www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in N 1 www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in1 www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015) E.H.I.-1 Modern India: 1857-1964 Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied. Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university. SECTION-I N Q. 1. Discuss the impact of colonialism on Indian economy. Ans. The word De-industrialisation means the destruction of traditional Indian industries due to colonialism. During the 18th century, the Indian products were prized as valuable item of commerce and during this period Indian artisans were in a good bargaining position. But after 1765, the Britisher’s established their hegemony in some regions like Bengal which allowed them to become monopolist in the market. And this monopoly leds the excessive exploitation of Indian artisans which destroyed the possibility of improvement of Indian industries. And this period was period of industrialization in England which wiped out all the market for Indian product. Not only the export market of the Indian artisans were taken away by the foreign factories, but the home market began to be invaded by imported factory products. This is the process which has been called de-industrialisation since it is the reverse of the process of industrialisation. There is debate among the historians regarding the questions of de-industrialisation in India during 19th century. Romesh C. Dutt and Madan Mohan Malviya used the statistics of import to prove their point. They showed that the import of cloth in Manchester increased in value from 96 lakh sterling in 1860 to 27 crore sterling in 1900. Howevers, Moris D. Morris argues that under Pax-Britanica the population increased; the per capita income increased, and the sale of cloth increased due to consumption habits and thus it was possible for Indian to buy more foreign cloth, leaving the Indian market in effected, but this view is unacceptable due to lack of evidence. However, recent economic historians like Sarda Raju, N.K. Sinha, A.V. Raman Rao, etc. supported the thesis of de-industrialization. While Thorner does not show any evidence of de-industrialization. Famines in Colonial India: Famine was one of main cause of the India’s devastation for the latter half of the 19th century. Different regions of India witnessed the famine which started since (1853-55) and reoccurred in different region like Bombay, madras presidency (1853-55), Punjab kutch, UP,-(1860-61), Bihar, Orissa, Hydrabad, 2 www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in2 www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in Mysore (1866-67) etc. at the different time. According to official data, at least 1 crore 52 lakh people were died during those famines and 39.7 crores people affected by the famine. Famine causes the draughts and crop failure but the root of the crises was stagnation in agricultural technology, failure of investment to raise yield per acre, drain of agriculturalists resources into the hands of money lender and dealer of agricultural commodities. The estimates of Alan Heston, Shivasubramaniam and George Blyn indicates the decline in supply of foodgrain in the last half century of British rule though they differ on the extent to which it occurred. Commercialisation of Agriculture: The civil war in U.S.A. after the emancipation of the black slaves by Abraham Lincoln led to a massive short-fall in world supply of cotton in 1860-64. This led to increase in cotton price, export of cotton from India and the growth of cotton cultivation per acre. Instead of cotton other commercial crops like, jute, indigo, opium contributed to the accumulation of capital in the hands of some Indian businessmen. The Cotton Boom marked the recruitment of India as a supplier of agricultural commodities and raw material needed by the West. So, this period witnessed the total and per acre output of non-food grain crops increased. While food grain productions shows an opposite trend. Impact of Commercialisation on Rural Society: Commercialisation of agriculture led to the rise of merchant capital in rural society and widened the levels of differentiation among the peasantry. Now, the cultivators depended upon the village bania for the advance of credit, for the marketing of his crop, for loans, during lean seasons or subsistence. Money lender-cum-trader played an important role for supplying land revenue in cash and worked as an agent for the penetration of the rural market by the imported industrial consumers goods. N While some poorer peasants took an advance by the money lender who later forced the poorest farmer to raise their crop as demanded by the village bania. However, the better-off section of the peasantry were relatively free and rich peasants themselves become money lenders to poorer peasant and thus the process of difference was accentuated. And this differentiation leads to the emergence of landless labourers which were emerge as the characteristic feature of colonial period. Modern Industry and Indian Capitalist Class: The infrastructural development especially, the railways and transport system, created conditions of development not only for foreign capital in some sectors but also for indigenous capital. During the war and interwar period rapid development and industrial diversification had taken place in the Indian capital. This development was in part the story of struggle against foreign capitalist dominations, against British business interest and unsympathetic British Indian government. This lead the emergence of alliance between the Indian capitalist class and the nationalist leadership who totally supported National capital. Shivasubramanian is a prominent historian who studied about the potentials of colonial industrial development. According to him colonial industrial development was exceedingly limited and per capital income in India remained almost stagnant. Q. 2. Discuss the main causes to the Revolt of 1857. Ans. After the battle of Plassey in 1757, the British rule was formally established and the East India Company was governed by greedy merchants and traders who could ruthlessly exploits the Indian people. And this exploitation was the root cause of revolt. However, many other important causes were there which resulted in the form of revolt. 3 www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in3 www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in Exploitation of the Peasantry: Land revenue was the main source of income for the British East India Company. Permanent, Ryotwari and Mahalwari were the settlement which devised to extract income as much as possible. The loyal zamindar were given the proprietory rights on land, while, cultivators were reduced to the status of simple tenants. Even these tenant were forced to pay revenue if they failed to do so, their property were forcibly sold to the money lender. If the peasant went to the law court to seek the redress of their grievances, they were bound to be totally ruined. Alienation of the Middle and Upper Strata of Indians: The higher post of the British administration were reserved for the Britishers only. Middle and upper strata of (chief in standing not local princes) of Indian society served only as a subordinates in the British administration. Pandit and Maulvis also lost their former power and prestige. Annexation of Princely States: British policy of expansion continued, they kept extending their teritories by annexing Indian states, even those who were not at war with British. Dalhousies “doctrine of Lapse” was a major tool of this expansion. The annexation of Satara, Awadh, Jhansi imbittered the ruler of these states. This lead the discontentment among the Indian ruling class. The Alien Rule: The Britisher never mixed with the Indian people, they had just come to take Indian money. And designated themselves as civilized people while Indian as barbarism, even the upper class Indian were treated with contempt. N Impact on the Sepoys: The revolt of 1857 was stated as the mutiny of sepoys The Indian sepoys who belongs to the North and North-west India. They joined the army to fulfil their need to bread and butter because ruthless exploitation of peasant ruined the Indian peasantry. But the Indian sepoy get only one third of their British counterparts. Moreover, they were frequently abused and humiliated. And Indian sepoy could never rise above the rank of a subedar. Threat to Religion: The religious missionaries were propagated their religion Christianity and government maintained these missions arise, while in some cases police protection also provided to the missionaries. Several cases of conversions to Christianity were reported to be made. Furthermore, the sepoys were forced to serve overseas, if required. The conservative beliefs of the sepoys were thus shaken and sometimes reacted strongly. In 1844, seven battalion revolted on the question of salaries and battle. However, both the military and civilian revolt merged and made it really formidable challenge. The Immediate Causes: The sepoy were forced to use newly introduced infield rifles, cartridges of which had a greased paper cover. And these cartridges was loaded into rifle by pulling it through the mouth. The grease was made up of beef and big fat. This completely enraged the Hindu and Muslims sepoys. It was the immediate cause of the revolt. SECTION - II Q. 3. Discuss the early political activities of Mahatma Gandhi after his arrival from South Africa. Ans. Gandhi’s Arrival in India: Before returning to India Gandhi went to England. In a meantime, the first World War Broke out. Gandhi was a lover of British empire and decided to helped the British Government in Boar war by organising an Indian Ambulence Corps. However, after sometime Gandhi disassociated himself from it. And in 1915, he received the honour Kaiser-i-Hind Gold medal. And then in January, 1915 he reached India. Gokhale proposed him to join the Servants of Indian Society but he could not becomes its 4 www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in4 www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in member becouse member of society opposed his entry. Then in 1915-1916 he visited different states like, Sindh, Banaras, Madras, Rangoon and Haridwar etc. of India. In 1915, he had setup an Ashram at Ahmedabad on the bank of river Sabarmati. At this time, he did not join any political organisation and took little interest in political activities because he did not want to embarrass the British government during the war. Entry into Indian Politics: In 1917-1918, he took interest in the issues concerning with Champaran Indigo farmers, the Ahmedabad textile workers and Kheda peasants. And his victories on these issue through the technique of satyagraha gave way for his emergence as an all India leader. Champaran: At the beginning of 19th century, the European Planter had established Indigo farms and factories in Champaran which is situated in North of Bihar. By 1916-17, a large part of Champaran was divided and control by three proprietors, the Bettiah, Ram Nagar, and Madhuban estates. The village which came under these estates were leased to thikedar, temporary tenure holders who were mostly influential European indigo planters. And then these planter leased land to peasant, and forced the peasant to grow indigo. Tinkathia was most exploitative system under which indigo cultivated. Under this system peasant had to cultivated the best portion of the land. And then planter forced the peasant to sell their crop for a fixed rate which is usually uneconomic for peasant. But during this year the demand of Indigo decreasd due to the production of synthetic indigo of Germany. So, planter tried to extract money in the form of compenation or damages. While peasant burdened by different taxes, less unable to pay this amount. N At first Gandhi took no interest in the case of Indigo cultivators of Champaran. But on the insistance of Raj Kumar Shukul, he visited and analyse the plight of the peasantry there. Later, Government appointed Champaran Agrarian committee with Gandhi as one of its members under the Champaran Agrarian Act of 1917, Tinkhatia system was abolished, increased rent were reduced, 25% of recoveries were funded. In this agitation, Gandhi was supported by local Mahajan and village Mukhtars, peasantry and educated middle class. And during this whole compaign his approach remained simple unassuming and down to Earth. Kheda: Kheda in Gujrat. It consists of many rich proprietor called patidars and number of peasants and landless labourer. In 1917, excessive rain damaged the kharif crop, which led increase in price of iron, cloth, salt, kerosine etc. and because of this cost of living went up. And according to revenue code the peasants demanded total remission of land revenue but British official denied the remission. Then the agitation was raised by local village leaders like Mohanlal Pandya. After lot of hesitation Gandhi decided to intervene in this issue and on 22 March 1918, he launched satyagraha movement in Nadiad. He gave moral support to the peasant in refusing to pay revenue. Indulal Yajnik, Vallabhbhai Patel and Anasuya assisted him in this struggle. Then government had the instruction that only those peasant will pay land revenue who had capacity to pay and government will not pressurized the poor peasant. After this instruction, Gandhi called off the agitation. However, the agitation did not have a uniform effect on whole area but it helped Gandhi in broadening his social base in the rural Gujrat. Ahmedabad: Ahmedabad was a industrial town in Gujrat. The mill owners paid well to workers due to the scarcity of labour. In 1917, after the outbreak of plague most of the workers fled from Ahmedabad and shortagers of workers grew acute. The mill owners in order to attract worker announced to pay ‘plague bonus’ which was as high as 75% of their usual wages. But after the crisis of plague was over, millowners discontinued this bonus which lead discontentment amongst the workers as the wages with bonus helped them to cope up with the post war inflation in prices. Millowners were ready to pay 20% more but workers demanded 50% more. In Feb. 22, 1918 worker declared the lockout of the mill. 5 www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in5 www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in Then Gandhi decided to study whole situation. After his deep study, he came to the conclusion that the workers should demand 35% instead of 50% increase in their wages. The Gandhi began Satyagraha against millowners and decided to observe fast until a settlement reached. He asked the workers not to resume work without 35% increase in the wages Finally, a settlement was reached on 18 March and 35% raise was given to them. Q. 4. Discuss the rise and growth of the non-Brahman movement in western India. Ans. It was Jotirao Govindrao Phule who started the cultural struggle in Maharashtra. He tried to reorganize the traditional culture and society on the basis of equality and rationality. He was highly hurted by the unequal division of Maharashtrian society on the basis of Varnashrama dharma. It comprises of Brahmins who enjoyed the top position. Then Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. The Brahmins had several rights and privileges that enabled them to keep their dominance over other three sections of society. The Kshatriyas were the warrior and vaishyas were the small merchants, traders etc. Sudras were followed by ati-Shudras were at the lowest strata. They did not had any rights. In Maharashtra, out of 74.8% of total Hindu population 55.25% were the Marathas. They were economically powerful but they belonged to peasant class. Due to this casteism they remain subservient to the Brahmins. Even after the conquest of British over India, this Brahmans successfully took English education and became the part of colonial intelligentsia. And acquired the profession like lawyer, editor, bureaucrats, professors etc., The dominancy even during the colonial rule made scared the non-Brahmin classes. And they introduce reforms movement. These movement can be divided on two distinct form: N 1. Early radical reform: In this kind of reform, reformer likes Jatirao Govindrao Phule thrived to reorganise the Indian traditional society and culture on the basic principle of equality and nationality. 2. The later moderate reform: In this strands, the reformer like Mahadev Govind Ranade (18421901) also argued to return to past culture and tradition with some modification. Jotirao Govindrao Phule (1827-1890) Personality: A boy who belonged to Shudra family was borned in Poona in 1827. His father was a gardener, as he belonged to Shudra family he knows the grievances of Shudra and ati-Shudras. Once when he visited in the marriage Ceremony of his Brahmin friend’s sister in 1948, there he was insulted like anything people called him Shudra openly and asked him for a leave. This was incident forced him to launch movement against such inhuman practice, such as, untouchability. Ideas of Society and Economy: In order to search the truth of caste discrimination, Phule go through all the religious scriptures of every religion such as Vedas, Manu Samhita, thoughts of Buddha, Tirthankar, he also acquired the thoughts of Islamic and Christian religion. He rejected the inequality, caste system, women suppression, patriarch structure of family and demanded removal of superstitions, ritualism and traditional culture. He completely rejected the sacred Hindu text and scriptures which sustained this inequality. He considered casteism as an inhuman and irrational and rejected it completely, and inhuman treatment with ati-Shudras compelled him to rebel against casteism. In order to boost the morale of non-Brahmins and for uniting them for revolt, the argued that the Aryan after conquering Asian continent enslaved the Dravidian, in order to exploit their labour and for maintaining their supremacy they introduce Varnashrama. He showed the irrationality of Hindu religion and rejected Hinduism and formulates a new religion which rest on 33 principles of truth. Freedom and equality of men and women and dignity of labourers were the part of these 33 principles. He also criticized idol worship, ritualism, priesthood, theory of karma and heaven. He believed in unity of God. 6 www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in6 www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in He was also against the patriarch structure of family in which women were the sufferer like untouchables. He blamed Brahmanism for the condition of women. He pleaded for the equality of women and men and stressed on the need of imparting education to the women. In Economics he supported the struggle of agriculturer and labourer against knots, however he did not formulate any economic ideology. According to him education was the only mean to enlighten the suppressed classes. He appealed to British government to implement compulsory education for the masses till the primary level. He thought that only Britishers could bring some reforms in Indian society. Activist: The journals, such as Deen Bandhu in Marathi, magazines, pamphlets, books such as Gulamgiri (slavery) in 1873 and his speeches and writings in Marathi language were the main medium of conveying his ideas to the general people. Instead of modification, Phule aimed at reforming the socio-cultural structure which should based on rationality, equality, and humanism. In order to create awareness among people he started girl school as well as school for Shudras. He provides shelter and protection for widow and opened water tank for Shudras. In 1875, he also formed the Satya Shodak Samaj. So, throughout his life he worked for the down-trodden classes but he was unable to understand the real character of colonial rule. Non-Brahmin Movement in the Early Twentieth Century: The Satya Shodhak Samaj which was established by Jyotiba Phule was getting weaker after the death of Jyotiba in 1890. So, Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur reestablished the Samaj in 1913. He established educational institutions, hostels and scholarship for those students who belonged to the depressed class. But under Shahu Maharaj, the Samaj lost its meaning because he waged war for acquiring Kshatriya status in the varnadharma for himself and his community and for the political gain and did not cared about Sudras the down-trodden. So, we can say under him the samaj deviated from the path which was formed by Phule. N Character of the Movement: According to Anil Seal, continuous dominance of Brahmin since Ancient time till the colonial rule made the non-brahmin class scared and they rose against monopoly of time. The Jyotiba Phule's work showed the prevalent inequalities and material backwardness of Shudras. And he advocated the reform for improving the condition of down-trodden; his ideology provided the bases for reform movement. However, this movement was deviated from its right path which was made by Phule under the Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur. Q. 5. Write a note on the formation and the early activities of the communist party of India. Ans. Formation of the Communist Party of India and its Early History : M.N. Roy: Narendranath Bhattacharya was the real name of Manabendra Nath Roy, M.N. Roy the founder of Communist Party of India in Tashkent was born on 6 February 1889 in a poor Brahmin family. He had done his studies from National University. He was extremist in nature and believed in armed revolt and for this he was getting support from Germany. In order to achieve his aim he travelled through many countries such as, Malay, Indonesia, Indo-China, Philippines, Japan, Korea, China and U.S.A. here, he changed his name and kept M.N. Roy. While he was studying his Marxist literature in U.S.A, USA. Joined the World War-I. Consequently, he left China and reached Mexico, here he met Michael Borodin, a Russian Communist and helped him in the formation of Mexico Communist Party. Then, in Moscow Prominent Russian Communist leader Lenin called him. M.N. Roy-Lenin Debate: On the call of Lenin M.N. Roy went to Moscow in order to attend the 7 www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in7 www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in meeting of Communist International. In this meeting the elected people were going to formulate the policy of communist international regarding the colonial countries. The view of Lenin in this context was that the communist should help revolutionaries movement carried on by middle class and intelligentsia, whereas, M.N. Roy modified this view as the communist should carry on their fight independently with the help of an alliance between workers and peasants, while supporting the revolutionary middle class in the fight against imperialism. M.N. Roy at Tashkent: From Moscow, M.N. Roy went to Tashkent in Soviet Russia on October 1920. In order to organize armed revolt in India, here he ran a military training school, here only thousands of Muslim mujahir who were annoyed by British attitude toward Sultan of Turkey joined M.N. Roy and took military training. Then here, he also formed the Communist Party of India which was affiliated to the Communist International. Then, these mujahir for further training went to Moscow and when they returned to India they were caught by Britishers and brought to Peshawar for trial. This trial is known as the Peshawar Conspiracy case (1922-23). Early Communist Groups: Earlier the ideas of communism were limited to the number of people such as, Virendra Nath Chattopadhyay, Bhupendranath Das and Barkatullah who were the non-resident Indians and working from outside India. Some other communist were annoyed by non-cooperation such as Shripad Amrit Dange and Singaravelu Chattier. The earlier one credited with the formation of communist group in Bombay and on 16 September 1924 formed the “Indian Socialist Labour Party”. While later credited with the foundation of “labour Kisan party” in May 1923. Then, Muzaffar Alam in collaboration with Qazi Nazrul Islami formed the “Labour Swaraj Party: later renamed as ‘Peasant’s Worker’s Party’. N It was only Dange who was in contact with M.N. Roy. On the suggestion of M.N. Roy, Dange was trying to form dual organisation of Communist Party of India, consisting public organisation as well as secret group. In 1924, the leading communist such as Muzaffar Ahmed, S.A. Dange, Shaukat Usmani and Nalini Gupta were ousted and put to the trial on the charge of running a revolutionary organization with the aim of challenging British rule. This trial took place in Cawnpore, consequently it is known as Cawnpore conspiracy case. Formation of the Indian Communist Party: With the aim of getting complete Independence and reorganization of Indian society on the basis of communist ideas of common ownerships, Satya Bhakta a great communist leader announced the formation of Indian Communist Party in Sept. 1924. The All India Conference of the communist was organized by Satyabhakta in December 1925, at Cawnpore. Under the presidency of Singaravelu Chettier all communist leader of India such as, Nalini Gupta, Muzaffar Ahmad etc. attended the conference. The conference also known as Cawnpore Conference regarded as the beginning the Communist Party of India. The conference led foundation of central committee of a party. S.V. Ghate and J.P. Bergarhatta was its joint secretaries. Later in 1926, the constitution of the C.P.I was published and in 1930, the party formally affiliated to the Communist International. However, when the idea of communism was on its nascent stage it had some drawbacks such as, lack of money, hostile attitude of British government in India, lack of cadres and faced opposition from the upper class of Indian society. Formation of Workers and Peasants Parties: There were three Workers and Peasant's parties formed in 1927 in Bombay, Punjab and Meerut. The early two used press as a medium of propagating their 8 www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in8 www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in ideas of communism. The Kranti (Revolution) and Mihnatkash (worker) were two important weeklies. The conference which led to the formation of Meerut worker's and peasants parties attended by British Communist, Philip Spratta. The conference demanded the national Independence, abolition of princely order, recognition of worker's right to form trade union, abolition of zamindaries, eight hour working day etc. Under the presidency of Sohan Singh Josh, the all India Conference of worker's and peasants was held in Calcutta, in December 28. Consequently decision about National Executive Committee, about the need of affiliation by the International organisation (Communist International and to carry out their movement independent, without the help of Congress. Q. 6. Write a note on Non-Cooperation Movement. Ans. The Non-Cooperation Movement was undoubtedly a landmark in the history of India’s struggle for independence. The progrmme of this movement involved boycott of Goverment and educational institutions, Law Courts, legislatures, the emphasis on the use of Charkha (spinning wheel), Khadi (handspun cloth), campaign of ‘Jail Bharo’ (fill the jails) by the Congress volunteers. In the second phase of the movement they targeted to collect Rs. one crore for the Tilak Swaraj Fund. In the third phase, no revenue campaign was launched and also Civil Disobedicne Movement for freedom of speech, press and association. N This movement got massive support from various parts of India and remarkably common people on a large scale participated in this movement. The most remarkable feature of the movement was the participation of the common people on a massive scale. Although the movement had different reasons for different people who participated. In rural areas and few other places the peasants turned against the landlords and the traders. Bihar: In this state the local grievance of the right to graze cattle on common Government wasteland and clashes between the castes (lower and upper) all these issues got mixed up with the Non-Cooperation Movement. The peasants of Champaran, Saran, Muzaffarpur and Purnia districts started their participation by looting and clashes with the police etc. U.P.: It was a focal point of Gandhi’s Non- Cooperation Movement. Here this movement got mixed up with the Kisan Movement. Inspite insistent appeal of non-violence the peasants in U.P revolted not only against Talukdar, but also British merchants. Punjab: In Punjab the Akali movement for the upliftment of ‘Gurudwara’ got merged with the movement. And all the communities of Punjab rose against the British and participated in the movement. SECTION - III Q. 7. (a) Bankim Chandra Ans. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay (27 June 1838 - 8 April 1894) was an Indian Bengali poet, novelist, essayist and journalist, most famous as the author of Vande Mataram or Bande Mataram, that inspired the freedom fighters of India, and was later declared the National Song of India. Chatterjee is widely regarded as a key figure in literary renaissance of Bengal as well as India. Some of his writings, including novels, essays and commentaries, were a breakaway from traditional verse-oriented Indian writings, and provided an inspiration for authors across India. (d) Swaraj Party 9 www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in9 www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in Ans. After the arrest of Gandhiji congress left with no programme and his Constructive programme got limited response from the people. So, C.R. Das put forward the idea of council entry to launched the reform movement from within. But this idea was not accepted to the orthodox leaders who were known as ‘nochanger’. Such as, Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad and Vallabhbhai Patel, they wanted to follow Gandhian constructive programme only. Consequently, in December 1922, at Gaya session of the Congress no-changer from the presidenship of Congress. As a result, He announced the pro-changer i.e. swarajist C.R. Das to resign from the Presidentship of Congress. As a result, he announced the formation of the Swaraj Party on 31 December 1922. C.R. Das was its president and Motilal Nehru was its secretary. In 1923, India witnessed communal riots. In September 1923, Special Congress session held in Delhi, Maulana Azad presided over it, and decided to contest the coming election. And in Cocanada session, congressmen given consent to the council entry programme along with the Gandhian constructive programme. Thus, it avoided the split in the Congress. ■ ■ N 10 www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in www.ignou-ac.in10