Prepared by: Noor Amalina bt R.Azmi • William Chandler Bagley • March 15,1874 – July 1,1946 • Bachelor degree from Agricultural college of the State of Michigan (1895). • Graduate courses at the University of Chicago (1896) and the University of wisconsin (1898). • Earned a doctorate in psychology and education from Cornell University. Essentialism ~A educational theory that ideas and skills basic to a culture should be taught to all alike by time-tested methods. ~Also known as “Basic Education” C U Essential or basic Traditio nal R academic skills disciplin es R I Skills of literacy Sequen and -tial C arithmetic U L Cumula -tive U M . civilized people learn effectively and efficiently. • Disciplines must be taught within a specific scope(critical of interdisciplinary approaches) •Curriculum should be cumulative. • For essentialists. • Organize the lesson plan preparing students for the next learning. • Teachers are the authority. . The basic Question •Subject-based curriculum differentiated and organized according to subjects’ internal logic or chronology. . respect would use the necessary the authority. teachers and maintain • Hard work. wisely. punctuality. achievement. and deductive fundamentals civility logic to of human • Manage classroom culture. IMPLICATION A professional educators: • Carefully structured The To transmit curriculum . organize • Promote students on the basic of acedemic instruction. “Essentialistshope that when students leave school. but also disciplined. capable of applying schoolhouse lessons in the real world. practical minds.” – William C. Bagley . they will possess not only basic skills and an extensive body of knowledge. com .Prepared by: Nurul Syahidah bt Radin Hazfah By PresenterMedia. About Perennialism Perennialism vs Essentialism Perennialism’s Curriculum Proponents of Perennialism The Basic Questions Implications on Today’s Classroom Teachers . congenial with idealism School’s primary role is for student’s intellectual development . Focus on universal truths Believed that a person should teach a knowledge that is important at all time Ideas should be lasted over centuries Derived from realism. PERENNIALISM ESSENTIALISM Derived from Based on what has realist worked as survival skills philosophy throughout history Focus first on Focus first on essential personal skills development . humanities. Contain cognitive subjects Stress on subjects like history. science Also included religion and theology . language. mathematics. logics. literature. • Robert Maynard Hutchins • Former president of university of chicago • 1929-1951 • Jacques Maritain • A French philosopher • 1882-1973 • Mortimer J. popular author • 1902-2001 . educator. Adler • American philosopher. mathematics. maths. social studies . philosophy natural sciences. geography. language. history. rhetoric. literature logic.• Ideal education is • Based on Aristotle’s • Propose The Paideia education that natural realism and Proposal: An develops mind Aquinas theistic Educational realism Manifesto • Recommend discussion of great • Rejecting relativism • Resist streaming books of Western and existentialism students in different Civilization curriculum or classes • Teacher is minister • Urged to study of of learning • Paideia’s curriculum: grammar. fine arts. everyone should get equal education • Block them to go for high-quality general education • Strongly reject pragmatism and postmodernism’s cultural relativism .• Oppose grouping students into different levels. Teachers are on the centered and need to read and discuss the great books Teachers must have education in liberal arts and sciences Must emphasis on academic content and enduring human concerns Instruction that features discussion. reflection and transmission on enduring truths and values . Presented by: Nur ‘Ain bt Idris . Definitions Progressive educators Keys concept The basic questions Implication for today classroom teacher . .• Originated as general reform movement in American society & political life(late 19th & early 20th centuries). • Opposed traditional education. • Intend to reform schools. . Administra tive Child. (school centered Social superinten reconstruc dents & tionists principals) . Johnson’s Beliefs MARIEETA JOHNSON (1864-1938) . 9 years ++ . . Kilpatrick’s Guiding principle . Implementing a Enjoying an aesthetic creative idea or a plan experience Solving an intellectual Learning a new skill or problem area of knowledge . democratic.learning communities. . Project method A form of organized curriculum & classroom activities around a subject's central theme. Usage of method could transform classrooms into collaborative. Open-ended(non-specified outcomes). The child should be free to Authoritharian develop naturally teachers Interest motivated by direct Exclusively book based experience.best stimulus for learn instructions Teacher facilitate learning Passive memorization Close cooperation between of factual information school and home The isolation of schools Progressive school should be from society laboratory experiment Using psychological coercion to manage classroom . . field trips. Constructing reality interests and needs Emphasizes socially Progressive teachers interactive & use a repertoire of learning process-oriented activities(problem hands-on solving.projects) learning(expand & revise knowledge base) . Readiness. • The West Tennessee Holocoust Project- example of progressive strategy • Pre project preparation • On site learning • Multiple skill learning • Community participation . . neo- philosophers) Marxism. .fairness & social justice. Henry Giroux & Peter Most assumptions derived from McLaren (leading postmodernist & existentialist critical theorist philosophies.feminist & multicultural theories.Paulo Freire’s liberation pedagogy. Urges strict critique of schools & Highly influential society uncover exploitative power contemporary theory of relationships to achieve education equity. alienation (feelings of powerlessness) to analyze social Argued that all & educational institutions rest on institutions. an economic base. Saw human Marxist history as class concepts often struggle for used by critical social & theorists as class conflict & economic power. . Powerful groups dominates Urban & rural Usage of power to poor.African & Native maintain favored Americans.Latinos. .S.) economically).gays & subordinate lesbians(historically disadvantaged subordinate groups in classes(socially & U.wom position & to en. A new public of philosophy Knowledge is about issues of social. and educational power and control. . political. economic. • Use school to maintain their privileges and economic position Dominant • Attend prestigious educational class institutions • Prepare for high level careers Subordinate • Indoctrinated to accept the unfair groups conditions • Limit the children from obtaining possible careers .• Facing economically. politically and socially dominant classes control. Caught in hierarchical bureaucracies Teachers have no powers. only be in classrooms Parents or community are further apart from school involvement Curriculum is fully determined by higher administrations . Require teachers to teach specific skills and subjects . Exists in two conditions: 1.Mandated by local state and districts . Formal official curriculum .Used by dominant class to transfer their values and beliefs . 2.Imposed behaviors and attitudes of students through school environment .Key element in school-based social control . Hidden curriculum .“Hidden” = not stated in published state mandates or local school policies . • Teachers should begin consciousness- raising with the student. • Students share their life stories. • For example: The Freedom writers Diary .• Critical theorist stressed that students must develop their own knowledge and value of life. present and future. .• Author : Erin Gruwell • Non-fiction • The Freedom Writers Diary was made up of journals that Erin Gruwell told her students to write in about the troubles of their past. . Teachers must be in They urge preservice * Find their real friends. Critical Theory approach: * Join with like. critical Dialogue. practice. * Invite parents as a guest * Participate in speakers. * Create multicultural display. . * Design a unit school social minded teachers studies. preparation and * Learn who their students are. *Collabrate with local people.