5/1/12Education in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Education in India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Education in India is provided by the public sector as well as the private sector, with control and funding coming from three levels: federal, state, and local. The Nalanda University was the oldest universitysystem of education in the world.[2] Western education became ingrained into Indian society with the establishment of the British Raj. Education in Republic of India Education in India falls under the control of both the Union Government and the states, with some responsibilities lying with the Union and the states having autonomy for others. The various articles of the Indian Constitution provide for education as a fundamental right. Most universities in India are controlled by the Union or the State Government. India has made progress in terms of increasing primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately two thirds of the population.[3] India's improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to the economic rise of India.[4] Much of the progress especially in Higher education, Scientific research has been credited to various public institutions. The private education market in India is merely 5%[citation needed] although in terms of value is estimated to be worth $40 billion in 2008 and will increase to $78 billion by 2012[citation needed]. However, India continues to face stern challenges. Despite growing investment in education, 25% of its population is still illiterate; only 15% of Indian students reach high school, and just 7%, of the 15% who make it to high school, graduate.[5] As of 2008, India's post-secondary institutions offer only enough seats for 7% of India's college-age population, 25% of teaching positions nationwide are vacant, and 57% of college professors lack either a master's or PhD degree.[6] As of 2011, there are 1522 degree-granting engineering colleges in India with an annual student intake of 582,000,[7] plus 1,244 polytechnics with an annual intake of 265,000. However, these institutions en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_India Indian Department of Education Ministry of Human Resource Development Kapil Sibal National education budget (2011–2012) Budget 52,057 crore (US$10.39 billion) General details Primary languages Hindi, English, or State language S ystem type Federal, state, private Established Compulsory Education April 1, 2010 Literacy (2011[1]) Total 74% Male 82% Female 65% Enrollment ((N/A)) Total (N/A) Primary (N/A) S econdary (N/A) Post secondary (N/A) Attainment S econdary diploma 15% Post-secondary diploma 7% 1/21 5/1/12 Education in India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia face shortage of faculty and concerns have been raised over the quality of education.[8] Contents 1 History 1.1 Present education in India 2 Overview 2.1 Primary education 2.1.1 Private education 2.1.2 Homeschooling 2.2 Secondary education 2.3 Higher education 2.4 Technical education 2.5 Open and Distance Learning 3 Literacy 4 Attainment 5 Women's education 6 Rural education 7 Issues 7.1 Workforce quality, funding and infrastructure 7.2 Curriculum issues 7.3 Participation 7.4 Controversy 8 Initiatives 8.1 Creative Learning 9 Central government involvement 9.1 Budget 9.2 Public Expenditure on Education in India 9.3 Legislative framework 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links History Monastic orders of education under the supervision of a guru was a favored form of education for the nobility in ancient India. The knowledge in these orders was often related to the tasks a section of the society had to perform.The priest class, the Brahmins, were imparted knowledge of religion, philosophy, and other ancillary branches while the warrior class, the Kshatriya, were trained in the various aspects of warfare. The business class, the Vaishya, were taught their trade and the working class of the Shudras was generally deprived of educational advantages. The book of laws, the Manusmriti, and the treatise on statecraft the Arthashastra were among the influential works of this era which reflect the outlook and understanding of the world at the time. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_India 2/21 inter-disciplinary research and establishment of open universities. secondary education. which ensures some uniformity while taking into account regional education needs.The important urban centers of learning were Taxila (in modern day Pakistan) and Nalanda. India's NPE also contains the National System of Education.[10] Adapted from a speech given to the Vivekananda Study Circle.[17] Overview The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) is the apex body for curriculum related matters for school education in India.ssa.[9] With this the whole educational as well as government system went through changes. Educated people failed to get a job because the language in which they got their education had become redundant. etc. elementary education. among others. given the cultural and linguistic diversity of India. These institutions imparted practical education.org/wiki/Education_in_India 3/21 . an approach which became known as Macaulayism. British Raj was reluctant to introduce mass education system as it was not their interest. and tertiary centers for education cropped up during the colonial era. January 1998. advances in female education. Present education in India India's education system is divided into different levels such as pre-primary level. the emphasis is also on the development of science and technology education infrastructure.5/1/12 Education in India .g.6% of the population in 1867 to over 3.[15] 208 The government initiated several measures the launching of DPEP (District Primary Education Programme) and SSA (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. The colonial educational policy was deliberately one of reducing indigenous culture and religion. The NPE also stresses on higher spending on education.[18] The NCERT provides support and technical assistance to a number of en.in India's initiative for Education for All) and setting up of Navodaya Vidyalaya and other selective schools in every district. However this was much lower than the equivalent figures for Europe where in 1911 between 8 and 18% of the population were in Primary and Secondary education. with a uniform educational system. the free encyclopedia Secular Buddhist institutions cropped up along with monasteries. medicine.strong central government control over education throughout the country.[14] The central government of India formulated the National Policy on Education (NPE) in 1968 and in 1986 and also reinforced the Programme of Action (POA) in 1992.[12] The credit for fostering education to masses following independence in 1947 chiefly goes to first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru.5% of the population in 1941.[13] The government also held powers to make national policies for educational development and could regulate selected aspects of education throughout India. undergraduate level and postgraduate level. IIT-Madras. A number of urban learning centers became increasingly visible from the period between 200 BCE to 400 CE.nic. logic.[13] However.[11] Between 1867 and 1941 the British increased the percentage of the population in Primary and Secondary Education from around 0. India's first education minister Maulana Azad envisaged.Wikipedia. India already had a sophisticated system of mathematics.wikipedia. By the time of the visit of the Islamic scholar Alberuni (973–1048 CE). e. The system soon became solidified in India as a number of primary. grammar. envisaging a budget of more than 6% of the Gross Domestic Product. it was only the higher education dealing with science and technology that came under the jurisdiction of the central government. With the arrival of the British Raj in India the modern European education came to India. primary level.[16] While the need for wider reform in the primary and secondary sectors is recognized as an issue.. secondary.These institutions systematically imparted knowledge and attracted a number of foreign students to study topics such as Buddhist literature. [22]) The Indian government has also banned child labour in order to ensure that the children do not enter unsafe working conditions. CBSE conducts two examinations.[25] en. Autonomous schools like Woodstock School. or autonomous.[19] In India.[24] There have been several efforts to enhance quality made by the government. CISCE conducts three examinations. the free encyclopedia schools in India and oversees many aspects of enforcement of education policies. In addition. The National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS).Class/ Grade 10). shortage of infrastructure and poor levels of teacher training. namely. AISSCE (Class/Grade 12). The District Education Revitalization Programme (DERP) was launched in 1994 with an aim to universalize primary education in India by reforming and vitalizing the existing primary education system.[22] 80% of all recognized schools at the Elementary Stage are government run or supported. Patha Bhavan and Ananda Marga Gurukula. whose boards are controlled by local state governments. The Council for the Indian School Certificate Children lining up for school in Kochi. the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE .org/wiki/Education_in_India School children.Class/Grade 12).Wikipedia. the All India Secondary School Examination.[21] Primary education The Indian government lays emphasis to primary education up to the age of fourteen years (referred to as Elementary Education in India. Mumbai 4/21 .[22] However. the various curriculum bodies governing school education system are: The state government boards. The Indian School Certificate (ISC . making it the largest provider of education in the Country. in which the majority of Indian children are enrolled. Examinations (CISCE).[23] However.wikipedia. International schools affiliated to the International Baccalaureate Programme and/or the Cambridge International Examinations. namely. Auroville. Education has also been made free[22] for children for 6 to 14 years of age or up to class VIII under the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009. or affiliated with Darul Uloom Deoband.Class/ Grade 12) and the Certificate in Vocational Education (CVE . both free education and the ban on child labour are difficult to enforce due to economic disparity and social conditions. due to shortage of resources and lack of political will. Islamic Madrasah schools. The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).5/1/12 Education in India . NUEPA (National University of Educational Planning and Administration)[20] and NCTE (National Council for Teacher Education) are responsible for the management of the education system and teacher accreditation. AISSE (Class/Grade 10) and the All India Senior School Certificate Examination. this system suffers from massive gaps including high pupil to teacher ratios. Private education According to current estimates. the number of private schools in India is still low . yet most schools make profit. but the levels of quality remain low. though it is the less explored option. was also supported by UNICEF and other international programmes. the government would not interfere. general knowledge. the percentage of untrained teachers (paratechers) is 54.[26] According to some research. the free encyclopedia 85% of the DERP was funded by the central government and the remaining 15 percent was funded by the states. In their favour. Even the poorest often go to private schools despite the fact that government schools are free. 27% of Indian children are privately educated.wikipedia. HRD Minister Kapil Sibal has stated that despite the RTE Act of 2009.[30] Secondary education en.91% in private.[25] The DERP. if someone decides not to send his/her children to school.[27][28][29] However. 80% of all schools are government schools[23] making the government the major provider of education.32% teachers in unaided schools receive inservice training compared to 43.[25] Significant improvement in staffing and enrollment of girls has also been made as a part of this scheme. music and drama. However. which had opened 160000 new schools including 84000 alternative education schools delivering alternative education to approximately 3.5/1/12 Education in India . compared to 44. A study found that 65% of schoolchildren in Hyderabad's slums attend private schools. it has been pointed out that private schools cover the entire curriculum and offer extra-curricular activities such as science fairs. According to the latest DISE survey. others have suggested that private schools fail to provide education to the poorest families. The competition in the school market is intense. if they wish to and have the means.[26] The pupil teacher ratios are much better in private schools (1:31 to 1:37 for government schools and more teachers in private schools are female[citation needed]. Enrollment has been enhanced.the share of private institutions is 7% (with upper primary being 21% and secondary 32% .Wikipedia. private schools often provide superior results at a fraction of the unit cost of government schools. sports.5 million children.88% in government schools and only 2.[29] .[25] This primary education scheme has also shown a high Gross Enrollment Ratio of 93–95% for the last three years in some states.[25] The current scheme for universalization of Education for All is the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan which is one of the largest education initiatives in the world. The Indian Government's stance on the issue is that parents are free to teach their children at home.source : fortress team research). School wall of a Private School in India. a selective being only a fifth of the schools and have in the past ignored Court orders for their regulation[citation needed]. Homeschooling Homeschooling is legal in India. There is some disgreement over which system has better educated teachers.org/wiki/Education_in_India 5/21 .[26] However. because of poor quality of public education.44% for government schools. the free encyclopedia The National Policy on Education (NPE). enrolment figures show that only 31 million of these children were attending schools in 2001–02.[18] but which was converted into Inclusive Education at Secondary Stage[35] Another notable special programme.[38] The main governing body at the tertiary level is the University Grants Commission (India). was started for the employees of the central government of India.. 1986.[33] A significant new feature has been the extension of SSA to secondary education in the form of the Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan[34] A special Integrated Education for Disabled Children (IEDC) programme was started in 1974 with a focus on primary education.5/1/12 Education in India .[32] Older students A significant feature of India's secondary school system is the emphasis on inclusion of the disadvantaged sections of the society.org/wiki/Education_in_India 6/21 . Higher education Main article: higher education in India See also: List of Indian institutions of higher education Our university system is.[31] Secondary education covers children 14–18 which covers 88. in many parts. Another feature of India's secondary school system is its emphasis on profession based vocational training to help students attain skills for finding a vocation of his/her choosing. who are distributed throughout the country. 2001.wikipedia.In almost half the districts in the country. in a state of disrepair.[18] A multilingual web portal on Primary Education is available with rich multimedia content for children and forums to discuss on the Educational issues. products and services in local languages.. which means that two-third of the population remained out of school... en. has provided for environment awareness. almost two-third of our universities and 90 per cent of our colleges are rated as below average on quality parameters.5 million children according to the Census. have been politicised and have become subject to caste and communal considerations. The government started the Kendriya Vidyalaya project in 1965 to provide uniform education in institutions following the same syllabus at the same pace regardless of the location to which the employee's family has been transferred. higher education enrollments are abysmally low. after China and the United States. there are complaints of favouritism and corruption. India Development Gateway [36] is a nationwide initiative that seeks to facilitate rural empowerment through provision of responsive information. the Kendriya Vidyalaya project. I am concerned that in many states university appointments. including that of vice-chancellors. and introduction of traditional elements such as Yoga into the Indian secondary school system. science and technology education. which enforces its standards. — Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in 2007[37] India's higher education system is the third largest in the world. However. Professionals from established institutes are often called to support in vocational training.Wikipedia. 100 deemed universities.[49] en. Mumbai University Several other institutes of fundamental research such as the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science(IACS).[46] Government of India is aware of the plight of higher education sector and has been trying to bring reforms. Regulatory authorities like UGC and AICTE have been trying very hard to extirpate the menace of private universities which are running courses without any affiliation or recognition.[39] Accreditation for higher learning is overseen by 12 autonomous institutions established by the University Grants Commission. Quality assurance mechanism has failed to stop misrepresentations and malpractices in higher education. many institutions in India continue to run unaccredited courses as there is no legislation strong enough to ensure legal action against them. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR). 215 state universities. have been globally acclaimed for their standard of undergraduate education in engineering . the free encyclopedia advises the government. institutions need to step-up and set higher standards of self-regulation.org/wiki/Education_in_India 7/21 . which is supposed to facilitate entry of foreign universities to establish campuses in India. 15 bills are still awaiting discussion and approval in the Parliament. Indian Government has failed to check on these education shops.000 students annually and the alumni have contributed to both the growth of the private sector and the public sectors of India. AICTE.[42] Distance learning is also a feature of the Indian higher education system.[47] One of the most talked about bill is Foreign Universities Bill.[48] One of the approaches to make internationalization of Indian higher education effective is to develop a coherent and comprehensive policy which aims at infusing excellence. BCI etc. Harishchandra Research Institute (HRI). The bill is still under discussion and even if it gets passed. and 33 institutes which are of national importance. Indian Institute of Science IISC).) and take students for a ride. diversity and segment of international foreign institutions interested in India.5/1/12 Education in India .[39] Other institutions include 16000 colleges.[44] Besides top rated universities which provide highly competitive world class education to their pupils.[42] The IITs enroll about 10. However. its feasibility and effectiveness is questionable as it misses the context. however.Wikipedia.[41] Indian educational institutions by 2004 consisted of a large number of technology institutes. Some institutions of India. India is also home to many universities which have been founded with the sole objective of making easy money. India has 20 central universities. functioning under these universities and institutions. Engineering College under significant impact on fundamental scientific research and innovation. specifically in the case of deemed-universities. are acclaimed for their standard of research in basic sciences and mathematics. Ahmedabad. India has failed to produce world class universities both in the private sector or the public sector.[39] The emphasis in the tertiary level of education lies on science and technology. such as the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs).[43] However the IIT's have not had VESIT.wikipedia. and helps coordinate between the centre and the state.[40] As of 2009. 5 institutions established and functioning under the State Act. which are run by big businessmen & politicians. bringing institutional diversity and aids in capacity building. At the same time regulatory bodies have been accused of corruption.[45] In this context of lack of solid quality assurance mechanism. For example. MCI. Many private colleges and universities do not fulfill the required criterion by the Government and central bodies ( UGC.[42] Indian Institute of Management. including 1800 exclusive women's colleges. Government of India set up the institute at Jais. New Delhi. the National Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institutes of Information Technology. RGIPT has been accorded "Institute of National Importance” along the lines of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) and Indian Institute of Management (IIM). Indian Institutes of Management.g. In addition to above institutes. Institution of Engineers (India) 2.[59] Besides there are some British established colleges such as Harcourt Butler Technological Institute situated in Kanpur and King George Medical University situated in Lucknow which are important center of higher education.[58] Since 2002. 75% of technical graduates and more than 85% of general graduates are unemployable by India's high-growth global industries. e. and Jawaharlal Nehru University in 2005 and 2006. the free encyclopedia Three Indian universities were listed in the Times Higher Education list of the world’s top 200 universities — Indian Institutes of Technology. Uttar Pradesh through an Act of Parliament.[58] The Indian Institutes of Technology are among the nation's premier education facilities. Several Regional Engineering Colleges(RECs) have been converted into National Institutes of Technology giving them Institutes of National Importance status. the Nuclear Science Centre at the Jawaharlal Nehru University. Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology are deemed of national importance.Wikipedia.000 in FY 2010.org/wiki/Education_in_India 8/21 . The Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology : The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MOP&NG). [58] The UGC has inter-university centres at a number of locations throughout India to promote common research.[57] India's National Policy on Education (NPE) provisioned for an apex body for regulation and development of higher technical education.wikipedia. IIT All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) in 1987 through an Roorkee act of the Indian parliament.[58] At the Central(federal) level.000 in 2011 from 550.[53] Technical education The number of graduates coming out of technical colleges increased to over 700.[56] From the first Five Year Plan onwards India's emphasis was to develop a pool of scientifically inclined manpower.the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology. which came into being as the Main (Administrative) Building.5/1/12 Education in India . the institute awards degrees in its own right. Rae Bareli district.[50] Six Indian Institutes of Technology and the Birla Institute of Technology and Science – Pilani were listed among the top 20 science and technology schools in Asia by Asiaweek. With the status of a Deemed University. Institution of Electronics and Tele-Communication Engineers (India) en. including information technology and call centers. efforts towards the enhancement of technical education are supplemented by a number of recognized Professional Engineering Societies such as 1.[54][55] However. the Indian Institutes of Technology.[51] The Indian School of Business situated in Hyderabad was ranked number 12 in global MBA rankings by the Financial Times of London in 2010[52] while the All India Institute of Medical Sciences has been recognized as a global leader in medical research and treatment. Institution of Chemical Engineering (India) 3. [3] The Economist reports that half of 10-year-old rural children could not read at a basic level. 5. "every person above the age of 7 years who can read and write in any language is said to be literate". Issues Related to Expansion.[62] The 2001 statistics also indicated that the total number of 'absolute non-literates' in the country was 304 million. There is a large proliferation of courses covered by distance mode without adequate infrastructure.wikipedia. Indian Institute of Metals Institution of Industrial Engineers (India) Institute of Town Planners (India) Indian Institute of Architects that conduct Engineering/Technical Examinations at different levels(Degree and diploma) for working professionals desirous of improving their technical qualifications. Inclusiveness. serviced through 53 regional centres and 1.[64] the access to higher en. While distance education institutions have expanded at a very rapid rate. Open and Distance Learning At school level. 6.07%. According to this criterion.[62] Within the Indian states. 14 lakh students are enrolled at the secondary and higher secondary level through open and distance learning. There is a strong need to correct these imbalances. an authority of IGNOU is cocoordinating 13 State Open Universities and 119 institutions of correspondence courses in conventional universities.[61] Literacy Main article: Literacy in India According to the Census of 2011. but most of these institutions need an up gradation in their standards and performance.[60] At higher education level.000 counsellors.org/wiki/Education_in_India School children in Tamil Nadu 9/21 .[27] An optimistic estimate is that only one in five job-seekers in India has ever had any sort of vocational training. and half dropped out by the age 14. One can also get admitted to higher studies through IGNOU BPP Program. 7.Wikipedia.400 study centres with 25.5/1/12 Education in India .8% literacy. Quality and Finance. Kerala has shown the highest literacy rates of 93% whereas Bihar averaged 63.[63] Higher education As per Report of the Higher education in India.[62] Government statistics of 2001 also hold that the rate of increase in literacy is more in rural areas than in urban areas. It has a cumulative enrolment of about 15 lakhs. both human and physical. over 60% were unable to do division. Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) co-ordinates distance learning.[62] Female literacy was at a national average of 65% whereas the male literacy was 82%. The Distance Education Council (DEC). the 2011 survey holds the National Literacy Rate to be around 74. the free encyclopedia 4. National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) provides opportunities for continuing education to those who missed completing school education.[62] Attainment World Bank statistics found that fewer than 40 percent of adolescents in India attend secondary schools. free books. (the end of 11th plan objective) is to increase it to 15%. the chief barrier to female education in India are inadequate school facilities (such as sanitary facilities). The new policy aimed at social change through revised texts. This mission aims to bring down female illiteracy by half of its present level.Wikipedia. though these statistics were still very low compared to world standards and even male literacy within India. The National Literacy Mission also worked through female tutors in villages. especially among Muslims. and with larger national goals.org/wiki/Education_in_India 10/21 . curricula. increased funding for schools.5% in 1981. prevents some girls from attending school. secondary and higher education.[68] Concerted efforts led to improvement from 15. expansion in the numbers of schools. and many of them drop out. and uniforms. receive higher income for the same positions.[70] The education of women in India plays a significant role in improving livings standards in the country. by encouraging and promoting en. many continue to be married much earlier. and the dependence on girls for housework and sibling day care. Sita Anantha Raman outlines the progress of women's education in India: Since 1947 the Indian government has tried to provide incentives for girls’ school attendance through programs for midday meals. shortage of female teachers and gender bias in curriculum (majority of the female characters being depicted as weak and helpless).5/1/12 Education in India . and central to the improvement of women’s condition. By 2006/7 the GER increased to about 11 percent.7% in 1950/51 to 1.[69] Recently the Indian government has launched Saakshar Bharat Mission for Female Literacy. Far fewer girls are enrolled in the schools. The report tried to connect problems like low school attendance with poverty.3% in 1961 to 28. Therefore. A higher women literacy rate improves the quality of life both at home and outside of home. Girls in Kalleda Rural School. female dropout rates are high. Andhra Pradesh. in some cases.S. and policy improvements.[66] Conservative cultural attitudes.[65] According to a 1998 report by U. This welfare thrust raised primary enrollment between 1951 and 1981.[70] Sita Anantha Raman also maintains that while the educated Indian women workforce maintains professionalism. In 1986 the National Policy on Education decided to restructure education in tune with the social framework of each state. and rural and urban institutions. By 2012.[68] By 2001 literacy for women had exceeded 50% of the overall female population. the men outnumber them in most fields and.wikipedia. It emphasized that education was necessary for democracy. Emphasis was placed on expanding girls’ occupational centers and primary education. Women's education See also: Women in India Women have a much lower literacy rate than men. Department of Commerce.[67] The number of literate women among the female population of India was between 2–6% from the British Raj onwards to the formation of the Republic of India in 1947. Although the minimum marriage age is now eighteen for girls. the free encyclopedia education measured in term of gross enrolment ratio increased from 0. at the secondary level.4% in 1960–61. animal husbandry.[77] A sizable network of rural education had been established by the time the Gandhigram Rural Institute was established and 5.[72] The survey also suggests a correlation between education and economic growth. family planning. child care and nutrition. Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have female literacy rates around 55-60 percent. when.[76] Setty and Ross elaborate on the role of such programmes. expanding and tapering off covering the total community. rural engineering (consisting of minor irrigation. where it was found that Kerala was the state with the lowest infant mortality rate while Bihar and Uttar Pradesh are the states with the lowest life expectancies in India. or the Individual-cum-community-based. Several studies have shown that a lower level of women literacy rates results in higher levels of fertility and infant mortality. poorer nutrition. education including adult education. and in reducing the infant mortality rate. women welfare. The community development programmes comprise agriculture. the disparity of female literacy rates across rural and urban areas is also significant in India. health and sanitation including family welfare. The rural state Rajasthan has a female literacy rate of less than 12 percent. These values are further correlated with health levels of the Indians.[75] Rural education Following independence. artisans. it was found that there is a large disparity between female literacy rates in different states.5/1/12 Education in India . the free encyclopedia education of children. In India. the government grouped villages under a Community Development Block—an authority under national programme which could control education in up to 100 villages. and schools for adult education for women were set up. 200 Community Development Blocks were established in India. while Kerala actually has a female literacy rate of about 86 percent. 6 of them have female literacy rates of below 60 percent.org/wiki/Education_in_India 11/21 .wikipedia. social education and literacy. youth welfare and community organisation. lower earning potential and the lack of an ability to make decisions within a household. themselves divided further into individual-based.[76] The administrative control was effectively initiated in the 1950s. buildings). A survey that was conducted in India showed results which support the fact that infant mortality rate was inversely related to female literacy rate and educational level. rural industries. India viewed education as an effective tool for bringing social change through community development. or specific target populations such as small and marginal farmers.[76] Despite some setbacks the rural education programmes continued throughout the 1950s.[78] The government continued to view rural education as an agenda that could be relatively free from bureaucratic en. in which microscopic levels of development are overseen at village level by an appointed worker: A primary school in a village in Rohith's Backyard.Wikipedia. roads. secondary school.[73] For example. cooperation.[74] Out of the 24 states in India. some segments. with support from private institutions. in 1952.[76] A Block Development Officer oversaw a geographical area of 150 square miles (390 km2) which could contain a population of as many as 70000 people. Furthermore. especially female children. In each of these areas of development there are several programmes. schemes and activities which are additive. elementary schools.[78] Nursery schools. community based.[71] Women’s lower educational levels is also shown to adversely affect the health and living conditions of children. women and in general people below the poverty line. BusinessWeek criticizes the Indian curriculum. rates were 12–16%.5/1/12 Education in India . In Madhya Pradesh. Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh.[81] 2003–04 data by National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration revealed that only 3. Only 1 in nearly 3000 public school head teachers had ever dismissed a teacher for repeated absence. absence rates ranged from 15% in Maharashtra to 30% in Bihar. during unannounced visits to a nationally representative sample of government primary schools in India. the number of secondary schools is almost half the number of upper primary schools available in the country. there is a 48% drop-out rate in elementary education.'. Gujarat.[80] A study on teachers by Kremer etc.[79] Today.wikipedia.Wikipedia. Curriculum issues Modern education in India is often criticized for being based on rote learning rather than problem solving. but the number of students served is small. the Government of India decided to withdraw Deemed university status from as many as 44 institutions were not being kept in mind by the management of these institutions and that "they were being run as family fiefdoms". it is 28%. saying it revolves around rote learning[83] and ExpressIndia suggests that students are focused on cramming. while at the senior secondary level (grades 11 and 12).[82] In fact. Andhra Pradesh. in some cases lack of financing balanced the gains made by rural education institutes of India. enrolment rate is 52%. While the enrollment rate in pre-school is merely 18%. Several foundations.[84] Participation At the lower secondary level (grades nine and 10).5% of primary schools in Bihar and Chhattisgarh had toilets for girls.[78] However. Maharashtra. found that 'only about half were teaching. such as the Rural Development Foundation (Hyderabad).[85] en. funding and infrastructure One study found out that 25% of public sector teachers and 40% of public sector medical workers were absent during the survey. the free encyclopedia backlog and general stagnation. Among teachers who were paid to teach. actively build high-quality rural schools. Parayar School Children Issues Workforce quality.(source : Fortress Team Research) Controversy In January 2010.org/wiki/Education_in_India 12/21 . government rural schools remain poorly funded and understaffed.[80] A study of 188 government-run primary schools found that 59% of the Indian School-Girls schools had no drinking water and 89% had no toilets.[79] Some ideas failed to find acceptability among India's poor and investments made by the government sometimes yielded little results. [90] The NLCPR aims to provide funds for infrastructure development in these remote areas. Jharkhand. an NGO working for the development of the rural and tribal population in Udaipur and Rajsamand districts of southern Rajasthan Women from remote.5 percent with the Scheduled Castes accounting for 17 percent and the Scheduled Tribes accounting for the remaining 7.Wikipedia. Rajasthan.5% in Kendriya Vidyalaya for Scheduled Tribes. the free encyclopedia The University Grant Commission found 39 fake institutions operating in India.[92] en.[91] The madrasah of Jamia Masjid mosque in Srirangapatna. a Marathi language terminology used by B.[89] The remote and far-flung regions of North East India are provided for under the Non Lapsible Central pool of Resources (NLCPR) since 1998–1999.[88] Following the report many Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes increasingly referred to themselves as Dalit.[92] A number of programmes and activities are held under this scheme.[88] The total percentage of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes combined was found to be 22. R.[90] Non-formal education center in Udaipur. Ambedkar which literally means "oppressed".wikipedia. Assam.[88] An amendment was made to the list in 1975.org/wiki/Education_in_India 13/21 .[89] Similar reservations are held by the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in many schemes and educational facilities in India. and Uttarakhand.[92] The scheme involves educational and social activities and recognising children with a marked talent for a particular educational stream.8 million) during 2007–08 to carry out this scheme over 83 districts including more than 21.5/1/12 Education in India .[91] Apart from provisions for education this programme also aims to raise awareness by holding meetings and seminars at rural levels.[89] Special reservations are also provided for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in India.g. compared with over 90% in China.[88] The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are provided for in many of India's educational programmes. and in 1960 a list identifying 405 Scheduled Castes and 225 Scheduled Tribes was published by the central government. which identified 841 Scheduled Castes and 510 Scheduled Tribes. e. Gujarat.[87] Initiatives Following India's independence a number of rules were formulated for the backward Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes of India.5 percent. Uttar Pradesh. initiated in 1989. Educational program by Seva Mandir. a reservation of 15% in Kendriya Vidyalaya for Scheduled Castes and another reservation of 7. Bihar. Currently there are 68 Bal Bhavans and 10 Bal Kendra affiliated to the National Bal Bhavan. underdeveloped areas or from weaker social groups in Andhra Pradesh. which also involves cultural exchanges and participation in several international forums.[91] The government allowed 340 million (US$6. 000 villages. fall under the Mahila Samakhya Scheme. Karnataka. Kerala.[86] Only 10% of manufacturers in India offer in-service training to their employees. while the language has Indo-aryan origin it is prevalently spoken in Pakistan and patronised by Pakistan Govt. Power of Expression/Communication and Emotional Control. 2. Memory.25 billion (US$8.5 billion (US$5. Creative Learning See also: Association for Promotion of Creative Learning The Association for Promotion of Creative Learning has been running a school for children since 1997 in Patna. school is part of the 'Paathshaala' (a 8th schedule language.4% i.[94] According to the United Nations Educational.basically draws its origin from Indus Valley civilsation.9% i. India has the lowest public expenditure on higher education per student in the world. Most of the sindhi Associations fear that due to apathy of Indian Govt. 9. the central government of India outlined an expenditure of 65. Concentration.Jairamdas Doulatram. 6.6% of its total education budget of 438.in the field of Sindhi language.e.e. 287.74 billion) on elementary education.has started awareness compaign in this direction.which is prevalently spoken by the sindhis of project.235 billion (US$124.e.5 billion (US$249.9% i.this compaign has gathered a momemntum and it has started recognition worldwide. Rajesh Thadani. 43.e. Imagination.[93] Surprisingly.[95] See also: Education in India Five Year Plan Expenditure en. 41. 12.wikipedia.84 million) on secondary education.Sindhi.Wikipedia.5/1/12 Education in India . 9.21 million) on higher education. are provided for in the 1992 amendment of the Indian National Policy on Education (NPE). Sindhi language and culture will only be a story for next generation in near future. significant contribution. and the remaining 1.38 million) on adult education.e.Sindhis with around ten million population has less than 100 teachers in this language. especially the ones considered 'educationally backward' by the government.[93] In 2004 the Indian parliament allowed an act which enabled minority education establishments to seek university affiliations if they Elementary School in Chittoor. 10. the free encyclopedia India's minorities. 47 billion (US$937. The school currently India who have no state of their own)government has not made any educates 70 students.Sindhis are linguistic minority and most of the states have no sindhi schools or schools with sindhi language as an optional paper. Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).5% i.7% i.org/wiki/Education_in_India 14/21 .Power of Observation.65 million) on technical education.[93] Both these schemes were started nationwide by 1994.[93] The government initiated the Scheme of Area Intensive Programme for Educationally Backward Minorities and Scheme of Financial Assistance or Modernisation of Madarsa Education as part of its revised Programme of Action (1992). Central government involvement Budget As a part of the tenth Five year Plan (2002–2007).39 million) on miscellaneous education schemes.President of Bihar Sindhi Association. where the organisation has developed a unique teaching learning methodology based on the Theory of Multiple Intelligences by Howard Gardner called Creative Learning.765 billion (US$833.25 billion (US$862.74 billion) i. This passed the required norms. Thinking.e.which was constituted by the first Governor of Bihar. The organisation stresses on seven core competencies which are essential in any natural process of learning . (b) To support this increase in expenditure on education. The announcements are.5 times over the last decade]. the free encyclopedia Public Expenditure on Education in India During the Financial Year 2011-12. there would be an imposition of an education cess over all central government taxes. This higher allocation was required to implement the recent legislation 'Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act. (d) To make right to education a fundamental right for all children in the age group 6–14 years. and was legally the only directive principle within the Indian constitution to have a time limit. even after five years of implementation of NCMP.[98] Legislative framework Article 45. budgetary allocation of Rs 21. However. the Central Government of India has allocated Rs 38. the enforcement of this directive principle became a matter of debate since this principle held obvious emotive and practical value. it has declined from around 11.5/1/12 Education in India .659 for the year 2011-12.957 crores for the Department of School Education and Literacy which is the main department dealing with primary education in India. However. and to increase the quality of education.[13] ” This article was a directive principle of state policy within India. (a) To progressively increase expenditure on education to around 6 percent of GDP. Although the country targeted towards devoting 6% share of the GDP towards the educational sector. there has been an exponential growth in the private expenditure on education also. However. even though ideally it should be around 20% of the total budget.49% in 2004-05. it declined to 3.[99] However. 2009. Due to a declining priority of education in the public policy paradigm in India. not much progress has been seen on this front.org/wiki/Education_in_India 15/21 .31% in 1970-71 and thereafter reached the peak of 4. A policy brief issued by [Network for Social Accountability (NSA)][96] titled “[NSA Response to Education Sector Interventions in Union Budget: UPA Rule and the Education Sector][97]” provides significant revelation to this fact.26% in 2000-01. the most notable ones being the National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP) of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. of the Constitution of India originally stated: “ The State shall endeavour to provide. In recent times. Expenditure on education has steadily risen from 0. [As per the available information. for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years. major share of Rs 21. There is a definite need to step up again. within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution. the performance has definitely fallen short of expectations.98 per cent during UPA rule.000 crores is considered very low in view of the officially appointed Anil Bordia Committee recommendation of Rs 35. effectively meaning that it was within a set of rules that were meant to be followed in spirit and the government could not be held to court if the actual letter was not followed. is for the flagship program 'Sarva Siksha Abhiyan'.64% of GDP in 1951-52 to 2. the private out of pocket expenditure by the working class population for the education of their children in India has increased by around 1150 percent or around 12. As a proportion of total government expenditure. several major announcements were made for developing the poor state of affairs in education sector in India.Wikipedia.wikipedia. (c) To ensure that no one is denied of education due to economic backwardness and poverty. Within this allocation. (e) To universalize education through its flagship programmes such as Sarva Siksha Abhiyan and Mid Day Meal.000 crores.[99] Following initiatives by the Supreme Court of India during the 1990s the Ninety-third amendment bill suggested three separate amendments to the Indian constitution:[100] en.1 per cent in 2000–2001 to around 9. . determine. ^ a b "Education in India" en." Garten. New York Times.[102] After being signed by the President of India the Indian constitution was amended formally for the eighty sixth time and the bill came into effect. with special care. ^ "Really Old School (http://www.[101] ” The bill was passed unanimously in the Lok Sabha.a parent or guardian [shall] provide opportunities for education to his child or. 338– 342. which read: “ The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in a such manner as the State may. by law.[102] Since then those between the age of 6–14 have a fundamental right to education. on November 28.wikipedia.[101] ” Another article.com/2006/12/09/opinion/09garten.5/1/12 Education in India .html?scp=1&sq=Nalanda&st=cse) . 335.nytimes. The Hindu 2.ece?homepage=true) . [a] ward between the age of six to fourteen years. and in particular of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. 2002.com/news/national/article1587153. 3. the free encyclopedia The constitution of India was amended to include a new article. 332. 2001.[103] Article 46 of the Constitution of India holds that: “ The State shall promote.org/wiki/Education_in_India 16/21 . was to additionally have the clause: “ . as the case may be. 51A. the lower house of the Indian parliament. and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of social exploitation'.[102] It was later passed by the upper house—the Rajya Sabha—on May 14.[101] ” Article 45 was proposed to be substituted by the article which read: “ Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years: The State shall endeavour to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of sixteen years. 21A. ^ Estimate for India.[62] Both the 5th and the 6th Schedules of the Constitution also make special provisions for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.thehindu.Wikipedia. the education and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people. from India (http://www.[62] ” Other provisions for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes can be found in Articles 330. 9 December 2006. Jeffrey E..[62] See also National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education National Translation Mission Two Million Minutes (documentary film) Notes 1. contentMD K:21493265~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584.newsweek.globalenvision.gprg. 2008-09-12 5. Retrieved 2009-08-08. ^ http://education.org 21.html.html 24. http://www. by Sramana Mitra of Forbes.asp? From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIPU%2F2010%2F09%2F08&ViewMode=GIF&GZ =T&PageLabel=1&EntityId=Ar00104&AppName=1) .html.org/pubs/workingpapers/pdfs/gprg-wps-071.worldbank. Penguin. ^ "Science and Technology Education" (http://pib.economist. 2010. 27 February 2008 6.co. ^ a b c d Blackwell.bbc. ^ a b Amit Varma (2007-01-15). 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