Driving PROGRAM READING

PROGRAM READING MODULE 1Required amount of time to complete: 10 minutes TRAFFIC CRASH PROBLEM - MAGNITUDE AND FACTORS TOPIC 1: TRAFFIC CRASH PROBLEM - MAGNITUDE AND FACTORS SUBJECT 1: Societal And Personal Losses From Traffic Crashes (quantified) The motor vehicle has become central to the way of life and the way of business in the United States. This invention has led to more productivity, greater mobility, higher efficiency and effectiveness over the same time a century ago. However, all of these benefits have come at a great cost. Motor vehicle crashes are the number one cause of death for all people from 6 to 33 years old and account for more than 90% of all transportation related fatalities . The economic cost of motor vehicle crashes alone is estimated at more than $150.5 billion annually . 1 2 The majority of persons killed or injured in traffic crashes were drivers (64%), followed by passengers (32%), pedestrians (3%) and cyclists (2%)3. 96% of the 12 million vehicles involved in motor vehicle crashes in 1995 were passenger cars or light trucks. Slightly more than half of fatal collisions occurred on roads with posted speed limits of 55 mph or more while only 21% of property damage crashes occurred on these roads. Collisions on city streets are largely at intersections because of lane changing, running or jumping lights, etc., while collisions on freeways are mainly caused by tailgating or following too closely. 4 5 How many people die on our roadways annually? Approximately 41,000+. In 1999, 41,611 people died on our roadways. That is an average of approximately 114 persons being killed on our roadways every day of the year. One person dies on our roads every 13 minutes. This means that while you are reading this program, 18 people will have died on the roadways in the United States . 6 In 2000, Florida's share of the carnage on our roads resulted in 2,999 lives being lost. This works out to eight per day or one every three hours . 7 How many people are injured on our roadways annually? The number of injuries that occur on our roadways is phenomenal. In 1999, 3,236,000 were injured on the roadways of the United States. This works out to 8,865 injuries caused by motor vehicle collisions per day or 369 per hour or six per minute or one every ten seconds. In the four hours that you are reading this program, 1477 persons will be injured on the roads of the United States . 8 In Florida in 2000, there were 246,541 traffic collision related injuries. This works out to 675 per day or 28 per hour or approximately one every two minutes and 13 seconds . 9 Our personal mobility and business opportunities are greatly enhanced by the motor vehicle. However, there is no such thing as a free lunch. We pay for these advantages with our lives, property and the increasing costs in all categories of our existence for the motor vehicle. Resources: NHTSA, Traffic Safety Overview, 1995, Washington, D.C., number 3, 4, 5.NHTSA, Traffic Safety Overview, 1999, Washington, DC, number 1, 2, 6, 8.DHSMV, Traffic Crash Facts, 2000, Tallahassee, Florida, number 7, 9. TRAFFIC CRASH PROBLEM - MAGNITUDE AND FACTORS TOPIC 1: TRAFFIC CRASH PROBLEM - MAGNITUDE AND FACTORS SUBJECT 2: Contribution Of DUI And Other Hazardous Acts As if driving is not dangerous enough, there is a significant portion of our driving population that drives under the influence of alcohol and other drugs. Driving requires a high degree of awareness of the driving environment and consists of a decision making process that is used hundreds of times per mile of travel. When you introduce alcohol and other drugs into this decision making process, the process is slowed down, sometimes fatally. It is or at least should be intuitively obvious that you are not going to proceed safely in a fast paced decision making process with your ability to make those decisions slowed down. Alcohol-related crashes cost society $45 billion anually, yet this conservative estimate does not include pain, suffering and lost quality of life. The indirect costs raise the alcohol-related crash figure to a staggering $116 billion in 1993 . 1 What was the average cost for each injured survivor of an alcohol-related crash? Approximately $67,000, including $6,000 in health care costs and $13,000 in lost productivity . 2 What impact does alcohol and other drugs have on traffic collisions? In 1999, there were 15,786 fatalities in alcohol related crashes. This is a 6% decrease compared to 1996, and it represents an average of one alcohol-related fatality every 33 minutes. NHTSA estimates that alcohol was involved in 38% of fatal crashes and in 7% of all crashes in 1999. NHTSA also estimated that 30.1% of all traffic fatalities occurred in crashes in which at least one driver or nonoccupant had a blood alcohol concentration of .10 grams per deciliter or greater . 3 Approximately 1.4 million drivers were arrested in 1998 for driving under the influence of alcohol and other drugs. This is an arrest rate of one in every 132 licensed drivers in the United States. About three in every 10 Americans will be involved in an alcohol related crash at some time or another in their life . 4 In Florida, in 2000, there were 23,578 alcohol-related crashes, which injured 19,775 people and killed 9795. 32.6% of traffic fatalities and 9.5% of traffic crashes were alcohol related6. Approximately three people died and 60 were injured every day due to alcohol related collisions in Florida . 7 What other hazardous acts affect the driving environment? In 1999, speeding was a contributing factor in 30% of all fatal crashes, and 12,628 lives were lost in speeding related crashes. Motor vehicle crashes cost society an estimated $4,800 per second. The economic cost of crashes was estimated at $150.5 billion in 1994. The cost of speeding related crashes in 1998 accounted for $27.7 billion dollars or $52,607 per minute or $877 per second . 8 Other concepts to be aware of are the concepts of aggressive driving and road rage. Aggressive driving is defined as "at least one of these four driving offenses, running a red light or stop sign, failure to yield the right-of-way and reckless driving ". 9 The cost of aggressive driving is substantial. It has been estimated that over the last ten years, aggressive driving has killed an average of 1500 people each year, injured 800,000 and cost the country an estimated $24 billion in medical costs, property damage and lost time from work . 10 Road rage is the most extreme example of aggressive driving and usually is an extremely rare event. Road rage is the term used to refer to physical assaults that result from a traffic dispute. Road rage is an aggressive driving incident that has lost control. A near collision that turns to violence . No agency can say how 11 DC. Traffic Safety Overview. 2000. number 1.USA Today. Public Policy Statistics. Cost of Alcohol Related Crashes.. 1999. 4.. These questions are for practice only. Motor Vehicle crashes account for more than ______% of all transportation-related fatalities. 218 people have died on our roads as a result of road rage . in 2000.NHTSA. running or jumping lights. 2 4 6 8 4. Approximately 41. True False 3. number 5. Traffic Crash Facts.000+ people die annually on the roads of the United States. October 1998. Speeding. 7. C. Traffic Safety Facts. 6. You must only pass the final exam. D. Aggressive driving: A road well traveled. 1999. approximately _______ people died everyday in motor vehicle crashes. number 9. In Florida. AAA estimates that between 1990 and 1996. Slightly more than _______ of fatal collisions occur on roads with posted speed limits of 55 mph or more. Washington. Tallahassee. 2NHTSA. 11. number 3. 70 80 . True False 2. one-quarter half three-quarters all 5. Florida. Washington. 1998. 12. (REMEMBER: You must answer ALL questions listed below correctly before you can move to the next module) 1. Monday November 23. number 8.DHSMV. Collisions on city streets are largely at intersections because of lane changing.bad a problem road rage has become. 10. 12 Resources: MADD. True False 9. The most extreme example of aggressive driving is called: defensive driving road rage poor driving PROGRAM READING MODULE 2 Required amount of time to complete: 25 minutes THE HUMAN FACTORS TOPIC 2: PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS SUBJECT 1: Dealing With Stress . property damage and lost time from work. About ____ in every 10 Americans will be involved in an alcohol related crash at some time or another in their life. Road rage is the term used to refer to physical assaults that result from a traffic dispute.90 95 6. It has been estimated that over the last ten years aggressive driving has cost society $24 billion in medical costs. 1 3 6 7. True False 8. 3 A major challenge in this stress filled world of today is to make the stress in your life work for you instead of against you. 2 Do we need stress in our life? Yes. Stress adds flavor. As an example. The ability to anticipate and determine upcoming driving hazards and conditions is also adversely affected. The driver should evaluate his or her state of mind before attempting the operation of a motor vehicle and should not drive when heightened stress. speed and take chances on the road. life would be dull and unexciting. The exhaustion stage comes about when the alarm resistance cycle is repeated too often and the body does not have sufficient time to repair any damage. which may include fear of a collision or anger at the driver who pulled out in front of you. and an overall lack of safe driving habits. can seriously affect your physical and mental well-being . your arms and legs tighten up preparing you to fight or flee from the situation. (2) resistance. and (3) exhaustion. backaches or insomnia. anger. 4 How does one deal with stress? . upset or shaken will substantially alter one’s judgment when behind the wheel. The driver with a wandering mind caused by any one of the aforementioned effects has a decreased awareness of the road. 1 The operation of a motor vehicle takes a clear and focused mind. challenge. What three stages does the body respond to when it is stressed? To use stress in a positive way and prevent it from becoming distress. assume that a car pulls out abruptly into traffic in front of you. Your body physically reacts by releasing hormones (adrenaline) into your blood stream. and as a result the dangerous driver. you should become aware of your own reactions to stressful events.Driving while irritated. uncluttered by thoughts of aggravation and distress. This driver is more apt to make more unsafe lane changes. Too much stress. Without stress. and opportunity to life. The angry driver is the aggressive offensive driver. emotions or fatigue are realized. The body responds to stress by going through three stages: (1) alarm. Exhaustion may be manifested in such things as migraine headaches. however. The resistance stage is where your body repairs the damage caused by the alarm stage. your face gets flushed. Your initial reaction would be an alarm reaction. but it is quite true. high blood pressure. you need stress in your life!! Does that surprise you? Perhaps. you perspire. a slower reaction time. Stressful conditions involving personal or business life will affect safe driving and should be recognized and addressed as negative influences on driving habits. here are some guidelines to use. Drivers who drive long distances without rest breaks. because long before a driver actually becomes drowsy. If a problem is beyond your control and cannot be changed at the moment. it's better than fighting and always being "right". Try physical activity. Public Health Service. don't fight the situation . 4. The actual extent to which fatigue contributes to the traffic crash picture is probably much higher than statistics indicate. 5. Chapter 2. Responsible Driving. 2. Know your limits. 1991. number 1American Automobile Association. The onset of fatigue frequently coincides with the onset of darkness when visibility is greatly reduced and the risk of traffic crashes is high.There are as many ways to deal with stress as there are individuals. 2. fatigue can seriously impair driving ability. THE HUMAN FACTORS TOPIC 2: PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS SUBJECT 2: Dealing With Fatigue Drivers should be made aware that fighting tiredness while at the wheel is not advisable. Drivers who drive through the night or at other times when they are normally asleep. Department of Health and Human Services. 3. 3. 5 Resources: American Automobile Association. Responsible Driving. often referred to as "inattention". . release the pressure through exercise or physical activity. particularly when they don't do things your way? Try cooperation instead of confrontation. Share your stress. 1. Must you always be right? Do other people upset you. We all respond differently to different situations. DHHS Publication no.S. Chapter 3. 4. even for the alert driver. number 3. It helps to talk to someone about your concerns and worries. or upset. angry. (ADM) 91-502. However. number 2U. Drivers that are sleep deprived. What drivers are most at a greater risk of having a collision? 1. When you are nervous. 1 How many have driven from home to work or work to home and don't remember the last few miles they drove? Fatigue has affected all of us at some time or another on the road. 7. 2. 6.4.one-sixth of all crashes . In addition to the high number of miles driven each year. Schedule regular stops (about every two hours or 100 miles). 3 How do you prevent fatigue from affecting your driving? To prevent fatigue from affecting your driving. Get a good night's sleep. Avoid alcohol and other drugs that may impair driving performance. many truckers may drive during the night when the body is sleepiest. Frequent travelers (e. About one million crashes annually . Drivers who are driving alone. boring roads and become hypnotized by the road. bring a passenger. here are some tips you should consider: 1. Drivers who are taking medication (that increases sleepiness) or drinking alcohol. business travelers ). 2 The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates that approximately 100.are thought to be produced by driver inattention/lapses ..g. This varies from individual to individual but is somewhere around eight hours per night. Drowsiness/fatigue may play a role in crashes attributed to other causes.000 police-reported crashes annually (about 1. 4. The passenger can share the driving task and stay awake to talk to the driver while being alert for the signs of fatigue.5% of all crashes) involve drowsiness/fatigue as a principal casual factor. 5. . If you are taking a long trip. Truckers may also have a high prevalence of a sleep and breathing disorder called sleep apnea . rural. 3. Drivers that drive on long. Which drivers are especially susceptible to fatigue-related crashes? Truck drivers are especially susceptible to fatigue-related crashes. such as shorter following distances. 4 THE HUMAN FACTORS TOPIC 2: PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS SUBJECT 3: Dealing With Emotional Distress The emotionally distressed driver is more apt to be involved in a traffic collision than is the rested. With the increased risk-taking behavior. 2. With severe emotional distress. yet while the physical trauma caused by crashes has been the subject of extensive research. D. or killed a family's only child? The answer seems obvious. 1 How would you feel if you were at fault in a collision that turned a 20-year-old into a quadriplegic. Resources: National Sleep Foundation. 3 How is an emotionally disturbed driver more vulnerable to a collision? 1. If you feel that you have a sleep disorder. This could manifest itself in increased risk taking behavior. 2 At least once during their lifetime almost all drivers will be involved in a serious crash where people are injured or killed. October 1988. 2. . Even those lucky enough to avoid a crash will know friends. a disturbed driver. the individual could turn to substance use or abuse to hide the emotional pain. Combine this with driving and this would contribute to increased crash risk. the driver is not concentrating on the driving task. 3. C. Aggressive driving as defined earlier is "at least one of these four driving offenses. or colleagues who have suffered the effects of a serious crash . or one with a cluttered mind has decreased ability to avoid collisions and is likely to be involved in an altercation as well. etc. It should be made clear that a tired driver. clear-headed motor vehicle operator. number 1. particularly for crash survivors who do not sustain a physical injury . erratic lane changes. 3. Unsafe behaviors like this contribute to increased crash risk. psychological damage and suffering is less well understood. When disturbed by emotions. increased speed. running a red light or stop sign. failure to yield the right-of-way and reckless driving. family. aggressive driving could result. Washington.5." Engaging in any or all of the listed behaviors could result in a collision. Drive Alert. consult your physician and seek help4. he or she is concentrating on what has him or her upset. Arrive Alive. hold it for a few seconds and then let it out. These phases are: 1. If you are unsuccessful in controlling your emotions and are in a crash. regardless of who was at fault . real or imagined. Why did this happen to me? That can’t be right. Attribution. What do I do when emotional distress has taken over? 1. Recoil and impact. Because driving puts them in control of their car. Preoccupied with the event and realization of what happened. could result in "road rage". your confusion and frustration level have risen to the point where you blindly strike out. numbing. Your emotional distress has now risen to the point of violence. Resolution. the person figures out the whys. Take a moment and recognize your anger for what it is. Go for a walk. Take a time out and go sit in your room. 3. 4 What are the four ways which drivers cope with emotional trauma? The recovery process of a driver who has been involved in a collision follows four basic phases. 2.4. unchecked emotions can lead to aggressive driving. talk to someone you trust. Try to displace yourself from what it is that is upsetting you. what are the four emotional reactions of a car collision or ticket? Crashes can trigger a powerful emotional reaction: Shock Anxiety Guilt Grief All but the most hardened people who cause injury or death are emotionally overwhelmed by the experience. As mentioned earlier. 2. 4. Your mind is not capable of rational function. and sometimes denial. Get some perspective. The person has made their peace with the situation. Do anything non-violent. which in an extreme case. This happened because. do not drive when emotionally distressed. Shock. drivers tend to blame themselves if others are injured or killed. 3. Do not get in your motor vehicle and drive angry. some hurt. Take a deep breath. . British Columbia. Coping can be particularly difficult during the recoil phase. nor would certain turns be construed as safe operating procedures on particular streets. when drivers realize what they did or did not do. Street design does not warrant speeds in excess of posted limits. October 1998. People stress the negative side of laws rather than the positive. disregarding the facts or analysis of others . motor vehicle operators look on traffic laws with disdain.Many drivers naturally pass through these phases without outside assistance. THE HUMAN FACTORS TOPIC 2: PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS SUBJECT 4: Appropriate Attitude Traffic laws are instituted and established as safety mechanisms for motor vehicle operators. Alberta. just the sight of law enforcement officials will cause drivers to slow and drive more carefully. Just the simple addition of a traffic officer to an uncontrolled intersection where problems exist can show the benefits visible law enforcement has towards traffic safety. Unsupervised and uncontrolled driving would lead to chaos. 1 As most people can attest. 5 Resources: Recovery. 4. as the objective is to make driving safe for all individuals. hasty decisions. Haunting Experience. 3. number 1. both well organized and planned. 2. seem unusually preoccupied with the event and do not appear to get better. Traffic laws are not made policy on rash. Seatbelts. They may take all the blame for the crash. Often. there is a genuine need for traffic control on the roadways. Planning and research are heavily involved in the establishment of traffic laws. is needed to enhance the driving conditions on the road. however. but are done with the care of the driver in mind. have become mandatory because it is statistically verifiable that they help save lives. Far too often. Some. Sound traffic control. Traffic laws are tools . 5. for example. Attitudes that predispose you to risk are: * Enjoying the thrill of danger. * The illusion of control or overestimating your ability. 2 Stress and hurriedness can adversely affect one’s ability to drive. * Justifying risks because they are taken in a noble cause. 3 Research evidence shows that attitudes affect driving safety. not frowned upon. yet this is no reason to reject these life saving devices and tools. but a driver's attitude can greatly influence the risk involved. . It depends on recognizing that attitudes are important and on making a personal commitment to change attitudes that are unsafe. Drivers must understand that more laws promote safe driving and are truly beneficial and consequently should have the support of the motor vehicle operators. * Enjoying impressing passengers or other drivers. Drivers must understand that these laws benefit them and should be supported and followed. Drivers should be aware that circumstances and attitude changes could dramatically affect driving habits.that save lives. * Disregarding personal safety. Operators of a motor vehicle should have an attitude suited for operation of a motor vehicle when behind the wheel and should not let other circumstances distract their attention. Nobody enjoys receiving a traffic citation. but developing appropriate attitudes is not simple. Drivers should strive to develop a positive attitude when driving. The conscientious driver is often times the defensive driver and the least likely to be involved in a traffic collision . What are some of the characteristics of a risk taking driver? There is always some degree of risk associated with driving. * Matching the vehicle's speed and direction to the situation.but we cannot all be right. Collisions do not just happen by chance. it has to be built into the way you drive . In more than 90% of traffic collisions.Most drivers think they are both safer and more skillful than the average driver is . . * Developing the ability to LET GO of the perceived insults to yourself by the actions of other drivers. Driving safety cannot be thought of as an add-on extra. * Accurate observation. they are the consequence of unsafe driving practices. * Awareness of the risks inherent in particular road and traffic situations. human error is the cause. 4 What are some of the traits of a good driver? Good drivers have a quiet level of efficiency in their actions and this derives from: * A good level of attention. * Having a realization that heavy traffic and the actions of others are beyond our control. . Good drivers have a quiet level of efficiency in their actions. number 4. C. These questions are for practice only. Resources: American Automobile Association. 2. This derives from: a good level of attention accurate observation both neither 2. Chapter 2.* Develop and have the understanding that there is nothing out on the road worth dying over. Your body reacts to an alarm reaction by releasing _______ into your blood stream: salt glucose adrenaline water 3. number 3. the driver could turn to substance ______ to hide emotional pain. use abuse . Responsible Driving. Having a positive attitude about driving and becoming and remaining aware of the driving environment will help you become a more effective and safe driver. Chapter 5. Responsible Driving. 1995 . Understanding Youthful Risk Taking.American Automobile Association. number 1. Washington. With severe emotional pain. You must only pass the final exam. D.NHTSA. (REMEMBER: You must answer ALL questions listed below correctly before you can move to the next module) 1. stomp on the gas Exhaustion can manifest itself in your life in such things as: migraine headaches insomnia both a and b neither a or b PROGRAM READING MODULE 3 . When you are experiencing heightened stress. True 6. False Attitudes. which are predisposing you to risk. Developing appropriate attitudes depends on recognizing that attitudes are: not necessary a waste of time important 5. the driver should: continue as normal not drive 8.000 police-reported crashes annually involve drowsiness and fatigue as a principal casual factor. emotions or fatigue. are for: the thrill of danger impressing passengers both neither 7.neither both 4. Approximately 100. 1 Drivers must understand that if they are tired and drowsy before driving. the less likely he or she is to stay awake and alert while driving. the affects will be faster as the alcohol is absorbed sooner and on the way to the brain . problems with vision and a loss of self-control. The decision making process is slowed. Impaired driver’s reaction times often double in response to outside stimulus. alcohol affects the central nervous system by being a depressant. The more a person drinks. model glue and other stimulants whether taken by swallowing. Alcohol often makes the individual tired and drowsy. Depressing of these functions begins at the first sip of alcohol. Does alcohol affect the central nervous system? Yes.Required amount of time to complete: 40 minutes THE HUMAN FACTORS TOPIC 3: DUI PREVENTION SUBJECT 1: Effect Of Alcohol And Other Drugs On Driver Capabilities Alcohol is a colorless. pungent drug that acts as a depressant. those feelings will be heightened after alcohol consumption. barbiturates. by injection or by any other means. alcohol has a demonstrative affect on the reaction time of drivers. This causes a faster absorption of the alcohol into the blood stream. What is a Controlled Substance? Controlled substances include narcotic drugs. 3 . 2 Alcohol is implicated in a very large number of road collisions because it leads to slow reflexes. by smoking. which causes the affects on the brain and body to take affect sooner. odorless. The affects of alcohol are a general depressing of the functions of the brain and body. while his response time labors. A carbonated alcohol drink is absorbed faster by the body because of the carbonation. A situation that a sober driver could handle and avoid easily becomes troublesome and critical to the impaired driver. as is the basic hand-eye coordination. Driving after drinking increases the risk of bodily harm resulting from a collision and increase the probability of a greater injury than would have happened if you were driving sober. Reaction time is decreased with each drink. The only safe amount of alcohol to consume and then drive is none. volatile. If the driver drinks a carbonated alcoholic beverage. Does alcohol affect the reaction times of a driver? Yes. time that makes the difference between a crash and avoiding that crash . by sniffing. Driving a motor vehicle requires many coordinated functions. The brain lacks an interior system of veins and requires large amounts of oxygen. which is absorbed from the blood stream. A bleeding ulcer occurs if acid flows into the ulcerated wall and penetrates an artery. Slowed complex reaction time. Vision can deteriorate and body nutrition can decline . Dizziness and night vision impairment. the storage of vitamin A and glycogen and filtering all blood that goes from the intestines to the heart. it swells and fat accumulates in the liver cells. The greater the damage the more likely scar tissue can form causing cirrhosis. multiple vision. coma and death . Decreased peripheral vision. STOMACH. 6. This blood dispersed throughout the brain affects the brain in the following manner: the brain is affected with anything that the blood carries in it and the frontal lobe is the first part to be affected by alcohol. blurring. 5. You think you can drive when you cannot. decision making and awareness. Impaired muscle coordination. The liver is capable of oxidizing approximately one ounce of hard liquor per hour.What are some of the affects of alcohol on the central nervous system? 1. Prolonged abuse of alcohol can severely injure and potentially kill liver cells and then the drinker. with the potential of unconsciousness. 4 What are some of the major organs of your body that alcohol affects and how? 1. This factor particularly compromises an impaired driver's ability to respond in emergency or unanticipated situations. which are adversely impacted by alcohol and other drugs . 5 2. breaking down of large proteins. LIVER. Blood is channeled directly from the stomach to the liver. Alcohol impairs the primary function of the liver. When the liver is injured. The frontal lobe is essential for driving a motor vehicle as the frontal lobe controls judgment. 3. It should be understood and made clear that alcohol is a toxic poison that can kill . emotions. 4. Alcohol consumption on an empty stomach can cause a peptic ulcer or a bleeding ulcer. 2. 6 3. The functions are production of blood clotting elements. BRAIN. Impaired judgment. The liver's function is to oxidize all toxic substances in the body. regardless of the size of the person. Increased drowsiness after the high. Stimulants include cocaine. Peyote and PCP. A driver pulled over under the influence of codeine is still breaking the law as he is driving under the influence. many of these drugs warn not to operate a motor vehicle when under the dosage as they can cause drowsiness. 7 What other types of drugs can affect driving? Prescription drugs. it appears to act as a stimulant for the first hour after consumption but is physiologically a depressant. Since . amphetamines. Drivers must be aware of what prescription medicine they are taking and the affects of each on the body . create restlessness. This type of drug temporarily stimulates some vital process or organ in the body. antihistamines and tranquilizers. This type of drug induces a soothing. Alcohol falls into this category. as is concentration. Drivers often fail to realize that many drugs as prescribed by their physician have warning labels attached noting alcohol consumption with the drug could be very dangerous. time and distance comprehension. slower reactions. lulling or dulling affect and in large enough doses can cause comas and death. when they are not) and reactions are dulled and slowed. Depressants lower the rate of muscular or nervous system activity and are essentially sedatives. codeine. Prescription drugs include cough medicine. 10 Stimulants. and cause lack of coordination and vision by seeing objects that are not really visible. caffeine and nicotine. sight.as a result of liver damage. antihistamines. 9 Depressants. Driving under the influence of a depressant can have catastrophic affects as judgment is impaired (drivers think they are alright to drive. light-headedness. Cocaine affects the driver’s view of reality. and tranquilizers. barbiturates. heightens aggressive or hostile behavior and distorts the drivers decision-making process . . hearing. heightens impulsive or impatient behavior. opium and morphine. reaction time. 8 Over the counter medications. slow reaction time. Drivers must be aware of what is in the over the counter medications they are taking and that these substances could impair the ability to drive safely . Narcotics are highly addictive and affect the driver's decision making process. reduces concentration. barbiturates. In addition. Many over the counter medications contain alcohol. 12 Hallucinogens. Prolonged abuse of the liver will cause symptoms to appear . Narcotics include heroin. Hallucinogens include LSD. impair judgment. 11 Narcotics. This type of drug causes distortion of the driver’s perception. intensify emotions. sedatives and related substances that are not conducive to driving. and may lead to unconscousness. can induce rapid mood swings. as would marijuana. When alcohol is consumed. Cocaine would be a classic example of a stimulant. methamphetamines. impairing the driver's vision and motor skills. concentration and coordination. 11. Drug and Alcohol Abuse: The Authoritative Guide for Parents. Chapter 2. the amount of alcohol that accumulates in your body increases with the number of drinks you have and the amount of time in which you drink. each time and each person. when affected to the extent that the person’s normal faculties are impaired or to the extent that the person is deprived . the only way to sober up is time. 5. 12. In spite of all the rumors that you have heard. The effect is different with each combination. 6. Regardless of your size or weight. 10. 13. It is unlawful for any person who is under the influence of alcoholic beverages or controlled substances. The most dangerous aspect of synergism is the additive effect.08 or more grams of alcohol per 210 milliliters of breath. 08? Yes.08 or more grams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood or . Alcohol plus sleeping pills can have a dramatically greater effect than either drug alone. What is the definition of BAC? BAC is the abbreviation for the concept of Blood Alcohol Concentration. it takes your liver about one hour to remove one drink from your system. 7. number 1.Mendelson and Mello. 14. number 3. Teachers and Counselors. Chapter 13.driving depends on the driver’s perception. 13 What is the synergistic effect? Synergistic Effect. he or she is presumed to be impaired . 9. 4. sight. 2. Specifically. The synergistic effect is what happens when you combine the intake of two or more drugs at the same time. Alcohol. Use and Abuse in America. Responsible Driving. dramatically reducing these capabilities is not a sound driving technique . Thomas Milhorn. 14 Resources: American Automobile Association. when a person has a BAC of . A one plus one combination could equal four. hearing and vision. THE HUMAN FACTORS TOPIC 3: DUI PREVENTION SUBJECT 2: Relationship Of Amount Of Alcohol Consumed To BAC When you consume alcohol. number 8. further altering the driver’s ability to safely operate a motor vehicle .H. Each drug compounds the effect of the other. BAC is the measurement of the weight of alcohol in your blood stream per unit of volume. 1 Can you be convicted of a DUI with a BAC of less than the presumptive limit of . Chapter 3. You should be aware that impairment (where you are unsafe to drive) begins with the first sip of alcohol. information process capability. Alcohol affects you differently at different times. beer is all the same. Resources: Florida Statutes. and psychomotor performance. Time is the only way to eliminate alcohol from your body. 4 THE HUMAN FACTORS TOPIC 3: DUI PREVENTION SUBJECT 3: Legal Consequences . When you have a specialty drink like a Long Island Ice Tea. 4. Public Policy Statistics. this drink has multiple shots of at least an 80 proof alcoholic beverage. to drive or be in actual physical control of any motor vehicle within this state . October 1998. Alcohol also affects your vision and reduces your alertness. over-tired. Alcohol appears to act as a stimulant and provokes a sensation approaching euphoria. The first thing affected after drinking alcohol is a person's judgment. Alcohol also acts like an anesthetic: it suppresses or reduces perception. which would never have been taken in the normal state. 2 What effect can alcohol have on you? 1. disrupts the faculties and above all. your ability to drive safely decreases. Your body can eliminate about .015 of BAC per hour. visual functions. In a review of studies of alcohol-related crashes. the amount stored in your body continues to increase. 2.1934. You may think you can drive safely when you can't. reaction time. number 3. five ounce glass of wine and 12-oz. which makes the subject wrongly assess his capabilities and take risks. perceptions. slows down the reflexes .054. As you continue to drink alcohol. as the amount of alcohol you consume increases. concentrated attention ability. you have just consumed four regular drinks at one time.MADD. drugs or alcohol will probably have a stronger effect on you. so by comparison.193 and 316. 3. As stated earlier. The amount of alcohol in a one ounce shot of 80 proof whiskey. Blood Alcohol Levels. have an empty stomach. sections 316. 3 6. If you are upset. number 1.of full possession of normal faculties. tracking ability. 7. divided attention performance. 2. 5. impairment in all these areas was significant at blood alcohol concentrations of 0. The Florida Statutes are perfectly clear.Not more than $1000 Imprisonment: Not more than nine months Fine for Third Conviction: Not less than $1000 . performing 50 hours of community service.08). stricter conditions apply to new drivers. the severity of the legal consequences increases with each repeat of this offense. you may not drive with even the slightest amount of alcohol in your body. (.08 grams of alcohol per 210 ml of breath. 1982.08 grams of alcohol per 100 ml of blood or .Not more than $500 Imprisonment: Not more than six months Fine for Second Conviction: Not less than $500 . In spite all of the warnings. At what Blood Alcohol Concentration are you considered impaired? Driving Under the Influence (DUI) at any BAC level may be used as legal evidence in conjunction with other indicators of impairment. These consequences would consist of combinations of the following: Fine for First Conviction: Not less than $250 . There is no safe amount to use when you are going to drive. Under the Florida Statutes. A BAC of . What are the fines or can I be imprisoned for a DUI? If you are convicted of a DUI. Florida's "Alcohol/Controlled Substance DUI Law. The rule here is "zero tolerance" and it means what it says: If you are under 21." in effect since July 1. is one of the toughest in the United States. it is strictly forbidden to drive any motorized vehicle if your faculties are impaired.Not more than $2500 . DO NOT DRIVE if you have been drinking or taking drugs. and mandatory attendance at a substance abuse school. paying a $250 fine. you will come into penalties for your inappropriate behavior. For those individual drivers. More than 32% of all Florida crashes and 38% nationally in which someone is killed involve a driver who has been drinking or taking drugs. first time offenders convicted of DUI can be assured of losing their driver license for at least six months. there are still those among us who continue to drive under the influence.08 and above creates a presumption of impairment. The presumptive limit is . more commonly known as "point zero eight". Now. . the law provided that it is unlawful for someone under age 21 to drive or be in actual physical control of a motor vehicle with a blood or breath alcohol level of .1934. The suspension period is six months for a first violation or one year if the offenders driving privileges have been previously suspended for the same offense.02 or higher? Effective October 1. stop to consider the costs of what could happen.02 or higher. What is the time of suspension for a person under the age of 21 who has a alcohol level of . As the number of convictions increase.193 and 316. THE HUMAN FACTORS TOPIC 3: DUI PREVENTION SUBJECT 4: Financial Consequences Of DUI If you have ever driven under the influence.License Revocation at least 180 days (up to one year).License Revocation at least five years. your license will be suspended for one year for the first refusal or 18 months for persons with previous suspensions for refusal to take any sobriety test required by law. Let us look at what this one beer actually costs. What will happen if you refuse to take a blood test. sections 316. 1996. The amount of time that your driving privilege is revoked depends on which conviction this is for you. Second Conviction .License Revocation at least 10 years.20 or higher or if a minor is present in the vehicle. If I am convicted of a DUI can I lose my driving privilege? Yes. Third Conviction . urine test or a breath test? If you refuse to take any sobriety test required by law when asked. You could kill yourself or an innocent bystander.Imprisonment: Not more than 12 months NOTE: The fines and imprisonment are higher if the BAC is . so does the length of the revocation. First Conviction . if within five years of previous conviction. The loss that we all suffer annually through impaired driving is staggering as mentioned earlier. if within 10 years of first conviction. Resources: Florida Statutes. What are some of the associated personal costs for DUI? What do you think are some estimates? Some of the associated costs of a DUI are:            Towing - $150 Lawyer - $3500 Fine - $250 to $500 DUI School - $190 to $285 Insurance - $1500 Lost Wages - $1000 Court Costs - $450 Substance Abuse Evaluation - $75 Treatment - $400 License Reinstatement - $155 Cost Recovery - $350 That "one" beer cost you in the neighborhood of $8000. You could have made a down payment on a really nice car, a house or some other substantial piece of property with that money. The price per beer goes up for a second or subsequent DUI. What else could you do with $8000? 1 What are some of the losses to society as a result of DUI? In fatal crashes, the loss is what that person could have done with his or her life if he or she were part of the future. We have no way of estimating what that person(s) would have accomplished if he or she remained alive. For those who are injured, we all bear the cost of their rehabilitation, either directly when we pay their bill because they cannot through public assistance, or indirectly through higher insurance and health costs. For those that are permanently disabled, we pay to support them for the rest of their lives. For those convicted of this crime, society has to pay for their defense, police and paramedics to go to the crash scene and clean up the damage. In case of death, the police have to inform loved ones of the demise of someone close to them. There is then subsequent suffering in your family or another's from the loss of someone close to them. Resources: Florida Department of Transportation, Beer Costs $8025, Metro-Dade Police Department, 1996, number 1. THE HUMAN FACTORS TOPIC 3: DUI PREVENTION SUBJECT 5: Ways To Avoid Driving Impaired Obviously no one should drink and drive. Once you start drinking, your vision, mobility and comprehension are affected. However, if you choose to consume alcohol, think before you drink. There are many ways to consume alcohol and not get behind the wheel of a motor vehicle. Just think of what you would rather do than spend $8000 on a DUI conviction. What are some clues you can use to avoid the impaired driver through driving defensively? There are some visual clues for the defensive driver to spot and then avoid the impaired driver. The impaired driver might be exhibiting one or more of the following behaviors: no lights, straddling lanes, weaving, stopping without cause, tailgating, driving well below the posted speed limit, inconsistent signaling and abrupt turns. When you see this activity, avoid this driver. Also be aware of your surroundings. Avoid the parts of town where the bars and nightclubs are located. Do not drive late at night on weekends and watch for impaired drivers crossing the center line . 1 What are some alternatives to driving impaired? THINK OF A WAY TO GET HOME WITHOUT DRIVING: If you do choose to drink, please do not drive. There are other ways to travel after consuming alcohol. Always plan ahead, pick a designated driver (the designated driver does not drink at all), drink at a friend's house and spend the night, take a taxi, or consider not consuming alcohol at all . 2 Resources: MADD, Public Policy Statistics, October 1998, number 1, 2. These questions are for practice only. You must only pass the final exam. (REMEMBER: You must answer ALL questions listed below correctly before you can move to the next module) 1. At what Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) are you presumed impaired in Florida? .04 .06 .08 .10 2. __________ is a type of drug that temporarily stimulates some vital process or organ in the body. stimulant depressant narcotic hallucinogen 3. The frontal lobe of the brain is the first part of the brain that is affected by alcohol. True False 4. What are some of the visual clues a defensive driver can use to spot an impaired driver? tailgating inconsistent signaling abrupt turns all of the above 5. For a _____ conviction of a DUI you could pay a fine of not less than $1000 and not more than $2500. first second third fourth 6. The synergistic affect is _________ with each combination, each time and each person. different the same has no affect none of the above 7. The amount of alcohol in a 1 oz. shot of 80 proof whiskey, a 5 oz. glass of wine and a 12 oz. beer are ______. different all the same can't be measured the collision with the tractor-trailer will have the greater force of impact. the greater the speed of any vehicle. running red lights or stop signs. This is a squared relationship. As the driver you can use many evasive actions to avoid any collision. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 4: CRASH DYNAMICS SUBJECT 1: Effect Of Speed On Force Of Impact One should avoid dangerous driving situations (excessive speed. The more weight. If one vehicle is going 20 mph and the other is going 60 mph. The most dangerous situation to avoid is the head-on collision. use your brakes. the greater the force of impact.8. If you are going the same speed. If the vehicles are the same weight. You can turn the steering wheel. the one going 60 mph has nine times the force at impact than the one going 20 mph. Four times the speed will have sixteen times . if both vehicles are going 20 mph and one is a subcompact and the other is a tractor-trailer. Three times the speed will have nine times the force of impact (32). True False PROGRAM READING MODULE 4 Required amount of time to complete: 25 minutes MAN. the vehicle with the higher speed will have the greater force of impact. let off on the accelerator prior to impact or do combinations of all three to lessen the severity of the collision . followed by the multiple vehicle collision. the greater the vehicle weight. the greater the force of impact. Alcohol affects the reaction time of drivers by slowing the reaction time down. but action must be taken to avoid a head-on collision. the more force at impact. 1 What is the effect of speed on the force of impact? Simply put.). This is a straight-line relationship. etc. For example. 2. The first is the car with whatever you hit or whatever hit you. The damage caused to a person striking his seat belt at a relative speed of 15 mph (35 mph forward momentum minus 20 mph speed of belt) and "riding down" the crash (decelerating) over the next 3/10 of a second is much less than that sustained by a person striking the front of the passenger compartment at a relative speed of 35 mph and stopping in 1/10 of a second . Chapters 8 and 12. Speed kills. . Atlanta. This is also what injures or kills the occupants of the vehicles. A three thousand-pound car traveling at 70 mph has 15. how long does it take to dissipate the kinetic energy contained in the vehicle and everything in it? It takes about 7/10 of a second. 3. Responsible Driving. Speed and Speed Limits.the force of impact (42). The impact of the driver with the inside of the car. Additionally. October 1998. Five times the speed will have twenty five times the force of impact (52). The force at impact is what can kill. number 2. MAN. number 1. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 4: CRASH DYNAMICS SUBJECT 2: Concept Of Second Collision When it looks like you cannot avoid the collision that is about to happen in front of you. The release of this energy is what causes the car to get damaged or destroyed in the crash. 3 Resources: American Automobile Association. Georgia. If a car leaves the road at 35 mph and hits a large tree.Governor’s Office of Highway Safety. The impact of the car with the object.8 million pounds of force to release in a crash. Great speed increases the probability of injury in a crash . The second collision is when you are stopped by the windshield or steering column if you do not wear your safety belt. and so on. 2 What are the two collisions that happen in a crash? 1. you are actually in two collisions. any object that is not secured in place will go flying to the front of the car. striking what is in front of those flying objects. 7/10 sec. The front bumper strikes the tree and begins to deform.In the fifth tenth of a second: the safety belts begin to deform by stretching to decelerate the passenger in a comparatively gentle manner.In the fourth tenth of a second: the frame of the car decelerates to 20 mph and continues to dissipate the energy of the crash. Occupants decelerate to 25 mph. for the purpose of demonstration we will pick 35 mph. . 3/10 sec. Loose objects from the back seat and deck continue forward at 35 mph. their heads continue back to . front dash and windshield have decelerated to 20 mph. A force is required to change the speed or direction of a moving body. frame and engine continue to absorb the energy from the crash. 1 Below is the 7/10 of a second impact (including people and objects in the vehicle): 1/10 sec. steering column and windshield at 35 mph. . the passenger compartment. the radiator and fan begin to crush. . 2/10 sec. Loose objects from the rear seat and deck come flying forward to strike the front seat passengers at 35 mph. Belted occupants decelerate to 10 mph. The unsecured objects in the back of the vehicle could strike with enough energy to cause injury or death. This law means that it will take a force to start and stop an object in motion . The car body. .In the second tenth of a second: the bumper continues to deform as the energy of the crash is being dissipated. The car's passengers are still traveling forward at 35 mph. the rest of the car and its occupants continue moving forward at 35 mph. the belted occupants rebound from the safety belts. . . 6/10 sec.The sixth tenth of a second: the safety belts have reached their deformation limits. Unbelted occupants continue forward at 35 mph. the dashboard and windshield decelerate to 0 mph. . Unbelted occupants continue forward to strike the dashboard.In the first tenth of a second: the car and everything inside are going at the speed of the vehicle.What happens in a crash? Newton’s first law of motion states: A body remains at rest unless a force makes it move.In the third tenth of a second: the frame and body of the car continue to deform. the engine and frame strike the tree and begin to decelerate. 5/10 sec. the car frame has decelerated to 15 mph.In the seventh tenth of a second: the frame and body have finished deforming and rebound in the opposite direction (reaction to the crash action). The front center of the car slows to 0 mph. 4/10 sec. The safety belts and passengers continue forward at 35 mph. a 140 mph collision.Georgia. the greater the force of impact. How do modern vehicles absorb the energy from a crash? Modern vehicles absorb the energy from a crash by the way they deform or "crush" when they are in a crash. Atlanta. The energy of the crash is used up crushing the metal of the vehicle. Their internal organs. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 4: CRASH DYNAMICS SUBJECT 3: Energy Absorption As you drive around. number 1Governor’s Office of Highway Safety. Laurie. This energy is the force that needs to be dissipated in a collision. the greater the speed of the vehicle. what do you have? Simple. strike their rapidly decelerating body frames . they deform and crush. The car doors have internal steel beams to protect the passenger compartment. Unbelted occupants reach 0 mph by striking the windshield. October 1998. some longer than others. The passenger compartment is the strongest portion of the vehicle.come into contact with the head restraints. 2 The crash is essentially over!!! The belted-in occupants count their lucky stars and continue on with their lives. steering column and dashboard. With the body of the motor vehicle using up the energy of the crash. does it make a difference where the crash occurs on the vehicle? The direction of impact in the collision makes a very large difference. As you recall from earlier in the course. The unbelted occupants are carted off to the hospital or morgue for an extended stay. Speed and Speed Limits. MAN. As an example. still going 35 mph. Resources: Telford. number 2. October 1998. Even . University of West Florida. you are going 70 mph and the car you strike head on is going 70 mph. your car is "carrying" around kinetic energy. Laws of Motion. 6 million pounds of force to dissipate. the passengers are still traveling forward at the speed of the vehicle. True False 2. You must only pass the final exam. Unbelted vehicle occupants reach 0 mph by striking the windshield. The increase of speed is a squared relationship. True False 3. steering column and dashboard. (REMEMBER: You must answer ALL questions listed below correctly before you can move to the next module) 1. the 140mph crash has approximately 31. True False 6. Modern vehicles are designed to crush when they crash to absorb kinetic energy. True False 4. These questions are for practice only. True False . Resources: Your motor vehicle's owner manual.with the modern cars that are designed to absorb the energy of impact. As the vehicle continues to deform at the beginning. Three times the speed will have nine times the force of impact. One of the two collisions that happen in a crash is: impact of the car with the object impact of the car with the air both neither 5. The second collision is when the windshield or steering column stops you if you do not wear your safety belt. three six nine twelve PROGRAM READING MODULE 7 Required amount of time to complete: 50 minutes MAN. The ______ at impact is what can kill. Is driving in Florida a right or a privilege? Driving is a privilege in both Florida and the United States. Driving in Florida and the United States is a privilege.7. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 7: FLORIDA TRAFFIC LAWS SUBJECT 1: Legal Penalties Including Point System Any violation or number of violations can result in the potential loss of your driving privilege. size length force 8. Negligent or irresponsible driving will not be tolerated and will be dealt with severely and swiftly. What is the point system? . the one going 60 mph has ______ times the force at impact as the one going 20 mph. If one vehicle is going 20 mph and another is going 60 mph. not a right. Under section 322. allow your license to be used for a purpose that is illegal. are convicted in traffic court and the court orders the suspension of your license. your driving privilege is suspended for no more than one year. or fail to appear in court as directed. your driving privilege is suspended for no more than 30 days. convicted of lying about the ownership or use of a motor vehicle. you misuse a restricted license. Six points: Unlawful speed resulting in a collision and leaving the scene of a collision with property damage over $50. An excessive amount of points will result in a license suspension or revocation. and all other moving violations. convicted of reckless driving three . your driving privilege is suspended for no more than three months. if you refuse to consent to any sobriety test required by law. your license will be suspended when you reach certain thresholds. convicted of a felony where a motor vehicle is used. A total of 24 points within a 36 month period. A total of 18 points within an 18 month period. fail to pay a traffic fine. passing a stopped school bus. Florida Statutes. As you accumulate points. Why could your driving privilege be suspended? Your license will be suspended if you: make a fraudulent license application. Four points: Speeding 16 mph and above over the posted limit. and reckless driving. earn the required number of points in a given time period. Points against your driving privilege are assessed as follows: Three points: Speeding five-15 mph over the posted limit (one to four results in a warning). safety restraint violation involving a person under six. are not able to drive safely. you do not stop and render aid in a collision where death and bodily injury occurred that was your fault. These are if you accumulate: A total of 12 points within a 12 month period.27. a point system was established to keep track of inappropriate driving behavior and set cumulative point totals that will result in a licensing action. any moving violation resulting in a collision. Why could your driving privilege be revoked? Your license will be revoked if you: are convicted of DUI. chapter 316. or you are convicted of passing a stopped school bus that is loading or unloading students twice in a five year period. If you are convicted of driving while your license is suspended. or you kill someone while driving under the influence. 1982. if you are required to participate in a basic driver improvement course like this one because you were in a collision in which you were at fault and any one involved in the collision was injured and transported to a medical treatment facility and you did not complete the course within the required time period. your driving privilege would be canceled until you show proof of completion of the required course. a court orders your license be revoked. A DUI calls for a license suspension of a minimum of six months. revoked permanently if you are convicted four times of DUI with at least one of the convictions after July 1. convicted of felony drug possession. Sections 322. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 7: FLORIDA TRAFFIC LAWS . you are convicted of an immoral act involving a motor vehicle. canceled or revoked. you are convicted of three major offenses or 15 pointable offenses within a five year period. Resources: Florida Statutes.times in one year (forfeiting bail and not going to court to avoid a conviction counts the same as a conviction). have less than the minimum required vision. For instance. 318 and 322.27 MAN. Why would your driving privilege be canceled? Your driving privilege would be canceled if you fail to comply with some portion of the Florida Statutes. you could be sent to jail and your license suspended for an additional three months. Your driving privilege will be revoked for at least three years if you kill someone. Drivers should be aware that speed limits apply when no visible or noticeable posts are around. the default speed limit is 55 mph. In business or residential districts the speed limit is 30 mph unless otherwise posted. Why are speed limits important? Roadway design factors. vehicle or other conveyance or object on or entering the highway. What are the speed limits in Florida? No person shall drive a vehicle on a highway at a speed greater than is reasonable and prudent under the conditions and having regard to the actual and potential hazards then existing. Recent studies have shown that drivers who run red lights are likely to be speeding and that motorcyclists who crash with other vehicles making left turns are also likely to be speeding. Is speeding a safety problem? . If no signs are posted on either the rural interstate limited access highway or the four lane highway divided by a median strip. are compromised if vehicles travel faster than circumstances warrant. Other vehicles and pedestrians are put at risk by speeding drivers whose distances they may not be able to judge accurately. Compliance with legal requirements call on all persons to use due care1.SUBJECT 2: Speed Limits Including Default Limits With speeding being the great problem that it is. speed shall be controlled as may be necessary to avoid colliding with any person. In every event. including how far ahead a driver can see. you will now read about the speed limits including the default limits when a sign is not posted. 316. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 7: FLORIDA TRAFFIC LAWS SUBJECT 3: Signs.C. directing the flow of traffic and the interaction of the driving environment. number 2. passing. You can be issued a ticket for driving too slowly. 316. Every driver needs to be extra careful when the weather is bad or when changing lanes. Is driving too slowly against the law? Yes.183(1).NHTSA. Washington. "It is clear that speeding does represent a significant traffic safety problem. You should drive with the flow of traffic (within the speed limit). Resources: Florida Statutes. The shape of a road sign can tell you as much about the sign's message as its color.Yes. Always be alert to what is happening on the road. D." the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reports. What is a yield sign? . MAN. number 1.189. approaching intersections or merging into traffic. Speeding.. Section 316. safe speeds. Traffic Safety Facts.187. 1998. Signals And Road Markings There is a host of information available on the roadways. You should not drive so slowly that you block other vehicles moving at normal. turning on a red light. Speeding is a factor in 30% of all fatal crashes annually2. The two way signal is to direct traffic flowing from two different directions with the exception of signals with turning arrows which should be in accordance with one another. proceed when safe and beware of oncoming vehicles. Except for parking signs. etc. On some roads. Never overdrive your headlights. warn the driver of an upcoming hazard or road changes and are considered warning signs for what awaits ahead.. Yellow and Green Light. The Red. crossings. A yield sign calls on the driver to do the following: stop when necessary. these signs are red. What information is available from traffic signs and street markings? Traffic signs and street markings such as yellow signs at intersections. What do traffic signals do? Signals. At a stop sign.Yield signs are red and white with red letters. What is a stop sign? The stop sign is red with white letters. The stop sign calls on the driver to make a mandatory stop and proceed when safe. Rolling stops are not acceptable. black and white. grooves that are present and banked also assist with drainage. A flashing yellow light has the same meaning as a yield sign. The red light signals the driver to stop behind the limit or crosswalk line before the intersection. construction. It alerts the driver to an upcoming hazard or road condition that does not reflect an immediate condition. The driver of a vehicle must come to a complete stop before proceeding through the intersection. the purpose of the limit line is to prevent the driver from entering the crosswalk or intersection inadvertently or at an excessive speed and shows the driver where to make the stop before proceeding through. A flashing red light has the same meaning as a stop sign. These grooves can . Regulatory signs control and regulate traffic. Drivers should adjust their speed of travel as appropriate when the roadway they are on is not illuminated or the illumination is not enough to see clearly down the road. A green light is the signal to proceed with the presumed right of way while still using caution. A yellow light alerts the driver that a red light will soon follow and to prepare to stop. The driver shall stop behind the limit line at an intersection or street controlled by a traffic light and proceed when the signal changes. If oncoming vehicles must slow or make drastic maneuvers. At a street or intersection with a stop sign. then proceed out into the intersection at a cautious speed to start a turn or other maneuver. These are specifically designated lanes in the roadway for turning either right or left. Intersections. This first example is most frequently seen on two lane rural roadways. These lanes can be governed by specific turn arrow lights that direct when the specific turn may be accomplished. A single broken yellow line shows traffic flowing two (opposite) directions. On roads or intersections without limit or crosswalk lines. The defensive driver should be aware of how close other vehicles are on the roadway and should only cross broken lines with caution. Single broken yellow and white lines. the driver shall stop behind the limit line. while a single broken white line signals traffic flowing in two lanes in the same direction. The driver is allowed by law to make turns over and left turns out of a driveway and crossovers from driveway to driveway as long as the flow of traffic is not impeded and no excessive speed is used. What do the lines on the roadways tell the driver? Solid double yellow lines. At a blind intersection. Double yellow lines cannot be crossed in other situations than those described. safe. Turn lanes. This would be similar to driving on sand or gravel. and necessary to do so. these are not safe actions. The arrow will point in the .sometimes make the road difficult to drive on. when it is legal. The driver of a vehicle approaching an intersection shall yield the right of way to a vehicle which has entered the intersection from a different highway. Road limit lines. the driver should use the end of the curb as a determination of where the intersection starts and where the vehicle should stop. the driver should go no more than 15 mph and exercise extreme caution. Increasing speed should never happen on an off-ramp. Motor vehicles may not be in a bicycle lane unless they are entering or leaving the highway. increase speed. What is a passing lane? Passing lanes are for passing. reduce speed in a casual. Drivers are called upon to increase speeds to that of the highway traffic and use the on-ramp and subsequent merging lanes as a means to get into the flow of highway traffic. Bicycles must stay in the bicycle lane and similarly motor vehicles must stay in lanes designed for their use. the driver just needs to be paying attention. Exiting a highway requires reduced speed. yellow or green light. The driver is called on to signal. preparing to turn or parking where parking is permitted but not in the bicycle lane. . is illegal and is the opposite of what is desired. What are off-ramps and merging lanes? Drivers should realize that off-ramps are designed for reducing speeds and are links to and roadways for the entrance back into city driving. If the crosswalks are marked. yellow and green arrow indication mean the same as a red. the driver must stop before entering the intersection. The maneuver must also be completed in a reasonable amount of time. Pretty obvious. Crosswalks. The driver is called on to signal. deliberate manner and prepare to stop at the bottom of the off-ramp if necessary. and the driver must have adequate visibility of all roadways and vehicles he or she may affect or be affected by. What are bicycle lanes? Bicycle lanes are for bicycles. Drivers must no longer travel at the drastically reduced speeds suitable for city driving. Crosswalks are specific lanes for pedestrians to cross roadways. Motor vehicle operators shall use a passing lane when the attempted maneuver is perceived as safe and prudent and can be completed without the use of excessive speed. What are on-ramps and merging lanes? Drivers should be advised that highway on-ramps are for entrance to and preparation for highway driving. They can be lined on the pavement and governed by walk and don't walk signs or be unmarked. There is no secret or trick to driving.direction of the turn and the red. Bicycle lanes should be kept clear of and merged through with extreme caution. the driver of the vehicle must stop at the marked stop line or if unmarked. and merge safely into traffic. extra caution and the total road awareness of the operator of the motor vehicle. Have you ever passed another vehicle by crossing the double yellow line? Was that really a good idea? How many different colors are there for traffic signs and what do they mean? There are eight: Green means: Directional information Brown means: Recreation areas Red means: Stop. Wrong way Yellow means: General warning . Yield. Blue means: Motorist service guidance White and black means: Regulatory Orange means: Construction maintenance. . MAN. yet we have people who drive by them when they are loading and unloading children. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 7: FLORIDA TRAFFIC LAWS SUBJECT 4: School Buses School buses carry our most precious cargo (our children). 318. If you pass a school bus you get a minimum of $100 fine for each offense.Resources: Florida Statutes. If you are traveling in the same direction. When must you stop for a school bus? On a two-way street or highway. and for a second offense within five years. Sections 316. 2.27(3)(d)(4). your license is suspended for no less than 180 days and. whether it is picking up or dropping off children. Resources: Florida Statutes. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 7: FLORIDA TRAFFIC LAWS SUBJECT 5: Emergency Vehicles . If you pass a school bus on the side that the children enter and exit you get a minimum of $200 fine for each offense. MAN. and for a second offense within five years. You must remain stopped until all children are clear of the roadway and the bus signal has been withdrawn. you need not stop if the bus is on the other side of a divided highway with an unpaved space of at least five feet or a raised median or a physical barrier when you are traveling in the opposite direction. If you pass a stopped school bus with the sign displayed loading or unloading what can happen to you? You get four points on your driving record for a conviction of passing a stopped school bus and: 1. no more than one year.172. On a four lane highway. all drivers moving in either direction must stop for a stopped school bus. you must stop.18(5). your license is suspended for no less than 90 days and. no more than six months. 322. Once the emergency vehicle approaches you. When you are approached by an emergency vehicle. We need to be aware as drivers what to do when one of these emergency vehicles approaches. . fire rescue and emergency medical teams. we are watched over by law enforcement. What is the distance you must stay behind an emergency vehicle? Stay at least 500 feet behind any moving emergency vehicle displaying flashing warning lights and sounding a siren. having at least one lighted lamp exhibiting a red or blue light plainly visible. Resources: Florida Statutes.As we go about our daily business. what should you do? On the immediate approach of an emergency vehicle sounding a siren. should you start moving slowly? Remain off the side of the road until the emergency vehicle has passed. Exercise extreme caution around a emergency situation and follow the directions given by a police officer. Keep a foot on the brake so the brake lights let emergency vehicle drivers know you have stopped. a driver must yield the right of way and immediately drive to a position parallel to and as close as possible to the nearest edge or curb of the highway clear of any intersection and remain there until the emergency vehicle has passed. Often times. Bald or unevenly worn tires will reduce or eliminate any control you would have over your vehicle in an emergency situation. Proper use of the horn is a helpful technique in defensive driving as it warns other drivers of road conditions and hazards that may affect them. Horn: Your vehicle must have a horn which can be heard from a distance of 200 feet. When passing other vehicles. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 7: FLORIDA TRAFFIC LAWS SUBJECT 6: Required Vehicle Safety Equipment For you to survive in today's driving environment. Tail lamps: The tail lamps of your vehicle are supposed to send out light that is visible for a distance of 1000 feet to the rear of the vehicle. allowing them to make the necessary adjustment to their driving. the safety equipment installed in your vehicle will play a large role. the horn may be used to alert other drivers. Brakes: The brakes on your passenger vehicle should be able to stop the vehicle from 20 mph within 25 feet. If it is not. and in high beam. Twilight shall be the time between sunset and full night or between full night and sunrise. use of the horn can warn opposing drivers of impending danger or lane straddling. Lighting Equipment: Your headlights in low beam should be able to let you see someone at 150 feet. The law requires use of lower or passing beams during all twilight hours when it is dark or during fog.MAN. you should be able to see a person or motor vehicle 450 feet in front of you. You are also . What safety equipment is required and what is its proper function? Tires: Your vehicle's tires should be kept with at least 1/16th of an inch tread of tire. The law states that a horn should be used in an emergency situation dictated by a driver's own discretion. Windshield: The windshield of your motor vehicle has to be made out of safety glazed glass that meets all federal standards on safety glass. smoke or rain. No matter how well you drive. you could have a serious crash. the inside and outside mirrors should be adjusted to be able to see 200 feet behind your vehicle. you are not safe unless your vehicle is in good condition. Drivers should be aware that horns are put on as standard equipment in motor vehicles. Mirrors: On your vehicle. Under the Florida Statutes. 316. 316. the front can have a maximum height depending on vehicle weight or 22 to 27 inches and the rear bumper can have a height of 22 to 29 inches. If the front windshield is dirty.251.262.271.221. On an automobile.237. Your driving privilege will be permanently revoked if you are convicted _____ times for DUI. red light yellow light green light 3.294. True Traffic signals direct traffic flow from two different directions. a point system was established to keep track of inappropriate driving behavior and set cumulative point totals that will result in a licensing action. The _____ signals the driver to stop behind the limit or crosswalk line before the intersection. Your driving privilege will be canceled if you fail to comply with some portion of the Florida Statutes. True False 5. False 4. it will be difficult to see the road ahead. These questions are for practice only. 316. when measured from the ground. four three . 316. Florida Statutes. 316. You must only pass the final exam.2952. (REMEMBER: You must answer ALL questions listed below correctly before you can move to the next module) 1. Bumpers: Every motor vehicle of not more than 5000 pounds shall be equipped with a front and rear bumper.required to have your windshield wipers in good working order. Turn lanes are specifically designated lanes in the roadway for turning either right or left. 316. False True 6. 316. Resources: Sections. True False 2. 1 The fine for being convicted of not wearing your safety belt is $30 for each violation plus court costs of up $33 for each separate offense. seat belts are required by law to be worn by all drivers and passengers in the front seat of a motor vehicle and by all person under 18 regardless of seating location in the motor vehicle . 2 For those drivers who say they do not want to wear their seat belt because they are concerned about immersion in water or a vehicle fire as a result of the . the driver will receive the citation and pay the fine and court costs . Some of the reasons that your driving privilege could be revoked are _______. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 5: SAFETY EQUIPMENT SUBJECT 1: Safety Belts In Florida. If a passenger is under 18 and not properly restrained.two one 7. The ______signals the driver to proceed with the presumed right of way while still using caution. red light yellow light green light 8. convicted of DUI convicted of reckless driving three times in one year both neither PROGRAM READING MODULE 5 Required amount of time to complete: 30 minutes MAN. If your shoulder restraints keep hitting you in the ear or on the neck. this belief is foolish. Do you think you could stop yourself if the wall suddenly popped up when you were two feet away from it? This is exactly the situation you face when the front of your car hits something at only 15 miles per hour. If you have automatic seat belts. Fire or immersion in water happens in less than 1% of the vehicle collisions that happen annually either in Florida or in the United States as a whole. The belt across your chest should have about one fist width of slack. since 80% of traffic fatalities occur within 25 miles of home and at under 40 miles an hour. "I won't be in an collision: I'm a good driver. Traffic Safety Overview. Why should I wear my safety belt? The figures are familiar: 41. a bad driver may still hit you. "I'll brace myself. you may need to ask yourself why not ? 3 What is the proper way to wear a seat belt? A properly worn seat belt means having both straps snugly fitted to transfer the impact of the collision to the parts of your body that can take it .000+ people die each year in car crashes. 2. the leading cause of death for people age of 6 through 33. If the car does not have adjustable safety belts.614. You'd expect to get pretty banged up. your body will simply pivot around the shoulder restraints and continue forward. The belt is fastened snugly across your hips. 318. the force of the impact would shatter the arm or leg you use to brace yourself .NHTSA." Actually this is the best time to wear a safety belt." Your good driving record will certainly help you avoid collisions." Even if you had the split-second timing to do this. 4 Do you wear your seat belts? Imagine running as fast as you can into a wall.. What are some excuses why "I don't wear a seat belt"? "I'm only going to the shopping center. go to an auto parts store or write your vehicle's manufacturer and ask for a clip to adjust the height of the safety belt. sections 316. Safety belts can prevent death in about half of these crashes.your hip bones and shoulder bones.collision..18 number 1. If you know this and are still not wearing a safety belt. be sure to fasten your lap belt. but even if you're a good driver. consult your owner’s manual on how to adjust the height of the safety belt. Resources: Florida Statutes. . Without the lap belt. 1999. Thus.. number 4. strictly speaking. whiplash describes an event. Both torso and head then rebound forward from the seat back and head rest. In a typical rear-end collision. D. number 3. moving rearward. not an injury. The entire event lasts perhaps a fifth of a second. October 1998. MAN. During the first split second as the vehicle is thrown forward.Governor’s Office of Highway Safety. A head restraint is properly positioned if the head first encounters it at about ear level. What does the term "Whiplash" mean? The word whiplash is used because in a rear-end collision the head is accelerated faster and harder than the torso -. Georgia.Washington. Speed and Speed Limits. MAN. If the seat is excessively reclined. with far less intensity than the original rearward motion. This device is the headrest on the top part of the motor vehicle seat. This is because the neck's anatomy makes the body less able to withstand backward motion of the head. Atlanta. the head rest is probably too far away to provide much protection. the head is left behind.somewhat like the cracking of a whip. the seated victim's torso is pressed suddenly back into the seat.C. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 5: SAFETY EQUIPMENT SUBJECT 2: Head Rests The injury commonly called "whiplash" occurs more frequently when a vehicle is rear-ended than when one is struck from the front. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 5: SAFETY EQUIPMENT SUBJECT 3: Child Restraints . but only if it is properly adjusted.usually before muscles are strained. If the back of the head encounters a correctly positioned head rest. What position should the seat be in to achieve the best protection the head rest can give? Correct positioning of the seat is also essential: head restraints are most effective in reducing neck injury when positioned close to the back of the occupant's head with the head rest level with the middle of the ears of the person driving the motor vehicle. The modern day motor vehicle has a device that will protect you from whiplash. the head's movement is stopped -. they can be moved out of a booster seat. For ages four and five. Children five years of age and under must be placed in a properly installed crash tested federally approved restraint device. At what age should a child be to use an infant seat? Infant seats are designed for babies from birth until at least 20 pounds and one year of age. When can a child start using a safety belt? When children are old enough (six and older) and large enough to "fit" an adult safety belt. . Whose responsibility is it for the child to be properly restrained? The driver of the motor vehicle is responsible to ensure that a child is properly restrained. Check your car manual to find out if you need to use a locking clip or other equipment to properly secure the seat. Many of these injuries and deaths can be avoided with the correct use of child safety seats and safety belts.613 and 318. the driver can receive a citation. many adults are unaware they are using the safety restraint incorrectly. the lap belt should fit snugly and properly across the hips and the shoulder strap should cross over the shoulder and across the chest.Every day. For children through three years of age. integrated child seat or seat belt may be used. To "fit" a safety belt properly. The law requires children through three years of age have the restraint device be in a separate carrier or a vehicle manufacturer’s integrated child seat. the restraint device must be a separate carrier or a vehicle manufacturer’s integrated child seat. a fine ($60 plus court cost of no more than $30) and three points on their driving record. Installation can be difficult due to the variety of seat belt configurations. However. a separate carrier. Should a child be seated in the front or back seat? The bottom line is that the back seat is the safest place for a child of any age to ride. vehicle seat designs and child safety seat designs. sections 316. Resources: Florida Statutes.18. If not. Always read both the vehicle owner's manual and the car seat instructions carefully when deciding which car seat to use and how to properly install it. children sustain serious injuries and die in motor vehicle crashes. thereby placing their child at risk. Children five years of age and under must be placed in a properly installed crash tested federally approved restraint device. pickup trucks) may include an on-off switch for the passenger side airbag. if necessary you can contact and obtain permission from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to disable an airbag. from disabling air bags. Recent NHTSA research indicates an overall fatality reducing effectiveness for air bags of 11%. five inches tall. However.e. Do air bags save lives? Yes. Eventually. Can an airbag be disabled? Disabling an air bag is difficult and can be dangerous. 2 Do I need to wear my safety belts if I have airbags in my car? .MAN. all new passenger cars must have dual air bags. For cars that have airbags where should your hands grip the steering wheel? The American Automobile Association (AAA) has suggested modifying the steering wheel gripping position in air bag equipped cars from ten and two o'clock to nine and three or even eight and four o'clock to allow room for the air bag to deploy . there was considerable debate on how fast they should deploy.primarily infants. Those who argued that the bag should deploy rapidly enough to protect unbelted occupants of the front seat won the day. and adults under five feet. Starting in model year 1998. they should position their seat as far back from the air bag as possible. etc. children. Infants and small adults should be seated in the rear of the vehicle equipped with dual air bags protecting the front seat. Starting in model year 1999. 1 Can a new vehicle be purchased without air bags? Almost all-new cars have dual (driver and passenger side) air bags. repair shops.969 lives have been saved .263 lives were saved by air bags and from 1987 to 1999. If this is not possible. an estimated 1. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 5: SAFETY EQUIPMENT SUBJECT 4: Air Bags When air bags were introduced in the early 1990's. some newer vehicles (i. a total of 4. The force this requires is a problem for smaller people and people who might be positioned close to the air bag . Federal law prohibits dealers. Air bags used in conjunction with the lap and shoulder belts offer the most effective safety protection available today for passenger vehicle occupants. In 1999. all new light trucks must have dual air bags.. Absolutely yes.Make sure that your mirrors are clean and pointed in the correct direction. Mirrors . The mirrors are designed to assist the driver in keeping track of traffic around their vehicle. Most are designed to deploy in moderate to severe front crashes . Check headlights.Make sure that your tires are properly inflated and not worn away.Make sure that you regularly clean your windshield inside and out. 3 Resources: American Automobile Association. number 1. your car could fail you at a critical moment. Responsible Driving. 3. This is why seat belts must be worn in conjunction with air bags. MAN. the air bags offer no protection. You keep your vehicle in good condition by having the vehicle properly maintained. Regular oil changes cost between $10-30. This is much less expensive than replacing or rebuilding an engine. . MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 5: SAFETY EQUIPMENT SUBJECT 5: General Importance Of Vehicle Safety Maintenance No matter how well you drive. and you could be in a serious crash. Tires . regularly change your windshield wipers. bottom to top. Lights . C. Tires are designed to grip the road and give the driver directional control. Windshield . What are the parts of the vehicle that you should properly maintain? You should consider your vehicle from front to back. taillights. 1999. Bald. Oil .Make sure that all of your lights work and that your light lenses are clean. directional signals and interior lights. Occupant Protection. D. excessively worn or improperly inflated tires decrease the ability of the driver to control the vehicle. If it is not. Chapters 3.Car engines run particularly well when they are regularly lubricated. Washington.. you are not safe unless your vehicle is in good condition. The windows are easier to see out of when they are clean. Being struck from the side or rear. number 2. Traffic Safety Facts.NHTSA. Air bags are supplemental protection and are not designed to deploy in all crashes. Additionally. front back . regular tune-ups . Resources: Your motor vehicle's owner manual. not out on the interstate highway. consult your owner's manual on how to adjust the height of the safety belts. You must only pass the final exam. Additionally. The safest place for a child of any age to ride is in the ____ seat.Belts. For children through three years of age. (REMEMBER: You must answer ALL questions listed below correctly before you can move to the next module) 1. If your shoulder restraints keep hitting you in the ear or on the neck. The vehicle will last longer and work better. True False 3. The time to find out that your car has a problem is in your driveway. True False 2. Also. hoses. Why should I bother to do vehicle maintenance? Simple. the restraint device must be a separate carrier or a vehicle manufacturer's integrated child seat. get a tune-up at the scheduled maintenance time.Have your belts and hoses checked at the regularly scheduled time periods mentioned in your owner's manual. a properly maintained vehicle is a safer vehicle. These questions are for practice only. Knowing that through proper maintenance your vehicle will function as advertised increases the potential for you to come through an emergency situation in one piece. True False 5. 4% 3% 2% 1% 7. 8% 10% 50% 80% 6. When you grip the steering wheel. ______ of traffic fatalities occur within 25 miles of home and below 40 mph. they should last as long as you own the car. In Florida. You do not need to change your windshield wipers. you should place your hands on the steering wheel at the 3 and 9 or 4 and 8 o'clock positions to allow room for air bags to deploy.both neither 4. False If you maintain your motor vehicle it will: last longer work better neither both PROGRAM READING MODULE 6 . True 8. immersion in water or fire as a result of a collision happens in less than ________ of all collisions annually. one thousand and two. the 10-12 second distance is determined by the speed of the vehicle. Distractions are just that. Wandering eyes and a basic lack of attention to the road all heighten the collision potential. Inside your vehicle. homes. Drivers should not get caught up in sightseeing or scenery but should keep their mind focused on the road . 1 Drivers should be of aware of road hazards and road conditions that may affect their vehicle yet should not let outside distractions deter them from safe driving habits. fax machines and stereos can interfere with driving. pedestrians.Required amount of time to complete: 50 minutes MAN. Billboards. yet a wandering eye can be deadly. etc. which can reduce the driver's concentration on the driving task. devices such as cell phones. 2 Drivers should alter their visual habits if they are not conducive to the safe operation of a motor vehicle.. In rural areas. searching for your tunes. and counting one thousand and one. both inside and outside the motor vehicle.. etc. Adaptation To Surroundings While driving. rather they should be considered one of the primary concerns of the driving task. Reaching for a ringing phone. can be observed yet should not consume one' s full attention. Including Distance Guidelines. until you . we are subject to many distractions. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 6: CRASH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES SUBJECT 1: Scanning. by picking a fixed object on or near the road. Drivers should train themselves to scan ahead two seconds looking for immediate hazards and from 10-12 seconds down the road for potential hazards. Emergency vehicles would not constitute outside distractions. eating. Drivers must realize that an awareness of the road is vital in safe driving. and the distractions have the tendency to take precedence over traffic safety matters . personal hygiene and dealing with children instead of driving can increase the potential for a traffic collision. Chapters 1 and 2. 4. controlling the speed of the vehicle and using the "look left. coming up too fast or trying to pass. . In urban areas. Also avoid driving in someone else's blind spot. you do the same scanning techniques. Drivers should adequately position their vehicles away from vehicles they are immediately following as to give ample stopping distance in case of an emergency . Periodically glancing at the rear-view mirror and the speedometer to get an adequate determination of your vehicle speed. number 1.American Automobile Association. you leave yourself adequate reaction time to deal with the hazard. you have to see what's going on. look to both sides. Look To The Sides: as you approach any place where other cars. quickly turn your head to see if your blind spot is clear. This allows you to recognize potential trouble signs ahead of you. Blind Spot: these are areas near the left and right rear corners of your vehicle that are not visible in your mirrors. right. 3 To be a defensive driver. number 2. construction and other hazards.reach ten or twelve. 3. would also be good ideas. What are some techniques to aid the driver in aggressively scanning the roadways? 1. Chapters 10. increasing visibility by scanning the road ahead. 4 Ways to avoid collisions at intersections include awareness of traffic patterns. left" technique prior to proceeding when the light changes. Responsible Driving. Before you make any move to the sides. Avoid a fixed. That's about a block in city driving. straight-ahead stare that may let you drift off into daydreams while on the road. By seeing the hazard well in advance. Resources: American Automobile Association. Responsible Driving. 2. 4. 3. but because of the lower speeds this distance is about ¼ of a mile. positioning in regard to other traffic and road conditions . people or animals may cross your path. NEVER RELY ON YOUR MIRRORS ALONE. Look Ahead: good drivers keep an eye on what's happening about 10-12 seconds ahead. This will give a visual reference for what this distance would be. The best way to spot potential trouble is by scanning. Look Behind: check the traffic behind you frequently (several times a minute) so you'll know if somebody is tailgating. It's as important for other drivers to see you as for you to see them. such as a stalled trailer. following a motorcycle. you should increase your following distance by one second. you should add three seconds to your following distance. If so. Three: It should take at least two seconds for the front of your car to reach the check point. you should add three seconds to your following distance. Additional time should be allowed for poor visibility and weather conditions such as fog and rain . attempt to leave adequate space (two seconds plus) between your vehicle and the surrounding traffic. Your scanning should look two seconds along your path of travel for immediate hazards and 10 to 12 seconds down the road for potential hazards . Two: Begin counting seconds as the rear of the car ahead passes the checkpoint (one thousand and one. At all times. following distance and dealing with tailgaters. the driver should be observant of the habits of the vehicles in and around their path of travel. For example. With each additional factor. This interaction will get us home safely or make us another statistic that someone else will talk about in another driver improvement program." The two second following rule is: One: The car ahead is approaching a checkpoint (the sign). Also. The two second rule was designed for good weather and clear visibility. back off some more and do the three steps again. if you are towing a boat. 2 How do you deal with a tailgater? . How would you pick a path through traffic? When selecting a proper path through traffic. Including 2 Second Minimum How we interact with other drivers on the roadway environment is very important. You should increase your following distance as your visibility decreases and as the weather gets worse. increase following distance for traffic conditions. at night in rain and foggy conditions. and you are being tailgated. If not. The driver should be aware of obstructions in their path and select safe paths around the obstructions. This section covers picking a path through traffic. For example.MAN. your following distance is adequate. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 6: CRASH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES SUBJECT 2: Following Distance. one thousand and two). 1 What following distance should you keep between your car and the car in front of you? You should use what is called the "two second rule. Total Stopping Distance . tractor-trailer or sub compacts) in the traffic environment (type of road.the distance traveled from the time your brain tells your foot to move from the accelerator until your foot is actually pushing the brake pedal. 2. If the tailgater persists. If a collision is inevitable.the distance it takes to stop once the brakes are put on. If possible. 3. tire condition and inflation). type of vehicles around you. Yet. Reaction Distance . You must adjust your speed depending on driving conditions. Heavier vehicles and vehicles traveling in combination with other vehicles (towing) have longer stopping distances. Drivers being tailgated are advised to slow down to encourage the tailgating driver to pass. number 1. density of traffic) and rate of travel (speed). Perception Distance . i. 2 What are the four parts to stopping distance? 1. 3 Resources: American Automobile Association.e. Chapters 1 and 12. The factors to consider when adjusting your speed are traction (weather. Braking Distance . change lanes and allow the tailgater to pass. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 6: CRASH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES SUBJECT 3: Stopping Distance In Relationship To Speed Any regular passenger vehicle traveling at a speed of 20 mph should be able to stop within a distance of 25 feet. These factors are being constantly considered and are factors in your vehicle's stopping distance. go to a well-lighted public place or police station and pull off the road. and following too closely are major causes of motor vehicle crashes in Florida (approximately 22%) . 3. careless driving. MAN. .at 55 mph it will take about six seconds to stop and your vehicle will travel about the distance of a football field. visibility (weather. 2. remember that having stopping distance between vehicles is the best braking device . Responsible Driving.Drivers should avoid tailgating and should subscribe to rules of proper following distance to avoid rear-end collisions.. 1 Driving too fast. letting off the brake in some instances (no car in front of you or not at an intersection) might also ease the force of the impact . 4.this is the distance your vehicle travels from the time your eyes see a hazard until your brain recognizes it. it takes about four times as much distance to stop. rain. number 2. Responsible Driving. and speed limits are determined by the conditions of the road where they are posted. sections 316. 1999. MAN. and all drivers should be aware of sight limits .18 number 1. slick roads. fog. traffic density. number 3. drivers should adjust their driving actions accordingly. the operator of a motor vehicle should analyze daytime versus night time driving conditions and take action accordingly by turning on their headlights. 3 Resources: Florida Statutes. 3 How do you adjust your driving to account for rainy weather? . Florida. and your vehicle will have four times the destructive power if it crashes. 318. Chapters 8 and 10. Traffic Crash Facts. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 6: CRASH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES SUBJECT 4: Environmental Hazards The driver should be aware of the driving environment. A driver should attempt to steer the vehicle in the direction of the skid or turn the wheel toward the direction the back end of the car is going. Tallahassee. Braking hard will not help and will often increase the skid . and wind. Visibility is the dominant element necessary for safe driving. 1 As we move through the driving environment. width.614. 2 How do the elements affect the driving environment? As the sun goes down. standing water. A driver should learn how to drive and handle environmental hazards. How should a driver handle a skid? A driver whose vehicle becomes involved in a skid should attempt to regain control of his or her vehicle without resorting to drastic control inputs. Multiple mile visibility will no longer exist. we should be aware of the hazards that Mother Nature places on the roadway. and drivers should understand that certain actions should be curtailed as a result. slowing down and increasing following distance. As is the case with driving in rainy or foggy conditions.American Automobile Association.Whenever you double your speed. Speed limits on roads are set based on determining factors such as surfacing materials. banking of turns. and the surrounding community . The roads are built for safety. distance between intersections.DHSMV. High speeds increase stopping distance greatly . Letting off the accelerator and grasping a firm hold on the steering wheel is essential as is remaining calm and level headed. dusk approaches and night time driving conditions take effect. as the fog increases. As with any situation where your visibility is reduced. Braking hard is neither advisable nor feasible because of the potential for a skid. Braking distance is dramatically affected and increased. The driver should give himself or herself a clear path to follow. 5 How do you adjust your driving to account for windy weather? . This makes it easier for you to see and to be seen in a reduced visibility situation. gently pump your brakes. The driver's lack of knowledge of upcoming road conditions and visibility of opposing and same direction traffic will be greatly reduced. you should turn on your headlights. When hydroplaning begins. If you happen to pass through a body of standing water. the braking distance is increased two or three times. A car under controlled speed is more likely to maneuver. Speed should be decreased according to the conditions of the road. Allow for increased braking distance. braking distance is increased substantially. including paths for other vehicles nearby. In addition. Consequently. As with rain. A vehicle traveling at an excessive speed on wet or slick roads can begin to hydroplane as water forms a barrier between the road and the tires and traction is lost as the wheel starts to ride on the water and not on the road surface. let off the accelerator. as the inability to brake hard leaves one traveling beyond the intended stopping point.The most dangerous time to drive on roads is immediately after it has started to rain. your vehicle speed should decrease . Dust particles and oil residue float on the water and drastically reduce the traction of the tires on the motor vehicle. This makes it easier for you to see and to be seen in a reduced visibility situation. as a vehicle could be more likely to skid in wet conditions. handle turns. when you get out of the situation. If the fog is so thick that you cannot see ahead. grip the wheel firmly and brake gradually. You would be quite surprised if that standing water was the top of a sinkhole. one should alter speed dramatically in rainy weather or on wet roads as decreased speeds leave one in better control of the vehicle and less likely to skid or slide. This will dry them off. 4 How do you adjust your driving to account for foggy weather? The driver should never overdrive his or her headlights and should travel at dramatically reduced speeds when fog exists. increasing pressure as the vehicle slows down . you should turn on your low beam headlights. This phenomenon is best avoided by controlling (reducing) speed during these conditions and reacting accordingly (gentle control inputs). pull off the road and wait for the fog to lift. Often times. and remain in control under emergency situations. After a heavy rain. You do not know what is at the bottom of that standing water or how deep the standing water could be. standing water becomes a problem. You should avoid standing water when possible. As with any situation where your visibility is reduced. Responsible Driving. 5. driving on the right side of your lane will give the few extra feet to prevent or reduce your chance of being blown into the path of oncoming traffic. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 6: CRASH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES SUBJECT 5: Vehicle Emergencies Everyday driving is hours and hours of the same thing. Follow these guidelines for handling emergencies. Move the vehicle so all four wheels are off the pavement. MAN. A strong cross wind could blow you into the path of oncoming traffic or into some other roadside hazard . the emergency always happens at the worst possible moment. We are now going to read about ways to deal with those emergencies. You may have only a fraction of a second to make the right move. Tie a white cloth on the left door handle or antenna. For example. If possible. 10 and 12. drive on the right side of your lane. the biggest danger to you is having oncoming traffic blown into your lane. When you are driving. 4. Turn on your emergency flashers. Chapters 8. number 1. 4. If you must drive in a crosswind situation. What should you do if your brakes are wet? . 6 Resources: American Automobile Association. You want to avoid a crosswind situation. things can happen very quickly. 6.This will speed you up or slow you down only marginally. followed by a few moments of terror. if the crosswind was from the left side of the road. Being on the right side of your lane will give you a few extra feet to avoid oncoming traffic. If the crosswind is from the right side of the road. What should you do if your car breaks down? 1. 2. 3. Raise the hood1. park where the disabled vehicle can be seen for 200 feet in each direction. When your vehicle has an emergency. 5. 6. 2. Get all passengers out on the side away from traffic. 3. 3.1. Brake softly when the car is under control. 2 What should you do if you have a tire blowout? 1. a guard rail. Look for something to rub against. Brakes may pull to one side or may not hold at all. Take your foot off the gas pedal to let gravity start slowing you down. 5. Once you notice the brake failure. Test brakes lightly after driving through deep water. 7. 4. 2. If you do not know how to use your emergency brake. 2. 2. Slow down gradually and begin moving toward the shoulder of the road. 3. or bushes would work. 4 What can you do when your power steering fails? . Do not use your brakes and take your foot off the gas pedal or release your cruise control. Keep the button on the end of the brake pressed down so the wheels will not lock up. quickly pump your brakes to try and use any residual pressure in the brakes. 3 What can you do to stop your car in the event of brake failure? 1. When you start to change the tire. 4. 6. make sure you are far enough off the road so that you will not back up into or fall in front of moving traffic. try to go straight ahead as the car will pull in the direction of the flat. consult your owner's manual. 3. Concentrate on steering. 5. Dry brakes by driving slowly in low gear and applying brakes . A fence. Use your emergency brake if possible. Once the car is stopped do not drive it again until the brakes are fixed . Pull completely off the pavement. call for help or follow the breakdown information covered earlier . Try to pick something that will give way when you hit against it to reduce damage to the car and to you. If you can't change the tire. 16 feet. with their children. 2. MAN. Chapters 10. pedestrians should walk on the side of the road facing oncoming traffic. or carrying packages of some sort. Responsible Driving. Get the steering system checked by an expert and have it repaired if necessary . 3. always scan for pedestrians. Slow down and reduce the number of sharp turns you will try to make. You are required to yield the right of way to the pedestrian in this instance. You should be on the lookout for pedestrians that cross at midblock or against lights. handicapped. or greater. 1 When there are no sidewalks. When you make a right turn on red (where it is not prohibited). This means that they can use the roadways the same as other vehicles. To move safely throughout this system. Traffic lanes are 10. number 1. which side of the road should the pedestrian walk on? When there are no sidewalks. 3. The sharper the turn. 2. What should a driver be aware of when driving around pedestrians? The driver should be aware that the average person travels at about four feet per second. The driver should be aware of and keep . Consequently. You should allow time and look for pedestrians who are elderly. this is not always done. 5 Resources: American Automobile Association.1. a bicyclist has all the rights and duties applicable to the driver of any other vehicle. You will still have directional control of the vehicle. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 6: CRASH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES SUBJECT 6: Sharing The Road There are many users of the roadway systems. 4. As experience tells us. Florida Statutes.2065. Can a bicyclist use the roadways like a motor vehicle? Under Section 316. look for pedestrians crossing the intersecting street with the green light. but the steering wheel will be difficult to turn. the more effort it will require to turn the steering wheel. we will have to share the roadway with all of its users. 12. Pedestrians should be given the right of way in all circumstances. 5. As soon as it is safe to do so. You do not want to inadvertently pull into a lane where a motorcycle already is or open a door in front of one as you exit your car. look carefully for bicycles in traffic or when you are parking. Pass as you would another vehicle. Motorcycle riders and other motor vehicle drivers should be aware of the low visibility of motorcycles on the roads. When you follow a bicycle. the rider does not have the same protection as a car.an eye out for bicycle riders. 3. look carefully for motorcycles in traffic or when you are parking. If the bicycle goes down for any reason. Pass as you would another vehicle. 2. increase your following distance. You do not want to inadvertently pull into a lane where a bicycle already is or open a car door in front of one as you exit your car. It is illegal for motorcycles to pass between cars in the middle of traffic lanes or to ride more than two abreast in a lane. . With the small size of the average bicycle. With the small size of the average motorcycle. You do not want to be so close to the bicycle that you would run over the rider if the rider fell. 2 Tips for Other Drivers about Bicycles: 1. What should a driver be aware of when driving around motorcycles? Motorcycle riders should be aware of safe lane positioning and ideally be in the left-hand portion of the lane as to provide the best visibility for themselves and other drivers. 3. but not so fast or so close that the tires throw dirt or stones into the rider's face. but not so fast or so close that the tires throw dirt or stones into the rider's face. pass the bicycle rider. Motor vehicle drivers must be willing to share the road and give up the right of way. thus protecting themselves and the rider of the bicycle . Bicycles must adhere to all the same traffic laws as a motor vehicle yet often fail to do so. two motorcycle riders may drive side by side in the same lane. 2. Tips for Other Drivers about Motorcycles: 1. It is illegal to drive beside a motorcycle in the same traffic lane. However. increase your following distance. These are referred to as the "nozones". Drivers should be aware of the extra room needed for the execution of turns by a large vehicle. The no-zones are the areas in which you do not want to stay. The driver may not see you and could force you off the road. 3. Start the wipers before the vehicle passes. Be aware of the larger vehicle's blind spots. Slow down if a truck or bus is passing you. These zones are behind or beside the vehicle where you cannot see the larger vehicle driver in the mirrors. drivers of large vehicles should leave their vehicles sufficient room to complete turning maneuvers and should not underestimate the amount of room needed to complete the wide turns. Splash or spray from their tires can reduce visibility. When you follow a motorcycle. Often. use low beam headlights when following a truck or bus. Keep a safe distance behind a truck or bus. Responsible Driving. the rider does not have the same protection as a car. reduce speed. 4 Resources: American Automobile Association. and use evasive action when needed to avoid collisions . 4. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 6: CRASH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES SUBJECT 7: Passing. Be even more careful passing a truck with a trailer. they could run over you. 3. 5. What should you remember when driving by a larger vehicle (bus. Similarly. the driver cannot see you. If the motorcycle goes down for any reason. 2. If they cannot see you. MAN. Tailgating or failing to judge their speed is also a dangerous activity. 2. Including Necessary Clear Distance . a driver must swing out to the left or right before making a turn. Attempting to steal the inside track from a large truck can prove disastrous as the large motor vehicle continues its turn and drives over the top of your car. Maintain a following distance of at least four seconds behind these and other large or special-use vehicles. number 1. At night. Drivers should keep clear of these vehicles until their turn is completed. If you cannot see the driver. 4. Both the driver of and the driver affected by these wide turns should use caution.4. oversized trucks)? 1. Chapters 12. You do not want to be so close to the motorcycle that you would run over the rider if the rider fell. 1 When passing a vehicle. there are many things that we need to take into consideration. first check to your front and rear. and move into the passing lane only if it is clear and you are in a legal passing zone. Passing on an open roadway should be done with the same caution. * On a level highway. be sure you can see the wheels of the vehicle on the ground in your rear view mirror before pulling in front. what precautions should you use? * When passing a vehicle. To do this safely. legal and safe?" These are considerations that you should make in every passing situation. Why should you be careful when changing lanes? .As we drive. * When passing a vehicle. you should not pass. What should a driver ask themselves about passing another vehicle? When attempting to overtake and pass another vehicle. you should ask youself. The passing maneuver should be prudent and safe for conditions and the driver must have an unobstructed view and the necessary clearance before conducting the pass. No passing to the left shall be done when approaching or upon the crest of a grade or a curve in the highway where the driver' s view is obstructed within such distance as to create a hazard in the event another vehicle might approach from the opposite direction . it takes only three to five seconds longer to pass a truck than a car. Always pass a large truck on the left side and after you have passed the truck move ahead of it. * Don't linger alongside a truck when passing. "is this pass necessary. If you answer no to any one of them. there will be situations in which we have to pass another vehicle. 2. The pass must be construed as safe and prudent before the attempt and must be completed in a reasonable amount of time and distance . A vehicle attempting to pass on a highway must have sufficient space and room before beginning the pass. Excessive speed is neither allowable by law nor advisable in passing. the rearview mirror. Drivers should not rely solely on any one of these elements but should use them in conjunction with one another. Chapters 12. number 1. it is best to use a combination of side mirrors. Drivers should exercise extreme caution when passing on the right or left and should have an unobstructed view of the lane to which they will travel. A vehicle may pass on the right side if the vehicle to be passed is making or about to make a left turn upon a highway. 3. not as one large block of lanes to be crossed together . The driver should only pass if it can be done within the legal speed limits. and glances over one's shoulder to get a full perspective on road conditions and other vehicles that may come into conflict. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 6: CRASH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES SUBJECT 8: Right Of Way . and the maneuver should be done within a reasonable amount of time. Responsible Driving. 2 What are the prohibited passing situations? A vehicle shall pass to the left on a highway with opposing traffic as long as the maneuver does not interfere with the oncoming vehicles and is safe for conditions. 3 Resources: Florida Statutes. Additionally. look for and obey no passing signs and the double yellow lines on the road.American Automobile Association. extreme caution should be exercised. The driver should adjust speed accordingly. as it increases the chances for mishap or collision.Drivers should be aware that excessive lane changing on highways is not advisable. You should look over your shoulder to check your blind spots and should use all mirrors available to you before starting the pass. MAN. No vehicle shall pass when the view is obstructed within 100 feet of any bridge. Drivers should also realize that when changing lanes. within a business or residential district with an unobstructed pavement of sufficient width for two or more vehicles in the direction of travel or on a one way street. A vehicle must be able to return to the right lane when passing on the left before any approaching vehicle comes within 200 feet. The double yellow lines also mean no passing. When changing lanes. viaduct or tunnel or when approaching within 100 feet of any traversing intersection or railroad grade crossing. Multiple lane changing is legal as well but must be done individually. Conflicting highways. motorcyclist. moped rider. The driver should use his or her own discretion as to travel plans and the environment . The driver should consider how the right-of-way will affect his or her travel. Every driver. 4 . The driver reaching an intersection at the same time as another vehicle shall yield the right of way to the vehicle traveling on a continuing highway. For example. Drivers should try to anticipate other drivers actions as well as yielding whenever needed or required by law. 3 A driver approaching a blind intersection shall do so with extreme caution and reduced speed. You yield (give up) the right of way to that driver by letting them go first.Failure to yield the right of way leads to collisions in all the United States and especially in Florida. etc. speed. Who has the right of way? The law gives the right-of-way to no one. The driver shall yield the right of way whenever it is not safe or prudent for his or her vehicle to proceed through the intersection. The driver should know which intersections or thoroughfares are more apt to have collisions and should avoid them. as does gaining eye contact with all operators of motor vehicles that come directly in conflict with you. Giving up the right of way to other drivers also helps to avoid collisions. The driver shall proceed through and towards a blind intersection at a reasonably safe speed . you come upon a stop sign at the same time as another driver in a cross street and he is on your right. It only says who must yield (give up) the right-of-way. 1 Should you ever insist on the right of way? The driver should never assume that other drivers will start or complete any maneuver. Drivers should attempt to be both courteous and conscientious toward other drivers . 2 Should I be concerned at an intersection? Drivers should exercise extreme caution when approaching and proceeding through intersections. These are some ways for you to reduce this probability when you are driving. The driver should not be influenced by friends or peer groups when driving and should make his or her own decisions in regards to routes. When you yield the right of way to another vehicle. you are letting them go before you in the traffic situation. A driver should never insist on the right of way nor attempt to force their way into traffic. The driver should be aware of the areas in which he drives most frequently and should have a general knowledge of other frequently traveled streets or roadways as well. and opposing signals all increase the collision potential in an intersection . bicyclist and pedestrian must do everything possible to avoid a crash. vehicles making left and right turns. Chapters 8 and 12. 5 What should you do if a traffic signal is malfunctioning? Stop. Drivers are advised to yield and give up the right of way when traffic dictates and are called on to use good judgment as well.When I am making a turn. what should I be concerned about? The driver should exercise extreme caution when attempting turning maneuvers from an intersection. The driver in conflict with another vehicle should yield to the vehicle to his direct right in most cases . Responsible Driving. number 1. while still able to complete the turn in ample time. number 4. The driver should position the vehicle behind the limit line at first and then ease out into the intersection before completing the turn.American Automobile Association. The left turn should be completed from the left lane to the left lane. 3. The driver making the left turn should not have the steering wheel turned in the direction of the turn before beginning the maneuver. Resources: American Automobile Association. 5. just as you would for a four-way stop. . Right hand turns must be completed into the right hand land or lane closest to the curb. 2. The right of way is yielded to the driver on the right. It is always better to give up the right of way versus getting into a collision. Left turns should be made from the furthest most left hand lane and should be done so only when traffic dictates it is safe and prudent. as conflict is bound to exist. The driver making the left turn should position himself far enough out into the intersection as to get a clear view of all traffic conditions. Remember. This means that the first to the intersection proceeds first. unless otherwise dictated by a traffic signal. Responsible Driving. Chapters 1 and 2. Turns that are executed simultaneously with another vehicle must be done with extra caution. as a rear end collision would send the vehicle into oncoming traffic. never insist on the right of way. MAN. At all times. Speed laws should be observed by every motor vehicle operator and are established solely as a safety . MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 6: CRASH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES SUBJECT 9: Speed Adjustments In Relationship To Surroundings When traveling. motor vehicle operators should drive at speeds where the vehicle is under control and is in conjunction with speed limits and recommendations. as discussed earlier). you should adjust your driving speed to take into consideration the surroundings you are driving through. You should be particularly alert in school and construction zones. How fast should you drive? You should never drive faster than what is safe for conditions. Control of speed is an influencing factor in safe operation of a motor vehicle as excessive speed is a major cause of collisions (30%. School zones are indicated by regulatory signs with the posted hours of operation and flashing yellow lights advising caution. however. the driver can be better prepared to deal with these hazards if speed is reduced and caution is used. drivers should exercise extreme caution and reduce speeds dramatically. excessive lane changing and reduce your speed when driving on these materials . . reasonable and prudent at all times. proceed with extreme caution and keep alert for maintenance workers or materials. Additionally. Vehicles should slow to a safe speed. Careless children or stray toys coming out onto the roadway are unavoidable. You should avoid drastic maneuvers. Total weight of the vehicle and cargo. These areas are designated such when the pavement does not extend beyond the paved area. Soft shoulders of the road should be avoided. These areas can be comprised of dirt. roads. Drivers should avoid roads with potholes. maintenance or construction. 2. loose gravel and related paving materials. Posted speed limits around schools (20 mph or as posted) should be followed. 3 What factors should you consider when selecting the speed of your vehicle? 1. The posted maximum speed limit. Often times the road narrows because of the construction or maintenance. The driver should always observe maximum speed laws on streets. or highways. The basic speed laws states that a driver should operate a motor vehicle at a speed that is cautious. and drivers must be very alert. The driver should never operate a vehicle at any speed that is slower than is safe and not block or impede traffic with a slow moving vehicle.mechanism for each person using roads or highways. The driver operating a vehicle that does not fall under the category of a normal vehicle or with special circumstances or conditions should follow and adhere to special speed limits for designated vehicles . the driver should be aware of areas where the pavement is in bad condition. parks or schools. Drivers should follow the directions of the maintenance or construction workers and should also adhere to the restrictions and limitations of any signs that may be posted. grass. These materials can cause a skid and increase your collision potential. 1 What should I be looking for around a construction site? Drivers should be alert for individuals and equipment involved in road service. gravel or other materials. Aggressively scanning the road and slower speeds give you a better chance to avoid a collision with a child . 2 What should I be looking for around a school zone or playground? When traveling around playgrounds. Road conditions. considering they are loud. Why should you stop 15 feet from the tracks? 1. the fines for speeding in a school zone during the hours of operation are doubled. noisy and travel on fixed tracks that are clearly marked. the fines also double when construction workers are present. Florida Statutes. 5. What happens to me if I am convicted of speeding in a school or construction zone? According to Section 318. Look and listen for trains in both directions. You will also have to pay court costs as imposed by the court of not less than $10.18(3)(b-d). 3. For a construction zone. Intersections without barriers should be approached and crossed with caution. Responsible Driving. the fine is $50. Steepness of the grade. MAN. Weather. The exception is if you are up to five mph over the speed limit.3. . number 1. from 1995 to the end of calendar year 1997. Resources: American Automobile Association. How can I tell how many tracks are at any particular intersection? On the crossbuck or gate there are signs telling you how many tracks there are. Signs warn that you are approaching railroad tracks. 7. 2. Length of the grade. A person or signal warns that a train is coming. Chapters 8 and 10. there have been 49 fatalities at railroad crossings in Florida . 1 What should you do at a railroad crossing? Look for a train. Regrettably. MACHINE AND ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 6: CRASH PREVENTION TECHNIQUES SUBJECT 10: Railroad Crossings You might think that getting killed by a train would be fairly hard to accomplish. 4. 6. Traffic density and movement. You are not always warned of approaching trains. move it off the track. always look for a train on another track. Never start up immediately after your train has passed. Florida Statutes requires you to stop. What are some of the actions you do not want to do at a railroad crossing? 1. Never go around a traffic gate at a railroad crossing. decrease keep . Resources: DHSMV. number 1. 1999. a crossing by the train is imminent.1575. (REMEMBER: You must answer ALL questions listed below correctly before you can move to the next module) 1.2. If your vehicle stalls on a railroad crossing. approaching or upon the crest of a grade curve of a highway both neither 2. You see a train coming. 4. 4. Section 316. When the gate is down. 3. Pass this information to the police. You must only pass the final exam. These questions are for practice only. You should _______ your following distance as your visibility decreases as the weather gets worse. 3. Just because your train has passed does not mean another one is not close by. 2. call the police and advise them where you are so they can call the railroad and stop any train movements over that crossing. At most crossings in Florida. No passing to the left shall be done when _______. Florida. You hear the horn or bell of a train close by. The best direction is at a 45 degree angle away from the tracks toward the direction the train is coming from. If you head away from the direction the train is coming from. get out of the vehicle and move away from the tracks. when the train strikes the vehicle. Tallahassee. Traffic Crash Facts. the location of the crossing is listed on a plate under the crossbuck. always look for another train. If the vehicle is too large for you to move by hand. the vehicle could be thrown in the direction you are running down the tracks. At multiple track crossings. If you stall and a train is approaching. drivers do not need to adjust their driving. When nighttime driving conditions exists. what minimum following distance should you keep between your car and the car in front of you? no time is required one second two seconds 4. True False 6. Drivers should not be influenced by friends or peer groups when driving and should make their own decisions in regard to driving habits. Under good weather and clear visibility. Drivers do not need to be aware of road hazards and road conditions that may affect their vehicle. start up right away. When the train has passed. True False 8.increase none of the above 3. Wandering eyes and a basic lack of attention to the road _________ the potential for a collision. decrease increase have no affect on 5. never look for another train on the same track or on another track. True False 7. True False .