International Seminar on Climate Change Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation Solo, 4-5 March 2011 ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2 ECONOMIC VALUATION STUDY ON URBAN WASTE MANAGEMENT THROUGH COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN CREATING SURAKARTA GREEN ECONOMY Mugi Raharjo1 I Gusti Putu Diva Awatara2 Postgraduate Student of Environmental Science Sebelas Maret University 1,2 Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the economic valuation of urban waste management through community involvement Surakarta in creating a green economy. The data collected is the primary and secondary data obtained from various publications originating from the stakeholders and various information related to waste management. Other data collected is data and information obtained directly from the field by distributing a questionnaire (interviews) and results of coordination with relevant agencies and through literature studies. Implementation of data collection is divided into two stages, namely: the creation of data collection instruments, and data collection activities. The data were then compiled and tabulated in accordance with the needs analysis. Primary data interviews were analyzed to determine the feasibility of alternative enterprises in managing the waste as a business opportunity household. Presentation of the results of the analysis and interpretation of data and information on the implementation of this study was prepared in the form of the final report. The results of this study indicate that: 1) landfill waste Surakarta in 2008 as much as 1369.9 tons / day or 5479.6 M3 which consists of 48.2% and 51.8% of organic waste inorganic, 2) the average waste disposed by society 1-1.5 kg per household per day, 3) addition of organic waste, there are 18 kinds of inorganic waste generated in Surakarta households that have economic value, which are grouped into 7 categories, namely: plastic, cans, paper, glass, iron, copper, and aluminum, 4) activities that can be used as an alternative enterprise in order to increase family income, among others, namely (a) composting, (b) plastic garbage collectors, and (c) recycled paper, 5) manage the waste into recycled products as business opportunities and private households more optimally by applying participatory waste management system. Keywords: economic valuation, waste management, community involvement, green, economy 1. INTRODUCTION Population growth, changing consumption patterns, and people's lifestyles have increased the amount of landfill waste, species, and diversity characteristics of the waste. The increasing purchasing power of various kinds of staples and the technology and the increased business or activities supporting the economic growth of a region also contributed greatly to the quantity and quality of waste generated. The increasing volume of waste requiring management. Waste management methods and techniques do not use an environmentally friendly waste management in addition to going to cause negative impacts on health will also be very disturbing both the preservation of environmental functions residential environment, forests, rice fields, rivers and oceans (Pratt and Soleh, 2008) Under the Act. 18 of 2008, the garbage is the remains of everyday human activities and / 297 International Seminar on Climate Change Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation Solo, 4-5 March 2011 ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2 or natural processes that shaped solid. Waste management is an activity aimed at a systematic, comprehensive, and that includes the reduction and sustainable waste management. Based on the physical properties and chemical waste can be classified into: 1) there is an easy-rotting garbage consists of organic waste like the rest of vegetables, meat offal, leaves, etc., 2) waste that is not easily decompose, such as plastic, paper, rubber, metal, remaining building materials and so on; 3) waste in the form of dust / ash, and 4) hazardous waste (B3) for health, such as garbage comes from industries and hospitals which contain chemical substances and dangerous disease agents. To realize clean and green city, Surakarta City Government has launched various programs that basically aims to encourage and enhance community capacity in waste management. Surakarta been awarded a clean city because it has managed to get the clean city. Although it has got clean city that does not mean there are no problems regarding garbage, government and public appreciation is always required to do so in turn the waste management garbage can be processed independently and be a resource. Looking at the above phenomenon is very much needed waste management model is good and right in an effort to create a clean and green urban areas in the city of Surakarta. Trash is a consequence of human activity. As the increase in population and economic growth at this time most of the city waste management are still causing problems that are difficult to control. Uncontrolled waste occurs as a logical consequence of human activity and industrialization, which in turn have an impact on urban environmental issues such as the beauty of the city, public health, and even further to the disaster (methane gas explosions, landslides, air pollution from open burning and other etc.), on the other side of waste management organized by the related department focuses only on the collection and transportation to the place End Processing (TPA) without specific treatment. Most problematic landfill on the environment, such as landfill was not covered by a waterproof coating such as geo textile, no water treatment, and still allowed the practice of open dumping and open burning which causes many problems such as groundwater contamination, odor and air pollution. However, the garbage on the side can make the problem in urban areas, can also be useful in strengthening the economic life of society. Various types of waste generated by households and industry if not properly managed, can potentially weaken the local economy because it will absorb funds that are big enough to handle both in terms of hygiene, health and the environment. Garbage is not well managed will pollute the environment and as a source of disease which in turn will inhibit the rate of motion of the local economy. On the other hand, garbage can also be one important resource in raising the community's economy city of Surakarta. This condition will occur if the waste can be managed professionally. Some of the opportunities derived from waste, such as aspects of the job opening from garbage collection process, aspects of waste management and utilization and marketing aspects of its product made from raw garbage. In other words the business chain will be created if the waste is managed with economic approaches. Waste processing activities may lead to multiplier effects through the use of appropriate technology. People are starting to become aroused to create a variety of supporting technologies for waste management, ranging from technology shelters in the household garbage to be used as compost, waste utilization technology into economically valuable products and marketing of waste processing. All supporters of the resulting technology is very likely to do in the household as a business opportunity. To get the various data and information used in order to take advantage of business opportunities from garbage in the city of Surakarta, it is necessary to study Economic Valuation of 298 International Seminar on Climate Change Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation Solo, 4-5 March 2011 ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2 Urban Waste Management Through Community Involvement Surakarta In Creating the Green Economy. The formulation of this problem is how the economic valuation of urban waste management through community involvement Surakarta in creating a green economy? The purpose of this study was to determine the economic valuation of urban waste management through community involvement Surakarta in creating a green economy. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Empowerment Concepts With regard to the meaning of the concept of community empowerment, IFE (1995) states that: Empowerment is a process of Helping disadvantaged groups and individuals to Compete more effectively with other interests, by Helping Them to learn and use in lobbying, using the media, Engaging in political action, understanding how to 'work the system,' and so on (IFE, 2005). The above definition defines the concept of empowerment (empowerment) in an attempt to give autonomy, authority, and trust to every individual within an organization, and encourage them to be creative in order to complete their duties as possible. On the other hand Paul in Prijono and Pranarka (2006) says that empowerment means a fair division of power thus increasing the political awareness and power in a weak group and increase their influence over "the process and results of development. When viewed from operations of process, then the idea of empowerment has two tendencies, among other things: first, the primary trend, namely the tendency of the process that provide or divert some of the power of strength, or ability (power) to communities or individuals become more empowered. This process can be complemented by efforts to build assets material to support the development of their independence through organization, and second, the secondary trend, namely a tendency that emphasizes the process of stimulating, encouraging or motivating individuals to have the ability or empowerment to determine what the choice of his life through dialogue process. Two trends are giving (at extremes) as the opposite, but often to achieve the primary trend through the first secondary trend (Sumodiningrat, 2002). 2.2 The concept of income / gains (profitability) Revenues according to economics is the maximum value that can be consumed by someone in a period with the expected state of the same at the end of the period as the initial state. Understanding the emphasis on quantitative total expenditure on consumption for one period. In other words, income is the amount of wealth beginning of the period plus the overall results obtained during a period, not just consumed. The definition of income according to economics cover possible changes over total assets of a business entity at the beginning of the period, and emphasizes the amount of static at the end of the period. Broadly speaking, income is the amount of initial wealth plus the change in the assessment period is not due to changes in capital and debt (Rustam, 2002). 2.3 Public Participation in Creating Environmental Hygiene According to Wazir et al., (2001) participation can be interpreted as a conscious person's involvement in social interaction in specific situations. With that understanding, a person can participate if he finds himself with or in groups, through various processes to share with others in terms of values, traditions, feelings, loyalty, obedience and responsibility together. Public participation by Isbandi (2007) is the participation of society in the process of identifying problems and potential that exists in society, elections and making decisions about alternative solutions to address the problem, the implementation effort to solve problems, and community involvement in the process of evaluating the changes. Mikkelsen (2000) divides participation into 6 (six) terms, namely: 299 International Seminar on Climate Change Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation Solo, 4-5 March 2011 ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2 a. Participation is voluntary contributions from the community to the project without taking part in decision making; b. Participation is the "sensitization" (sensitize) the community to increase receptivity and ability to respond to development projects; c. Participation is voluntary involvement by the community in which appointed its own changes; d. Participation is an active process, which mean the person or group concerned, take the initiative and use their freedom to do so; e. Participation is the consolidation of dialogue between the local community with staff who do the preparation, execution, project monitoring, in order to obtain information about the local context, and social impacts; f. Participation is the involvement of communities in the development of self, life, and their environment. 3. RESEARCH METHODS Location of study business opportunities in the management of household waste through community involvement is in Surakarta. The data collected is the primary and secondary data obtained from various publications originating from the stakeholders and various information related to waste management. Other data collected is data and information obtained directly from the field by distributing a questionnaire (interviews) and results of coordination with relevant agencies and through literature studies. Implementation of data collection is divided into two stages, namely: the creation of data collection instruments, and data collection activities. The data were then compiled and tabulated in accordance with the needs analysis. Primary data interviews were analyzed to determine the feasibility of alternative enterprises in managing the waste as a business opportunity household. Presentation of the results of the analysis and interpretation of data and information on the implementation of this study was prepared in the form of the final report. 4. Research Results 4.1 Waste management in Surakarta Still unresolved as far as urban garbage handling this well, needed breakthroughs and new innovations in the management of solid waste management. As it is known that the pattern of waste disposal by landfill system (landfills) need a lot of rethinking and again, is it still relevant to current conditions, where urban land is increasingly limited because of rapid population growth. Disposal is done openly and garbage disposal in the open also result in increased intensity of pollution because in many cases the management of the landfill (garbage dump) is still very bad start of the handling of waste water (leached) to the handling of a very bad smell. In addition, the most disadvantaged and for this is not perceived by the public is the issuance of billions of dollars to create and manage the landfill. N Total Ritasi Volume Vehicle Type o (unit) (trip) transport 1 Tipper truck 93 2 trip 6 m3 2 3 4 Arm roll truck Arm roll truck Tipper truck TOTAL 10 4 3 7 trip 7 trip 2 trip 10 m3 6 m3 6 m3 Total 1,116 m3 700 m3 168 m3 36 m3 2,020 m3 The solution in addressing the waste problem can be done by increasing the efficiency of all solid waste management program that began in regional scale (subdistrict level / residential neighborhood), then continued on a wider scale. How the ideal solution for dealing with waste in urban areas is by taking out the trash as well use it so that in addition to cleaning the environment, also produced a new use. This economically will reduce handling costs. For this reason urban waste management model as a whole one of which is included removal of TPA model in stages. 300 International Seminar on Climate Change Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation Solo, 4-5 March 2011 ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2 Waste management in Surakarta performed by Sanitation Department as one of the executive element of the Government in managing the cleanliness of Surakarta Surakarta. For more details of waste management in Surakarta can be drawn: 1. MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION PROVIDER, PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT 2. LEVY AND Knowledge of the economic value of waste Not understand 2,5% Less Understood 6% Understand 91.5% DEPAR TMEN n=200 CITY OF ORDERLY, EXPEDITE WASTE Figure 1. Waste Management System Surakarta City The waste is then transported by the Sanitation Department's truck fleet, whose numbers continue to grow each year. Details of fleet of garbage trucks that operate can be seen in Table 1. Table 1. Haul fleet type, amount, and the volume of freight ritasi Surakarta City Sanitation Department Source: Surakarta City Sanitation Department (2010) From the table above shows that every day there are 2020 m3 of waste (505 tons) of freight transported by a fleet owned by the City Sanitation Department Surakarta. Of the total volume of the waste this means that only about 41% of the waste from the total solid waste contained in places of temporary waste disposal. Expected in the coming years a fleet of haul trash to increase with a total volume of waste generation Surakarta. 4.2 Economic Value of Rubbish Discards of society are not all worthless. There are some of the types of waste that has a sale value (return value) and some can be recovered. Based on interviews conducted on 200 respondents spread across five districts, most people understand the economic value of waste (Figure 2). Figure 2. Community awareness of the economic value of waste in some districts of Surakarta Municipality According to the respondents some trash can be resold to collectors or dealer sales of used goods, among others, bottles, paper / cardboard, plastics, tin, iron, and aluminum. In addition, wet garbage like rotten rice, cook the remaining waste can be utilized for animal feed and also dumped as compost for garden plants. The economic value of waste management in general come from two sectors, namely: (1) The formal sector, that sector of economic value which is managed by the government, and (2) The informal sector, that sector of economic value which is managed by scavengers and garbage collectors. The economic value of Surakarta City garbage from the informal sector, re derived from the sale of materials that can be recycled. Table 2. Types and garbage economical price 301 International Seminar on Climate Change Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation Solo, 4-5 March 2011 ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2 Type of waste I. a. b. c. II. a. Price (Rp) Unit kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg fruit fruit kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg countries to produce products that ultimately reached the consumers. Plastic Plastic beverage cups 3500 Bottles of mineral water 1500 Atom 3500 Tin Zinc / packaged 1000 biscuit 11000 b. Beverage cans 800 Paper 1000 a. Cardboard 800 b. White Paper 800 c. Magazine 150 d. Newspaper e. Cement wrapping 400 paper 100 Glass a. Bottles 2500 b. Glass 3500 Iron 2000 a. Iron concrete b. Iron super 45000 c. Iron pipe 40000 Copper a. Copper super 11000 b. Copper baker 13000 VII. Aluminium a. Thick aluminum b. Thin aluminum Source: Primary Data August 2010 In general waste that has economic value are materials that can be recycled is then offered back to the industries that need them. The price of waste can be recycled based on information from several centers in Surakarta garbage collectors are shown in Table 2. In the recycling network system (Figure 3), recycling waste is collected from sources such as residential, commercial area, Shelter Temporary (TPS) and TPA. Most of the recycled waste is collected by scavengers and then sold (delivered) to collectors. Collectors sort and classify them into several items depending on the type and sell or distribute it to the recycling plant directly or through an agent in advance. Some waste is being recycled in the factories and some are sent to other cities or exported to foreign SCAVEN GERS WAS COLLEC TORS RECYCLI NG CONSU MARK Figure 3. Waste Recycling Network Diagram 4.3 Community Involvement in Urban Waste Management In essence the problem of managing waste is not only the responsibility of one party, but it is the responsibility of all parties (stakeholders). One factor in the success of efforts to manage urban waste to the city of Surakarta clean and environmentally sound manner in accordance with the vision of Surakarta City Sanitation Department is the involvement / participation of local communities. Therefore, society is essentially the source of initial accumulation of garbage. For that, the public reason, must play a role to perform certain functions in the context of waste management. In this case, one of the important role that can be run by the community is doing the separation of waste from its source (the individual producers of waste such as households, schools, hospitals, etc.). Public participation in waste management is the most important aspect to consider in an integrated waste management system. Community participation in the development process is divided into 4 stages, namely: a) participation in the planning stages, b) participation in the implementation phase, c) participation in the utilization stage of development results and d) participation in supervision and monitoring phase. Society continues to participate on development processes if there are factors that support, among other things: the needs, expectations, 302 International Seminar on Climate Change Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation Solo, 4-5 March 2011 ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2 motivation, discipline, the need for facilities and infrastructure, boost morale, and the existence of both informal and formal institutions. Community involvement in waste management is one of the technical factors to cope with urban waste problem or an urban environment from year to year increasingly complex. The Japanese government only took 10 years to accustom the people to sort garbage. Reduce (reduce), Reuse (use of back) and Recycling (recycling) is applied and the model relative to economic value. This system is applied to the scale of the region so that minimize the quantity and complexity of waste. This model will be able to cut a long transport chain and the heavy burden of budget. Also included in the community together which will provoke the management process and the results are much more optimal than the current way that applied. Therefore, in addition to community participation, attention is also needed from the government, especially local governments and nongovernmental organizations as a factor in implementing regional development and policy holders to accommodate the activities and programs for sustainable urban waste management and community participation so that the cleanliness and beauty of the city of Surakarta to materialized in order to improve the quality of urban living. The solution in addressing the waste problem can be done by increasing the efficiency of all solid waste management program that began in regional scale (village and district level), then continued on a wider scale. Alternative Business Waste Management Economic Value a. Compost Compost is the result of fermentation of organic materials that change shape, blackish in color and odorless. Composting is a process of decomposition of organic materials in high temperature so that microorganisms can actively describe organic substances that can produce material that can be used in the soil without harming the environment. From the results of field observations, composting is one of the alternative waste management business in the city of Surakarta, who has a promising business opportunities, in addition to a benefit in maintaining the cleanliness and beauty of the city and reduce the number of unemployed. Persentage of Family Head Figure 4. The percentage of respondents (families) based on the amount of organic waste Raw materials composting organic waste available is very large, both derived from markets and households. Based on interviews and questionnaires, society in general dispose of organic waste is greater than 1.5 kg per day. If this value is multiplied by the number of households in the city of Surakarta, the volume of organic waste as raw materials are abundantly available composting. According to Santoso (1987), urban waste composting business has some benefits in terms of economics, namely: to reduce the amount of waste that will reduce the operational costs of waste disposal, reducing landfill investment; competitive and economic value that can be sold. Apart from economic review, in terms of ecology, composting processes provide environmental benefits, including: composting is a natural method of recycling organic matter and return to the biological cycle; Reducing environmental pollution, because of the waste being burned, which is discharged into rivers or collected at the landfill will be reduced; Use of compost on agricultural land or plantations will increase the ability of land in the water so there conservation hold water and fix and improve 303 International Seminar on Climate Change Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation Solo, 4-5 March 2011 ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2 soil fertility conditions (soil conservation). In principle, the composting is done by some people in Surakarta is divided into 3, namely: (1) Composting using bio activator EM-4, (2) Composting household scale, and (3) Composting is simple. Business community composting done conventionally by using composting technology and bio activator EM-4 is still rarely done because the calculation of production costs are too high. Society in general do composting for household scale and simple. b. Steaming Plastic Waste Being a plastic garbage collectors is a promising business opportunity. In addition to improving family economy, these businesses provide employment, which in turn can minimize the number of unemployed in the city of Surakarta. The results of observation and primary data collection in the field indicates that produces household waste plastic bags of fruit per day varies 3-5, 6-8 fruits per day, and some have more than 8 pieces per day (Figure 5). Based on interviews and questionnaires, the amount of paper in the waste by the public each KK ± 0.2 to 1 kg per day. While scavengers can sell 50-10 kg of paper per day and collectors used items 3000-7000 kg per month to a paper recycling plant. Seeing the volume of paper circulating in the level of scavengers and collectors as well as paper waste being dumped very large, this is a prospect for paper recycling efforts both home and factory scale. Recycled paper can be used as raw material for handicraft products. How to make recycled paper also does not require time and specialized skills, and everyone can do it as long as there is a will and tenacity. 5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusion From the various descriptions, as mentioned above, can be summed up as follows: a. Surakarta City in 2008 as much as 1369.9 tons / day or 5479.6 M3 which consists of 48.2% and 51.8% of organic waste inorganic. b. The average waste disposed by public 11.5 kg Percentage of Respondents per household per day. c. In addition to organic waste, there are 18 kinds of inorganic waste generated in Surakarta households that have economic value, which are grouped into 7 categories, namely: plastic, cans, paper, glass, iron, copper, and aluminum. d. Activities that can be used as an alternative enterprise in order to increase n= 200 family income, among others, namely (a) composting, (b) plastic garbage Figure 5. Percentage of respondents by collectors, and (c) recycled paper number of plastic bag waste e. Managing waste into recycled products as business opportunities and private When viewed from the amount of plastic households more optimally by applying waste being dumped each family head and participatory waste management system. demand for this waste is high enough, it did not rule out an alternative business as 5.2 Suggestion garbage collectors provide business a. Any effort to separate household trash opportunities and employment providers in economic value that can be used as raw order to improve the family economy and material for recycled products in reducing unemployment in the city of addition to provide additional family Surakarta. income. b. Local governments provide waste c. Recycled Paper management facilities through the provision of garbage can help in every 304 International Seminar on Climate Change Environmental Insight for Climate Change Mitigation Solo, 4-5 March 2011 ISBN 979-978-3456-85-2 district disaggregated so that waste has been divided before being transported to landfill. c. Need for more effective dissemination of government programs related to waste management include: mass campaign 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) through the dissemination of posters, print and electronic media advertising, and school visit. d. 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