Supreme Court said that the requirement to file the statement covers even those who WITHDREW as candidates after having filed their certificates because sec 14. if the election is lawfully held. 881 constituted election offenses that were punishable under Art. vouchers.000. The commission of a second or subsequent offense under this section subjects the offender to an increased fine ranging from P 2.A. 7166) Except: office Repeal of Sec. 109. (b) Keep and preserve at its place of business for a period of 3 years after the date of the election copies of such written authority.A. 105-112 of B. 134096. March 3. COMELEC (G.A. otherwise. THE ELECTION PROPER Candidates for elective barangay IN GENERAL Pilar vs. Even if a candidate wins due to a minority vote. 881) File with the COMELEC a report setting forth the full names and exact addresses of the candidates. contracts. subject to inspection by the COMELEC or its authorized representative. Effect of Failure to File No person elected to any public office shall enter upon the duties of his office until he has filed the statement of contributions and expenditures. 112.P. However.P.00. 14. (c) treasurers of political parties and other persons incurring such expenditures. with such repeal to have retroactive effect. a plurality of the majority is sufficient. R.A.P. terrorism. there would be no winner. It is not necessary that a majority of voters should have elected the winning candidate. 105-112 of B. fraud. the COMELEC shall enforce the same by issuing a writ of execution against the properties of the offender.P. 881) (Sec. 7166.000. P. B.34 causes. suspended. 5. COMELEC (January 28. or other analogous cause of such a nature that the holding of a free. in case of such vacancy in the Senate.P. under the system of oral suffrages. may be brought to bear upon him with a view to overbear and intimidate.P. 4. R. terrorism. force majeure. violence. Thus. terrorism.A. orderly and honest election becomes impossible in any political subdivision.A. 881) Holding of election The COMELEC shall call for the holding of the election on a date reasonably close to the date of the election not held. 7166) Method of voting Voter must vote in person. violence. 4. suspended. (Sec. and thus escapes the influences which. if he chooses. R. however. However. 4. R. 881) Postponement of elections Grounds for postponement of elections An election may be postponed by the COMELEC either motu proprio or upon a verified petition by any interested party when there is violence. 4. 881) Special election (Sec. or other analogous causes. (Sec. or which resulted in a failure to elect but not later than 30 days after the cessation of the cause of such suspension or failure to elect. The causes for the declaration of a failure of election may occur before or after the casting of votes or on the day of the election. Moreover. 7166) In case a permanent vacancy occurs in the Senate or House of Representatives at least 1 year before the expiration of the term. 7166) Procedure for declaration of failure of elections shall be discussed in the last part of this reviewer. How declared The declaration of a postponement of election is decided by the COMELEC en banc by a majority vote of its members. the COMELEC shall call and hold a special election to fill the vacancy not earlier than 60 days nor longer than 90 days after the occurrence of the vacancy.A. B. B. (2) The election in any polling place had been suspended before the hour fixed by law for the closing of the voting on account of force majeure. or which resulted in a failure to elect but not later than 30 days after the cessation of the cause for such postponement or suspension of the election or failure to elect. CASTING OF VOTES Secrecy of the Ballot The distinguishing feature of this mode of voting. Holding or continuation of election The COMELEC shall call for the holding or continuation of the election on a date reasonably close to the date of the election not held. The voter must personally deposit his . (Sec. fraud or other analogous causes. 7166) How declared The declaration of a failure of election is decided by the COMELEC en banc by a majority vote of its members. fraud. 6. waive his privilege of secrecy and voluntarily disclose the contents of his ballot. and (3) After the voting and during the preparation and transmission of the election returns or in the custody or canvass thereof such election results in a failure to elect on account of force majeure. A legal voter will not be compelled to disclose for whom he voted. and thus prevent the real expression of public sentiment. (Sec.A. third persons are not permitted to testify to its purport. 5. R. (Sec. the special election shall be held simultaneously with the succeeding regular election. it was held in the case of ABS-CBN v. The voter may. 2000) that exit polls are valid since they are voluntary and do not require a voter to reveal the contents of his or her ballot if he or she does not want to. terrorism. (Sec. loss or destruction of election paraphernalia or records. is that every voter is thus enabled to secure and preserve the most complete and violable secrecy in regard to the person for whom he votes. organizations or coalitions rendered under said system. Voter must vote but once. may temporarily be assigned in connection with the performance of their election duties to places where they are not registered voters. his act. namely: chairman poll clerk member The entire Board shall be composed of public school teachers.A. in a way. Vice-President. directly or through its duly authorized representatives. Sec. 13.m. R. This. Any voter in the list who is not present when his name is called out shall not be permitted to vote. absentee voting as provided for in EO 157 shall apply to the elections for President. employees in the civil service. the following may be appointed for election duty: teachers in private schools. an infirm or aged voter may undoubtedly employ another to perform the mechanical act of depositing in the voter’s presence the ballot which the latter has himself selected. and the voters so listed shall be called to vote by announcing each name repeatedly three times in the order in which they are listed. or other citizens of known probity and competence who are registered voters of the city or municipality Qualifications 1) public school teachers 2) be of good moral character and irreproachable reputation 3) a registered voter of the City or municipality 4) never been convicted of any election offense or any other crime punishable by more than 6 months imprisonment 5) able to speak and write English or the local dialect Disqualifications 1) must not be related within the 4 th civil . (Sec. Block Voting There is no longer block voting under current Philippine Election Laws. in case there are not enough public school teachers. 6646) However. as amended by Sec. Board of Election Inspectors Voter need not vote the whole ticket. and he may vote for such offices as he chooses and for such of the several persons to be chosen to the same office as he prefers. It is entirely optional with the voter whether he will vote at all or not. in which case the voting shall continue but only to allow said voters to cast their votes without interruption. votes may be counted in favor of political parties. for each office or measure to be voted for. in law. having been expressly prohibited by Art. may be construed as the exception to the prohibition on block voting. it must be noted that under the party-list system. at any election. Composition Under RA 7166. The poll clerk shall prepare a complete list containing the names of said voters consecutively numbered. 7 of the 1987 Constitution. IX-C. the COMELEC shall. Voting Hours GENERAL RULE: The casting of votes shall be at 7 a. on election day. EXCEPTION: When there are voters present within 30 meters in front of the The Board of Election Inspectors is composed of three (3) persons. constitute a board of election inspectors for each precinct. By the principle that what is done in one’s presence and by his express direction is. However. priority to be given to those with permanent appointments. Absentee Voting members of the AFP members of the PNP other government employees officers At least 30 days before the date when the voters list is to be prepared. and shall end at 3 p. and who are duly registered voters and who. BP 881. Each voter shall vote but once. in the case of a regular election or 15 days before a special election.35 ballot. and Senators ONLY and shall be limited to: polling place who have not yet cast their votes.m. 164. (Sec. Qualifications: 1) Qualified voter of the city or municipality 2) Good reputation 3) Never been convicted of any election offence or any crime 4) Knows how to read and write English. Other civic. service. to appoint 1 watcher in polling place. duly signed and thumb marked by the members of the BEI. 168. 205. religious. or any other fact tending to show or showing the state of the polls. Pilipino or any of the prevailing local dialects 5) Not related within the 4th civil degree by consanguinity or affinity to any member of the BEI in the polling place where he seeks appointment as watcher. to assure the holding of the same in a free. terrorism. business. make any announcement as to whether a certain registered voter has already voted or not. The BEI shall act through its Chariman. shall be entitled collectively. disorder or similar causes. Sangguniang Lunsod and Sangguniang Bayan. and shall decide without delay by majority vote all questions which may arise in the performance of its duties. Exception: the counting of the votes and the preparation of the return may be done in the nearest safe baranggay or school building within the municipality BY unanimous vote of the board and concurred in by the majority of the watchers present IF there is imminent danger of violence. professional. to serve alternately. photographs of proceedings 4) File protests against any irregularities or violation of law 5) Be furnished with a certificate of the number of votes cat for each candidate. candidates for Sangguniang Panlalawigan. before the termination of the voting. before delivering official ballot to the voter. an the his the Failure to authenticate shall be noted in . Prohibitions on the Inspectors Board of Election No member of the Board shall. belonging to the same ticket or slate shall collectively entitled to 1 watcher. with prior authority from the Commission. orderly and honest manner. Duly accredited citizens’ arms of the Commission. shall be entitled to appoint a watcher in every polling place. Rights and duties: 1) Stay in the space reserved for then inside the polling place 2) Witness and inform themselves of the proceedings of the BEI 3) Take notes.36 degree by consanguinity or affinity to any member of the BEI or to any candidate to be voted for in the polling places 2) must not engage in any partisan political activity Powers of the Board of Inspectors (Sec. Act as deputies of the Commission in the supervision and control of the election in the polling places wherein they are assigned. nor shall he make any statement at any time as to how any person voted. BP 881) Watchers Each candidate and each political party or coalition of political parties duly registered with the Commission including those participating under the party list system of representation. except as witness before a court. in every polling place. the chairman of Board of Election Inspectors shall affix signature at the back of the ballot in presence of the voter. However. BP 881) Election The board of election inspectors shall have the following powers and functions: Conduct the voting and counting of votes in their respective polling places. and other similar organization. as to how many have already voted or how many so far have failed to vote. youth. Perform such other functions prescribed by the Omnibus Election Code or by the rules and regulations promulgated by the COMELEC Proceedings Shall be public and held only in the polling places. may appoint two watchers. CASTING OF VOTES Authentication of the ballot In every case. A. The voter shall then be entitled to another ballot which the chairman shall give him after announcing the serial number of the second ballot and recording the serial number in the corresponding spaces in the voting record. except as provided for in the succeeding section hereof. 7166) There is nothing in the law that provides that a ballot which has not been authenticated shall be deemed spurious. Preparing the ballot and voting (1) The voter. . Spoiled Ballots If a voter should accidentally spoil or deface a ballot in such a way that it cannot lawfully be used. bind himself in a formal document under oath to fill out the ballot strictly in accordance with the instructions of the voter and not to reveal the contents of the ballot prepared by him.P. 129783. or (c) any member of the board of election inspectors. he shall surrender it folded to the chairman who shall note in the corresponding space in the voting record that said ballot is spoiled. A violation of these 2 duties shall constitute an election offense. then any person of his confidence who belongs to the same household. 881) No voter shall be allowed to vote as an illiterate or as a physically disabled unless it is so indicated in his registration record. No voter shall be allowed: to enter a booth occupied by another. 196. COMELEC (289 SCRA 702) that the ballot is valid even if it is not signed at the back by the BEI Chairman. No. 24. Preparation of Ballots for Illiterates and Disabled Persons (Sec. to stay therein longer time necessary to speak with anyone other than as herein provided while inside the polling place. B. A voter who is illiterate or physically unable to prepare the ballot by himself may be assisted in the preparation of his ballot by the following: (a) a relative by affinity or consanguinity within the fourth civil degree. In no case shall an assistor assist more than 3 times. The person assisting shall: prepare the ballot for the illiterate or disabled voter inside the voting booth. (Sec. (Libanan v. paraffin paper. for a than It shall be unlawful: to prepare the ballot outside the voting booth. it was held in Punzalan v. to use carbon paper.37 the minutes of the Board of Election Inspectors and shall constitute an election offense. to exhibit its contents to any person to erase any printing from the ballot to intentionally tear or deface the same or put thereon any distinguishing mark. The law merely makes the Chairman of the Board of Election Inspectors accountable for such an omission. G. shall forthwith proceed to one of the empty voting booths and shall there fill his ballot by writing in the proper space for each office the name of the individual candidate for whom he desires to vote.R. 1997) Thus. or (b) if (a) is not available. upon receiving his folded ballot. to make use of any other means to identify the vote of the voter. R. nor enter the same accompanied by somebody. December 22. HRET. or other means for making a copy of the contents of the ballot. 199. No voter shall be required to present his voter's affidavit on election day unless his identity is challenged. (7) The chairman. 881) Any voter or watcher may challenge any voter offering to vote on any of the following grounds: that the challenged person has received or expects to receive. and the detached coupon in the compartment for spoiled ballots. (6) The chairman shall sign in the proper space beside the thumbmark of the voter. (4) The chairman. for using the name of another or suffering from existing disqualification. be distinctly marked with the word "spoiled" and signed by the board of election inspectors on the endorsement fold thereof and immediately placed in the compartment for spoiled ballots. shall verify its number from the voting record where it was previously entered. is fatal. as entered in the voting record. if there be no forefinger nail. fingerprints. has paid.P. offered or promised to contribute money or anything of value . shall be considered as spoiled and shall be so marked and signed by the members of the board of election inspectors. 8436) The spoiled ballot shall. shall then detach the coupon in the presence of the board of election inspectors and of the voter and shall deposit the folded ballot in the compartment for valid ballots. (8) The voter shall then depart. His failure or inability to produce his voter's affidavit upon being challenged. has contributed. Challenge Based on Certain Illegal Acts (Sec.P. 14. Any ballot whose number does not coincide with the number of the ballot delivered to the voter. the board of election inspectors shall satisfy itself as to whether or not the ground for the challenge is true by requiring proof of registration or the identity of the voter. (Sec. Any ballot returned to the chairman whose detachable coupon has been removed not in the presence of the board of election inspectors and of the voter. Note that the absence of the signature of the chairman in the ballot given to a voter as proof of the authenticity of the ballot. offered or promised to pay. R. and deliver the folded ballot to the chairman. or specimen signatures in his approved application in the book of voters or if he is identified under oath by a member of the board of election inspectors and such identification shall be reflected in the minutes of the board. shall not preclude him from voting if his identity be shown from the photograph. (5) The voter shall affix his thumbmark by the side of his signature in the space intended for that purpose in the voting record and the chairman shall apply silver nitrate and commassie blue on the right forefinger nail or on any other available finger nail. B. Challenge of Illegal Voters (Sec.38 No voter shall change his ballot more than once. 200. shall be considered as spoiled and shall be so marked and signed by the members of the board of election inspectors. after finding everything to be in order.A. he shall affix his thumbmark on the corresponding space in the coupon. B. in the presence and view of the voter and all the members of the board of election inspectors. without being unfolded and without removing the detachable coupon. 881) Any voter or watcher may challenge any person offering to vote for not being registered. (3) In the presence of all the members of the board of election inspectors. In such case. without unfolding the ballot or seeing its contents. (2) After the voter has filled his ballot he shall fold it in the same manner as when he received it and return it to the chairman. such other matters that the Commission may require. 202. the challenge shall be dismissed and the challenged voter shall be allowed to vote. number of excess ballots. if any. The original of this record shall be attached to the original copy of the minutes of the voting as provided in the succeeding section. or that he has made a bet or is interested directly or indirectly in a bet which depends upon the result of the election. upon the termination of the voting. the challenge shall be sustained and he shall not be allowed to vote. the original to the city or municipal election registrar. number of valid ballots retrieved from the compartment for spoiled ballots. B. number of spoiled ballots withdrawn from the compartment for valid ballots. B. the third and fourth copies to the representatives of the accredited political parties. B. that he has made or received a promise to influence the giving or withholding of any such vote.P. 203. number of official ballots used and the number left unused. number of voters challenged during the voting. Upon the taking of such oath. number of voters who cast their votes. number of ballots found folded together. number of marked ballots. (Sec. 881) of It must be noted that the admission of the challenged vote shall not be conclusive upon any court as to the legality of the registration of the voter challenged or his vote in a criminal action against such person for illegal registration or voting. names of the watchers present. 881) List of Unused Ballots The chairman of the board of election . The challenged person shall take a prescribed oath before the board of election inspectors that he has not committed any of the acts alleged in the challenge.39 as consideration for his vote or for the vote of another. number of official ballots found inside the compartment for valid ballots. shall certify that it contains all the challenges made. special envelopes and seals received. if any. time the counting of votes commenced and ended. 201.P. Records or Statements to be Prepared and Kept Record of Challenges and Oaths The poll clerk shall keep a prescribed record of challenges and oaths taken in connection therewith and the resolution of the board of election inspectors in each case and. time the election returns were signed and sealed in their respective special envelopes. 881) Copies of this statement after being duly accomplished shall be sealed in separate envelopes and shall be distributed as follows: Minutes of Voting and Counting of Votes The board of election inspectors shall prepare and sign a statement in four copies setting forth the following: time the voting commenced and ended. serial numbers of the official ballots and election returns. (Sec. the second copy to be deposited inside the compartment for valid ballots of the ballot box. number of ballots read and counted.P. number and nature of protests made by watchers. Non-conclusiveness of admission challenged vote (Sec. but in case of his refusal to take such oath. after which all the unused ballots shall be torn halfway in the presence of the members of the board of election inspectors. Thereafter. shall record on the election returns and the tally board or sheet each vote as the names voted for each office are read. with cardboard of the size of the ballots to serve as folders. 8. The public building shall not be located within the perimeter of or inside a military or police camp or reservation nor inside a prison compound. 18. The chairman of the board of election inspectors shall take the ballots of the first pile one by one and read the names of candidates voted for and the offices for which they were voted in the order in which they appear thereon. 2. and the third member. It shall then place the counted ballots in an envelope provided for the purpose. (The election returns are mandated by law to be prepared simultaneously with the counting of the votes. (Sec. the board of election inspectors shall publicly count in the polling place the votes cast and ascertain the results.A. . The ballots shall then be grouped together again as before the reading. orderly. The chairman shall sign and affix his right hand thumbmark at the back of the ballot immediately after it is counted. Venue for counting of votes Manner of Counting Votes 1. which shall not adjourn or postpone or delay the count until it has been fully completed. 204. 881) COUNTING OF VOTES The counting of votes is conducted by the Board of Election Inspectors. the same procedure shall be followed with the second pile of ballots and so on successively. (Sec. The Board shall not adjourn or postpone or delay the count until it has been fully completed. 4. may order the board of election inspectors to count the votes and to accomplish the election returns and other forms prescribed under the Omnibus Election Code in any other place within a public building in the same municipality or city. which shall be held together with rubber bands. disorder or similar causes.) 5. If it becomes necessary to transfer the counting of votes to a safer place on account of imminent danger of violence. the Board of Election Inspectors may effect such transfer by unanimous approval by the Board and concurrence by the majority of the watchers present. The tally board or sheet as accomplished and certified by the board of election inspectors shall not be changed or destroyed but shall be kept in This list shall be signed by all the members of the board of election inspectors. respectively. which shall be closed signed and deposited in the compartment for valid ballots. In case of discrepancy such recount as may be necessary shall be made. The board of election inspectors shall unfold the ballots and form separate piles of one hundred ballots each. The COMELEC in the interest of free. The poll clerk. terrorism. the board of election inspectors shall sum up the totals recorded for each candidate. and honest elections.40 inspectors shall prepare a list showing the number of unused ballots together with the serial numbers. Counting proper Counting to Interruption be Public and Without As soon as the voting is finished. 6646) After all the ballots have been read. After finishing the first pile of ballots. R. and the aggregate sum shall be recorded both on the tally board or sheet and on the election returns. 7. unless otherwise ordered by the COMELEC. 3. assuming such a position as to enable all of the watchers to read such names. the sum being noted on the tally board or sheet and on the election returns. the board of election inspectors shall determine the total number of votes recorded for each candidate.P. 6. B. unless otherwise ordered by the COMELEC. Writing the name of a person who is not a candidate 3 times on 3 spaces provided for in different offices. The placing. It is the duty of the board of election inspectors to issue a certificate of the number of the votes received by a candidate upon request of the watchers. Voters should not be disenfranchised for technical causes. for valid Duties of the Board of Election Inspectors in Counting the Votes The board’s duties are confined to the conduct of the elections and the counting of votes. All marked ballots shall be placed in an envelope labeled "marked ballots" which shall be sealed and signed by the members of the board of election inspectors and placed in the compartment for valid ballots and shall not be counted. Expressions opposite the space for candidates written for the purpose of identification.41 the compartment ballots. EXCEPT those which have been used as emergency ballots. is the existence of evidence aliunde tending to show the intention or purpose in the use of the contested manner or means of voting. The determinative factor in the nullification of ballots for being marked as Placing a big letter “X” immediately after Purpose of Disallowing Marked Ballots Determination of Marked Ballots . Other examples of marked ballots include the following: Where 170 ballots were voted for in the same manner and there is evidence aliunde to prove that such manner of voting was planned. All the members of the board of election inspectors shall sign the certificate. Writing the name of a registered voter who is not a candidate. Where the name of 1 candidate is clearly and markedly indented to the right to make the ballot easily distinguishable. are considered as marked ballots. should it be rejected. Election laws are designed to effectuate the will of the electorate. after the corrected names of candidates for mayor and vice-mayor. in consideration of some promise. without explanation of initials. and none of the votes therein are counted. Hence. Some unscrupulous persons taking advantage of their influence or political prestige may require voters to place a distinguishing “mark” on their ballot. following a design or pattern. Marked Ballots Marked ballots defined Marked ballots are ballots containing a distinguishing mark which would tend to identify the voter who cast such ballot. The inclusion of the names of 2 wellknown movie stars who were not candidates. Use of two or more kinds of writing deliberately put by the voter to serve as identification marks. great care should be used in rejecting them. This threatens the independence of the voters in the exercise of their right to vote. In the absence of evidence aliunde clearly showing the intention or plan was for purposes of identification. Effect of Marked Ballots Marked ballots are invalidated in their entirety. reward or other valuable consideration and to which the voters would have no escape because of the distinguishing marks required of them to place on their ballots. Counting should be liberal to effectuate the will of the electorate. In discounting marked ballots. which is to identify the ballots. The board of election inspectors does not decide the eligibility of candidates. Instances of Marked Ballots Non-official ballots which the board of election inspectors may find. A majority vote of the board of election inspectors shall be sufficient to determine whether a ballot is marked or not. the prohibition on marked ballots. signs on ballots are presumed accidental. Only in an unmistakable case where the ballot appeared to be marked. and therefore has no authority to ignore the votes for a candidate who has filled out his certificate of candidacy in the proper form. the Writing impertinent. Errors in spelling. Illegible writings. The purpose is of election laws is to give effect and not to frustrate the WILL of the voter. Minor blemishes should not affect the validity of the ballot where the intention of the voter to vote for certain persons is discernible in the ballot. Voting names of non-candidates in the absence of evidence that these names were used as identifying marks. COMELEC ( 153 SCRA 67) Appreciation of ballots is a function of the BEI. Affixing the nickname of a candidate. BP 881) (Sec. Appreciation of Ballots Guiding Principles in the Appreciation of Ballots DOUBTS are to be resolved in FAVOR of the validity of ballots. Accidental placing of a stain. accidental. being imprints of other names written on the ballot caused by the folding of the same. Innocent erasures in the spaces for the candidates. However. Misspelling the name of a candidate. Unintentional. not the Board of Canvassers. Every ballot shall be PRESUMED VALID UNLESS there is clear and good reason to reject it. Corrected name written over the canceled one on the space for councilor although he is a candidate for mayor. Writing the word “sinador” in a place far and separate from the proper spaces for candidates. honest mistakes due to ignorance or illiteracy should not defeat the intention of the voter. Sanchez vs. the object should be to ascertain and carry into effect the intention of the voter if it can be determined with reasonable certainty. Bautista vs. The presence of an arrow together with the words “and party”. LIBERAL CONSTRUCTION in reading the ballots.42 the name of a candidate for councilor. The capital letter “N” opposite printed words for senators. and intendments should be in favor of a reading which render the ballot EFFECTIVE rather than in favor of a conclusion which on some technical grounds would render it ineffective. Mistakes in writing names of local candidates in spaces for senators and writing again the names of his candidates for councilors in the proper spaces. Writing crosses and circles signifying the desistance of the voter to write any other name. unintelligible marks or words. Castro ( 206 SCRA 305) In appreciating a ballot. Canceling names and re-writing them to conform with a sample ballot. it must be disregarded. HOW BALLOT Ballots containing the name of a candidate affixed thereto through any MECHANICAL process Totally VOID C O U N T E D . of the voter Instances when Ballot is not Considered Marked The following ballots have been considered NOT marked: Writing the word “sorry” after the name of a candidate as an expression of regret for committing a mistake. Writing a word before the name of a candidate as an appellation of affection or friendship. Rules for Appreciation of Ballots 211. irrelevant unnecessary expression and Placing the fingerprint without reason. if the ballot is so defective as to fail to show any intention. 1 of which is the FIRST NAME of the candidate and the other is the SURNAME of his opponent Vote shall NOT be counted for either Name or surname INCORRECTLY WRITTEN which when READ has a SOUND SIMILAR to the name or surname of a candidate when correctly written (Idem sonans rule) Vote counted in favor of such a candidate Vote shall be counted for the candidate for the office for which he is running for. and on the ballot is written ONLY such full name. and one of them is the INCUMBENT. and there is another candidate with the SAME SURNAME A ballot bearing only such surname shall be counted in favor of the candidate who is an INCUMBENT.43 Ballot clearly appears to have been FILLED by 2 DIFFERENT PERSONS before deposited in ballot box Totally VOID Ballot written with CRAYON. Name or surname of a candidate appears in the space of the ballot for an office for which he is a candidate and for an office for which he is NOT a candidate Vote for the office for which he is NOT a candidate shall be considered a STRAY vote EXCEPT when it is used to identify the voter in which case the whole ballot is VOID. and there is NO other candidate with the same first name or surname for the same office Vote for candidate valid Only candidates’ FIRST NAME is written which when read has a SOUND SIMILAR to the SURNAME of another candidate Vote counted in favor of the candidate with such SURNAME If there are 2 or more candidates with the SAME FULL NAME. and ALL of which are the SURNAMES of 2 or MORE CANDIDATES for the INCUMBENT the is Vote shall NOT be counted for any of them UNLESS one is the surname of the incumbent who has served for at least 1 year – counted 2 or more words are written on DIFFERENT LINES on the ballot. 2 or more words are written on the SAME LINE on the ballot. ALL of which are the SURNAMES of 2 MORE CANDIDATES bearing the same surname for an OFFICE of r which the law authorizes the election of MORE THAN ONE and there are the SAME NUMBER of such SURNAMES written as there are candidates with that surname Vote counted in favor of ALL CANDIDATES bearing the surname 1 word is written on the ballot which is the FIRST NAME of a candidate and which is also the SURNAME of his opponent Vote counted for the OPPONENT (SURNAME) 2 words written on the ballot. Name of a candidate is NOT written in the PROPER SPACE on the ballot but is PRECEDED by the name of the OFFICE for which he is a candidate Vote counted for the candidate Words written on the APPROPRIATE BLANK on Vote counted in favor of that . first name or surname Vote counted for the INCUMBENT Woman candidate uses her MAIDEN NAME or MARRIED NAME or BOTH. LEAD PENCIL or INK. wholly or in part Valid INITIALS only or ILLEGIBLE or does NOT sufficiently identify the candidate for whom it is intended Considered as a STRAY vote BUT shall NOT invalidate the whole ballot Vote for a person who has not filed a certificate of candidacy or in favor of a candidate for an office for which he did not present himself Considered as a STRAY vote BUT shall NOT invalidate the whole ballot Vote for a candidate who has been disqualified by final judgment Considered as a STRAY vote but shall not invalidate the whole ballot Only candidates’ FIRST NAME or SURNAME is written. FIRST NAME or SURNAME. CROSSES. "Hon. "Segundo" PREFIXES SUFFIXES valid CIRCLES.44 the ballot is the IDENTICAL NAME or SURNAME or FULL NAME of 2 or MORE candidates for the SAME OFFICE. Shall NOT invalidate the ballot UNLESS it clearly appears that they were deliberately put by the voter as IDENTIFICATION marks in which case. "Datu". HYPHENS between the first name and surname of the candidate or on other parts of the ballot Traces of letter “T” or “J” or similar ones First letters or syllables of names which the voters does not continue UNINTENTIONAL or ACCIDENTAL flourishes. LINES on spaces which the voter has not voted Considered as signs of his desistance from voting and shall NOT invalidate the ballot Space in the ballot appears a NAME of a candidate that is ERASED and another CLEARLY WRITTEN Vote counted for the one CLEARLY WRITTEN ACCIDENTAL tearing perforation of the ballot Shall NOT annul it or AND are Failure to remove the DETACHABLE COUPON from the ballot Shall NOT annul the ballot Erroneous initial of FIRST NAME accompanied by CORRECT SURNAME of the candidate Shall NOT annul the vote Erroneous initial of SURNAME accompanied by CORRECT FIRST NAME of the candidate Shall NOT annul the vote Erroneous MIDDLE INITIAL Shall NOT annul the vote The fact that there exists another person who is NOT a candidate with the same first name or surname of a candidate Shall NOT annul the vote COMMAS. "Don". none of whom is the incumbent candidate to whose ticket belong all the other candidates voted for in the same ballot for the same constituency. (Although the party-list system may be deemed as an exemption to that prohibition. "Mr.) . PREFIXES such as "Sr. strains NICKNAMES and APPELATIONS of affection and friendship accompanied by the FIRST NAME or SURNAME of the candidate Shall NOT annul the vote EXCEPT when such is used to identify the voter in which case.". "Ginoo"." or SUFFIXES like "Hijo". "Gob. DOTS. the ballot is VOID strokes. "Jr. the whole ballot is VOID NICKNAME used is one by which the candidate is generally or POPULARLY KNOWN in the locality and UNACCOMPANIED by a first name or surname of the candidate Vote counted for the candidate IF there is no other candidate for the SAME OFFICE with the SAME NICKNAME CORRECTLY written FIRST NAME of the candidate with a DIFFERENT SURNAME Vote NOT counted in favor of any candidate having such first name BUT the ballot is considered valid for other candidates 2 or more candidates are voted for an office which the law authorizes election of only ONE Vote NOT counted in favor of any of them BUT the ballot is considered valid for other candidates Candidates voted for EXCEED the number of those to be elected Valid ballot BUT the votes counted are those names which were FIRST WRITTEN by the voter until the authorized number is covered Ballots totally written in ARABIC in localities where it is of GENERAL USE VALID (to read such ballots.".".". the board of election inspectors can use an interpreter who has shall taken an oath to read them correctly) Note that a vote for the President is no longer considered a vote for the Vice-President running under the same ticket as the 1987 Constitution already prohibits block voting. the number of the precinct. it was held in the case of Garay v. and is the only document that constitutes sufficient evidence of the true and genuine results of the elections. as determined by the COMELEC 6th Copy: Citizens' arm authorized by the COMELEC to conduct an unofficial count 7th Copy: Deposited inside the compartment of the ballot box for valid ballots In the election of local officials. (Sec. 6646) Admissibility in evidence The certificate of votes is admissible in evidence to prove tampering. 7166. 6646) Duty of Board to issue certificate It is the duty of the board of election inspectors to issue a certificate of the number of the votes received by a candidate upon request of the duly-accredited watchers. directed to the Senate President 3rd Copy: COMELEC 4th Copy: Dominant majority party. It is the document on which the Certificates of Canvass are based.A. and does not constitute sufficient evidence of the true and genuine results of the elections. 8173) The board of election inspectors shall prepare in their handwriting the returns in their polling places.A. The Certificate of Votes is evidence likewise of the votes obtained by the candidates. (Sec. Failure to present any certificate of votes shall be a bar to the presentation of other evidence to impugn the authenticity of the election returns. It must be signed and thumb marked by each member of the Board. R. Issuance of the Certificate of Votes Certificate of votes defined The certificate of votes is a document which contains the number of votes obtained by each candidate written in words and figures. In the election of President. (Balindong v. alteration. COMELEC (261 SCRA 222) that a Certificate of Votes can never be a valid basis for canvass. (Sec. R.A. R. COMELEC. Senators. (Sec. the copies of the election returns shall be distributed as follows: 1st Copy: 2nd Copy: 3rd Copy: 4th Copy: City or municipal board of canvassers COMELEC Provincial board of canvassers Dominant majority party. 261 SCRA 222) Number of Copies and Their Distribution (Sec. 235 and 236 of BP 881. and the votes received by each candidate written in figures and in words. and Members of the House of Representatives. 27. the province. the total number of voters who voted in the precinct. as determined by the COMELEC 5th Copy: Dominant minority party. 16.A. 6646) Refusal to do so constitutes an election offense. 8045 and R. municipality and the precinct in which it is held. R. 17. in the number of copies herein provided and in the form to be prescribed and provided by the COMELEC. VicePresident. falsification or any anomaly committed in the election returns concerned.A. 27.45 Election Returns Definition The election returns are the official document containing the date of the election. COMELEC. only election returns are.A. 6646) CANVASS Canvass and Certificate of Canvass defined . as determined by the COMELEC 5th Copy: Dominant minority party. This is notwithstanding the provisions of Secs. as determined by the COMELEC 6th Copy: Citizens' arm authorized by the COMELEC to conduct an unofficial count 7th Copy: Deposited inside the compartment of the ballot box for valid ballots Announcement of Results of Elections The chairman of the Board of Election Inspectors shall make an ORAL and PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENT of the TOTAL number of votes in the polling place for EACH candidate by the upon the completion of the election returns. the copies of the election returns shall be distributed as follows: 1st Copy: City or municipal board of canvassers 2nd Copy: Congress. when duly authenticated by testimonial or documentary evidence presented to the Board of Canvassers by at least 2 members of the Board of Election Inspectors who issued the certificate. 16. (See Garay v. the name of the city or municipality and province. R.A. and the date and time issued. 27 SCRA 567) However. as amended by R. COMELEC shall designate the election registrar who shall act as chairman However. ( sec 232. because it is only at this time that the inclusion or exclusion of any return is in issue. and file their charges in accordance with the rules and regulations of the COMELEC. does not specify that the COMELEC shall use the copy of the election return of the Municipal Board of Canvassers in correcting a manifest error. coalition of parties. the election returns can not be disregarded and excluded – with the corresponding disenfranchisement of voters – but must be accorded prima facie status as bona fide reports of the result of the voting for canvassing and proclamation purposes. strike forces. or municipal treasurer of most senior district school supervisor or in his absence a principal of the school district or the elementary school incapacity for any cause of any of the members of the Board of Canvassers. (Sec 255 BP 881) Any registered political party. through their representatives. COMELEC ( 150 SCRA 665) Where it has been determined by the COMELEC that actual voting and election by the registered voters had taken place. RA 6646) PROVINCIAL CITY MUNICIPAL Provincial election supervisor or lawyer in the regional office of the COMELEC City election registrar or a lawyer of COMELEC. BP881) Grand Alliance for Democracy vs. Certificates of canvass are official tabulations of votes accomplished by district. in case of non-availability. BP 881. special forces. home defense forces. municipal. 20. They shall have the right to examine the returns being canvassed without touching them. Election registrar or a representative of COMELEC Vice Chair provincial fiscal city fiscal Member provincial of schools city superintendent schools Chairman superintendent In cities with more than 1 election registrar. and any candidate has a right to be present and to counsel during the canvass of election returns. RA 6646) It shall be unlawful for any officer or member of the AFP. city and provincial canvassers based on the election returns. including the national police. Nature of canvass proceedings Canvass proceedings administrative and summary in nature. barangay self defense units.46 The canvass of votes refers to the process by which the results in the election returns are tallied and totaled. Composition of the Board of Canvasser (Sec. coercion. Sec 15 RA 7166. reaction forces. as amended by Sec. mere allegations of duress. to make their observations thereon. disqualification due to relationship. fraud. and within a radius of 50 meters from such room. the COMELEC may . can not invalidate the election returns which are otherwise clean on their face. absence. The summary nature of the proceedings require that written objections ( to the returns) be filed only during this stage. 221. etc. which are the results of the ballot count at the precinct level. ( sec 25. are A majority vote of all the members of the board shall be necessary to render a decision. or any peace officer or any armed or unarmed persons belonging to an extra-legal police agency. to enter the room where the canvassing of the election returns are held. COMELEC (285 SCRA 493) The COMELEC may order the annulment of the certificate of canvass which it found to be tampered after examining the copies of the election returns of the municipal judge and COMELEC – because all the copies of the election returns are original copies although the copy of the Municipal Board of Canvassers is the original copy. Mastura vs. (3)Clerk of Court nominated by the Executive Judge of the RTC. in the order named: PROVINCIAL of CITY the Ranking lawyer COMELEC MUNICIPAL Chairman Ranking lawyer COMELEC of the Ranking lawyer COMELEC of the Vice Chairman (1)Provincial auditor (2)Registrar of Deeds (3)Clerk of Court nominated by the Executive Judge of the RTC. (2)Registrar of Deeds. (4)Any other available appointive city official (1)Municipal Administrator. (3)Clerk of Court nominated by the Executive Judge of the MTC. (4)Any other available appointive provincial official (1)City auditor or equivalent. (4)Any other available appointive municipal official Member Same as for Vice-Chairman Same as for Vice-Chairman Same as for Vice-Chairman . (2)Municipal Assessor.47 appoint the following as substitutes. Nature of the Board of Canvassers’ Duties A canvassing board's task is to compile and add the results as they appear in the election returns transmitted to it. the remedy being purely administrative. the board of canvassers will not be compelled to canvass the returns when they are found to be: obviously manufactured. assigned or detailed outside of his official station. (Sec. nor shall he leave said station without prior authority of the COMELEC during the period beginning election day until the proclamation of the winning candidates. contrary to probabilities. The Board of Canvassers must meet continuously from day to day until the canvass is completed.When Ministerial Prohibitions on the Board of Canvassers The chairman and the members of the Board of Canvassers shall not be related within the 4th civil degree of consanguinity or affinity to any of the candidates whose votes will be canvassed by said board. Period to Complete Canvass . During the canvass. B. The Board of Canvassers must resume canvassing once more returns are received. or to any member of the said board. 881) No member or substitute member of the different boards of canvassers shall be transferred. it has no power to look beyond the face thereof.P. it shall make a total of all votes canvassed so far for each candidate for each office furnishing the COMELEC in Manila a certified copy and to make available copies to the media and other interested parties. 223. the duty of the Board in canvassing the votes on the election returns submitted to it consists in the simple matter of arithmetic. When there is an error in the computation which is discovered after proclamation.P. Feigning of illness constitutes an election offense. It is this Statement of Votes which forces the basis of the certificate of canvass and of the proclamation. The canvass proceedings must be open and in public. 222.m. clearly falsified. 881) No member of the board of canvassers shall feign illness in order to be substituted on election day until the proclamation of the winning candidates. (Guiao v. If there are no irregularities in the election returns. When Quasi-Judicial The board of canvassers must be satisfied that the election returns submitted to it are genuine and authentic. 137 SCRA 366) The COMELEC shall have direct control and supervision over the board of canvassers. B. (Sec. B. (Sec.P. B. 881) The Board of Canvassers must meet not later than 6:00 p. 881) Jurisdiction of COMELEC over the Board of Canvassers COMELEC has direct control and supervision over the board of canvassers. Thus. 224. When it adjourns. the Board of Canvassers prepares the Statement of Voters. 231. (Sec. which is tabulation per precinct of the votes obtain by the candidates as reflected in the election returns. and its task of tallying is merely ministerial. Once the COMELEC or the board of canvassers is satisfied in the authenticity of the returns. B. be relieved for cause and substituted motu propio by the COMELEC. 881) COMELEC has the power to investigate and act on the propriety or legality of the canvass of election returns made by the board of canvassers. Any member of the Board may. 227. on election day to receive the election returns and canvass those received.P.P. or not legible Canvass by the Board (Sec. COMELEC. A majority vote of all the members of the Board of Canvassers is needed in order to render a decision. at any time. the board of canvassers can simply correct the error. The Board of Canvassers may adjourn ONLY for the purpose of awaiting other election returns. Subject to reasonable exceptions, the Board of Canvassers is required to complete their canvass within the following periods: PROCLAMATION GRABBING and against attempts to paralyze the canvassing and proclamation. To allow a respondent to raise belated questions before the COMELEC as to the returns during the review of a case before the COMELEC, which question has not been raised before the board of canvassers, would mean undue delays in the pre-proclamation proceedings. legislative district: 36 hours slative district: 48 hours Any violation of this requirement is an election offense. (Sec. 231, B.P. 881) Canvassing Committees 6646) (Sec. 22, R.A. The Board of Canvassers may constitute such number of canvassing committees as may be necessary for the board to complete the canvass within the period prescribed. Each committee shall be composed of 3 members, each member to be designated by the chairman and members of the board. Before the election, all candidates shall be notified in writing of the number of committees to be constituted so that they can designate their watchers in each committee. The committees shall be under the direct supervision and control of the board. Principles governing canvass proceedings The Supreme Court can review the decisions of COMELEC ONLY in cases of grave abuse of discretion in the discharge of QUASIJUDICIAL POWERS and not in the exercise of its administrative duties. Conclusiveness of findings The findings of the board of canvassers and the certificate of election issued by them are not conclusive but are merely PRIMA FACIE evidence of the result and title to the office of those declared elected. As to all other collateral matters, the findings of the board are conclusive. However, such findings are not conclusive in a direct proceeding to try title to the office. The fact of having a plurality of votes lawfully cast is what confers title to the office UNLESS one is allowed to go behind the certificate or returns to establish title to the office before the appropriate tribunal. There must be a strong prima facie case backed up by a specific offer of evidence, and an indication of its nature and importance has to be made out to warrant the reception of evidence aliunde, for the presentation of witnesses and the delays necessarily entailed thereby. When COMELEC has determined after investigation and examination of the voting and registration records that ACTUAL VOTING and ELECTION took place in the questioned precincts, election returns cannot be disregarded but are accorded prima facie status as bona fide reports of the result of voting for canvassing and proclamation purposes. COMELEC should guard against Duties of the Provincial, City, District and Municipal Board of Canvassers (Sec. 28, R.A. 7 BOC Municipal CANVASS President PREPARE CERTIFICATE OF CANVASS President PROCLAIM Elected Municipal Officia Vice-President Vice-President Senators Senators Congressmen Congressmen Elective Provincial Officials Elective Provincial Officials Elective Municipal Officials City – cities which don’t comprise at least legislative district President President Vice-President Vice-President Senators Senators Congressmen Congressmen Elective Provincial Officials Elective Provincial Officials Elected City Officials Elective City Officials City – cities comprising 1 or more legislative districts President President Congress-men Vice-President Vice-President Elected City Officials Senators Senators Congressmen Elective City Officials District BOC – for each municipality in Metro Manila comprising a legislative district President President Congress-men Vice-President Vice-President Elected Municipal Officia Senators Senators Congressmen Elective Municipal Officials Municipal BOC – for each component municipality in a legislative district in Metro Manila President President Vice-President Vice-President Senators Senators Congressmen Congressmen Elected Municipal Officia Elective Municipal Officials District BOC – in each legislative district comprising 2 municipalities in Metro Manila President President Vice-President Vice-President Senators Senators Elected Congressmen in Legislative District Congressmen Provincial President President Elected congressmen Vice-President Vice-President Elected Provincial Officia Senators Senators Plebiscite Results Congressmen Elective Provincial Officials Plebiscite Results Preparation of the Certificate of Canvass and Statement of Votes Certificate of canvass The respective board of canvassers shall prepare a certificate of canvass duly signed and affixed with the imprint of the thumb of the right hand of each member, supported by a statement of the votes received by each candidate in each polling place and, on the basis thereof, shall proclaim as elected the returns; its preparation is an administrative function of the board, purely a mechanical act over which COMELEC has direct control and candidates who obtained the highest number of votes cast in the province, city, municipality or barangay. (Sec. 231, B.P. 881) Failure to comply with this requirement shall constitute an election offense. Statement of votes The statement of votes is a tabulation per precinct of votes garnered by candidates as reflected in the election supervision. The Statement of Votes supports the certificate of canvass and is the basis of proclamation. Consequently, any error in the Statement of Votes would affect the proclamation made on the basis thereof. 1st copy: Congress, directed to the Senate President for use in the canvass of election results for President and Vice-President Failure to object to the Statement of Votes before the Board of Canvassers does not constitute a bar to raising the issue for the first time before the COMELEC, as the law is silent as to when such objection may be raised. 2nd copy: COMELEC, for use in the canvass of the election results for Senators 3rd copy: To be kept by the chairman of the board of canvassers 4th copy: Citizens' arm designated by the COMELEC to conduct mediabased unofficial count Number of Copies of the Certificates of Canvass and Their Distribution (Sec. 29, R.A. 7166) City or Municipal Board of Canvassers: The City or Municipal Board of Canvassers shall prepare the certificates of canvass for President, Vice-President, Senators, Members of the House of Representatives, and Elective Provincial Officials in 7 copies to be distributed as follows: 1st copy: Provincial board of canvassers – for canvassing of election results for President, VicePresident, Senators, Members of the House of Representatives and Elective Provincial Officials 2nd copy: COMELEC 3rd copy: To be kept by the chairman of the board of canvassers 4th copy: Citizens' arm designated by the COMELEC to conduct mediabased unofficial count 5th to 7th copies: Representatives of any 3 of 6 major political parties according to the voluntary agreement of the parties; if there is no agreement, COMELEC shall decide based on the criteria under sec. 26 of RA 7166 City Boards of Canvassers of cities comprising one or more legislative districts, Provincial Boards of Canvassers, and District Boards of Canvassers in the Metro Manila area: The foregoing Boards of Canvassers shall prepare the certificates of canvass for President, Vice-President and Senators in 7 copies to be distributed as follows: 5th to 7th copies: Representatives of any 3 of 6 major political parties according to the voluntary agreement of the parties; if there is no agreement, COMELEC shall decide based on the criteria under sec. 26 of RA 7166 Congress as the National Board of Canvassers (Sec. 30, R.A. 7166) Congress shall determine the authenticity and due execution of the certificate of canvass for President and Vice President as accomplished and transmitted by the local board of canvassers, on a showing that: (1) Each certificate was executed, signed and thumb marked by the chairman and members of the board of canvassers and transmitted to Congress by them; (2) Each certificate contains the names of all the candidates for President, VicePresident, and their corresponding votes in words and in figures; and (3) There exists no discrepancy in other authentic copies of the certificate or in the votes both in words and figures in the same certificate. Completion of the Certificate of Canvass If the certificate of canvass appears to be incomplete, the Senate President shall require the board of canvassers concerned to TRANSMIT (by personal delivery within 2 days from notice) the election returns from the polling places that were not included in the certificate of canvass and supporting When proclamation void A proclamation is void when it is based on incomplete returns (Castromayor v. one of them shall be chosen by vote of MAJORITY of all the members of BOTH the Senate and the House of Representatives. the Senate President shall not later than 30 days after the day of the election OPEN all the certificates in the presence of the Senate and the House of Representatives in joint public session. 1997). which vests in Congress the authority to proclaim the winning Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates.P. Dec. shall canvass the votes. R. R. Upon receipt of the certificates of canvass. 15. When there appear erasures or alterations in the certificate of canvass which may cast doubt as to the veracity of the number of votes stated therein and may affect the result of the election. 881) The Board of Canvassers shall not proclaim any candidate as winner unless authorized by the COMELEC after the latter has ruled on any objections brought to it on appeal by a losing party. Pimentel Jr. COMELEC. The person having the highest number of votes shall be proclaimed elected. Senate of the preliminary determination of the authenticity and due execution of the certificates of canvass to a Joint Congressional Committee constituted under the Rules adopted by the Joint Session of Congress. No. Failure to comply with this duty constitutes an election offense. (Sec. it may continue to perform the constitutional duty of canvassing the presidential and vice-presidential election results without need of any call for a special session by the President. 24. Once the Board of Canvassers has completed its duty. 2002) may validly delegate the An incomplete canvass of votes is .) Makalintal vs. Comelec The Overseas Absentee Voting Act of 2003 insofar as it grants sweeping authority to the Comelec to proclaim all winning candidates. 30. city. In case 2 or more persons shall have an equal and highest number of votes. B. Utto vs. on the basis of the certificates of canvass.A. the board cannot meet again and re-canvass the votes or reverse their prior decision and announce different results. The certificates of canvass for President and Vice-President shall be transmitted to Congress. is unconstitutional as it is repugnant to sec 4 art VII of the Constitution. 231. (Sec. COMELEC. Comelec (Gr 150111 Jan 31. voting separately. in the absence of a perfected appeal to the COMELEC. unless the contested returns will not adversely affect the results of the election. Congress upon the determination of the authenticity and due execution thereof. upon request of a presidential or vicepresidential candidate or their party. Ruy Elias Philippines Lopez Congress vs. 7166) Canvass of Votes for the President and Vice-President (Sec. 250 SCRA 298) or when there is yet no complete canvass (Jamil v. Congress shall.A. 8436) The certificates of canvass for President and Vice-President shall be duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province or city. for the sole purpose of verifying the actual number of votes.statements. directed to the Senate President. (To be discussed in the last part of this reviewer. 123648. the Board of Canvassers shall proclaim the candidates who obtained the highest number of votes cast in the province. Joint Committee of Congress to Canvass the Votes Cast for President and Vice President Even after Congress had adjourned its regular session. municipality or barangay. PROCLAMATION Duties of Board of Canvassers After the canvass of election returns. A void proclamation is no proclamation at all. Any proclamation made in violation hereof shall be void ab initio. and the proclaimed candidate’s assumption into office cannot deprive the COMELEC of its power to annul the proclamation.R. G. vs. COUNT the votes as they appear in the copies of the election returns submitted to it. the parties may be required to submit position papers together with affidavits or counteraffidavits and other documentary evidence. Where a proclamation is null and void. by resolution. R. the COMELEC may summarily order the proclamation of other winning candidates whose election will not be affected by the outcome of the controversy. when there is only one (1) qualified candidate for such position. 69 and 78 of the Omnibus Election Code. 3) MODES OF CHALLENGING CANDIDACY & ELECTION RESULTS NUISANCE CANDIDATES & CANCELLATION OF CERTIFICATE OF CANDIDACY Declaration of Nuisance Candidacy (Sec. Proclamation of a Lone Candidate 8295) (R. such petitions shall be deemed dismissed. the proclaimed candidate’s assumption of office cannot deprive the Comelec of the power to declare such a proclamation a nullity. upon 5 days notice to all tied candidates. the lone candidate shall assume office not earlier than the scheduled election day.A. 3) The COMELEC shall decide petitions for disqualification not later than election day. The board of canvassers shall forthwith make a certificate stating the name of the candidate who had been favored by luck and his proclamation on the basis thereof. (Sec. the lone candidate shall be proclaimed elected to the position by proper proclaiming body of the COMELEC without holding the special election upon certification by the COMELEC that he is the only candidate for the office and is therefore deemed elected. Upon the expiration of the deadline for the filing of certificates of candidacy in a special election called to fill a vacancy in an elective position other than for President and Vice-President. Nature of proceedings Proceedings to have a candidate declared as a nuisance candidate are summary in nature.illegal and cannot be made the basis of a proclamation. 7166) Notwithstanding the pendency of any pre-proclamation controversy. 5. 21. Procedure for declaration of candidate as nuisance candidate WHAT FILED: Verified petition WHO MAY FILE: Any registered candidate for the same office . B.A. In lieu of oral testimonies. The fact that a candidate illegally proclaimed has assumed office is not a bar to the exercise by the Comelec of the authority to annul any canvass and proclamation illegally made. 881) A tie occurs when: (a) 2 or more candidates receive an equal and highest number of votes.A. The candidates so proclaimed shall have the right to assume office in the same manner as if he had been elected by plurality of vote. The board of canvassers.P. 240. 6646) Grounds for candidacy declaration of nuisance See discussion under Certificate of Candidacy. as provided for under Sec. shall hold a special PUBLIC MEETING at which the board shall proceed to the DRAWING OF LOTS of the candidates who have tied and shall proclaim as elected the candidates who may be favored by luck. (Sec. Nothing in the above shall be construed as depriving a candidate of his right to contest the election. Election Resulting in a Tie (Sec. (Sec. 2) In the absence of any lawful ground to deny due course or cancel the certificate of candidacy in order to prevent such proclamation. R. or (b) 2 or more candidates are to be elected for the same position and 2 or more candidates received the same number of votes for the LAST PLACE in the number to be elected. Otherwise. A canvass cannot be reflective of the true vote of the electorate unless all returns are considered and none is omitted. Partial proclamation (Sec. and the general public in the political subdivision concerned within 24 hours through the fastest available means. BP 881) Olfato vs. BP 881) The institution of the pre-proclamation controversy was intended to prevent the nefarious practice known as “grab-theproclamation. 77 of BP 881 (Sec. Filing by mail is not allowed. 241. organization. (Sec. (3) The respondent shall then have 3 days from receipt of the summons to file his verified answer (not a motion to dismiss) to the petition. prolong-the-protest”. (4) The COMELEC may then designate any of its officials who are lawyers to hear the case and receive evidence. if one has been made. when it is not a proper case of substitution under Sec. or coalition of political parties WHEN FILED: Within 5 days from the last day for the filing of certificates of candidacy WHERE FILED: With the Law Department of the COMELEC PRE-PROCLAMATION CONTROVERSIES Meaning of Pre-Proclamation Controversy A pre-proclamation controversy refers to any question or matter pertaining to or affecting the proceedings of the board of canvassers. the parties may be required to submit position papers together with affidavits or counter-affidavits and other documentary evidence. Jurisdiction The COMELEC has exclusive jurisdiction over pre-proclamation cases. together with a copy of the petition and its enclosures. Comelec ( 103 SCRA 741) . Procedure WHO MAY FILE: Any citizen of voting age. receipt. or any matter raised under Sec. The hearing officer shall immediately submit to the COMELEC his findings. 233-236 of BP 881 in relation to the preparation. the decision becomes final and executory unless stayed by the Supreme Court. In lieu of oral testimonies. COMELEC Rules of Procedure) Nature of proceedings Proceedings for cancellation or denial of due course of a certificate of candidacy are summary in nature. the COMELEC shall issue summons to the respondent candidate. reports. or A duly registered political party. It may order. boards of election inspectors. (Sec. the partial or total suspension of the proclamation of any candidate-elect or annul partially or totally any proclamation. Grounds for a motion to dismiss may be raised as an affirmative defense. motu propio or upon written petition. serving copy thereof upon the petitioner. (2) Within 3 days from the filing of the petition. custody and appreciation of the election returns. 242. This decision shall be disseminated by the COMELEC to the city or municipal election registrars. (2) If the certificate filed is a substitute Certificate of Candidacy. Cancellation of Certificate of Candidacy Grounds for cancellation of certificate of candidacy A certificate of candidacy may be cancelled or denied due course on either of the following grounds: (1) False material representation in the certificate of candidacy. transmission. Rule 24. and recommendations within 5 days from the completion of such submission of evidence. (6) After 5 days from receipt of the parties. (5) The COMELEC shall then render its decision within 5 days from receipt of the findings of the hearing officer. if any. 2.WHEN FILED: Within 5 days from the last day for the filing of certificates of candidacy WHERE FILED: With the COMELEC PROCEDURE: (1) The petition is filed with the COMELEC personally or through duly-authorized representative within 5 days from the last day for the filing of certificates of candidacy. balances the possibility of such situations against the shortening of the period during which no winners are proclaimed. It may well be true that the public policy may occasionally permit the occurrence of grab the Corrections should be made by inserting the corrections in the Statement of Votes or by preparing a new Statement of Votes incorporating the corrections. Comelec 211 SCRA 315) A “manifest error” is one that is visible to the eye or obvious to the understanding. 1999) Parties adversely affected by a ruling of the board of canvassers on questions affecting the composition or proceedings of the board may appeal the matter to the Commission with 3 days from a ruling thereon. G. any error in the Statement affects the validity of the proclamation. ( O’Hara vs. needing no evidence to make it more clear. palpable. To be “manifest”. The Commission shall summarily decide the case within 5 days from the filling thereof ( Sec 19 RA 7166) proclamation and prolong the protest situations. Since the Statement of Votes is the basis of the Certificate of Canvass and of the proclamation. custody and appreciation of the election returns or the certificates of canvass. the recourse is with the legislature. Dimaporo v. When not allowed Pre-proclamation controversies on matters relating to the preparation. incontrovertible. (Sison v.A. Nature of proceedings All pre-proclamation controversies shall be heard summarily by the COMELEC after due notice and hearing. COMELEC Ramirez vs. 15. For those who disagree with the policy. Comelec Although the provision applies to a preproclamation controversy. Comelec GR no. The mandatory requirement to comply with the procedure for a pre-proclamation controversy is in view of the policy to have a quick determination of the election results. COMELEC. are not allowed for the following positions: President Vice President Senator Member of the House of Representatives (Sec. and objections thereto must have been made before the Board of Canvassers and specifically noted in the minutes of their respective proceedings (Chavez vs. 2002) Bince vs. receipt. it cannot be deprived of its exclusive jurisdiction over preproclamation contests. March 3.While the Comelec has merely appellate jurisdiction over election contests involving municipal offices. the errors must appear on the face of the Certificates of Canvass or election returns sought to be corrected. R. No. Comelec A petition for correction of errors in the Certificate of Canvass may be filed at any time before proclamation. transmission. a period commonly fraught with tension and danger for the public. . This is because canvass and proclamation should be delayed as little as possible. this does not preclude the authority of the appropriate canvassing body motu propio or upon written complaint of an interested person to correct manifest errors in the certificate of canvass or election returns before it. Manifest errors The Comelec may entertain petitions for the correction of “manifest errors” in the Certificate of Canvass or in the election returns. 148941-42 Mar 12. It is immaterial if some of the grounds adduced are grounds for an election contest rather than for a pre-proclamation controversy. there is nothing to prevent its application to cases in which the validity of the proclamation is in question.R. that which is open. Torres vs. Comelec The policy behind limiting the issues of the pre-proclamation controversy is to determine as quickly as possible the results of the elections on the basis of the canvass. that public policy however. 7166) However. Questions which require more deliberate and necessarily longer consideration are left for examination in the corresponding election protest. 134096. threats. after excluding the return. Neither can the Certificate of Votes be used for the canvass because it was signed only by the Chairman.Pre-proclamation cases Restricted to an examination of the lection returns on their face. the Comelec is without jurisdiction to go beyond or behind the election returns and investigate irregularities. does not apply. Issues that cannot be raised Jurisprudence has held that the following issues are not proper in a preproclamation controversy: Appreciation of ballots. intimidation or obviously manufactured or not authentic Lagumbay v. after determining that the ballot box has not been tampered with. 7166. Comelec Where there is a prima facie showing that the return is not genuine. the Comelec should order a recount of the votes cast in the precinct. Comelec (249 SCRA 440) It is an error for the Comelec to exclude from the canvass election returns where the defect in the return refers only to some incomplete data. (2) Canvassed election returns are either: incomplete contain material defects appear to be tampered with or falsified contain discrepancies in the same returns or in other authentic copies Patoray vs. alteration and falsification. 15. (3) The election returns were: prepared under duress. as this is performed by the Board of Election Inspectors at the precinct level and is not part of the proceedings of the . 211 SCRA 315) It must be noted that this enumeration is restrictive and exclusive. To allow a re-count or a reappreciation of the votes in every instance would paralyze canvass and proclamation. the number of ballots and the number of votes reportedly cast and tallied for each and every candidate. the results of which materially affected the standing of the aggrieved candidate(s). honest and clean Lee vs. (5) Manifest errors in the Certificates of Canvass or Election Returns (Sec. the petitioner is deemed to have acquiesced in the composition of the Board of Canvassers. when WE sustained the authority of the Commission to examine voting records. The complete election returns whose authenticity is not questioned must be prima facie considered valid for purposes of canvass and proclamation. Issues that may be Raised (1) Illegal composition or proceedings of the board of election canvassers Laodeno vs. The failure of the Comelec to do so. Comelec (16 SCRA 175). when the returns are obviously false or fabricated. WE. coercion. (4) Substituted or fraudulent returns in controverted polling places were canvassed. adopted "a practical approach to the Commissions mission to insure a free and honest elections" by denying prima facie recognition to the election returns on the ground that they were manifestly manufactured or falsified. In said case.A. R. Without jurisdiction to go beyond or behind elections returns and investigate election irregularities Cases of Actions for Annulment of Election Results or Declaration of Failure of Elections Comelec may conduct technical examination of election documents and compare and analyze voters’ signatures and fingerprints in order to determine whether or not the elections had indeed been free. will result in the disenfranchisement of the voters in the particular precinct. The Supreme Court empowered the Commission on Elections to nullify certain contested returns on the ground of "statistical improbabilities". the principle that in pre-proclamation cases. COMELEC. or any other anomaly in the preparation of the election return. Chavez v. Comelec ( 276 SCRA 705) By participating in the proceedings. Where the Certificate of Votes shows tampering. No. COMELEC. it must be filed immediately when the board begins to act as such (Laodeno v. COMELEC. Rule 27. 260 SCRA 494. Matalam v. or begin to be illegal. COMELEC. Padding of the Registry List of Voters of a municipality. 17. (Sec. The COMELEC shall hear and decide the petition en banc. G. (Sec. The Board of Canvassers shall not commence.A. the petitioner is deemed to have acquiesced in the composition of the Board of Canvassers. (Loong v. 19. COMELEC. (4) Upon Procedure The procedure for filing a preproclamation controversy depends on the issue being raised: (a) Questions involving the composition or proceedings of the board of canvassers. 5. 7166) WHEN: It depends: (a) If petition involves the illegal composition or proceedings of the board. terrorism and other illegal electoral practices. Challenges directed against the Board of Election Inspectors (Ututalum v. or correction of manifest errors WHERE: The controversy may be initiated either in the Board of Canvassers or directly with the COMELEC. COMELEC Rules of Procedure) (b) Matters relating to the preparation. transmission. (Sec. supra) Fraud. the parties adversely affected may appeal the matter to the COMELEC. 271 SCRA 733). (2) The Board makes its ruling. and must implead all candidates who may be adversely affected thereby. R. COMELEC. the COMELEC shall summarily decide the case within 5 days from the filing thereof. proceed or resume canvass unless otherwise ordered by the COMELEC. the Clerk of Court concerned shall issue summons with a copy of the petition to respondents. COMELEC. 211 SCRA 315). 107847. (3) The Clerk of Court concerned shall immediately set the petition for hearing. Otherwise. COMELEC. or at the time of the appointment of the member whose capacity to sit as such is objected to if it comes after the canvassing of the board. June 2. COMELEC Rules of Procedure) PROCEDURE: If filed with the Board first: (1) Petitioner submits his / her objection to the chairman of the board of canvassers. (2) Upon the docketing of such petition. exclusive jurisdiction.Board of Canvassers (Sanchez v. 1994). (3) Within 3 days from the ruling. 7166) If initiated directly with the COMELEC: (1) Petitioner files petition with the COMELEC.A. (b) Prayer for re-opening of ballot boxes (Alfonso v. receipt. by participating in the proceedings. reiterated in Chavez v. R.R. 181 SCRA 335). 276 SCRA 705). custody and appreciation of the election returns and certificates of canvass WHERE: Only with the Board of . Technical examination of the signatures and thumb marks of voters (Balindong v. (Sec. COMELEC) If the petition is for correction. COMELEC. 5(b). it must be filed not later than 5 days following the date of proclamation. or immediately at the point where the proceedings are appeal. massive fraud and terrorism (Ututalum v. These are properly within the office of election contests over which electoral tribunals have sole. 153 SCRA 67. Rule 27. 7166) WHEN: At the time the questioned return is presented for inclusion in the canvass. political party or coalition of political parties PROCEDURE: (1) The contesting party makes an oral objection to the chairman of the Board of Canvassers at the time the questioned return is presented for inclusion in the canvass. Noncompliance with any of the steps above is fatal to the pre-proclamation petition. The Board then enters its ruling on the prescribed form and authenticates the same by entering the signatures of all its members. Effect of filing controversy of pre-proclamation The period to file an election contest shall be SUSPENDED during the pendency of the pre-proclamation contest in the COMELEC . R. and summarily rules on the objection. if any. (Sec. This procedure is mandatory. the objecting party submits the evidence in support of the objection. the Board makes an appropriate report to the COMELEC. elevating therewith the complete records and evidence submitted in the canvass. Within the same 24-hour period. The Board then suspends the canvass after all the uncontested returns have been canvassed and the contested return ruled upon by it. Such information is then entered in the minutes of canvass. (8) Within 48 hours from the ruling. any party may file a written and verified opposition to the objection in the prescribed COMELEC form. the Board automatically defers the canvass of the contested returns and proceeds to canvass the returns which are not contested by any party. the Board considers the objection and the opposition. Upon receipt of the evidence. the party adversely affected files a written and verified notice of appeal with the Board. (2) Upon receipt of such objection. WHO: Any candidate. which shall be attached to the form for written objections.A. (12) The COMELEC then authorizes the Board of Canvassers to proceed with the proclamation of the winner. (3) Within 24 hours from and after the presentation of such objection. Such objection is recorded in the minutes of canvass. The Board shall not entertain any objection or opposition unless reduced to writing in the prescribed forms.Canvassers (6) The parties adversely affected by the ruling immediately inform the Board if they intend to appeal the ruling. Simultaneous with the oral objection. (9) Immediately upon receipt of the notice of appeal. Any proclamation made without COMELEC authorization is void ab initio. unless the contested returns do not adversely affect the results of the election. and furnishing the parties with copies of the report. The party then files an appeal with the COMELEC within a non-extendible period of 5 days thereafter. 20. (4) (5) The Board chairman immediately and formally admits the evidence attached to the objection or opposition by affixing his signature at the back of each and every page thereof. (11) The COMELEC's decision becomes executory after the lapse of 7 days from receipt thereof by the losing party. the objecting party enters his objection in the form for written objections prescribed by the COMELEC. (10) The COMELEC summarily decides the appeal within 7 days from receipt of the record and evidence elevated to it by the Board. (7) The Board then sets aside the returns and proceeds to consider the other returns. attaching supporting evidence. The policy behind election law is that pre-proclamation controversies should be summarily decided. COMELEC The proclamation of a winning candidate makes a pre-proclamation controversy no longer viable. The mere fact that a candidate has been proclaimed does not signify that his disqualification is deemed condoned and may no longer be the subject of a separate investigation. Larrazabal Pre-proclamation controversies are summary in nature. PETITION TO ANNUL PROCLAMATION OR SUSPEND The filing with the COMELEC of a petition to annul or to suspend proclamation suspends the running of the period to file an election protest. from serving. Agbayani v.or the Supreme Court. but this is only true where there is a valid proclamation or where the proclamation is based on a complete canvass. which require more deliberate and necessarily longer consideration are proper for an election contest. (Loong v. the pre-proclamation controversy should still be continued despite the proclamation of the supposed winner. 3. consistent with the law’s desire that the canvass and proclamation be delayed as little as possible. COMELEC. The purpose of the pre-proclamation controversy is to ascertain the winners in the elections on the basis of election returns duly authenticated by the board of inspectors and admitted by the board of canvassers. or The incumbent is removed from office for cause. The prevailing party is declared ineligible or disqualified by final judgment of a court in a QUO WARRANTO case. Effect of candidate proclamation of winning A pre-proclamation controversy shall no longer be viable after the proclamation and assumption into office by the candidate whose election is contested. The purpose of the disqualification proceeding is to prevent the candidate from running. COMELEC. June 1989) (Alangdeo v. questions as to the appreciation of ballots and the conduct of the campaign and balloting. or if elected. Where it is claimed that there was an incomplete canvass or that certain returns should have been omitted because they were manufactured and other returns cannot be included because they have been irretrievably lost. (Alangdeo v. 2. the COMELEC may order the proclamation of other winning candidates whose election will not be affected by the outcome of the controversy. COMELEC may in such a pre-proclamation controversy determine if the proclamation should be annulled. The opponent is adjudged the true winner of the election by final judgment of court in an election contest. The dismissal of a pre-proclamation controversy does not mean that the disqualification case is moot and academic. or to prosecute him for violation of election laws. January 1989) The prevailing candidate may still be unseated even though he has been proclaimed and installed in office if: 1. Abella v. 257 SCRA 1) There is no fixed time frame within which to file a petition to annul a proclamation. DECLARATION OF FAILURE OF ELECTION Nature of petition to declare a failure of election A petition to declare a failure of . The proclamation of the winner does not prevent COMELEC from continuing with the pre-proclamation controversy against the winner and after annulling its proclamation. Despite the pendency of a preproclamation contest. The remedy is an election protest before the proper forum. June 1989) No law provides for a reglementary period within which to file a petition for the annulment of an election if there is as yet no proclamation. COMELEC. Thus. COMELEC. The two are independent of each other. (Mayor v. The remedy is an election protest. the same being limited only by the standard of reasonableness. The right of the prevailing party in the pre-proclamation contest to the execution of COMELEC’s decision does not bar the losing party from filing an election contest. COMELEC. through the fastest means available. DISQUALIFICATION CASES Grounds for disqualification See discussion under Certificates of Candidacy. within 2 days from receipt of the notice of hearing. where the illegality affects more than 50% of the total number of votes cast and the remainder does not constitute a valid constituency). 4. within 24 hours. honest and clean. 71660 The COMELEC. (Sec. Priority of disqualification cases The COMELEC and the courts shall give priority to cases of disqualification for violation of the Omnibus Election Code. may declare a failure of election by a majority vote of its members. (5) The COMELEC then decides whether to grant or deny the petition. 264 SCRA 125) The election is only to be set aside when it is impossible from any evidence within reach to ascertain the true result – when neither from the returns nor from other proof can the truth be determined (i. the following conditions must concur: (1) No voting has taken place in the precincts concerned on the date fixed by law.election is neither an election protest nor a pre-proclamation controversy. BP 881) Procedure WHO MAY FILE: Any citizen of voting age.A. sitting en banc. 230 SCRA 54. R. and the votes cast for him shall not be counted. (4) The COMELEC proceeds to hear the petition. Hassan v. in the case of actions for annulment of election results or declaration of failure of elections. COMELEC. indicating therein the date of hearing. the election nonetheless resulted in a failure to elect. (Mitmug v. may conduct technical examination of election documents and compare and analyze voters' signatures and fingerprints in order to determine whether or not the elections had indeed been free. but not later than the date of proclamation Effect of disqualification case Any candidate who has been declared by final judgment to be disqualified shall not be voted for. COMELEC. Loong v. supra) Requisites for the declaration of failure of election Before the COMELEC can act on a verified petition seeking a declaration of failure of election. (Sec. The COMELEC may delegate the hearing of the case and the reception of evidence to any of its officials who are members of the Philippine Bar. 72. or Any duly registered political party. Procedure (1) Petitioner files verified petition with the Law Department of the COMELEC. organization or coalition of political parties WHERE: Law Department of the COMELEC WHEN: Any day after the last day for filing of certificates of candidacy. This lies within the exclusive prerogative of the COMELEC. (Loong v. any interested party may file an opposition with the Law Department of the COMELEC. (3) Unless a shorter period is deemed necessary by the circumstances. to the end that a final decision shall be rendered not later than 7 days before the election in which the disqualification is sought. If for any reason a candidate is not . COMELEC. (2) Unless a shorter period is deemed necessary by circumstances. the Clerk of Court concerned serves notices to all interested parties.e. (Borja v. supra. 260 SCRA 604) Grounds for declaration See discussion under Election Proper. COMELEC. or even if there was voting. and (2) The votes cast would affect the results of the election. Jurisdiction of COMELEC The COMELEC. c) Enumeration of issues which may be raised in a pre-proclamation controversy under sec. 243 and allow recount or re-appreciation where a claim of misdeclaration of stray votes is made would open the floodgates to such claims and paralyze canvass and proclamation proceedings. Alfonso vs Comelec (June 2. Since the Statement of Votes which was to be corrected by the Board forms the basis of the Certificate if Canvass and the proclamation. His allegation of invalidation of “Sanchez” votes intended for him bears no relation to the correctness and authenticity of the election returns canvassed.disqualified before an election and he is subsequently voted for and receives the winning number of votes in such election. The complete election returns whose authenticity is not in question must be prima facie considered valid for the purpose of canvass and proclamation. the Comelec may order the correction of a clerical error in the Statement of Votes (by Board of Canvassers) to correspond to the figures reflected in the election returns—even if the candidate/ representative failed to file the timely protest during canvassing. this involves appreciation of ballots and cannot be raised in an election protest. Castromayor vs Comelec (250 SCRA 298) Any party dissatisfied with the ruling of the BoC shall have the right to appeal to the Comelec. provided that evidence of his guilt is strong. the remedy is to raise these issues in an election protest. Here. as the error in the Statement of Votes was not apparent on its face.A. the law is silent as to when they may be raised. Sanchez vs Comelec (153 SCRA 67) Supreme Court said Sanchez’ petition for recount and/or re-appreciation of ballots may NOT be considered a pre-proclamation controversy for the ff. reasons: a) An election return is “incomplete” if there is an omission in the election return of the name of any candidate and/or his corresponding votes. petitioner begs the question by . 243 BP 881 is restrictive and exclusive. 6. 1994) The prayer for re-opening of ballot boxes is not a proper issue in a preproclamation controversy but should be threshed out in an election contest Villaroya vs Comelec (155 SCRA 633) In a pre-proclamation contest. Patoray vs Comelec (279 SCRA 470) Objections to the inclusion of election returns are directed primarily at the ballots reflected in the returns. (Sec. e) The ground for recount relied upon is clearly not among the issues that may be raised in a pre-proclamation controversy. Errors in appreciation of ballots by the BEI are proper subject for an election protest and not for a pre-proclamation contest. d) To expand the issues beyond those enumerated in sec. Duremdes vs Comelec (178 SCRA 746) Failure to object to the Statement of Votes before the Board of Canvassers is not a bar to raising the issue before the Comelec for the first time. R. or in case the number of votes for a candidate had been omitted. or protest and may order the suspension of the proclamation of such candidate during the pendency of the case upon motion of the complainant or any intervenor. Balindong vs Comelec (260 SCRA 494) Technical examination of signatures and thumb marks of voters runs counter to the nature and scope of a pre-proclamation contest. inquiry. the name of Sanchez as well as the number of votes counted and appreciated in his favor by the BEI. b) Appreciation of votes is not part of the proceedings of the Board of Canvassers. does not necessarily entitle the candidate who obtained the second highest number of votes to be declared the winner of the elective office. 6646) The fact that the candidate who obtained the highest number of votes is later declared to be disqualified or not eligible for the office to which he was elected. it is performed by the BEI at the precinct level. the COMELEC or the courts shall continue with the trial and hearing of the action. The policy of the law is that a pre-proclamation controversy should be summarily decided. given the propensity for the loser to demand a recount. even if the case (involving municipal officials) began with the COMELEC before proclamation but a proclamation is made before the controversy is resolved. is settled whether or not the contestant is claiming the office in dispute. The election contest must be liberally construed to favor the will of the people.The jurisdiction of COMELEC is administrative/quasi-judicial Comelec has the power to inquire whether members of the Board of Canvassers are qualified or not. the proper remedy is an election protest. 2) Jurisdiction Darantinao vs Comelec (June 1989) 1. whether or not an election had been held in a precinct. Pre-proclamation controversy 2. 1989) After proclamation and assumption of office. not a pre-proclamation controversy. Nature of election contests An election contest is imbued with public interest.It is governed by the requirements of administrative due process B. in order to determine the integrity of the election returns Alangdeo vs Comelec (June 1989) The filing with the Comelec of a petition to annul or suspend the proclamation shall suspend the period to file an election protest. Mayor vs Comelec (Jan. Election contest judicial 1. which when proved. Such petition may be filed directly with the Comelec even as a pre-proclamation controversy. A. provided that the allegations. provided it is done within ten days after proclamation Bince vs Comelec (242 SCRA 273) Comelec may annul a proclamation on account of a mathematical error committed by the Board of Canvassers in the computation of votes received. Mentang vs Comelec (Feb. Until and unless the election protest is decided against him.It is governed by the requirements of judicial process 3) In some cases. it ceases to be a . An election contest may not be defeated by mere technical objections. Ututalum vs Comelec (181 S 335) Padding of Registry of Voters of a municipality not a listed ground for preproclamation controversy Lazatin vs Comelec (157 SCRA 337) ELECTION CONTESTS Election contests.The jurisdiction of COMELEC is 2. 4. Distinction between Pre-Proclamation Controversy and Election Contest 1) The Dividing candidate line: Proclamation of Issue of validity of proclamation and irregularities connected therewith is a matter properly addressed to the HRET. a person who has been proclaimed as duly elected has the lawful right to assume and perform the duties and functions of the office. Petition for correction may be filed at any time before proclamation and there is nothing to suggest this cannot be applied when validity of proclamation is precisely in question. made before or after proclamation of the winner. 1994) The SC declared it has already ruled that the filing of a petition to annul a proclamation suspends the running of the 10day period within which to file an election contest. The purpose of an election contest is to ascertain the candidate lawfully elected to office. will render the proclamation null and void. defined These are adversarial proceedings by which matters involving the title or claim to an elective office.saying that this is not a pre-proclamation controversy and the procedure for PPC cannot be applied to the correction of the computation of the total number of votes obtained by the candidates in the Statement of Votes. and disqualifications of the President. in some cases. 4. this power can only be exercised in aid of its appellate jurisdiction. returns. and (3) City Officials Decisions in these cases appealed to the Supreme Court.pre-proclamation controversy and becomes an election contest cognizable by the RTC. the SC has recognized the jurisdiction of COMELEC over municipal cases even after proclamation.. as the case may be. It must be noted that cases involving qualifications of candidates for the Sangguniang Kabataan filed before the election are decided by the Election Officer. 389) Powers of the COMELEC in relation to election contests The power of COMELEC to decide election cases includes the power to determine the validity or nullity of votes. sitting en banc. (Sec. 4) However. and who has not himself caused or contributed to the irregularities or frauds of which he complains GROUNDS: Fraud. 1987 Constitution) For purposes of election contests cognizable by the Electoral Tribunals. that this does not preclude a recourse to the Supreme Court by way of a special civil action for certiorari. while those filed after the election are decided by the MTCs. Cumba. (Lazatin v. who shall be chosen on the basis of proportional representation from the political parties and the parties or organizations registered under the party-list system represented therein. 168 SCRA 39) COMELEC The COMELEC has exclusive original jurisdiction over all election contests relating to the elections. 1987 Constitution) Note. COMELEC. (2) Provincial Officials. shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election. (Art. during or after the casting and counting of votes PERIOD FOR FILING: . executory and not appealable.. The COMELEC has the power to issue writs of certiorari. Election Protest WHO MAY FILE: Any candidate who has filed a certificate of candidacy and has been voted upon for the same office.e. the rules of procedure of such tribunals shall prevail over the provisions of the Omnibus Election Code. however. 2. IX-C. 6 members of the Senate or House of Representatives. p. 193 SCFA 78) may be The COMELEC has appellate jurisdiction over all contests involving elective municipal officials decided by trial courts of general jurisdiction (i. prohibition. or rulings of the COMELEC on election contests involving elective municipal and barangay offices shall be final. (Relampagos v. Sec. Each electoral tribunal has 9 members: 3 Supreme Court Justices. VII. HRET. returns. (Galido v. Sec. Art. Jurisdiction over election contests Regional and Municipal Trial Courts Supreme Court The Supreme Court. irregularities or illegal acts committed before. and qualifications of all elective: (1) Regional Officials. 17. Vice-President.e. and may promulgate its rules for such purpose. However. 1987 Constitution) Electoral Tribunals of the Senate and House of Representatives The Senate and the House of Representatives have their own electoral tribunals. VI. respectively. Decisions. and mandamus. terrorism. Regional Trial Courts) or involving elective barangay officials decided by trial courts of limited jurisdiction (i. the Municipal Trial Courts). The Regional Trial Courts and Municipal Trial Courts have exclusive original jurisdiction over municipal and barangay officials. and a quo warranto case. final orders. 243 SCRA 690) Kinds of election contests There are 2 kinds of election contests that may be filed: an election protest. (Art. (Nachura. The aggrieved party may file a timely motion for reconsideration within 5 days from promulgation of the decision on the grounds that the evidence is insufficient to justify the decision. this being a judicial prerogative and there being no law not authorizing the same. COMELEC. a general denial is deemed to have been entered. (Kho v. Cumba (243 SCRA 502) In the exercise of its exclusive appellate jurisdiction. Veloria vs Comelec (211 SCRA 907) A motion for the reconsideration of the RTC decision is a prohibited pleading and does not interrupt the 5-day period for appeal.Within 10 days from proclamation of the results of the election COMELEC en banc. mandamus or certiorari. For protests filed with the COMELEC (Rule 20 vis-à-vis Rules 10-19. or that the said decision is contrary to law. the decision becomes final and executory 30 days from its promulgation. Relampagos vs. The COMELEC may not entertain a counterprotest filed beyond the reglementary period to file the same. (3) Protestee must file an answer within 5 days from service of summons and a copy of the petition. (6) After the case has been submitted for decision. after 5 days from the proclamation of the winning candidate. If it is being heard by the For the COMELEC en banc. PROCEDURE: A. HRET (Feb. there are only 5 days which remain of the period within which to file an election protest. De Jesus (206 SCRA 779) But the Comelec cannot deprive the RTC of its competence to order execution of its decision pending appeal. 50 BP 697 is still in full force and effect and has not been repealed nor amended by BP 881. COMELEC. COMELEC Rules of Procedure) (1) Protestant files a verified petition with the COMELEC within 10 days from proclamation and pays the required docket fees. Comelec) Puzon vs.R. it shall be decided within 30 days. Failure to pay the basic docket fee will result in the dismissal of the protest. Garcia vs. (Roquero v. (Gatchalian v. (5) After the issues have been joined. 1997) (4) Protestant has 5 days from receipt of the answer or answer with counterclaim or counter-protest to file his reply or answer to counter-protest or counterclaim. the case shall be decided within 10 days. If no answer is filed to the protest or counter-protest. the loser files a motion for reconsideration in the pre-proclamation controversy. Where. executory and unappealable does not preclude a recourse to the Supreme Court by way of a special civil action for certiorari. 124033. 289 SCRA 150) (7) The decision of a division becomes final and executory after the lapse of 15 days following its promulgation. Comelec (193 SCRA 78) The fact that decisions. the COMELEC shall render its decision. No. respectively. besides. final orders or rulings of the Comelec in appealed cases involving elective municipal and barangay officials are final. (abandons Veloria and Garcia) Galido vs. (But only when Comelec’s factual determination is marred by grave abuse of discretion = Alvarez vs. and only upon showing that the Tribunal’s error results from a . The protestee may incorporate in his answer a counter-protest or counterclaim. If the case is being heard by a Division. 1989) The Supreme Court declared the review of a decision of the Electoral Tribunal is possible only in the exercise of supervisory or extraordinary jurisdiction. 25. Sept. COMELEC. 245 SCRA 208) (2) The Clerk of Court of the COMELEC or the division concerned issues the corresponding summons to the protestee within 3 days from the filing of the petition. G. because the last par. the Comelec has the power to issue writs of prohibition. the Comelec rules would deprive the prevailing party of a substantial right to move for such relief. of sec. the case shall be set for hearing and presentation and reception of evidence. (8) The decision becomes final 5 days after its promulgation. Comelec (210 SCRA 290) Failure of protestant to raise the question of identical handwriting or of impugning the validity of the ballots on that ground does not preclude the Comelec from rejecting the ballots. For example. a general denial is deemed to have been entered. For protests filed with the Regional Trial Courts (Rule 35. or in a proper case. Such decision shall declare who among the parties has been elected. An election protest is imbued with public interest which raises it onto a plane over and above ordinary civil actions. arbitrary or despotic exercise of power. unwarranted. 267 SCRA 806) However. (2) Protestee must file an answer within 5 days after receipt of notice of the filing of the petition and a copy of the petition. Should the protestee desire to impugn the votes received by the protestant in other precincts. No motion for reconsideration shall be entertained. (De Castro v. if the deceased was a candidate for governor. (4) Any other candidate for the same office may intervene in the case within 5 days from filing of the protest by filing a verified petition-in-intervention. because it involves not only the adjudication of the private interest of the rival candidates but also the paramount need of dispelling once and for all the uncertainty that beclouds the real choice of the electorate with respect to who shall discharge the prerogatives of the office within their gift. that none of them has been legally elected. HRET (168 SCRA 391) For purposes of election contests cognizable by the Electoral Tribunal. Presentation and reception of evidence shall be completed within 30 days from the date of the commencement thereof. an election protest is a public concern. The protestant or protestee shall answer the protest-inintervention within 5 days after notice. Comelec (243 SCRA 706) The Court upheld the authority of the Comelec to determine whether ballots had been written by one or two persons. The rights of the contending parties must yield to the far greater interest of the citizens in upholding the sanctity of the ballot. the real party in interest in the continuation of the proceedings is the Vice-Governor-elect. EFFECT OF DEATH OF PROTESTANT The death of the protestant does not extinguish an election protest. (6) After the issues have been joined. the Comelec simply cannot close its eyes to the illegality of the ballots even if the protestant omitted to raise the ground in his protest. but in every case within 6 months after its filing. as he or she will succeed in the event that the protestant is declared to be the person lawfully elected to the office. Emi vs. Arao vs. Thus. or in groups written by only one hand. this investigation being more in the nature of an internal process Bulaong vs Comelec (220 SCRA 745) An order regarding the revision of ballots is an interlocutory order because it still requires a party to perform certain acts leading to the final adjudication of the case . counter-protest or protest-in-intervention within the specified time limits. capricious.whimsical. it is not the heirs of the deceased who shall be the successors-ininterest to the suit. (7) The Court shall decide the election contest within 30 days from the date it is submitted for decision. COMELEC. he may file a verified counterprotest within the same period fixed for the filing of the answer. Should an aggrieved party wish to appeal the decision to the COMELEC. COMELEC Rules of Procedure) (1) Protestant files a verified petition with the RTC within 10 days from proclamation. (5) If no answer is filed to the protest. B. the case shall be set for hearing. without need of calling for the services of handwriting experts. the HRET rules of procedure shall prevail over the provisions of the Omnibus Election Code. he may do so by filing a notice of appeal within 5 days from promulgation of the decision. Unlike an ordinary suit. (3) Protestant has 5 days from receipt of the counter-protest to file his answer to such counter-protest. Lazatin vs. but the succeeding candidate-elect. P. 2005) The Supreme Court said that if persons not real parties in the action could be allowed to intervene. expensive and interminable—and this is not the policy of the law. Comelec (174 SCRA 245) Since Frivaldo’s copy of certificate of naturalization obtained only in Sept. and the ballots cannot be produced or are not available. 1992 2) SC without jurisdiction. 881) EVIDENCE ON THE ELECTION The following may be used as evidence in contesting the results of the election: Election Returns Election returns are properly used as evidence in an election contest when what is involved is the correctness of the number of votes of each candidate. thus effectively considered as having abandoned or withdrawn her protest or at the very least. Award of damages Actual or compensatory damages may be granted in all election contests or in quo warranto proceedings in accordance with law. HRET proper forum as sole judge of all contests relating to the election.Miriam Defensor Santiago vs. Samar in the Supreme Court against Cong. Daza (213 SCRA 807) Election Officials Petition for prohibition filed by residents of N. poll-books or tally sheets are required to be kept. Voters . it is far more prudent to abide by the existing and strict limitations on intervention and substitution under the law and the rules. Poe vs. Daza dismissed: Election officials may be called to testify in the absence of ballots. 1988. in the language of Moraleja v Relova. The protestant has to pay a docket fee of P300. Ballots registered Ballots are properly used as evidence when the election returns are not available. members 3) As a de facto officer. abandoned her “determination to protect and pursue the public interest involved on who is the real choice of the electorate. or to be substituted for the deceased protestant. GROUNDS: Ineligibility or disloyalty to the Republic of the Philippines Poll-Books and Tally Sheets PERIOD FOR FILING: Within 10 days from proclamation of the results of the election Poll-books and tally sheets may be used as evidence where by law. Inasmuch as no real parties such as the vice-presidential aspirants in the 2004 elections have come forward to intervene. Fidel Valdez Ramos (253 SCRA 599) Election protest filed by Santiago rendered moot and academic by the election of Santiago as a Senator in the May 1995 elections and assumption of office.” Gatchalian vs Comelec (245 SCRA 208) The period for filing an election protest is suspended during the pendency of a preproclamation controversy. bec. For failure to pay the basic docket fee. the protest should be dismissed. returns and qualifications of House of Rep. Daza’s term to end in June 30. 259. 002. (Sec. tally sheets or poll-books. Frivaldo vs. March 29. the petition for disqualification may still be considered as having been seasonably filed even if filed more than seven months from the proclamation. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (PET Case No. B.00 and an additional docket fee if there is a claim for damages. Daza cannot be made to reimburse funds disbursed during his term of office. Quo Warranto WHO MAY FILE: Any voter in the constituency 1) because case already moot and academic. his acts are valid. proceedings will be unnecessarily complicated. Sampayan vs. 269. loss or disadvantage to discourage any other person or persons from filing a certificate of candidacy in order to eliminate all other potential candidates from running in a special election (Sec. Investigation and prosecution of election offenses shall be given priority by the COMELEC. Knowingly inducing or abetting such misrepresentation of a disqualified or nuisance candidate (Sec. 261 of B.Voters may testify where the illegality consists in the casting of votes by persons unqualified. R. B. the certificates of votes shall be admissible in evidence to prove tampering. 6646). Change or alteration or transfer of a voter's precinct assignment in the permanent list of voters without the express written consent of the voter (Sec. unless it can be shown for whom they voted. B. 881. if warranted. .P. Some of the more significant offenses include the following: ELECTION OFFENSES Registration Jurisdiction over election offenses The Regional Trial Courts have exclusive original jurisdiction to try and decide any criminal actions or proceedings for violation of election laws. (Sec. 27f. 8295).A. Election offenses The failure to present any certificate of votes shall be a bar to the presentation of other evidence to impugn the authenticity of the election returns. 881. 2 (6). alteration.R.P. (Sec. Sec. R.A. G. 1997) In the event that the COMELEC fails to act on any complaint within 4 months from its filing. harassing. 7166). it cannot be allowed to change the result.P. damage. Art. 16. injury. 5. bribing. 27f. Coercing. 4. Certificate of Votes The courts shall give preference to election cases over all other cases except petitions for writ of habeas corpus. IX-C.P. 2000) Failure of the Board of Election Inspectors to post the list of voters in each precinct.A. other election laws provide for other election offenses. January 18. torture. and the case shall be decided within 30 days from its submission for decision. 881) The provisions of Sections 235 and 236 of the Omnibus Election Code notwithstanding. However. 120 SCRA 760) However.A. 132378. it may validly delegate the power to the Provincial Prosecutor or to the Ombudsman. Comelec. 1987 Constitution. (Sec.A. GR No. B. People. 881. 268. (Sec. the complainant may file the complaint with the fiscal or the Department of Justice. (Sec. The various election offenses are enumerated primarily under Sec. The investigating officer shall resolve the case within 5 days from submission. 881) Preferential offenses disposition of election Certificate of Candidacy Continued misrepresentation or holding out as a candidate of a disqualified candidate or one declared by final and executory judgment to be a nuisance candidate (Sec. De Jesus v. 9. R. . R. People. Juan v. 265. 128054. 6646). No. inflicting or producing violence.But it is not the duty of the Comelec as investigator and prosecutor to gather proof in support of a complaint field before it (Kilosbayan vs. Their trial shall be commenced without delay and shall be conducted continuously until terminated. punishment. intimidating. Oct. or actually causing. when duly authenticated by testimonial or documentary evidence presented to the board of election inspectors who issued the certificate. 8189) Prosecution of election offenses The COMELEC has the exclusive power to investigate and prosecute cases involving violations of election laws. 268. R. threatening. falsification or any anomaly committed in the election returns concerned. B.P. terrorizing. P. 881) Use of armored land. and 2) The transfer or detail was made without prior approval of the Comelec. promotion.P. 881) Counting of Votes Tampering.P. 6646) Coercion of subordinates to vote for or against any candidate (Sec. which prescribed the rules and regulations on how to obtain Comelec approval for such transfers.P. R. 881) Dismissal of employees. or refusal to correct tampered votes after proper verification and hearing by any member of the board of election inspectors (Sec. candidate or political party as required (Sec. Intervening of public officers and employees in the civil service in any partisan political activity (Sec. 261t. 881) Unlawful electioneering (Sec. 261h. Election Campaign Appointment or use of special policemen. laborers. or tampering of lawful election propaganda. 881) . 27e.P. 881) People v. B.A. 881) (Sec. city or province has been offered. R. 262. 83. B.P.P. water or aircraft during the campaign period (Sec. 6646) Acts of government or public officers Vote-buying and vote-selling (Sec. B. To prove violation.P.P. B. B. R. B. B. decreasing votes.A. 881) Transfer of officers and employees in the civil service within the election period without the prior approval of the COMELEC (Sec. No. 881) Acting as bodyguards or security in the case of policemen and provincial guards during the campaign period (Sec. 261d(2). special agents or the like during the campaign period (Sec. B. 881) Removal. (Sec. 261a. obliteration. promised or given money.P. in accordance with its IRR. 28.P. Here the transfer was made 1 day prior to Comelec’s issuance of Res. 2333. or preventing the distribution thereof (Sec. 27b. R. 261m. 6646) Refusal to issue to duly accredited watchers the certificate of votes cast and the announcement of the election. 881 vis-à-vis Sec. two elements must concur: 1) The fact of transfer or detail within the election period as fixed by the Comelec. 881) Appointment of new employees. 261r. A disputable presumption of a conspiracy to bribe voters is created when there is proof that at least 1 voter in different precincts representing at least 20% of the total precincts in any municipality. by any member of the board of election inspectors (Sec. 261g. 881) Conspiracy to bribe voters 261b. leaders and/or sympathizers for the purpose of promoting the election of such candidate.P. increasing. 27c.P. 261i. destruction. 881) Voting Being a flying voter (Sec. or tenants for refusing or failing to vote for any candidate (Sec. B. B. 6646) Canvassing Any chairperson of the board of canvassers who fails to give notice of meeting to other members of the board. 261k. B. valuable consideration or other expenditure by a candidate's relatives. 261d. B. B.A. creation of new positions. or giving salary increases within the election period (Sec.P. 261z (2). B. Reyes (247 SCRA 328) Transfer or detail of a government officer or employee will not be penalized if done to promote efficiency in the government service.A. B. 881) Organization or maintenance of reaction forces. of intoxicating liquor on the day fixed by law for the registration of voters in the polling place. on election day (Sec. 261u. 6646) Coercion.A. B. 881) under contract with the COMELEC (Sec. terrorism.P. 881) Use of undue influence B. such refusal constitutes a ground for cancellation or revocation of certificate of public convenience or franchise. 881) Illegal release of prisoners before and after election (Sec. 881) Construction of public works. as compared to the 1935 and 1973 Constitutions which used the term "shall.P. B. 261p.P." Thus. 261n. Judge Nunez (240 SCRA 200) Unauthorized printing of official ballots and election returns with printing establishments that are not of Failure to register or vote Art. Use of public funds for an election campaign (Sec.P.P. 261w. 261dd (2). It is not necessary that the deadly weapon be seized from the accused while he was in the precinct or within a radius of 100 meters therefrom.P. 261x. Carrying firearms outside residence or place of business (Sec. and Mappala v. (under RA 7166) Good faith not a defense Election offenses are generally mala . such refusal constitutes a ground for cancellation or revocation of the franchise. B. 261o. B. B. violence Coercion of election employees Threats. 261q. or the day before the election or on election day (Sec. use of fraudulent devices or other forms of coercion (Sec. disbursement or expenditure of public funds during the prohibited period (Sec. 881) Refusal to carry election mail during the election period (Sec. during the prohibited period (Sec. 881) Opening booths or stalls within 30 meters of any polling place (Sec. V. failure to register or to vote is no longer an election offense. 881) Release.P. Other election offenses under RA 6646 Person who violated provisions against prohibited forms of election propaganda If the chairman of the BEI fails to affix his signature at the back of the official ballot.P. 261dd (5).P. 881). intimidation. cockfights. B.P. 261v. 261c. Sec. B. 881) Other prohibitions Wagering upon the results elections (Sec. 261dd (3). B. Discrimination in the sale of air time (Sec.P. 881) Sale.P. B. in the presence of the voter. 261dd (4). B. In addition to the prescribed penalty. 881) Carrying deadly weapons within the prohibited area (Sec. B. 1 of the 1987 Constitution states that suffrage "may" be exercised by qualified citizens of the Philippines.P. 261dd (1). it can be said that under the current Constitution. before delivering the ballot to the voter. 261e. 881) In addition to the prescribed penalty. etc. B. R. 881) Holding fairs. etc. 27a.P. enough that the accused carried the deadly weapon within the prohibited radius during any of the days and hours specified in the law. 261j.P. intimidation. 881) officials (Sec. or similar forces during the election period (Sec. B. etc. strike forces. B.P. 881) Suspension of elective local officials during the election period without prior approval of the COMELEC (Sec. the Director of the Bureau of Corrections. political party or coalition of political parties under or pursuant to any order of whatever name or nature and a. ignorance. where such prisoners commit any act of intimidation. 186) by whomsoever issued except only upon a warrant of arrest issued by a competent judge after all the requirements of the Constitution have been strictly complied with. B. terrorism or interference in the election. 267. the period of prescription shall commence on the date on which the judgment in such proceedings becomes final and executory. Religious sect organization or denomination. 881) Special Laws RA 7941 – Party-List System Act Seeks to representation Any party already registered need not register anew.P. 181. b. Violates election law f. 181 Phil. For individuals Imprisonment of not less than 1 year but not more than 6 years. Untruthful statements in its petition g. B. 881) Disqualification to hold public office. or lack of malice is not a defense.P. Fuentes. be sentenced to suffer prison mayor in its maximum period. without probation (Sec. (People v. Good faith. Advocates violence c. jail keeper or persons who are required by law to keep said prisoners in their custody shall. 881) Arrests in Connection with the Election Campaign No person shall be arrested or detained at any time for any alleged offense committed during and in connection with any election through any act or language tending to support or oppose any candidate. Bayona. the commission of the prohibited act is sufficient. Ceased to exist for at least one year h. provincial warden. 264.000 after a criminal conviction Persons Required by Law Prisoners in their Custody to proportional Grounds for refusing or canceling registration of Party-Lists groups For a Political Party promote Keep For prisoners illegally released from any penitentiary or jail during the prohibited period. Penalties Election offenses prescribe 5 years from the date of their commission. 61 Phil. People v. Foreign party or organization d. 264. (Sec. B. Deportation after service of sentence Payment of a fine not less than P10. (Sec. File manifestation not later than 90 days before election. Receives foreign support e. Proof of criminal intent is not necessary. Deprivation of the right of suffrage Prescription If the discovery of the offense be made in an election contest proceeding.prohibita.P. For a Foreigner Imprisonment of not less than 1 year but not more than 6 years (without probation). if convicted. Failed to participate in the last two preceding elections or fails to obtain at least 2% of the votes cast under the partylist system in the 2 preceding elections for the constituency in which it has registered Nomination of party-list reps should not include any candidate for any elective office or a person who has lost his bid for an elective office in the immediately preceding election Incumbent sectoral representatives in the House of Representatives who are nominated in the party-list system shall not be considered resigned . .Party List Reps constitute 20% of the total number of the members of the House of Reps including those under the party-list How do we determine the number of party list seats in the House of Reps? Formula: (# of District Reps / 0. G.80) x 0. 147589 26 June 2001). there are 260 (208/0.80) seats. provided that the political parties themselves represent the marginalized and under represented sectors.20 = # of party list reps The 5 major political parties are now entitled to participate in the party list system Parties receiving at least 2% of the total votes cast for the party-list system shall be entitled to one seat each No party shall be entitled to more than 3 seats Currently. (Ang Bagong Bayani-OFW Labor Party v. But this is only a ceiling. So 20 % of 260 are 52 seats. Q: May political parties participate in the party-list elections? A: Yes. COMELEC. Ranking in the list submitted determines who shall represent party or organization. No. A list with 5 names should be submitted to COMELEC as to who will represent the party in the Congress. parties and organizations. R.