Elektronika DayaElektronika Daya Disiplin ilmu yang mempelajari penggunaan teknologi elektronika dalam konversi energi (daya) elektrik. Mengapa energi (daya) elektrik perlu dikonversikan? • Hampir semua peralatan listrik bekerja kurang efisien atau tidak bisa bekerja pada sumber energi (daya) elektrik yang tersedia. • Banyak pembangkit energi (daya) elektrik nonkonvensional mempunyai bentuk yang tidak kompatibel dengan sumber energi (daya) elektrik lainnya. 2 Konverter Daya Daya keluaran Daya masukan Konverterdaya Pengukuran Beban Pengukuran Pengendali Acuan 3 Klasifikasi Konverter Daya • • • • Konverter DC-ke-DC (Chopper) Konverter AC-ke-DC (Penyearah) Konverter DC-ke-AC (Inverter) Konverter AC-ke-AC (Cycloconverter/Matrix) 4 . Konverter Sinyal dan Daya Konverter Sinyal Sinyal masuk Sinyal keluar Daya masuk Konverter Daya Daya keluar Daya masuk Sinyal masuk Efficiency is the key 5 . Regulator tegangan R1 Rv Io Vi Io Vi Ro Vo R2 Ro Vo Efficiency is very low No ripples on the input and output sides 6 . Switching Regulator Ii Ts Vi Io TON Vo 0 Vi Vo Load Io 0 Ii 0 T Efficiency is very high Vo ON Vi Ts Ripples on the input and output sides 7 . Linear and Switching Power Supplies Linear Switching 8 . Switching Mode Power Supplies Advantages: • High efficient and small size • DC filter capacitor is working at high voltage (Energy stored is high) • The reactive component requirements are small. Disadvantages: • Control is more complicated • EMC problems 9 . Power Supply Comparison Power Density Efficiency Linear Power Supply <0.12 W/cm3 <40% SMPS 6W/cm3 >95% 10 . solar cells) • Energy Storage 11 . Wind. Microturbine gas) • Power Conditioners for Renewable Power Generation (Fuel cells.Power Electronic Applications in Power Generation • Excitation system • Automatic Voltage Regulator • Variable Speed Power Generation (Hydro. Excitation System in Brushless AC Generator D1 D3 D5 D2 D4 D6 Rotor Stator Exciter Main generator 12 . Renewable Energy System Solar Cells DC/DC DC/DC Energy Storages Fuel Cells Exhaust Fuel DC/DC AC/DC BUS DC Fuel Cells Fuel Cells Modules Generatr Micro Hydro Electric Power DC/AC Utilitas AC/DC DC/AC AC Loads 13 . Power Electronic Applications in Power Transmission • • • • • • • High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission Static VAR Compensators Series Compensation Phase Shifters Dynamic Braking Flexible AC Transmission System High-Speed Circuit Breakers 14 . Static VAR Compensator • • • • Improving power factor Reducing voltage drop and losses Increasing maximum power transfer Improving damping factor 15 . HVDC Transmission System AC System AC System DC Line Converter Converter Two .terminals dc system • Asynchronous links • Suitable for long distance transmission and underground cable transmission • Improving damping factor 16 . Power Electronic Applications in Power Distribution • • • • • • • • Static VAR Compensators Power Conditioners Active Filters Unified Power Conditioners Dynamic Voltage Restorers High-Speed Circuit Breakers Light High-Voltage Direct-Current Distribution Power conditioners for distributed power generation 17 . Active Filter is AC source Ls if es Active filter ih Harmonic source 18 . Power Electronic Applications in Transportation Industries • • • • • • High-Speed Trains Electric vehicles Elevators Airplanes Ships Unmanned vehicles 19 . PWM Inverter for Electric Traction Pantograph PWM Inverter Traction Motors 20 . Power Electronic Applications in Industries • • • • • • Rolling mills Variable speed pump systems Cement kilns Rolling ball mills Robotics Electrolysis 21 . Variable Speed Drive Applications FLOW REFERENCE SET-POINT CONTROLLER MOTORIZED VALVE STARTER SENSOR MOTOR Fixed Speed PUMP FLOW REFERENCE SET-POINT CONTROLLER VSD SENSOR MOTOR PUMP CONTROLLER 22 . wave inverter Controlled rectifier AC Motor AC source 3 Smoothing capacitor vout Uncontrolled rectifier PWM inverter 23 .Variable Speed Drives Smoothing inductor AC Motor AC source 3 Smoothing capacitor vout Square . Variable Speed Pumping System VALVE OPERATION WITH STANDARD EFFICIENTMOTOR 70 Pipe characteristic 2 Pipe characteristic 1 60 H2 50 H1 Pump characteristic 1 INPUT KW Head/Press ure 80 ADJUSTABLE SPEED OPERATION WITH ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTOR 40 30 H3 20 Pump characteristic 2 10 Q2 Q1 Flow 0 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 FLOW (GPM) 24 . Power Electronic Applications in Home Appliances • • • • • • • Microwave heating Air conditioners Refrigerators Toasters Cookers Vacuum cleaners Wash machines 25 . Power Electronic Applications in Information Industries • • • • • • DC power supplies Distributed power supplies Power conditioners Uninterruptible power supplies Battery chargers Voltage Regulator Modules 26 . 27 . Power conversion has been known for a long time by using a combination of electrical machinery. Power electronics development has grown very fast since the introduction of thyristor or SCR (Semiconductor controlled rectifier) in nineteen fifties.Is power electronics new technology? Power electronics have been developed since the beginning of 20th century when mercury arc and vacuum tubes technology was emerged. state physics Power Electronics Computer Power systems Electric machines Electromagnetics 28 .Interdiciplinary nature of power electronics Signal processing Control theory Circuit theory Electronics Solid . Current Challenges • • • • • • • Voltage regulator modules for microprocessors Embedded inverter for motor drives Intelligent power ICs Flexible AC power transmission systems Custom power distribution system Unified power conditioners Renewable energy power generation system 29 . Laptop Power Supply System 30 . Matriks saklar S3 S1 Vi u S2 v Load S4 31 . Penyearah tak terkendali Vi S3 S1 Vi u v Load S1 S2 S2 S4 S3 S4 v uv 32 . Penyearah terkendali Vi S1 S3 S1 S2 Vi u v Load S3 S4 S2 S4 v uv 33 . AC regulator Vi S3 S1 Vi u S1 v Load S2 S3 S2 S4 S4 vuv 34 . Phase-Controlled AC-AC Cycloconverter S1 S3 ei Beban S2 vo S4 ei t S1 & S 4 t S 2 & S3 Fundamenta l component vo t t 35 . Konverter DC-ke-DC Vi S3 S1 Vi u S1 v Load S2 S3 S2 S4 S4 v uv 36 . Inverter PWM Vi S3 S1 Vi S1 S2 u v Load S3 S4 S2 S4 v uv 37 . Understanding Power Electronic Circuits • Consider all power semiconductor switches as ideal switches • Ideal switches have no voltage drop. 38 . and transition times are zero. • Practical considerations are given in detailed design. • Background on signal electronics is useful to understand power electronics. no leakage current. The End 39 .