WI T DRAFT NO.DATE TAPPI 060308.04 811 3 March 12, 2007 WORKING GROUP CHAIRMAN Ben Frank SUBJECT CATEGORY RELATED METHODS FISCOTEC See “Additional Information” CAUTION: This Test Method may include safety precautions which are believed to be appropriate at the time of publication of the method. The intent of these is to alert the user of the method to safety issues related to such use. The user is responsible for determining that the safety precautions are complete and are appropriate to their use of the method, and for ensuring that suitable safety practices have not changed since publication of the method. This method may require the use, disposal, or both, of chemicals which may present serious health hazards to humans. Procedures for the handling of such substances are set forth on Material Safety Data Sheets which must be developed by all manufacturers and importers of potentially hazardous chemicals and maintained by all distributors of potentially hazardous chemicals. Prior to the use of this method, the user must determine whether any of the chemicals to be used or disposed of are potentially hazardous and, if so, must follow strictly the procedures specified by both the manufacturer, as well as local, state, and federal authorities for safe use and disposal of these chemicals. Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated fiberboard (short column test) (Revision of T 811 om-02) (underscores and strikeouts indicate changes from Draft 2) 1. Scope 1.1 This method describes procedures for determining the edgewise compressive strength (ECT), perpendicular to the axis of the flutes, of a short column of single-, double-, or triple-wall corrugated fiberboard (1). 1.2 The method includes procedures for cutting the test specimen, specimen support (waxed edges), and two procedures for applying the compressive force (constant strain rate, or constant load rate). Studies have shown that any combination of these procedures will yield the same test results with the stated precision (Section 9). Approved by the Standard Specific Interest Group for this Test Method TAPPI T 811 om-02 Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated / 2 fiberboard (short column test) 2. Significance 2.1 Research has shown that the edgewise compressive strength of specimens with flutes vertical, in combination with the flexural stiffness of the combined board and box dimensions, relates to the top-to-bottom compressive strength of vertically fluted corrugated fiberboard shipping containers (2,3). 2.2 This method may also be used for comparing the edgewise compressive strength of different lots of similar combined boards or for comparing different material combinations (4,5). 3. Apparatus Compression testing machine1 meeting the requirements of either 3.1.1 or 3.1.2, and 3.1.3, 3.1.4, and 3.1 3.1.5. 3.1.1 Rigid Support Compression Tester. Two platens, one rigidly supported and the other driven. Each platen shall have a working area of approximately 100 cm2 (16 in.2). The platens are not to have not more than 0.050 mm (0.002 in.) lateral relative movement, and the rigidly supported platen not more than 0.150 mm (0.006 in.) movement, perpendicular to the surface, within a load range of 0 to 2224 N (0-500 lbf). Within the specimen contact area, each platen shall be flat within 0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.) of the mean platen surface, and the platens shall remain parallel to each other within 1 part in 2000 throughout the test (6). 3.1.1.1 Within a range of platen separations necessary to cause compressive failure of the test specimen, and within a load range of 0 to 2224 N (0-500 lbf), the speed of the driven platen shall be controllable at 12.5 ± 0.25 mm (0.5 ± 0.01 in.) per minute. (For convenience, the test machine should be capable of rapid return and automatic, settable positioning). 3.1.2 Flexible Beam Compression Tester. Two platens, one flexible beam supported and the other driven. Each platen shall have a working area of approximately 100 cm2 (16 in.2). Within the specimen contact area, each platen shall be flat within 0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.) of the mean platen surface, and the platens shall remain parallel to each other within 1 part in 2000 throughout the test. The platens are required to have not more than 0.050 mm (0.002 in.) lateral relative movement. 3.1.2.1 Within a range of platen separations necessary to cause compressive failure of the test specimen, and within a load range of 0 to 2224 N (0-500 lbf), the speed of the driven platen shall be controlled so that the rate of force increase (without considering specimen deformation) is 111 ± 22 N/s (25 ± 5 lbf/s) (6). 3.1.3 3.1.4 The driven platen shall be moveable to achieve an initial platen separation of at least 60 mm (2.36 in.). The tester shall have a capacity of at least 2224 N (500 lbf). Names of suppliers of testing equipment and materials for this method may be found on the Test Equipment Suppliers list in the set of TAPPI Test Methods, or may be available from the TAPPI Quality and Standards Department. 1 2 and 6. single knife device with guides or. Two are required to align the specimen vertically in the testing machine. Containerboard.” Waxed edge specimens shall be conditioned an additional minimum of 2 hours after waxing and before testing (8 9) 6.1 Metal guide blocks (Fig.1 If the test specimens are to be taken from corrugated shipping containers. and Related Products. the accuracy shall be 2. 6. roughly 25% of the samples should be collected from the printed areas.2 N (0. The saw blade shall be 90° to the table supporting the specimen.2 A means such as a saw or other device for cutting specimens having clean. The knives must be sharp and of the single-bevel type and arranged in the device so that the unbevelled side is toward the test piece and at 90° to the specimen's surface. 3. Specimens should not be taken from obviously damaged areas and/or areas not representative of the container as a whole.1. Specimens should be representative of the materials being tested. or Related Product.” 5. 8).2 The loading (width) edges shall be parallel to each other and perpendicular to the axis of the flutes .5 T 811 om-02 The tester shall have a means for measuring and indicating the maximum load sustained by the test specimen with an accuracy of 0.2. Opposite edges shall be parallel to each other and perpendicular to adjacent edges (7. 4. Sampling Samples shall be obtained in accordance with TAPPI T 400 “Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of Paper. or better whichever is greater.2. if roughly 25% of a box is printed.3.5 lbf). For example. 3. and perpendicular edges. Paperboard.3 A means for supporting the specimen at the initiation of the test so that the applied force is exactly parallel to the flutes. they should be taken from areas away from scorelines.3 / Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated fiberboard (short column test) 3. 1) to be used with the waxed edge specimens (7.1 From each test unit accurately cut at least 10 specimens with the motorized knife or circular saw or other method that will cut clean. Pulp Handsheets.2 Saw. 6. joints. equipped with a sharp. and closures. 3.3. 3. Conditioning Precondition and condition the sample in accordance with TAPPI T 402 “Standard Conditioning and Testing Atmospheres for Paper.5% or better between a measured load of 440 N (100 lb) and the equipment’s maximum load. preferably. a twin-knife motorized or pneumatically driven device to cut the test specimens according to the specifications in Section 6.1 Knife cutter. 3. parallel. within the tolerances specified in 6. Board.1. no-set (hollow ground or taper ground is desirable) saw blade. Below this measured load. circular.5). Test specimens 6. parallel and perpendicular edges. 94 in.) dipped zone. and triple-wall.06 in.) for A-flute and typical for all double.06 in. momentarily blot the loading edges of the specimen on paper toweling preheated on a hot plate maintained at 77-82°C (171°-180°F). Cut the specimens to a width of 50. as determined visually.6 mm (1.g. the short column crush test is required. such as paper toweling.” The FEFCO method requires testing specimens cut to 100 mm (3. NOTE 4: The following alternative procedure for impregnating the loading edges of specimens with paraffin wax is permissible. (13. The procedure is technically identical to that described here in Sections 4-6 except for specimen size.and triple-wall board (1. and 50.. but are not limited to: TAPPI T 839 “Edgewise Compressive Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard using the Clamp Method (Short Column Test)” (11).50 ± 0.8 ± 1. EB double-wall).4 Prepare test specimens with waxed edge reinforcement as follows: Dip each loading edge in molten paraffin at 69-74°C (156-165°F) approximate melting point. Immediately after dipping. specimen geometry (10).00 ± 0. 6.1 ± 1.8 ± 0. 52°C (125°F).8 ± 1. and FEFCO test Method No. 2). is 31. double-.25 ± 0. These heights meet the Euler criteria for pure compression failure in a short column for their respective structures (8).T 811 om-02 Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated / 4 fiberboard (short column test) (Fig. heated on a hot plate maintained at 77-82°C (171-180°F) until the paraffin wax impregnates the specimen to the desired 6 mm (1/4 in.S.g. or mechanical support beyond the initial vertical alignment. When testing against these specifications. necessarily.98 in. to a depth of 6 mm (1/4 in.) high without any additional specimen support such as waxed edges.06 in.03 in. Generally.6 mm (1.).) wide and 25 mm (0. For some thin double-wall board (e.) and hold there until the absorbed paraffin. this method is slower than the dipping method and therefore permits better control of the depth of paraffin wax penetration for specimens in which paraffin wax migration is rapid. The test procedure is technically identical to that described here in Sections 4-6. If excessively rapid migration is encountered.6). compliance with National Motor Freight Classification item 222). E flute).06 in. The height for all flute constructions.. this height is to be used.).6 mm (1. Normally.) for C-flute. 38.25 ± 0.. 8 “Edgewise Crush Resistance of Corrugated Fiberboard. These may include. TAPPI T 841 “Edgewise Compressive Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard using the Morris Method (Short Column Test)”.g.3 Specimens to be tested using this procedure shall be cut to a height of 31. TAPPI T 838 “Edge Crush Test Using Neckdown” (12). NOTE 1: In some U. or specimen support techniques. Place the edge on a paraffin wax saturated pad.00 ± 0. Federal and Military Specifications and Standards for corrugated board. begins to migrate above the 6 mm (1/4 in.8 mm (2. 2. reduce the temperature of the molten paraffin. and for other flute structures (e.6mm (2.8 ± 1. NOTE 3: Other procedures are sometimes used which require different specimen dimensions. and 3 will not. a 3 second dip in molten paraffin is satisfactory. .) depth.) for B-flute. single-. alternate numbers of specimens may be required for testing. NOTE 2: In some testing protocols (e. The procedures described in Notes 1. different heights may be required to achieve a pure compression failure in the test specimens. yield the same results as the official test method. 14) 6. 1. Number of valid test determinations.1 8. report: Average maximum load per unit width for valid tests calculated from average maximum load and specimen width in kilonewtons per meter (pounds-force per in. Verify the platen movement rate described in 7.2 or 7. with the offset ends adjacent and in contact with the specimen above the paraffin areas.) per minute depending on the load range at the beam. When the force on the specimen is between 22 and 67 N (5 and 15 lbf). A description of material tested. the specimen width.)) dimension of each specimen to the nearest 1 mm (1/32 relative to it so that the flutes are held perpendicular to the platen.25 mm (0. remove both guide blocks and.5 / Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated fiberboard (short column test) NOTE 5: T 811 om-02 When reinforcing the loading edges of waxed or curtain coated boards.1 Apply a compressive force to the specimen.4 in. care must be taken so that the heat of the reinforcing paraffin wax does not adversely affect the integrity of the board’s structure in the area of the edge wax impregnation. Place a guide block on each side of the specimen centrally located Measure the width (nominally 50.3 The rate of platen movement for each rigid support compression machine should be set to 12. Report 8.01 in. without altering the platen movement rate.1.).1. 7.4 8.2 Perform all tests in the conditioning atmosphere.1 7.5-2. 7. or if failure occurs in the waxed portion of the sample. 7. Record the platen movement rate actually used.1 For each test unit. failure occurs away from the reinforced area. 8.6 Record the maximum load in newtons (pounds-force). 7. and whether or not the specimen exhibited a valid failure.5 deviations. A statement that the test was conducted in compliance with this test method and a description of any . Evidence of proper treatment will be that in performing the test. 7.).5 ± 0. Standard deviation among valid determinations in kilonewtons per meter (pounds-force per in. If neither liner shows a buckling failure in the unwaxed area of the specimen. continue to apply force until the specimen fails. the test may be declared invalid.5 Center the specimen on the platen.3.2 8.8-mm (2-in.0 in. The rate of platen movement required for a flexible beam compression machine has been determined to be 111 ± 22 N/s (25 ± 5 lbf/s). A valid test is when one or both liners have buckled in the unwaxed center portion of the specimen. On most machines this rate of platen movement will be 13-51 mm (0.1.3 8. 7.5.) per minute. Place the blocks' largest face up.).1. 8.5 ± 0. Procedure 7. deflecting-beam type instruments. Jr. National Motor Freight Classification. Sub IV.3 Related methods: ISO 13821 “Corrugated Fiberboard – Determination of Edgewise Crush Resistance – Waxed Edge Method. Precision 9. 9. The carrier classification rules (Alternate Rule 41.. J. Item 222) define the minimum ECT requirements for corrugated boxes used in the common carrier surface transportation system. Reproducibility (between laboratories) = 19%.. and Wachuta. C. Edge crush tests.4 Additional Information. Koning. R./American Trucking Association. 9.T 811 om-02 Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated / 6 fiberboard (short column test) 9. 12. J.1 through 9. Uniform Freight Classification.” See also Note 3. J. Gander. This method is referenced in the alternate requirements of National Railroad Freight Committee. Literature cited 1. October 1966. 11. The data included 17 rounds of testing on 5 different samples of “C” flute corrugated board in either 42-26-42 or 35-26-35 board combinations.. These estimates may not be valid for different materials and testing conditions. W. McKee. Repeatability and reproducibility are estimates of the maximum difference (at 95% confidence) that should be expected when comparing test results for materials similar to those described below under similar test conditions.2 Effective date of issue: to be assigned. among nine laboratories on five different corrugated combinations.3 The estimates of repeatability and reproducibility listed above are based on data from the CTS Containerboard Interlaboratory Program using testing conducted in 2005 and 2006. “Comparison of Two Specimen Shapes for Short Column Test of Corrugated Fiberboard. Only laboratories that reported using rigid-platen type instruments and TAPPI standard conditioning atmospheres are included in the calculations. However it should be noted that the 1966 results would have been derived from analog. The precision estimates are based on 10 determinations per test result and 1 test result per lab for each of the 17 rounds of testing..S. The precision statement above (9. 70 (1961). and the National Motor Freight Traffic Association Inc.2 Repeatability (within a laboratory) = 4%.. 2.1 11. 11.3) replaced information derived from a study conducted in October 1966 in cooperation with the ASTM Committee D-6.” Paperboard Packaging 46 (11).. Forest Service Research Note FPL-0109 (October 1965). The estimates of repeatability (6%) and reproducibility (23%) are not significantly changed in this revision.1 9. Compression strength. Keywords Corrugated boards. . R. W. 10. Additional information 11. “Edgewise Compression Strength of Corrugated Board.” U. The Institute of Paper Science and Technology. “Compression Strength Formula for Corrugated Boxes. and Wachuta. 10. R. Project 269524. J.. Moody. “Crush Tests Rely on Parallel-to-flute Loading. “Edgewise Crush Test Streamlined by Shorter Time After Waxing. 9. W. Forest Service Research Note FPL-0121 (April 1966). Lund. C. Schrampfer. R.S. Maltenfort. G. C. W.. W. E. . “Clamped Specimen Testing: A Faster Edgewise Crush Procedure. Boxboard Containers.” Tappi Journal 71 (10): 62 (1988). Report One (February 27. “Compression Strength of Corrugated.” Paperboard Packaging 48 (8): 160 (1963).7 / Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated fiberboard (short column test) 3.. McClain. Metal guide block. Corrugating International.. 12.E. D. W... T. 8. 13. and Koning. R. R.” U. J.. March 1979 Urbanik. “Effect of Loading Rate on the Edgewise Compressive Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard. R. Jr.” Tappi Journal 65(3): 148(1982). K. Gander.. K. “Towards an International Standard for the Edgewise Compression Test of Corrugated Board.” Tappi 71 (10): 65 (1988).. J. J. Whitsitt... 6. T 811 om-02 McKee... And Boltnott. 5. “Edgewise Compressive Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard as Determined by Local Instability. E. Schrampfer.. Koning. J. 1987). 4... Eriksson. “A Short Column Crush Test of Corrugated Fiberboard. C. 1.. C. G. J.. B.A. 11. Friedman. Frank..S. August 2003 Fig. H. A. W. Moody.” Tappi Journal 77 (1): 83 (1994). T. Koning. 14. G. and Whitsitt. L.” Tappi 47 (3): 134 (1964). R.” U. 7. Catlin. W..J.. Forest Service Research paper FPL 46 (December 1965). J. and Baum. Jr.” Paperboard Packaging 48 (8): 149 (1963). 2. Your comments and suggestions on this procedure are earnestly requested and should be sent to the TAPPI Standards Department.T 811 om-02 Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated / 8 fiberboard (short column test) Fig. Edgewise test specimen for B-flute. g . the only comments or votes on this draft that will be required to be considered are those regarding the negative vote from Draft 1. Per the test method guidelines. Contact with the negative voter indicated that he has no data to support these suggested changes. I am requesting that the SSIG vote this negative as nonpersuasive. The only comment not resolved was a negative vote which suggested changes in Section 3 regarding parallelism of the platens. Although any additional comments may be addressed if deemed technically sound. 2006 TO: FROM: RE: SSIG for T 811 Benjamin Frank Working Group Chairman Ballot on Draft 2 of T 811 All suggested revisions on affirmative votes from Draft 1 have been incorporated into this draft. this vote on Draft 2 is ONLY to approve overriding this negative vote. machine speed. . etc. Your affirmative vote will indicate that you agree that the negative should be found nonpersuasive. Thank you for your response by the deadline.August 15. 04 811 2 August 16. must follow strictly the procedures specified by both the manufacturer. specimen support (waxed edges). Procedures for the handling of such substances are set forth on Material Safety Data Sheets which must be developed by all manufacturers and importers of potentially hazardous chemicals and maintained by all distributors of potentially hazardous chemicals. and two procedures for applying the compressive force (constant strain rate.1 This method describes procedures for determining the edgewise compressive strength (ECT). of a short column of single-. or both. 2006 WORKING GROUP CHAIRMAN Ben Frank SUBJECT CATEGORY RELATED METHODS FISCOTEC See “Additional Information” CAUTION: This Test Method may include safety precautions which are believed to be appropriate at the time of publication of the method. and for ensuring that suitable safety practices have not changed since publication of the method. or constant load rate). perpendicular to the axis of parallel to the flutes. 1. state. of chemicals which may present serious health hazards to humans. Scope 1. DATE TAPPI 060308. as well as local. The user is responsible for determining that the safety precautions are complete and are appropriate to their use of the method. Approved by the Standard Specific Interest Group for this Test Method TAPPI . if so. Studies have shown that any combination of these procedures will yield the same test results with the stated precision (Section 9). Prior to the use of this method. or triple-wall corrugated fiberboard (1). and federal authorities for safe use and disposal of these chemicals. This method may require the use. Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated fiberboard (short column test) (Revision of T 811 om-02) 1. the user must determine whether any of the chemicals to be used or disposed of are potentially hazardous and.2 The method includes procedures for cutting the test specimen. double-. The intent of these is to alert the user of the method to safety issues related to such use.WI T DRAFT NO. disposal. The platens are required to have not more than 0.5 The driven platen shall be moveable to achieve an initial platen separation of at least 60 mm (2. Within the specimen contact area.050 mm (0.1. the speed of the driven platen shall be controlled so that the rate of force increase (without considering specimen deformation) is 111 ± 22 N/s (25 ± 5 lbf/s) (6).1. Significance 2. and within a load range of 0 to 2224 N (0-500 lbf).2 Flexible Beam Compression Tester.) lateral relative movement.3. Within the specimen contact area. one flexible beam supported and the other driven.5). settable positioning). Each platen shall have a working area of approximately 100 cm2 (16 in. or may be available from the TAPPI Quality and Standards Department.1.2).5 ± 0. and the rigidly supported platen not more than 0.1.0001 in.006 in.) lateral relative movement.3 3. 3. 3. the speed of the driven platen shall be controllable at 12.1. Two platens. each platen shall be flat within 0.002 in. Two platens.1 Research has shown that the edgewise compressive strength of specimens with flutes vertical.1.2. perpendicular to the surface.1 Rigid Support Compression Tester. 3. 2.01 in. 3.1.0025 mm (0.5.4 3.1. (For convenience.2 N (0. the test machine should be capable of rapid return and automatic.) per minute.).1.150 mm (0. and 3.5 ± 0.1.5 lbf).25 mm (0.2. A The tester shall have a capacity of at least 2224 N (500 lbf).) of the mean platen surface. in combination with the flexural stiffness of the combined board and box dimensions. Each platen shall have a working area of approximately 100 cm2 (16 in. 1 Names of suppliers of testing equipment and materials for this method may be found on the Test Equipment Suppliers list in the set of TAPPI Test Methods. The platens are not to have not more than 0.2).1 Within a range of platen separations necessary to cause compressive failure of the test specimen.1 3.) of the mean platen surface.0001 in.1. and 3. each platen shall be flat within 0.2 This method may also be used for comparing the edgewise compressive strength of different lots of similar combined boards or for comparing different material combinations (4. whichever is greater.1.3).5% or 2. relates to the top-to-bottom compressive strength of vertically fluted corrugated fiberboard shipping containers (2. within a load range of 0 to 2224 N (0-500 lbf).1.4. 3.T 811 om-02 Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated / 2 fiberboard (short column test) 2.1 Within a range of platen separations necessary to cause compressive failure of the test specimen. and the platens shall remain parallel to each other within 1 part in 2000 throughout the test (6). 3. one rigidly supported and the other driven. Apparatus Compression testing machine1 meeting the requirements of either 3. .1 or 3.0025 mm (0.) movement.002 in. 3. and within a load range of 0 to 2224 N (0-500 lbf).050 mm (0. and the platens shall remain parallel to each other within 1 part in 2000 throughout the test. A The tester shall have a means for measuring and indicating the maximum load sustained by the test specimen with an accuracy of 0.36 in. ) for A-flute and for all double.7.50 ± 0. equipped with a sharp.and triple-wall board (1.1 3. or Related Product. no-set (hollow ground or taper ground is desirable) saw blade.8 ± 1. parallel.063 in. If the test specimens are to be taken from corrugated shipping containers. . and perpendicular edges. 8). The knives must be sharp and of the single-bevel type and arranged in the device so that the unbevelled side is toward the test piece and at 90° to the specimen's surface. a twin-knife motorized or pneumatically driven device to cut the test specimens according to the specifications in Section 6. Paperboard.3 for B-flute.) 2). Cut the specimens to a width of 50.2 The loading (width) edges shall be parallel to each other and perpendicular to the axis of the flutes (Fig. they should be taken from areas away from scorelines.6 mm (2.2 and 6. 6.063 in. 3.3 / Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated fiberboard (short column test) T 811 om-02 3.1.3 3. parallel and perpendicular edges. Two are required to align the specimen vertically in the testing machine. joints.063 in.1 Knife cutter.3.00 ± 0. Specimens should not be taken from obviously damaged areas and areas not representative of the container as a whole. 3. Test specimens 6.6 A means such as a saw or other device for cutting specimens having clean. 6).1.” Waxed edge specimens shall be conditioned an additional minimum of 2 hours after waxing and before testing (8 9) 6.) for C-flute.8 mm (2. Specimens to be tested using this procedure shall be cut to a height of 31.1 3. 38. preferably.1 From each test unit accurately cut at least 10 specimens with the motorized knife or circular saw or other method that will cut clean.2.5).).2 Saw. and closures.3. 3. 1) to be used with the waxed edge specimens (7.1. 3. Containerboard. and Related Products. The saw blade shall be 90° to the table supporting the specimen.8 ± 0.” 5.6. Pulp Handsheets.1.2 3.1 ± 1. and 50.2. Opposite edges shall be parallel to each other and perpendicular to adjacent edges (7.1.7 A means for supporting the specimen at the initiation of the test so that the applied force is exactly parallel to the flutes. within the tolerances specified in 6.00 ± 0.1 Metal guide blocks (Fig.6.6 mm (1.6 mm (1. Board. circular.031 in. 4. 6.8 ± 1. single knife device with guides or.2 3. Conditioning Precondition and condition the sample in accordance with TAPPI T 402 “Standard Conditioning and Testing Atmospheres for Paper. Sampling Samples shall be obtained in accordance with TAPPI T 400 “Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of Paper.25 ± 0. specimen .6 mm (1.g. The procedure is technically identical to that described here in Sections 4-6 except for specimen size.8 ± 1. These are tested without any additional specimen support such as waxed edges or mechanical support. NOTE 3: Other procedures are sometimes used which require different specimen dimensions. 2. 38.25 ± 0.8 mm (2.). When testing against these specifications.50±0.8 ± 1. NOTE 2: FEFCO requires testing specimens cut 100 mm (3.6mm (2. double-. Morris Specimen Holder Procedure. Specimens should be representative of the materials being tested. Federal and Military Specifications and Standards for corrugated board.06 in.00 ± 0. 6. specimen geometry (9) or specimen support techniques.3 Specimens to be tested using this procedure shall be cut to a height of 31.) for A-flute and for all double.1 If the test specimens are to be taken from corrugated shipping containers. joints. 6.8 ± 1.6).6 mm (1. The height for all flute constructions. For example. and perpendicular edges.” and TAPPI T 838 “Edge Crush Test Using Neckdown” (11).S. is 31.06 in. if roughly 25% of a box is printed. roughly 25% of the samples should be collected from the printed areas. this height is to be used. 6. but are not to be limited to: TAPPI T 839 “Edgewise Compressive Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard using the Clamp Method (Short Column Test)” (10). Non-Waxed Loading Edges.and triple-wall board (1.25 ± 0.94 in. 2). When testing against these specifications. parallel. the short column crush test is required. The procedures described in Notes 1. The procedure is technically identical to that described here in Sections 4-6 except for specimen size.06 in. These may include. necessarily.6 mm (1. yield the same results as the official test method.6 mm (1.2 The loading (width) edges shall be parallel to each other and perpendicular to the axis of the flutes (Fig. 6. and closures.03 in. triple-wall. Cut the specimens to a width of 50. and triple-wall. and 3 will not. TAPPI T 841 “Corrugated Board Edge Compression Test. except for initial vertical alignment.).) wide and 25 mm (0. The height for all flute constructions.) for B-flute.1.98 in.1 From each test unit accurately cut at least 10 specimens with the motorized knife or circular saw or other method that will cut clean. Specimens should not be taken from obviously damaged areas and/or areas not representative of the container as a whole.) high. Federal and Military Specifications and Standards for corrugated board. single-.8 ± 0.00±0.8 ± 1. NOTE 1: In some U.S. is 31. compliance with National Motor Freight Classification item 222). NOTE 2: In some testing protocols (e..25 ± 0. single-. alternate numbers of specimens may be required for testing.063 in. The test procedure is technically identical to that described here in Sections 4-6.) for C-flute. they should be taken from areas away from scorelines. this height is to be used. and 50. NOTE 3: Other procedures are sometimes used which require different specimen dimensions.T 811 om-02 Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated / 4 fiberboard (short column test) NOTE 1: In some U.1±1.06 in.). the short column crush test is required. double-. ) per minute depending on the load range at the beam.3 The rate of platen movement for each rigid support compression machine should be set to 12. 7.98 in.94 in. or specimen support techniques. momentarily blot the loading edges of the specimen on paper toweling preheated on a hot plate maintained at 77-82°C (171°-180°F).) dipped zone.01 in.5 ± 0. Record the platen movement rate actually used. such as paper toweling. Place the edge on a paraffin wax saturated pad. 7.2 Perform all tests in the conditioning atmosphere. and 3 will not.8-mm (2-in.) per minute.4 Prepare test specimens with waxed edge reinforcement as follows: Dip each loading edge in molten paraffin at 69-74°C (156-165°F) approximate melting point. On most machines this rate of platen movement will be 13-51 mm (0. 2. 7.) depth. 52°C (125°F). Immediately after dipping. NOTE 4: The following alternative procedure for impregnating the loading edges of specimens with paraffin wax is permissible.4 in. yield the same results as the official test method.5 ± 0. 14) 6. Normally. but are not limited to: TAPPI T 839 “Edgewise Compressive Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard using the Clamp Method (Short Column Test)” (11).0 in. heated on a hot plate maintained at 77-82°C (171-180°F) until the paraffin wax impregnates the specimen to the desired 6 mm (1/4 in. TAPPI T 841 “Edgewise Compressive Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard using the Morris Method (Short Column Test)”. If excessively rapid migration is encountered.) and hold there until the absorbed paraffin.” The FEFCO method requires testing specimens cut to 100 mm (3.)) dimension of each specimen to the nearest 1 mm (1/32 . The procedures described in Notes 1. to a depth of 6 mm (1/4 in. 8 “Edgewise Crush Resistance of Corrugated Fiberboard. Generally. a 3 second dip in molten paraffin at a temperature of 69-74°C (156-165°F) is satisfactory. Evidence of proper treatment will be that in performing the test. NOTE 5: When reinforcing the loading edges of waxed or curtain coated boards. TAPPI T 838 “Edge Crush Test Using Neckdown” (12). and FEFCO test Method No. necessarily.1 7. as determined visually.5-2.) wide and 25 mm (0. reduce the temperature of the molten paraffin. The rate of platen movement required for a flexible beam compression machine has been determined to be 111 ± 22 N/s (25 ± 5 lbf/s). These may include. care must be taken so that the heat of the reinforcing paraffin wax does not adversely affect the integrity of the board’s structure in the area of the edge wax impregnation. Procedure 7. this method is slower than the dipping method and therefore permits better control of the depth of paraffin wax penetration for specimens in which paraffin wax migration is rapid. or mechanical support beyond the initial vertical alignment. begins to migrate above the 6 mm (1/4 in. failure occurs away from the reinforced area.). (13. Measure the width (nominally 50.) high without any additional specimen support such as waxed edges.5 / Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated fiberboard (short column test) T 811 om-02 geometry (10).25 mm (0. 1. 9. continue to apply force until the specimen fails.3 The estimates of repeatability and reproducibility listed above are based on data from the CTS Containerboard Interlaboratory Program using testing conducted in 2005 and 2006.” in cooperation with the ASTM Committee D-6.1. Reproducibility (between laboratories) = 23%.5. the specimen width.4 8. The above precision statement was obtained using test results.1.3 Repeatability (within a laboratory) = 6%.). Place the blocks' largest face up.2 9.2 Repeatability (within a laboratory) = 4%. 8. 8. 7. Standard deviation among valid determinations in kilonewtons per meter (pounds-force per in.5 relative to it so that the flutes are held perpendicular to the platen.1 For each test unit. Sub IV. Number of valid test determinations. 7. report: Average maximum load per unit width for valid tests calculated from average maximum load and specimen width in kilonewtons per meter (pounds-force per in.1. Report 8. the test may be declared invalid. remove both guide blocks and. or if failure occurs in the waxed portion of the sample. A valid test is when one or both liners have buckled in the unwaxed center portion of the specimen.). without altering the platen movement rate.2 8. A description of material tested.1 Apply a compressive force to the specimen. with the offset ends adjacent and in contact with the specimen above the paraffin areas.3 8. among nine laboratories on five different corrugated combinations. Place a guide block on each side of the specimen centrally located 7. The data included 17 rounds of .1.6 Record the maximum load in newtons (pounds-force). Precision 9.2 or 7. Reproducibility (between laboratories) = 19%. each an average of 10 determinations from an interlaboratory study. Verify the platen movement rate described in 7. conducted in accordance with TAPPI T 1200 “Interlaboratory Evaluation of Test Methods to Determine TAPPI Repeatability and Reproducibility.T 811 om-02 Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated / 6 fiberboard (short column test) Center the specimen on the platen.3. If neither liner shows a buckling failure in the unwaxed area of the specimen. and whether or not the specimen exhibited a valid failure. When the force on the specimen is between 22 and 67 N (5 and 15 lbf). October 1966.1 9. These estimates may not be valid for different materials and testing conditions. Repeatability and reproducibility are estimates of the maximum difference (at 95% confidence) that should be expected when comparing test results for materials similar to those described below under similar test conditions. 9.5 deviations.1 9. A statement that the test was conducted in compliance with this test method and a description of any 9.1 8. “Compression Strength Formula for Corrugated Boxes.1 11. Maltenfort.2 Effective date of issue: to be assigned. R.. J. The estimates of repeatability (6%) and reproducibility (23%) are not significantly changed in this revision. Only laboratories that reported using rigid-platen type instruments and TAPPI standard conditioning atmospheres are included in the calculations. 70 (1961). Additional information 11. 11.. McKee.4 Additional Information. 11. G. In this respect they compare with earlier TAPPI versions and with the alternate specimen size referenced in Notes 1 and 2 (also see Note 3). 10. This method is referenced in the alternate requirements of National Railroad Freight Committee. and Wachuta. “Comparison of Two Specimen Shapes for Short Column Test of Corrugated Fiberboard. Keywords Corrugated boards. 3.S. C. R. and the National Motor Freight Traffic Association Inc. October 1966.S. and Wachuta.. W. Gander. 9. Koning. G. The precision statement above (9. . “Edgewise Compressive Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard as Determined by Local Instability. among nine laboratories on five different corrugated combinations. J.” U. Literature cited 1.3 Related methods: ASTM D-2808 “Compressive Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard” (technically identical). C.1 through 9.” U. R. Compression strength. “Edgewise Compression Strength of Corrugated Board. W. Edge crush tests. Forest Service Research paper FPL 46 (December 1965).. Gander. Item 222) define the minimum ECT requirements for corrugated boxes used in the common carrier surface transportation system.” Paperboard Packaging 48 (8): 160 (1963). The precision estimates are based on 10 determinations per test result and 1 test result per lab for each of the 17 rounds of testing. J.” Paperboard Packaging 46 (11). Sub IV. However it should be noted that the 1966 results would have been derived from analog. 2. National Motor Freight Classification. 12. Jr.Determination of Edgewise Crush Resistance. W./American Trucking Association.. The carrier classification rules (Alternate Rule 41. deflecting-beam type instruments. R. C. Moody. 4. Forest Service Research Note FPL-0109 (October 1965).” All of these methods are technically identical except for specimen size and preparation. J. ISO 13821 “Corrugated Fiberboard – Determination of Edgewise Crush Resistance – Waxed Edge Method.. McKee... J. R.3) replaced information derived from a study conducted in October 1966 in cooperation with the ASTM Committee D-6. Uniform Freight Classification. International Standard ISO 3037 “Corrugated Fiberboard ..” See also Note 3.” Paperboard Packaging 48 (8): 149 (1963). “Compression Strength of Corrugated. 5..7 / Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated fiberboard (short column test) T 811 om-02 testing on 5 different samples of “C” flute corrugated board in either 42-26-42 or 35-26-35 board combinations. Schrampfer.. 1. A. and Baum. 12. W. A. Eriksson. J.. R..T 811 om-02 Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated / 8 fiberboard (short column test) 6. E. March 1979 Urbanik. and Whitsitt. T. Metal guide block.” Tappi Journal 65(3): 148(1982). C. K. Schrampfer..” Tappi Journal 71 (10): 62 (1988). Jr.E.” Journal of Testing and Evaluation. J. Report One (February 27. Koning. W.. and Baum. and Koning. And Boltnott.J. K. Vol. T.. E. H.” Tappi 47 (3): 134 (1964). 8. Forest Service Research Note FPL-0121 (April 1966). Project 269524. A.. “Towards an International Standard for the Edgewise Compression Test of Corrugated Board. No. Friedman. 13. C. W. 1987). Whitsitt. The Institute of Paper Science and Technology. “Effect of Loading Rate on the Edgewise Compressive Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard. Friedman. and Lund. Koning. 7. W. Corrugating International.. “More Rapid Edgewise Crush Test Methods. Fig. “Edgewise Crush Test Streamlined by Shorter Time After Waxing. “Crush Tests Rely on Parallel-to-flute Loading. . Moody. 1987).. G. R. “Clamped Specimen Testing: A Faster Edgewise Crush Procedure... W. J. Report One (February 27. G. 14. K. B. Jr. 21. T.. 2. McClain. R.” Tappi Journal 77 (1): 83 (1994).” U. Frank. 1 January 1993 pp. Lund.. J. JTEVA..S. “A Short Column Crush Test of Corrugated Fiberboard. Urbanik. L. Whitsitt. J. W.A. D. The Institute of Paper Science and Technology. 11. E. Project 269524... Schrampfer. H. 62-67.. 10. C.” Tappi 71 (10): 65 (1988). D.. J. Boxboard Containers..... Catlin. R. August 2003 References 1. R. Catlin. J. 9... g . 2.9 / Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated fiberboard (short column test) T 811 om-02 Fig. Edgewise test specimen for B-flute. Your comments and suggestions on this procedure are earnestly requested and should be sent to the TAPPI Standards Department. Procedures for the handling of such substances are set forth on Material Safety Data Sheets which must be developed by all manufacturers and importers of potentially hazardous chemicals and maintained by all distributors of potentially hazardous chemicals.WI T DRAFT NO. DATE TAPPI 060308. 2006 WORKING GROUP CHAIRMAN to be assigned SUBJECT CATEGORY RELATED METHODS FISCOTEC See “Additional Information” CAUTION: This Test Method may include safety precautions which are believed to be appropriate at the time of publication of the method. Approved by the Standard Specific Interest Group for this Test Method TAPPI . the user must determine whether any of the chemicals to be used or disposed of are potentially hazardous and. 1. must follow strictly the procedures specified by both the manufacturer.2 The method includes procedures for cutting the test specimen. The intent of these is to alert the user of the method to safety issues related to such use. or triple-wall corrugated fiberboard (1). Scope 1. and federal authorities for safe use and disposal of these chemicals. specimen support (waxed edges). This method may require the use. Studies have shown that any combination of these procedures will yield the same test results with the stated precision (Section 9). or both. or constant load rate). Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated fiberboard (short column test) (Five-year review of T 811 om-02) 1. state. parallel to the flutes. double-.1 This method describes procedures for determining the edgewise compressive strength (ECT). The user is responsible for determining that the safety precautions are complete and are appropriate to their use of the method. as well as local. if so. disposal. of chemicals which may present serious health hazards to humans. of a short column of single-.04 811 1 April 13. and for ensuring that suitable safety practices have not changed since publication of the method. Prior to the use of this method. and two procedures for applying the compressive force (constant strain rate. in combination with the flexural stiffness of the combined board and box dimensions. and 3.1 or 3.5% or 2.1.) lateral relative movement. and 3.0025 mm (0.1.2. 3.) lateral relative movement. and the rigidly supported platen not more than 0.1 Within a range of platen separations necessary to cause compressive failure of the test specimen.) movement. (For convenience.002 in.).050 mm (0.3.2).0001 in.01 in. and the platens shall remain parallel to each other within 1 part in 2000 throughout the test (6).2.050 mm (0.1 3.36 in.5 lbf). or may be available from the TAPPI Quality and Standards Department.2 This method may also be used for comparing the edgewise compressive strength of different lots of similar combined boards or for comparing different material combinations (4.2 Flexible Beam Compression Tester.4.0025 mm (0. A means for measuring and indicating the maximum load sustained by the test specimen with an accuracy of 0. each platen shall be flat within 0. whichever is greater. within a load range of 0 to 2224 N (0-500 lbf). Two platens. Significance 2. 3. one flexible beam supported and the other driven. 3. the speed of the driven platen shall be controllable at 12.1 Research has shown that the edgewise compressive strength of specimens with flutes vertical.006 in.1 Rigid Support Compression Tester. The platens are required to have not more than 0.002 in. one rigidly supported and the other driven. settable positioning).1.1. 3.1. The platens are to have not more than 0.5 The driven platen shall be moveable to achieve an initial platen separation of at least 60 mm (2.1 Within a range of platen separations necessary to cause compressive failure of the test specimen. Within the specimen contact area.5).) of the mean platen surface. the speed of the driven platen shall be controlled so that the rate of force increase (without considering specimen deformation) is 111 ± 22 N/s (25 ± 5 lbf/s) (6).1. 3.) per minute. 2.5 ± 0.1.1. Two platens. relates to the top-to-bottom compressive strength of vertically fluted corrugated fiberboard shipping containers (2. 3. 1 Names of suppliers of testing equipment and materials for this method may be found on the Test Equipment Suppliers list in the set of TAPPI Test Methods.3). Each platen shall have a working area of approximately 100 cm2 (16 in. each platen shall be flat within 0. and the platens shall remain parallel to each other within 1 part in 2000 throughout the test.4 3. perpendicular to the surface. Apparatus Compression testing machine1 meeting the requirements of either 3.T 811 om-02 Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated / 2 fiberboard (short column test) 2.3 3.1. A capacity of at least 2224 N (500 lbf).1.) of the mean platen surface.5 ± 0. .2 N (0.150 mm (0. the test machine should be capable of rapid return and automatic.1. Each platen shall have a working area of approximately 100 cm2 (16 in. and within a load range of 0 to 2224 N (0-500 lbf).0001 in. Within the specimen contact area.25 mm (0.5.1.1. and within a load range of 0 to 2224 N (0-500 lbf). 3.2). Sampling Samples shall be obtained in accordance with TAPPI T 400 “Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of Paper.063 in.5). parallel and perpendicular edges.8 mm (2.and triple-wall board (1.6.6 mm (2.1. Specimens to be tested using this procedure shall be cut to a height of 31. 3.00 ± 0. . Conditioning Precondition and condition the sample in accordance with TAPPI T 402 “Standard Conditioning and Testing Atmospheres for Paper. Two are required to align the specimen vertically in the testing machine. no-set (hollow ground or taper ground is desirable) saw blade. Test specimens 6. circular.1 ± 1.6 mm (1.6 T 811 om-02 A means such as a saw or other device for cutting specimens having clean.1. single knife device with guides or.2 and 6.2 Saw. within the tolerances specified in 6. The knives must be sharp and of the single-bevel type and arranged in the device so that the unbevelled side is toward the test piece and at 90° to the specimen's surface. 1) to be used with the waxed edge specimens (7.1.3 for B-flute.1 Knife cutter.3 / Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated fiberboard (short column test) 3. 6).8 ± 1.1. equipped with a sharp.” 5.” Waxed edge specimens shall be conditioned an additional minimum of 2 hours after waxing and before testing (8) 6.1 Metal guide blocks (Fig. Containerboard. 3.031 in.) for A-flute and for all double.). The saw blade shall be 90° to the table supporting the specimen.) 2).063 in. and 50.8 ± 0.6. 38. 3.7 A means for supporting the specimen at the initiation of the test so that the applied force is exactly parallel to the flutes.8 ± 1. parallel. 3. Cut the specimens to a width of 50.) for C-flute. or Related Product. Specimens should not be taken from obviously damaged areas and areas not representative of the container as a whole.50 ± 0. and Related Products. 6.25 ± 0. If the test specimens are to be taken from corrugated shipping containers.3.1. Pulp Handsheets. Board. they should be taken from areas away from scorelines. 4. 6.1 From each test unit accurately cut at least 10 specimens with the motorized knife or circular saw or other method that will cut clean. preferably. Opposite edges shall be parallel to each other and perpendicular to adjacent edges (7). joints.7.063 in.6 mm (1.2 The loading (width) edges shall be parallel to each other and perpendicular to the axis of the flutes (Fig. Paperboard.00 ± 0. and perpendicular edges. a twin-knife motorized or pneumatically driven device to cut the test specimens according to the specifications in Section 6. and closures. These may include. The procedures described in Notes 1.).S. the short column crush test is required.) per minute. single-. Normally. heated on a hot plate maintained at 77-82°C (171-180°F) until the paraffin wax impregnates the specimen to the desired 6 mm (1/4 in. failure occurs away from the reinforced area.25 ± 0. yield the same results as the official test method. is 31. If excessively rapid migration is encountered.5-2.5 ± 0. as determined visually. The height for all flute constructions.98 in. These are tested without any additional specimen support such as waxed edges or mechanical support. 7. NOTE 2: FEFCO requires testing specimens cut 100 mm (3. 52°C (125°F) to a depth of 6 mm (1/4 in. begins to migrate above the 6 mm (1/4 in. reduce the temperature of the molten paraffin. specimen geometry (9) or specimen support techniques. momentarily blot the loading edges of the specimen on paper toweling preheated on a hot plate maintained at 77-82°C (171°-180°F).3 The rate of platen movement for each rigid support compression machine should be set to 12. such as paper toweling.01 in. and 3 will not. The rate of platen movement required for a flexible beam compression machine has been determined to be 111 ± 22 N/s (25 ± 5 lbf/s). The procedure is technically identical to that described here in Sections 4-6 except for specimen size. Place the edge on a paraffin wax saturated pad.) per minute depending on the load range at the beam. . When testing against these specifications.1 7. this method is slower than the dipping method and therefore permits better control of the depth of paraffin wax penetration for specimens in which paraffin wax migration is rapid.” and TAPPI T 838 “Edge Crush Test Using Neckdown” (11). Immediately after dipping. triple-wall. except for initial vertical alignment.2 Perform all tests in the conditioning atmosphere.) high. Non-Waxed Loading Edges. Generally.5 ± 0. 2. necessarily.T 811 om-02 Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated / 4 fiberboard (short column test) NOTE 1: In some U. NOTE 5: When reinforcing the loading edges of waxed or curtain coated boards. double-. 6.) dipped zone.4 Prepare test specimens with waxed edge reinforcement as follows: Dip each loading edge in molten paraffin 69-74°C (156-165°F) approximate melting point. TAPPI T 841 “Corrugated Board Edge Compression Test. Record the platen movement rate actually used. care must be taken so that the heat of the reinforcing paraffin wax does not adversely affect the integrity of the board’s structure in the area of the edge wax impregnation. Evidence of proper treatment will be that in performing the test. Procedure 7.25 mm (0. Federal and Military Specifications and Standards for corrugated board. NOTE 3: Other procedures are sometimes used which require different specimen dimensions.) depth.8 ± 1.063 in.0 in. 7. Morris Specimen Holder Procedure.6 mm (1. but are not to be limited to: TAPPI T 839 “Edgewise Compressive Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard using the Clamp Method (Short Column Test)” (10). this height is to be used.) wide and 25 mm (0.) and hold there until the absorbed paraffin. On most machines this rate of platen movement will be 13-51 mm (0. a 3 second dip in molten paraffin at a temperature of 69-74°C (156-165°F) is satisfactory.94 in. NOTE 4: The following alternative procedure for impregnating the loading edges of specimens with paraffin wax is permissible. Verify the platen movement rate described in 7. A valid test is when one or both liners have buckled in the unwaxed center portion of the specimen.3.1. 7.1.1 For each test unit.4 in. conducted in accordance with TAPPI T 1200 “Interlaboratory Evaluation of Test Methods to Determine TAPPI Repeatability and Reproducibility. among nine laboratories on five different corrugated combinations.1.1 Apply a compressive force to the specimen. If neither liner shows a buckling failure in the unwaxed area of the specimen the test may be declared invalid. 8. continue to apply force until the specimen fails.5.). and whether or not the specimen exhibited a valid failure.1 9. report: Average maximum load per unit width for valid tests calculated from average maximum load and specimen width in kilonewtons per meter (pounds-force per in. the specimen width.3 8. Sub IV. remove both guide blocks and. October 1966.2 8.2 9. When the force on the specimen is between 22 and 67 N (5 and 15 lbf).6 Record the maximum load in newtons (pounds-force). Number of valid test determinations. each an average of 10 determinations from an interlaboratory study. A statement that the test was conducted in compliance with this test method and a description of any 9.4 8. The above precision statement was obtained using test results. without altering the platen movement rate.1.2 or 7. Report 8.1 8. 8. Precision 9.5 deviations. Place the blocks' largest face up.8-mm (2-in.3 Repeatability (within a laboratory) = 6%.” in cooperation with the ASTM Committee D-6.5 T 811 om-02 Measure the width (nominally 50. Place a guide block on each side of the specimen centrally located relative to it so that the flutes are held perpendicular to the platen.)) dimension of each specimen to the nearest 1 mm (1/32 Center the specimen on the platen.1. Standard deviation among valid determinations in kilonewtons per meter (pounds-force per in. A description of material tested.5 / Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated fiberboard (short column test) 7. 7.). 7. Reproducibility (between laboratories) = 23%. .). with the offset ends adjacent and in contact with the specimen above the paraffin areas. . Gander. R.” Paperboard Packaging 48 (8): 149 (1963). “Compression Strength of Corrugated. Gander.” Tappi Journal 65(3): 148(1982).. 4. Forest Service Research Note FPL-0109 (October 1965). Jr. D.” Tappi Journal 71 (10): 62 (1988). A.T 811 om-02 Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated / 6 fiberboard (short column test) 10..” All of these methods are technically identical except for specimen size and preparation.. J. 7. “Effect of Loading Rate on the Edgewise Compressive Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard. 6.3 identical).S. 3. In this respect they compare with earlier TAPPI versions and with the alternate specimen size referenced in Notes 1 and 2 (also see Note 3). “Edgewise Compression Strength of Corrugated Board.. 2002. R. J. T.. Forest Service Research paper FPL 46 (December 1965).. 10. G. W. Literature cited 1. Forest Service Research Note FPL-0121 (April 1966). R. “Edgewise Crush Test Streamlined by Shorter Time After Waxing.. Maltenfort. and the National Motor Freight Traffic Association Inc.S. McKee.” Tappi 71 (10): 65 (1988).. 70 (1961). Friedman. H. W. “Edgewise Compressive Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard as Determined by Local Instability. R.. 9. C. Lund. and Wachuta.. J. Additional information 11. W..” Paperboard Packaging 48 (8): 160 (1963). Compression strength. C..” U. “Towards an International Standard for the Edgewise Compression Test of Corrugated Board. Koning. W. K. J.. and Koning. W. Item 222) define the minimum ECT requirements for corrugated boxes used in the common carrier surface transportation system. J. “Compression Strength Formula for Corrugated Boxes. and Wachuta. Jr. J. Jr. and Whitsitt.Determination of Edgewise Crush Resistance./American Trucking Association.. The carrier classification rules (Alternate Rule 41.2 Effective date of issue: April 24. J..” Tappi 47 (3): 134 (1964). Edge crush tests. 5. Koning. . 11.. J. National Motor Freight Classification. Urbanik..” U. McClain.S..1 11. “Clamped Specimen Testing: A Faster Edgewise Crush Procedure. Koning. 12. “Comparison of Two Specimen Shapes for Short Column Test of Corrugated Fiberboard. E. Catlin. Uniform Freight Classification. R.” Tappi Journal 77 (1): 83 (1994). C.. W. Related methods: ASTM D-2808 “Compressive Strength of Corrugated Fiberboard” (technically ISO International Standard ISO 3037 “Corrugated Fiberboard .” U. “Crush Tests Rely on Parallel-to-flute Loading. G. R.. T. E. C. J. R. J. McKee. This method is referenced in the alternate requirements of National Railroad Freight Committee. C. W. 11. 8. Keywords Corrugated boards. 11. “A Short Column Crush Test of Corrugated Fiberboard. Moody.. And Boltnott.” Paperboard Packaging 46 (11). 2. Schrampfer. Moody. R. 7 / Edgewise compressive strength of corrugated fiberboard (short column test) T 811 om-02 References 1. Urbanik.. A. Project 269524. 21.. G. and Baum. Your comments and suggestions on this procedure are earnestly requested and should be sent to the TAPPI Director of Quality and Standards. H. No. 1. 1 January 1993 pp.. Report One (February 27. J. R. and Lund. “More Rapid Edgewise Crush Test Methods. Fig. JTEVA. A. 62-67. Catlin. The Institute of Paper Science and Technology. g . K. 2. Vol. J. Edgewise test specimen for B-flute. 1987). R. E. Whitsitt. Fig. C. D.. Friedman... Schrampfer. W. 2. Metal guide block.” Journal of Testing and Evaluation. T..
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