effect of silver nanoparticles and pb on the yeild and chemical composition of mung bean.pdf

Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, Vol. 10 No. 1 2014, pp.316-325 ISSN 1997-0838 Original Text Copyright © 2014 by Najafi and Jamei ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effect of Silver Nanoparticles and Pb(NO3)2 on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Mung bean(Vigna radiata) Saeideh Najafi, Rashid Jamei* Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Iran Phone: 09141464357 *E-Mail: [email protected] Received November 26, 2013 Phytotoxic effects of Pb as Pb(NO3)2 and silver nanoparticles on Mung bean (Vigna radiata) planted on contaminated soil was assessed in terms of growth, yield, chlorophyll pigments, phenol and flavonoid content at 120 ppm concentration. Experiments were carried out with 4 treatments in 10 days. Treatments were including (T1) control, (T2) silver nanoparticles (50 ppm), (T3) Pb as Pb (NO3)2 (120 ppm) and (T4) silver nanoparticles (50 ppm) plus Pb as Pb(NO 3)2 (120 ppm). Regarding the pigment content, silver nanoparticles-treated plants showed a remarkable increase of chlorophyll. The loss of chlorophyll content was associated with disturbance in photosynthetic capacity which ultimately results in the reduction of Vigna radiate growth. Pb caused a fall in the total content of phenols, while the content of flavonoid not significantly changed. The minimum decrease in root length, weight of root fresh and stem fresh was observed in T4 group, but this factors increased in the other treatments. Also, length of stem and seedling height decreased in control group. Increase length and fresh weight of stem in Pb-treated plants suggest that compatible solutes may contribute to osmotic adjustment at the cellular level and enzyme protection stabilizing the structure of macromolecules and organelles. Key words: Biochemical parameters, Chlorophyll pigments, Growth, Lead pollution, Vigna radiata JOURNAL OF STRESS PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY Vol. 10 No. 1 2014 2013 Phytotoxic effects of Pb as Pb(NO3)2 and silver nanoparticles on Mung bean (Vigna radiata) planted on contaminated soil was assessed in terms of growth. Sahu et al. immediate environments are expected to be Engineered nano materials have received a affected as a result to their exposition to silver particular attention for their positive impact in nanoparticles. 2012). phenol and flavonoid content at 120 ppm concentration. Nanoparticles (nano-scal JOURNAL OF STRESS PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY Vol. Lead pollution. on plant and microbes Bucheli. ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effect of Silver Nanoparticles and Pb(NO3)2 on the Yield and Chemical Composition of Mung bean(Vigna radiata) Saeideh Najafi. 2007. 2010. Treatments were including (T1) control. transportation. copper range of applications within industry (Novack and (Lee et al. etc.ir Received November 26. 2010.. but this factors increased in the other treatments.. yield. Key words: Biochemical parameters.. Ge et al... Chlorophyll pigments. weight of root fresh and stem fresh was observed in T4 group. Growth. 10 No. Ge et al. loom. Iran Phone: 09141464357 *E-Mail: r. TiO2 (Ghosh cosmetics. 2003). Increase length and fresh weight of stem in Pb-treated plants suggest that compatible solutes may contribute to osmotic adjustment at the cellular level and enzyme protection stabilizing the structure of macromolecules and organelles. The effect of some nanoparticles improving many sectors of economy and trade. nanoceria (Lopez-Moreno et al. Faculty of Science. 1 2014 .jamei@urmia. silver nanoparticles-treated plants showed a remarkable increase of chlorophyll. (T2) silver nanoparticles (50 ppm). chlorophyll pigments. Urmia University. Regarding the pigment content. (T3) Pb as Pb (NO3)2 (120 ppm) and (T4) silver nanoparticles (50 ppm) plus Pb as Pb(NO 3)2 (120 ppm)..317 281 223 Effect of Silver Nanoparticles and Pb(NO3)2. 2011. The loss of chlorophyll content was associated with disturbance in photosynthetic capacity which ultimately results in the reduction of Vigna radiate growth. pharmaceutics. Pb caused a fall in the total content of phenols. Yin et al. The minimum decrease in root length. Roco. including consumer products. 2012)..... and are being increasingly produced for a Wide al. such as silver (Choi et al. energy and agriculture et al. Vigna radiata Nanotechnology has a significant effect in especially those that interact strongly with their agriculture and main areas of the food industry.. 2008. Also. Experiments were carried out with 4 treatments in 10 days. ZnO (Lopez-Moreno et etc. 2010). length of stem and seedling height decreased in control group.ac. 2011). while the content of flavonoid not significantly changed. Rashid Jamei* Department of Biology. The organisms and reported in literature. 2008).. Heavy metals include metals such as aluminum.. Thailand. 1988. cultivated in India.. Roco. The mixture obtained. These metals adversely effects on plant production. 2003). Pb has no (Ball. 2007. Engineered nano materials have plants. It is mainly trade. 1 2014 . Pb (lead). pharmaceutics. It is a heavy metal of human and industrial received a particular attention for their positive activities origin (Sharma and Dubeg. their physics and chemical properties compared to physiological and biochemical dysfunctions in the bulk material.Najafi and Jamei 318 particles=NSPs) are atomic or molecular aggregates widespread that its size is about 100 nm down to about 1 nm distributed trace metals in soils. Heavy metal induced oxidative stress that these results reported in the literature (Leonard et al. Presence of heavy metals in soil may be naturally occurring or due to human activities such as metallic industries. 2003).. leading to disruption of vital biochemical and ecological process (Nriagu and Nieboer. Lead (Pb) is one of the most under natural photoperiod with 35% (w/w) soil JOURNAL OF STRESS PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY Vol.. 1981. 2004). Mung bean (Vigna radiata). Heavy metals provide a contaminated environment MATERIALS AND METHODS including consumer products. energy Burma and etc. the bio toxic effects of many of them in plants biochemistry are of great concern. washed thoroughly 3 times with distilled water and food chain that they affect on aquatic and then propagated in pots containing soil and organisms. Some these metals have bio-importance as trace and non- biodegradable elements but. the aim of this study was to and agriculture etc. nickel and manganese (Phipps. Heavy metals enter in agricultural land min. animals and human health sand mixture (1:2). The impact in improving many sectors of economy and mung is the seed of Vigna radiate. The pots were maintained (Thornton. herbicides or insecticide and irrigation with contaminated ground water (Duruibe et al. copper. loom. and dangerous for human. and then 15 ml of the aqueous extract of manna of hedysarum plant as a reducing agent was added into the mixture at 86 ⁰C. 2002. Briefly. 1986). 2005). and are being increasingly investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles and produced for a wide range of applications within Pb(NO3)2 on the yield and chemical composition of industry (Novack and Bucheli. plant growth. cosmetics.They are hazardous to heavy metal contaminant and Seed pretreatment with silver nanoparticles Silver nanoparticles were prepared by means of the biological reduction of metal salt precursor (silver nitrate. chromium. 1991). that can drastically modify biological function but can cause morphological. was purified by repeated centrifugation at 12. 2010). 2007). 2004). transportation. plants and other biota. contaminated fertilizers. through their Magnetic field pretreated and control seeds accumulation in the soil and drinking water (Huang were surface sterilized with 1% NaOCl (w/v) for 5 et al. Indonesia. 2007). AgNO3) in water with aqueous extract of manna of hedysarum plant in the presence of extract of soap-root plant as a stabilizer (Forough and Farhadi. 10 No. cadmium.000 g for 20 min to obtain the fresh biologically Ag nanoparticles solution. Bitton and Dutka. zinc. Roco. Horsfall and Spiff. Seed germination and seedling development human health and environment. Philippines. 10 ml of freshly prepared extract of soap-root plant as a stabilizer agent was added to 100 ml of 3 mM aqueous silver nitrate solution and incubated in a rotary shaker for 2 h in dark conditions at 25 ⁰C. of lead with important enzymes.9 (A645) −4. A sample was then extracted in 2% HCl in methanol for 24 h in the dark and at room temperature. 1 2014 . After 6 min.000 g for 20 min at 4 ⁰C..68 (A663) Car (mg/l) =1000A480 –1..g.. 1989). carbonate (7. the supernatant was diluted with the same extract solvent at a suitable concentration for assaying total phenol. (2003).1 ml) was mixed with 1. 10 No. The absorbance of the resulting radiata ‫ا‬extract (0.H2O solution was following formula by Barnes as given below: added. distilled water and 75 μl of a 5% NaNO 2 solution. 200. Lead inhibited JOURNAL OF STRESS PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY Vol.. 150. 300.85.7 (A663) − 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Lead (Pb) exerts a negative effect on hundred microliters of diluted extraction was morphology. Chlorophyll a. Lead inhibited seed germination of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and 0. 645 and 663 nm. As the experimental design is completely randomized design and data for each experiment were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with factorial arrangement to determine the effects of magnetic treatment. 150 μl of a 10% AlCl 3. chlorophyll b and of sample using a standard curve generated with carotenoid) 50. Briefly. gallic acid equivalents (GAE) in milligrams per gram Pigment contents (chlorophyll a. 2003). 1982). b and Carotenoid were extracted in 5 ml of chilled spectrophotometer (English of gallic acid (Bonilla et al.5%) were then added and the Inhibition of growth may be due to the interference contents mixed and allowed to stand for 30 min. 4 g fresh Vigna radiata (the seed discarded) were ground in liquid nitrogen. fresh and dry weight of production). The solution was mixed well and the intensity of the Chl b (mg/l) = 22.Effect of Silver Nanoparticles and Pb(NO3)2. Different pigments were estimated using the After 5 min...02Chl b/198 The pigment concentration was calculated in g/g FW of sample and expressed as percent change (Barnes et al. The determined by the colorimetric method with some homogenate was centrifuged at 3000 g for 10 min modifications (Jerman et al. 100. The Vigna at 4 ⁰C. 400. 1992) were expressed as milligrams of catechin equivalents per gram of sample (mg CEs/g extract). 350. Statistical analysis The data obtained from the experiments were Total phenol Total pink color was measured at 510 nm. 250. and 500 mg/l The photosynthetic pigments e. and germination seedlings were uprooted UV–Vis and measured the length. 500 μl of 1 M NaOH and 275 μl Chl a (mg/l) = 12. Seed germination observed at Absorption at 765 nm was measured in a Bio wave 7th day.8Chl a . The results phenol spectrophotometerically was using determined Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent as described by Bonilla et al.0 ml test tube. Means were compared using Duncan’s multiple-range test at a 5% level of significance by SPSS software version 16.Total phenol content was expressed as 10 days for both control and treated seedlings.69 (A645) of distilled water were added to the mixture.8 ml sodium Spartiana alterniflora (Morzck and Funicclli. growth and photosynthesis processes introduced into a 5. Two analyzed and calculated. One milliliters of of plants.25 ml of supernatant was taken at 480. 319 moisture content. Determination of flavonoid content 80% acetone by grinding the leaves of salt treated The flavonoid contents of the extracts were seedlings in a chilled mortar and pestle. After centrifugation at 12. tomato. egg plant (Khan and Khan. aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA dehydratase) Morgan et al. 2003. were hypercumulators of silver (Rucuciu and 1987). chickpea roots.. Decrease in chlorophyll content synthesis of flavonoids is induced when plants are may be due to replacement of Mg with heavy in low temperature and low nutrient condition metals in chlorophyll structure (Kupper et al. reduce inhibition of synthesis enzymes et chlorophyll activity al.... flavonoid and phenol (Michalak. 2008. Also. 10 No. 2002. 2005). Lavola et al. b and carotenoid content increased with Pb treatment. Sakihama and Yamasaki.Najafi and Jamei 320 early seadling growth in barley (Stibotova et al. Dannehl et al. The silver nanoparticles improved necrosis in JOURNAL OF STRESS PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY Vol. phenols. Wang et al. the flavonoids have of some enzymes of Calvine cycle(Baryla et al. Zengin and Grace and Logan. 2009. Pb cause a fall in the total content of expansion in Allium species (Gruenhange and Jager. (1997) reported that general (Padmaja and chelating ability of phenolic compounds is probably protochlorophyllidereductase (Van Assche and related to the aromatic rings and high nucleophilic Clijsters. due to Heavy metals influenced on phenylpropanoid as δ- metabolism. 1992). 2003). the mobility UV-B. while silver nanoparticles had a negative relationship with activity as an abiotic elicitor to enhance the secondary metabolite production in fenugreek. 1983) Creanga. Based upon these results it can be stated that. 2008). while the content of flavonoid not 1985). The Munzuroglu.. (Sakihama and Yamasaki. 2001. 2007).. 1 2014 . 2011) have depends on concentration of lead and ionic found that sub-lethal levels of electric current can composition (Matecka et al. Chlorophyll a and Content of phenol and flavonoid increased in Pb b helps in photosynthesis by absorbing light energy treatment but these factors decreased in the other and they are very sensitive to environmental groups. Phenolics have different functions in plants. been implicated in tolerance to stressors such as 2001. be used to induce plant defence reactions and Chlorophyll a.In addition. 2002. and certain legumes (Sudhakar et al. Inhibition of root elongation (Kaimoyo et al. Ruiz et al. al. 1986) and significantly changed (Fig 3). 2004). drought and heavy metals (Gould. 2006). 2000). lead inhibited root and stem elongation and leaf generally.. 2000. the chlorophyll a and b phenolic compounds can be increased under significantly decreased in Pb-treated plants.. stresses such as heavy metals (Ekmekci et al. of silver nanoparticles in pore water is an essential Harris and Bali (2008) reported the limits of uptake condition for interactions with plant roots. Similar various environmental factors and stress conditions results were obtained by other researchers (Wu et (Diaz et al... 2008). photosynthesis pigments (Fig 2). size and the character rather than to specific chelating groups synthesis of chlorophyll and inhibition in the activity within the molecule. the Medicago sativa and Brassica juncea The results showed that Pb caused necrosis in leaf. and tomatoes. 1998). Phenylopropanoid metabolism and the amount of 2008). Benavides et al. As shown in Fig 2. 1990). decrease in density. The and the distribution of silver nanoparticles in silver nanoparticles were located in the nucleus and Brassica juncea and Medicago sativa (Harris and applying the definition of McGrath and Zhao in Bali. such 1990) 2003. In soils. barley (Juwarkar and Shende.. 2005)... Compared to this study Raphanus sativus... plant leaf (Fig 4).. JOURNAL OF STRESS PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY Vol. 1995). Bars represent means ± standard error. Influence of Pb as Pb(NO3)2 and silver nanoparticles on seedling height. (1995) Figure 1.fresh weight in root and stem of Vigna radiata. of root growth (Marschner. (T2) silver nanoparticles (50 ppm). Pb become observed a correspondence between Cd toxic.05) as determined by Duncan’s multiple-range test. At high concentration.. (T3) Pb as Pb(NO3)2 (120 ppm) and (T4) silver nanoparticles (50 ppm) plus Pb as Pb(NO3)2 (120 ppm). leaf discoloration and inhibition Brassica juncea. length of root and stem. 10 No. 1 2014 . causing symptoms such as chlorosis and distribution and chlorosis or necrosis in leaves of necrosis. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P<0. (T1) control. Salt et al.321 Effect of Silver Nanoparticles and Pb(NO3)2. stunting. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P<0. Bars represent means ± standard error. (T3) Pb as Pb(NO3)2 (120 ppm) and (T4) silver nanoparticles (50 ppm) plus Pb as Pb(NO3)2 (120 ppm). (T2) silver nanoparticles (50 ppm). (T1) control. Influence of Pb as Pb(NO3)2 and silver nanoparticles on Chlorophyll a and b content of Vigna radiata. JOURNAL OF STRESS PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY Vol. Bars represent means ± standard error. (T2) silver nanoparticles (50 ppm). (T3) Pb as Pb(NO3)2 (120 ppm) and (T4) silver nanoparticles (50 ppm) plus Pb as Pb(NO3)2 (120 ppm). 1 2014 . Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P˂0. Influence of Pb as Pb(NO3)2 and silver nanoparticles on phenol and flavonoid content of Vigna radiata.05) as determined by Duncan’s multiple-range test.Najafi and Jamei 322 Figure 2. (T1) control. 10 No. Figure 3.05) as determined by Duncan’s multiple-range test. and Krewer. G.. Florida. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry.. Huyskens-Keil.. 21-34. Generally.. 15-28. Boca Raton. Coulomb. in Toxicity Testing using Microorganisms. C. and Dutka. (2003) Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of Muscadine grapes.. Franck.. I.. J. S. 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