1) DRAVYA GUNA SHASTRA PARIBHASHA Lakshana of Dravya Guna Shastra a) CaSu 30/23 – Ayurveda is the science that imparts knowledge about Ayu through detailed analysis of Ayusyani & Anayushyani Draviyani (the substances, its properties and actions that are favourable to promote longevity and the unfavourable). Dravyaguna Shastra is the science which deals with the thorough analisys of Guna, Karma and Prayoga of all Dravyas which are either Ahara or Aushadha b) DRAVYA = KARYA DRAVYAS / In the context of Ayurvediya Dravyaguna Shastra, Dravya refers to Karya Dravya -‐ I.E. Aushadhi Dravya c) GUNA(properties), assumes the meaning of full Rasa Pancaka (Guna, Rasa, Virya, Vipaka & Prabhava) d) PANCAPADARTHA OF DRAVYA GUNA – by Bhavamishra/BhPrakasha (RasaPancaka) – He defines Prabhava as Shakti – BhPr – Pr 6/169 SAPTA PADARTHA OF DRAVYA GUNA – by Yadavji Trikamji Acharya – The 7 constituents which are fundamental basis to understand Dravya, its mode of action and therapeutics
• • • • • • •
Dravya Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka Prabhava Karma
e) Aushada (Aushadi Dravya) as one of the pillars of Ayurveda (PAda Catushtayam – Ca Su 9/3)
2) DRAVYA a) Nirukti / Etymology: Dr dhatu + Yat pratyaya = changing/moving by itself Dru Gatau -‐ means movement & attainment of health (as Aushadha or Ahara), in certain place/time b) Lakshana / Definition: b.1) Ca Su 1 – 51 (MEMO) b.2) Su Su 40/3(M) – Guna & karma are in Samavayi relation with Dravya SuSu -‐ KriyAgunavat samavAyi kAranam dravyam (same is mentioned by Vaisheshika Darshana) b.3) BhPr Pr – 6/169 – Dravya is the one which gives shelter to Pancapadartha c) Panchabhautika of Dravya: Ca Su 26/10 - सवर्ं द्रव्यं पञच्भौितकं िस्मन् अथॆर् -‐
For 5 marks: Sloka above or below + Describe sloka, explain PM, classification of dravya acc. to PM (AH Su 9 / 5-‐9) and qualities *** AH Su 9/1-‐2 -‐
*** AH Su 9/10 – Since Dravya has various applications in different situations, being used in different combinations, so THERE IS NO DRAVYA WHICH WITHOUT MEDICINAL APPLICATION …… जगत्येवमनौषधम् । न िकिञ्चत िवद्यते
*** Ca Su 26/12 *** SuSu 40/3 Sushruta and Nagarjuna have discussed relative importance of Dravya & its properties, in order to know the proper nature of Dravya, mentioning that Dravya is chief based on folloing points: 1) Stability: Stable Nature (ie.: Rasas in an unripe and ripen fruit are different, but fruit remain same 2) Constancy: Properties, rasas etc can be destroyed by exposition of air, water, time, etc, but dravta remains identified as such 3) Staying in own elemental nature: Same PM dominance (ie: goghrta stays as parthiva nature even changing its Rasa from Madhura to Amla due to Kala 4) Perception by Indriyas: Dravyas are perceived by Panca Jñana Indriyas, but others like Rasa (only by Rasanendriya) 5) Being Substratum of properties: Rasa, Virya, Vipaka etc reside in the Dravya inherently 6) Capability of Action: To prepare any formulation Dravya is used/collected, not the properties 7) Scriptural authority: In Shastras Dravyas are mentioned at Yogas, not RasAdi 8) Dependence of Radsadi with Dravya: 9) Usefulness of a part: Dif parts os Dravya can be used, not from properties 10) Absence of degree: No grading 11) Possibility of several formulations: ie Panca Viddha Kashaya 12) Occupying space: Dravya occupies space, properties not c2) Nomenclature and Synonyms = Dhanvantari Nigantu -‐ According to: HABITAT, FOR, COLOUR, POTENCY, TASTE, EFFECTE, etc. = Raja NIgantu – On following 7 bases 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Rudhi (Traditional Use) Prabhava (Effect) Deshyokti (Habitat) Lañcana (Morphological Characters) Upamana (Simile) Virya (Potency) Itarahvaya (Prevalence in other regions or due to other factors)
d) Classification of Dravya D.1) Acc. Charaka (for Karana Dravyas – Ca Su 1 / 48-‐49) TWO CLASSIFICATIONS: KARANA X KARYA & CHETANA X ACHETANA = KARANA (9) – Atma, Mana, Kala and Disha + PM = KARYA Senendriya Nirindriya CHETANA ACHETANA • AntahshChetana -‐ Vanaspati = Krutrima (parthiva) -‐ Vanaspatya/Vrksha = Khanija -‐ Virudha -‐ Oshadha
•
BahirantashChetana (animals) -‐ Jarayu – Birth through placenta/yoni -‐ Andaja – Birth through eggs -‐ Svedaja – Birth in dirty water / Sweat (worms, ants, vrshcika) -‐ Udbhija – hibernatory -‐ lies below earth (Indragupta, frogs)
3) GUNA a) Nirukti and Definitions: = Nirukti: The word Guna is derived from the Dhatu “guna Amantrane” -‐ Gunyate Amantryate loka anena iti gunah meaning “THAT WHICH ATTRACTS” loka (Universe), thus dravya is made attractive by guna b) Lakshanas of Guna: = Ca Su 1-‐51 (2nd part): “samAvayi tu niScestam karanam gunah” -‐ Guna is the entity (quality) residing in dravya coherently (inherent-‐samavaya relation) (it is responsible for dravya’s quality) Dravya Ashraya = Guna resides in dravya = Agunam – Guna has no guna (quality) in it self = Samyoga vibhaga akarana – Guna is not responsible for Samyoga & Vibhaga) = Vaisheshika D. 1-‐1-‐16: “dravya aSraya gunavAn samyoga vibhAgesu akAranam anapeksa iti guna laksanam” – Inherent in dravya, does not posses attribute (guna), and is not independent cause in conjunctions or disjunctions, these are the Guna Lakshana (attribute) d) Types of Guna – Ca-‐Su 1 – ”sArthA gurvAdayo Buddhih prayatnAntA parAdayah | gunAh proktA…….| D.1) SAMKHYA = According to Acharya Charaka there are 41 gunas -‐ Artha Guna (Vaisheshika) -‐ 5 -‐ GurvAdi -‐ 20 -‐ Buddhi prayatnanta (Atma) -‐ 6 -‐ ParAdi Guna -‐ 10 / 41 = According to Nyaya and Vaisheshika Darshanas there are 24 Gunas
D.2) VIBHAJANA (Classification) GUNA:
A = ADHYATMIKA / ANTAINDRIYA / ATMA GUNA B = ADHIBAHUTIKA
D.2) Atma Guna – Ca-‐Sha – 1/72 & its subtypes = Quality which can be perceived by Mana = Adhyatmika Guna: which give knowledge of spiritual feeling of heart = Antarendriya Guna: Which can be perceived by internal feeling = BUDDHI :
A) Classification on the basis of Memory & Experience: 1) Smruti (memory) 2) Anubhava (experience): 2.1) Yatharta Anubhava (genuine) – 04 types acc Pramanas 2.2) Ayatharta Anubhava (non genuine) B) Classification on the basis of source of Buddhi: 1) Indriya Buddhi 2) Mano Buddhi
= PRAYATNA : A) Pravritti – effort born out of desire B) Nivritti – effort born out of anger C) Jiva Yoni – effort made to survive D.3) Adhibhautika -‐ its subtypes = SHABDA : A) Vartamatmaka – word in text or mind B) Dhvaniatmaka – sound produced by phonetic organs
= SPARSHA :
= RUPA :
A) Shukla B) Nila C) Harita – green D) Pitta E) Rakta F) Kapisha -‐ grey G) Chitra
D.5) ACC SUSHRUTA GUNA TRANSLATION Guru heavy Laghu light Mrdu soft Tikshna sharp Shita cold Ushna hot Snigdha unctuous Ruksha dry Vishada non slim Pichchila slim Sandra solid Drava liquid Sukshma subtle/minute Sthula gross Shlakshana smooth Karkasha rough Sugandha pleasant smell Durgandha unpleasant smell Manda stable Sara movement Vyavayi Pervaiding /spreads before digestion Vikasi Dissolving/ seprates Oja fm Dhatu Ashukari Fast movable = Hemadri AH Su 1:18 : Flwng Gunas can be understood under others, keeping so the system of 20 Gurvadi Gunas as per Charak and Vagbhata > Vyavayi -‐ under Drava > Vikasi -‐ in Khara > Ashukari -‐ within Cala > Sugandha -‐ under Manda > Durgandha -‐ under Tikshna 1. VYAVAYI First spread, than are metabolized (Akasha&Vayu dominant) – Ex.: BhangaOpium/Vatsanabha 2. VIKASI Which separates Oja from the dhatu by sharpness and loosens the Sandhibandha – spreads through the body before digestion (Vayu dominant) – Ex.: Kramuka, Krodava, Betel Nut 3. ASHUKARI Leads to rapid action (like oil spreads on water) – acts immediately (Vayu dominant) – Ex.: Visha dravya
4. KARKASHA Simmilar to Vishada, but does KLEDACUSHANA (sucking kleda) and Ropana (wound healing). (Vayu dominant) – Ex.: Haritaki Tvak
5. SHUSHKA By BhPr as antagonist of Drava. Removes moisture/dehydratates. (Prthvi, Vayu, Teja dominant) – Ex.: Shukti 6. SUGANDHA Creates happiness (sukshma/pervaiding and soft). Rocana. (Akasha? dominant) – Ex.: Nagakeshara
7. DURGANDHA Brings unhappiness, Hrllasa (nausea) and Aruci. Ex.: Gandhaprasarini D.6) Paradi Gunas – PM -‐ Examples Gunas useful for treatment. 1) PARA = Means PRADHANA, or that which is superior, or best = Conducive to Health, pleasurable state of mind = This favourability depends on: Desha, Vaya, Mana, Rasa, Virya, Vipaka, Prkruti, Bala, etc Ex.: Among Kala, Visarga Kala is PARA for most Among Vaya, Yuva is PARA Among Rasas, Madhura is PARA 2) APARA = Is the factor which is inferior or worst. = In Cikitsa are those factor non conducive to health = This unfavourability depends on: Desha, Vaya, Mana, Rasa, Virya, Vipaka, Prkruti, Bala, etc Ex.: Among Kala, Adama Kala is APARA for most Among Vaya, Vrddha is APARA Among Deshas, Anupa is APARA 3) SAMKHYA = Means counting or calculation = Numbering is essencial since we have 3doshas, 5 mahabhutas, 6 rasa, etc = Used to define dosage, its frequency and duration. = Calculation of amounts to be used in formulations or preparations
4) YUKTI = Logical reasoning in using beshaja to prepare formulations = Caraka says all dravyas are medicinal if used with YUKTI(Upaya), and Artha (Prayojana) = This reasoning will depend on assessment to patients condition Ex.: Caraka considered Yukti also as an extra Pramana 5) SAMYOGA = Union of two or more substances = Combinations are of two types so SAMYOGA is a temporary relation (Anitya) a) Nitya (Samavaya) b) Anitya (Samyoga) = Samyoga is of THREE types a) Dvandva Karmaja – Ex: Kumari+Haridra Lepa for tvak roga b) Sarva Karmaja – Ex: Trikatu do Kasa c) Eka Karmaja – Ex: Eranta patra tight with bandage (only eranda acts) Ex.: Combinartion of dravyas in a formulation Combination os doshas is doshas+dushyas in a disease 6) VIBHAGA = Opposite of Samyoga. Division of any combination = It is also Anitya = Three words: 1-‐ Vibhakti: Cutting dravyas for a formu;ation 2-‐ Viyoga: a) Loose original quality (Ex: Missed ingredient in a formulation b) Usage of substitutes in a formula 3-‐ Bhagasho: Consider only a small portion of a preparation 7) PRITAKTVA = Is the UNIQUENESS of one Dravya, by which it is differentiated from others = THREE types: 1) Asamyoga: differentiation btw 2 substances which cannot be combined Ex: Meru &Himalaya Parvata 2) Vailakshnya: differences btw dravyas of same category, but with differences. Ex.: Shatavari & Vaca are vegetal, but different 3) Anekata: Differences btw dravyas of same class. Ex: Two types of tulasi are of same jati, but have diffrences based on colour. 8) PARINAMA = Quality which aids in measurement = Anu, Dirgha, Mahat, Hrshva are types of Parinama
a) DairghyamAna (Dimensions): Measuring the proportions of an object. Can be Nitya & Anitya, and Anitya can also be -‐ Samkhya Janya -‐ Parinama Janya -‐ Pracaya Janya b) GurutvamAna (weight): Which measures the heaviness. Can be Nitya & Anitya. Three types of Mana -‐ Pautava (measure the weight) -‐ Druvaya (measure volume) -‐ Payya (measure length) 9) SAMSKARA = The factor which imparts and modifies the quality of a dravya = Qualities of a dravya are influyenced due to various factors like Jala, Agni, Shauca, pasha, Kala, Bhavana, Bhajana, etc Ex: -‐ Shauca Shali: wash and clean shali, it becomes more Laghu -‐ Manthana: Dadhi which is shothakara is transformed in shothahara by churning with sneha -‐ Kala: one year old rice is more Laghu -‐ Bhavana: reducing visha effects of several dravyas 10) ABHYASHA = Regular usage / practice of a substance is called ABHYASA = Continuous use of some dravyas may be important in several treatments Ex: Regular use of Pathyahara and Vihara for Yapya diseases
4) RASA a) Nirukti: “rasa AsvAdane” or “rasyate iti rasa” -‐ “Rasa is taste” Rasa is an attribute of dravya which is experienced by an individual by comsumption or by tasting it. b) Lakshana: = “rasanArtho rasah” -‐ “Rasa is the taste experienced by Rasanendriya = “Rasa is the taste experienced by Rasanendriya of an individual consuming or tasting a dravya” (Karikavali) Ca Su1-‐64 – “rasanArtho rasastasya dravyamApah ksitistathA| nirvrtau ca viSese ca pratyayA khAdayastrayah”| = The object of rasanA (tongue/rasanendriya) is Rasa, made up with Prithivi and Ap Mahabhuta. For manifestation of differentiation of Rasa, the other three MB (akasha, vayu, tejas) are the causative effect. c) Meaning of Rasa in many contexts Rasa is a polysemous word, it has following meaning in different contexts: = Sharira Kriya: Rasa Dhatu = Rasa Shastra: Parada = Bhaishajya Kalpana: Juice or essence (svarasa) = Dravyaguna: Indriyartha -‐ Taste = Others: Meat soup, emotions… d) Comparative study of Rasa regarding PM, Ritu and Guna, Karma, Virya, Vipaka: JALA is the SUBSTRATUM for ALL RASAS CaSu 26:39 – Jala is predominantly Saumya, Shita, Laghu and Avyakta Rasa. This water when falling from the sky acquires all PANCABHAUTIKA qualities after touch the ground; nourishing the vegetebles and animals; in this physical forms the 6 RASAS are MANIFESTED
-‐ Disturb perception of other tastes -‐ Not tasty (svadatena) -‐ Cleanses mouth -‐ Shoshakarata (dryness) -‐ Not desirable -‐ Stambha (Stiffness ) -‐ Slows the function of tongue -‐ Causes obstruction of throath -‐ Have Vikasi guna, not good to heart -‐ Srotovibandha (blocks Channels)
Chandana Katuki Apamarga Kantakari Devadharu
AH Su 1:14-‐15 – “rasAh svadvamlalavanAtiktosnakasAyakah || sad dravyamASritAste ca yathApurvam balAvahAh | tatrAdyA mArutam ghnanti….. RASA PM Rtu of Gun KARMA on Compos forma a of ition tion rasa & drav ya Dos Dhatu Mala Agni Srotas ha MADH Prithvi + Hemant Guru, Kap ANABO Laxative Leads Precipit LIC Diuretic to ates URA Jala a Snigd ha + Sapta Carmina MANDA Sroto ha, Pacif tive GNI Shita ies V dhatu Rodha +Oja Vardhak a K & Throug P + h it Pacif stimulat ies es Vata Anaboli sm by influenc ing Agni. It is Shukrak hna, so is not tonic K & CATAB P + OLIC Pacif ies Vata & P
AMLA
LAVAN A
KATU
TIKTA
Prithvi + Agni
Varsha
Snigd ha, Laghu , Ushn a
Jala + Agni Sharada Snigd ha, Natya rta guru, Ushn a Vayu + Grishma Laghu V & P + Agni , Pacif Ruksh ies a, Ushn Kaph a a Akasha + Shishira Laghu Vata + Vayu , Ruksh Pacif ies P a, & K
Laxative DIPAN Diuretic A Carmina PACAN tive A
Precipit ates
Laxative DIPAN Diuretic A Carmina PACAN tive A
Sroto Shodh ana
CATAB OLIC
Constip ative anti diuretic obstruct s flatus
DIPAN A PACAN A
Sroto Shodh ana
CATAB OLIC
Constip ative anti diuretic obstruct
DIPAN A by promot ing SAMAN
Sroto Shodh ana
Sroto Rodha
KASHA YA
Prithvi + Vayu
Shita Vasanta Alagh u, Ruksh a, Shita
Vata + Pacif ies P & K
CATAB OLIC
s flatus A VAYU Constip Leads Precipit ative to ates anti MANDA Sroto diuretic GNI Rodha obstruct s flatus
e) RASA NIVRTTI VISHESHA HETU (Nivrtti Vishesha Krama) Ca Su1-‐64 – “rasanArtho rasastasya dravyamApah ksitistathA| nirvrtau ca viSese ca pratyayA khAdayastrayah”| = The object of rasanA (tongue/rasanendriya) is Rasa, made up with Prithivi and Ap Mahabhuta. For manifestation of differentiation of Rasa, the other three MB (akasha, vayu, tejas) are the causative effect. = Prthivi & Apa are the ADHARA KARANA = Akasha-‐Vayu-‐Agni are the NIMTTA KARANA = Carak: All the Rasas are formed by PANCA MAHABHUTA, by will have the dominance of two which will decide the particular Rasa = Sushruta: Because of permutation and combinantion of the PMB the variation in taste like Madhura Tara & Madhura Tama are noticed. f) RASANURASAYOH BHEDA (Difference between Rasa & Anurasa) RASA ANURASA Stay stable eve in dry state Only in wet state Expressed at beginning Expressed at the end Primary state Secondary state Easy to be perceived Not easy to be perceived distinctly Vividly experienced Obscurely perceived Experienced immediately Experienced later Ex.: -‐ Citaka is Katu Rasa while fresh, and remains being Katu in dry state -‐ Amalaki is Pancarasa, but it is Amla Rasa Pradhana, which is perceived immediately, while others are Anurasas perceived later and weak
f) KOPANA & SHAMANA of DOSHAS (5marks) – RASESHU DOSHA SHAMANATVA DOSHA PRAKOPANA DOSHA SHAMANA VATA PITTA KAPHA VATA PITTA KAPHA -‐ Katu -‐ Katu -‐ Madhura -‐ Madhura -‐ Tikta -‐ Katu -‐ Tikta -‐ Amla -‐ Amla -‐ Amla -‐ Kashaya -‐ Tikta -‐ Kashya -‐ Lavana -‐ Lavana -‐ Lavana -‐ Madhura -‐ Kashaya g) RASA UPALABDHI (presence of rasa – rasa perception) = CaSu 26:77 – “raso nipAte dravyanam” – Rasa of a Dravya is directly perceived on its contact with Rasanendriya = Badanta Nagarjuna says that Rasa is perceived through 3 modes: 1-‐ Pratyaksha 2-‐ Anumana 3-‐ Aptopadesha h) RASA SKANDHA (rasa transformation) / RASA RUPANTARA It depends on following factors: = STHANA (acc. to place of dravya origin – place of cooking – place in tongue) = PATRA (receptacle) = SAMYOGA (mix two or more drugs) = AGNI /PAKAT(cooking, heating, boiling etc) = ATAPA (exposure to sun light) = BHAVANA (mardana in Khalva yantra, with drava dravya) = DESHA = KALA = PARINAMA (transformation) = UPSARGA (infected by living organisms) = VIKRIYA (peculiar processing-‐special acts) i) ShnannanamRasasya Panchabhautika / Sanghatanam Vaishishtyam (Peculiar Constitution) = All tastes have PMB, but manifestation of various Rasas depens on the predominant MB and their combinantion in particular way
j) BHAUTIKA NISHPATTI(consummation) NIRDHARANAM (determine) = Rasas are PMB, dominant two will be assessed easily based on actions done. By knowing the Karmas of a Davya is not possible to say that has only two MB, but practically can use this logic k) RASA VARGIKARANAM (Various Classifications) 1-‐ Acc. Saumya-‐Agni Bheda (Saumya / Agneya) 2-‐ Acc. Guna (Snigdha-‐Guru / Laghu-‐Ruksha 3-‐ Acc. Virya 4-‐ Acc Vidahi & Avidahi (with or without Agni dominant) 5-‐ Acc Dosha Shamana & Kopana 6-‐ Acc Gati (Urdhvabhaja-‐Katu / Adhobhaja-‐Madhura / Ubhayabhaja) i) RASA VIKALPA (Combination and permutation of Rasa) Eka Rasa 6/ Dvi 15 / Trika 20/ Catushka 15 / Panca 6 / Sad 1 j) RASA GUNANAM, UTTAMA, MADHYAMA, ADHAMATVENA VYAVASTHA (grading of rasa with reference to their guna) = ++ CaSu 26:36 – Rasa itself is a Guna – So qualities of Rasa will be as well qualities of Dravia TARA TAMATA of RASA – Relative Superiority of Taste Based on Quality) Guna Uttama Madhyama Avara Ruksha Kashaya Katu Tikta Snigdha Madhura Amla Lavana Ushna Lavana Amla Katu Shita Kashaya Madhura Tikta Guru Madhura Lavana Kashaya Laghu Tikta Katu Amla k) RASANAM SAPADA NIRDESHA JÑANAM – Viryas Contradictory to Rasa Ex: -‐ Anuma Mamsa/ Eranda / Kapikacchu -‐ Madhura/Ushna -‐ Mahat Pancamula -‐ Tikta-‐Kashaya/Ushna -‐ Saindhava Lavana -‐ Lavana/Shita -‐ Amalaki -‐ Amla / Shita l) RASA PRAYOGA AS AUSHADHA By Acarya Kashyapa – Order of Rasas to be used in different stages of Vyadhis originated from different Doshas DOSHA FIRSTLY SECONDLY THIRDLY KAPHA Katu Tikta Kashaya PITTA Tikta Madhura Kashaya VATA Lavana Amla Madhura
m) RASA PRAYOGA AS AHARA SUSHRUTA -‐ Prathama -‐ Madhura Rasa -‐ Madhyama -‐ Amla & Lavana -‐ Antima -‐ Katu, Tikta & Kashaya Bh Pr -‐ Prathama -‐ Amla, Lavana, Katu, Tikta & Kashaya -‐ Antima -‐ Madhura Rasa n) RASA PRADHANYATA (Rasa is Important) – by Sushruta 1-‐ Agamat (Ahara is Rasa Pradhana) 8-‐ Apadeshat (as person character) 2-‐ Upadeshat (Rasa mitigate doshas) 9-‐ Nanavishayatvat (used to catego-‐ 3-‐ Anumanat (Action through anumana) rize Dravyas in groups) 4-‐ Rshivacanat (Concept fm Vedas) 5-‐ Adhikarat (usd for Pancakarma) 6-‐ Upasamharat (substitutes by rasa) 7-‐ Rasa soiled >> Dravya spoiled
5 – VIPAKA A) NIRUKTI Ethymological Derivation Vi + Paka Vi = Vishesha -‐ Modification Paka = Cook -‐ Digestion The transformed Rasa at the end of digestion is Vipaka B) Definition AH – Su 9 / 20 – jAtharenAgni yogAdyadudeti rasAntaram | rasAnAm parinAmAnte sa vipAka iti smrtah The final transformed state of rasa after interaction with Jatharagni is called Vipaka C) AVASTHAPAKA BHEDAT BHEDANA -‐ Difference between Avasthapaka & Nishtapaka = Ahara Pachana Krama Prana Vata by AnnamAdana Karma transport food from mouth to Koshta, where it is subjected to Mrdu Guna (after softens is broken into small pieces). Jatharagni stimulated by Samana Vayu digests the anna taken in proper matra and kala (helping to keep sharira svastha. = Avasthapaka & Nishthapaka FEATURES AVASTAPAKA NISHTAPAKA SYNONYM Prapaka Vipaka COMPARISON Taste at time of Digestion Taste at time of Metabolism STAGE Initial stage Later stage LOCATION Koshta Dhatu, Dosha, Mala ACTION Madhura, Amla, Katu Vipaka Rasa-‐Mala/Sara-‐KItta separation AMENDMENT Kapha and Pitta are Mala rupa Doshas are produced increased -‐ Cakrapani -‐ Cakrapani PERCEPTION Directly perceived Perceived through Anumana Ø Madhura Avasthapaka: First rasa digested, stimulates Kapha. Have froathy nature. Ø Amla Avasthapaka: Semi digested anna goes to PachyamAnashaya being mixed with AMLA BHAVA (Hcl etc), stimulates Achapitta (bile) production Ø Katu Avasthapaka: Reaches than Pakvashaya where will loose Dravamsha due to Shoshana by Agni. Katu dominance-‐Stimulates Vata
= Acc Cakrapani explains that even during Avasthapaka Doshas get Kapha & Pitta get aggravated (at 1st & 2nd phases), and during Nishtapaka the MALARUPA DOSHAS are formed as bio product of Dhatvagni. Ø Nishtapaka: Bhutagni and Dhatvagni Paka. Vipaka REVISE THE MODERN PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS OF DIGESTION & ABSORPTION (Bioavailability-‐Biotransformation-‐Drug metabolising drugs-‐Eliminatio&Excretion of drugs) etc.
DRUG METABOLISM
= VIPAKA SVARUPA – Indragupta Tika / Ash Sam Su 7:27 All dravyas undergo Vipaka only after completion Jatharagni role. Vipaka brings transformation of Dravyas. Some drugs undergo Madhura Vipaka, some Amla Vipaka and some Katu Vipaka and Svarupas are explained according to their types D) Types of Vipaka / VIPAKA SAMKHYA NIRDHARANE VIBHINNA MATA VIVECANA PURASSARAM SIDDHANTA STHAPANAM (Theories Regarding Different Types of Vipaka)
DVIVIDHA VIPAKA VADA Sushruta & Nagarjuna SuS. Su 40 Guru=Madhu ra=Prth+Apa Laghu=Kau= Ak+Vayu+Ag GURU & LAGHU
TRIVIDHA PANCHAVIDH SHADVIDHA VIPAKA A VIPAKA VIPAKA VADA VADA VADA Charaka & Sushruta Tikka Karas, Vagbhata like Dalhana Ca Su SuS. Su 46 SuS. Su 40 26/47-‐48 AH Su 9 General rule Extented from A. Niyata with of Dvividha (Yatharasa) exceptions Vipaka Vada B. Aniyata – MADHURA AMLA KATU
PANCHA MAHABHUTAS
SHAD RASA
= Niyata Vipaka Vada: Vipaka of a Dravya is defined and according to its Rasa MADHURADI. References found in Sushruta Samhita and Rasa Vaisheshika, but both disagreeing with this theory. Yogendranath and Shivadasa Sen support this theory = Aniyata Vipaka Vada / Yatharasa Vipaka Vada: = Trividdha: Tikta & Kashaya Rasa Dravyas even going to Katu Vipaka , are weaker Katu Vipaka than from Katu Rasa. Also remember that the power of Rasa and Virya overcome Vipaka, than usually Tikta & Kashaya Rasa Dravyas are Pittahara. E) TRIVIDHA Vipaka x DVIVIDHA Vipaka = Sushruta: Amla is a state seen only in Vidagdhavastha (so it is a Vikrtavastha of Pitta), and only Prakrutavastha shal be considered as Vipaka. = Nagarjuna: Reasons to accept Dvividha Vipaka a) Kalataha (two types of dravyas Cira-‐takes more time to go into Vipaka-‐Guru / Acira – takes less time to go Vipaka-‐Laghu b) Gunataha: Guna is considered a;so Vipaka (Guru-‐Laghu) c) Rasataha = Caraka: Used the Prakrutavastha of the three doshas giving importance to the state of rasas = The difference on consider what is Prakrtavastha of Dosas and what is Vikrutavastha of Dohas, depends also on the MB dominance attributed to rasas like Amla – Carak: Prthivi+Agni and Sushruta: Apa+Agni
F) Guna and Karma of Vipaka TYPES
GUNA
Madhura
Snigdha, Guru, Shita Snigdha, laghu Ruksha, laghu
Amla Katu
KARMA on KARMA on KARMA on MALA DOSHA DHATU Kapha Vardhaka Shukrala Srishta vinmutra (incr. mutra & purisha) Pitta Vardhaka Shukrahara Srishta vinmutra Vata Vardhaka Shukrahara Baddha vinmutra
F) Taratmya / Grades of Vipaka = According to Caraka there are three grads of VIpaka: -‐ Uttama -‐ Madhyama -‐ Avara Vipaka Uttama Madhyama Avara Madhura Madhura -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ Lavana Amla -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ Amla -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ Katu Kashaya Katu Tikta = Acarya Indu says in different way, that if Madhura, Amla & Katu are the pradhana Rasas of Dravya, respective Vipakas will be expressed as Uttama Vipaka Uttama Madhyama Avara Madhura Madhura -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ Lavana Amla -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ Amla -‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐-‐ Katu Katu Kashaya Tikta G) Vipaka Upalabdi Hetu (Factors to determine Vipaka) = Vipaka can be inferred by “Karma Nishta” (completion of action) -‐ Caraka = According to Acharya Chakrapani it can be determined by “Kriya Samapti” (also completion of action), mainly regarding the quantity of purisha and mutra. Always by Anumana. = Gangadhara, Yogasendra & Vagbhata have similar opinions, referring on effects at Doshas and Dushyas Ex.:
Srishtavinmutra – Madhura and Amla Vipaka
Baddhavinmutra – Katu Vipaka
F) Difference between Rasa and Vipaka
RASA
VIPAKA
Taste
Final Metabolic state
Immediate response
Delayed response
Local & systemic effects
Systematic effect only
Acts on body and mind
Only physical effects
Perceived by Rasanendriya
Inferred by Anumana
G) VIPAKA VIPAYASA HETU (Factors responsible for variation of Vipaka a) Dravya Pramana b) Samskara c) Satmya d) Agnibala e) Desha f) Kala g) Samyoga h) Paka H) VIPAKA PRADHANYA (Importance of Vipaka) a) Dosha Prashamana/Vardhana Karanas (depending on Paka, Vipaka can alleviate or aggravate doshas) b) Dhatupadeha – Dhatu Nirmana (formation) is brought by Vipaka c) Therapeutic effect of ahara or Aushadha is manifested after digestion d) Vipaka Vaigunya – If Vipaka is not well formed aggravates doshas e) Mentioned its importance in ancient shastras f) Cikitsabhavat – Vipaka is important tool in Cikitsa g) Vipaka Dushti = Dosha-‐Dushyas Dushti h) Vipaka nourishes the body
6 -‐ VIRYA A) Nirukti -‐ Ethymological Derivation “vIre sAdhu Virya = Valour, strength, power, energy, etc. “virya tejah prabhAvayoh” – virya is originated from the energy of tejas (Amarakosha) B) Lakshana -‐ Definition AS – Su 17: 12 – “vIryam dravyasya yadyogAt kriyate kriyA | nAvIryamkurute kimcit sarvA vIryakrtA hi sA” Virya residing in dravya is responsible for all its actions AH – Su 9 : 13-‐14 -‐ “vIryam tat kriyate yena yA kriyA | nAvIryamkurute kimcit sarvA vIryakrtA hi sA” CaSu 26/64 -‐ “vIryam tu kriyate yena yA kriyA | nAvIryamkurute kimcit sarvA vIryakrtA hi sA” ALL THE ACTIONS ARE DONE BY THE VIRYA = Cakrapani: (CaSu 26:26) – Virya is the Shakti of Dravya, through which dravya can perform its Karmas, and decides the Karma to be performed in many ways. = Cakrapani (CaSu 26:64) – If for instance the Rasa, Guna, Vipaka or Prabhava are bringing any action on their own, they can also become the Virya of Dravya C) VIRYA SVARUPA = Shakti of dravya, responsible for action = It decides the Karma of drug. A Nirvirya drug is useless = The shelf life is decided based on the existence of virya = Compared to Pharmacollogical Acrtive Principle i) Alkaloids ii) Glycosides iii) Oils iv) Resins v) Oleoresins vi) Gums vii) Tannins viii) Antibacterial substances ix) Micellaneous
C) VIRYA SAMKHYA NIRDHARANE VIBHINNA MATA SMIKSHA PURASSARAM SIDDHANTA STHAPANAM (Various Theories about number of Viryas) -‐ TYPES I)
SHAKTI VIRYA VADA or DRAVYA VIRYA VADA / BAHU VIRYA VADA = Proposed by Acarya Carak, and supported by Cakrapanidatta and Shivadas Sen = Carak: CaSu 26:23 -‐ “yena kurvanti tadviryam” -‐ All Karmas done by Dravyas are attributed to its Shakti/Virya = Cakrapani: Several factors residing inherently in Dravya may contribute to bring out the Karma of a Dravya (RasAdi – Cintya or Acintya Shakti), combined or alone, not being possible to identify exactly which, but they are the Dravya Shakti/Virya = Chintanya Shakti (directly potent) = Achintanya Shatki (catalyst, to it is not acting directly, but stimulating the potency other drug )
II)
GUNA VIRYA VADA orPARIBHASHIKA VIRYA VADA Acaryas Sushruta and Vagbhata gave more enphasis to this Vada i) Ashta vidha Virya Vada Ø Caraka: Ca Su 26:64 Mrdu
Tikshna
Guru
Laghu
Snigdha
Ruksha
Shita
Ushna
Ø Sushruta: Su Su 40:5 Mrdu
Tikshna
Vishada
Picchila
Snigdha
Ruksha
Shita
Ushna
* Guru & Laghu have been mentioned while explaining the importance of Virya over Rasa
Ø Vagbhata AS: AS Su 17:12 Manda
Tikshna
Guru
Laghu
Snigdha
Ruksha
Shita
Ushna
Ø Vagbhata AH: AHSu 9:12-‐13 Mrdu
Tikshna
Guru
Laghu
Snigdha
Ruksha
Hima
Ushna
= AH Su 9: 14-‐16: Gives four reasons why those 8 gunas to be used as Virya: a) b) c) d)
SAMAGRAGUNA: Stable after contact with Jatharagni SHAKTIYUTKARSHAT: Posses more quality than others VYAVAHARAYA MUKHYATVAT: Used in daily practice BAHVAGRAGRAHANAT: Frequently present in dravyas
Ushna
ii) Dvividha Virya Vada
= Caraka: CaSu 26:64-‐65: Viryas are of two kinds – Shita and
= Sushruta: SuSu 40:5: Agni and Soma are dominant in Universe, hence Viryas are of two types Ushna and Shita = Ashtanga Samgraha: ASSu17:14: Even there are innumerable substance in the Universe, all they are governed by two qualities: Agni ad Soma, hence virya is of two types as there are two Kalas Adama and Visarga = Ashtanga Hrdaya: AHSu 9:17-‐18: Same as Ashtanga Samgraha III)
KARMA VIRYA VADA Conceopt propound by Acharya Nagarjuna, and supported by Acharya Nimi “karma laksanam vIriam” R.Vai. Su 1 – Virya will be known after the manifestation of Karma only (after assessing ie Medha action, can infer Medhyatva & consequent Virya responsible for Medhya)
= Badanta Nagarjuna says that Karma Viryas are innumerable and gave MB dominance to each (ie: Chardanya-‐Agni+Vayu / Dipanya: Agneya = Acarya Nimi: Enumerated 15 Viryas according Karmas and respective MB (refer to Hedge Pg306) GUNA VIRYA VADA Ashta Vidha Virya
Dvividha Virya Vada
|
Caraka
|
Ushna
Sushruta
|
Shita
AS
|
AH
Caraka
Sushruta
AS
AH
Mrdu-‐Tiksha
Shita-‐Ushna
Guru-‐Laghu
Guru-‐Laghu
Snigdha-‐Ruksha
Snigdha-‐Ruksha
Guru-‐Snigdha-‐ Hima-‐Mrudu
Snigdha-‐Ruksha
Vishada-‐Picchila
Tikshna-‐Manda
Ushna-‐Shita
Mrdu-‐Tikshna
Shita-‐Ushna
Laghu-‐Ruksha-‐ Ushna-‐Tikshna
DRAVYA VIRYA VADA (Cakrapani _Shivadasa Sen) Cintya
F) VIRYA UPALABDHI = Cakrapani (CaSu 26:66): Virya of a dravya is perceived through two means : Adhivasa (Anumana) or Nipata (Pratyaksha) = Sushruta (SuSu42:11): Through Jãnendriyas -‐ Sparsha: Shita, Ushna, Mrdu -‐ Sparsha+Cakshu: Picchila & VIshada -‐ Cakshu: Snigdha & Ruksha -‐ Ghrana: Tikshna G) VIRYA NIRDHARANE SAMANYA SIDDHANTA NIRUPANA (Virya Determination with Exceptions) – CaSu 26 SAMANYA SIDDHANTA -‐ Determination RASA
VIRYA
MADHURA
SHITA
AMLA
USHNA
LAVANA
USHNA
KATU
USHNA
TIKTA
SHITA
KASHAYA
SHITA
VIRYA NIRDHARANE APAVADA – Exceptions in Assessing Virya DRAVYA
RASA
VIRYA
ANUP MAMSA
Madhura
Ushna
AMALAKI
Pancha Rasa (Amla dominant)
Shita
LAVANA (Saindava)
Lavana
Shita
GUDUCHI
Tikta
Ushna
BRIHAT PANCHA MULA (bilva, agnimantha, shoyanaka, patala, ghambari)
Kashaya & Tikta
Ushna
Ashvagadha
Tikta
Ushna
Bakuci
Tikta & Madhura
Ushna
H) VIRYA PRADANYA = Sushruta Su 40:4: Has given prime importance to Viryaamong constituents of Dravya, since it is responsible for various actions done by Dravya. He states that several Karmas are performed through Virya, like: -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐
Urdhvabhagahara Adhobhagahara Ubhayabhagahara Samshamana Sangrahita Dipaniya Pidana Lekhana Brmhana Rasayana Vajikarana Madana Pranaghna Vishaghna But AH opines that Prabhava is the reposnsible for special Karmas 1) Virya Pradhanikat: In treatment, only substances having good potency are used. 2) Karma Karanat: Responsible for all Karmas done by Dravya 3) Tulya Rasa Guneshu Visheshat: Virya overpowers Rasa in bring out Dravya Karma 4) Agamat: Importance given in classical shastras
7 -‐ PRABHAVA A) NIRUKTI -‐ ETYMOLOGY = Means: Has more Power / Dominant / Distinguished = “prabhavarti viSistakarma-‐samartham bhavati dravyam aneneti prabhavah”-‐ Prabhava is the specific power or potency exerting specific action. B) LAKSHANA – DEFITITION = Caraka Su 26:67: = AH Su 9/26 – “rasAdimAmye yatkarmaviSistam tat prabhAvajam”-‐ When Dravya exhibits a specific, non expected, action for a certain RasAdi combination, it is due to Prabhava (ie.: Danti same RasAdi of Citraka, but it is VIrecaka as per Prabhava / Ghee and Kshira have same rasAdi, but ghee is Dipana Prabhava, while Kshira is Agnimandya. = Special capacity of dravya making it perform a specific action which is engender (difficult to explain in scientific way) = Prabhava is the most special quality o a dravya, which is the superior of Rasa Panchaka
PRABHAVA SVARUPA
= PV Sharma: Two things contribute to the nature of Prabhava: Specificity of chemical composition and Specificity of sie of action = Sushruta: While explaining Virya he mentioned Cintya Shakti (explainable) and Acintya Shakti (non explainable), so Acintya Virya is Prabhava. C) CONCEPT OF SAMANA AND VICITRA PRATYARABDHA – AH Su-‐9:27-‐29 C.1) SAMANA PRATYAYARABDHA DRAVYAS (Similar MB) Dravya in which Rasa, Guna, Virya and Vipaka are in accordance to their PnacaMB composition, and show Karmas accordingly. = Caraka calls as Prkrtyanuguna: Vipaka and Virya can be assessed on basis of Rasa only C.2) VICHITRAPRATYAYARABDHA (Disimilar MB) Dravya in which Rasa, Guna, Virya and Vipaka are apparently not in accordance to their PancaMahaBhuta composition, or one of the fall out of the rule, and can exhibit different Karmas . = Caraka Su 26:48-‐49: Call as Prkrtyanaguna Dravya, which that has Virya contradictory to its Rasa
Ex.: Wheat and barley have Madhura and guru Guna, but goduma pacifies Vata, while Yava increases Vata, Wheat is snigdha and shita and Yava is Ruksha and anushna Fish and milk are madhura and guru, but act in opposite way due to different virya PRABHAV X VICITRA PRATYARABDHATVA All Prabhavas can be included as Not all Vicitra drugs has Prabhava Vicitra It is an Adbhuta Karma (extraordinary It is not an extraordinary action action) Action is independent from any Rasa, Virya, Guna, Vipaka and Karma perceived factor – importance is the are not in accordance with the PMB special action perceived D) EFFECTS OF PRABHAVA According to Acharya P.V. Sharma karma of Prabhava is classified in following groups: 1) Bhautika Karma (Physical Action) Ex.: Extraction of foreign body with magnet 2) Aushadhya Karma (Phamacological Action): When using the dravya for pharmacological purpose Ex.: Danti ,Trivrita, Guduchi 3) Agadiya Karma (Toxicological action): Anti Visha action Ex.: Shirisha 4) Rakshoghna Karma: Bacteriological action or Psychiatric Actions Ex.: Guggulu, Jatamamsi 5) Manasa Karma: Psychological or Spiritual Action Ex.: Mantras, worship, wearing stones E) PRABHAVA PRADHANYATA = Nagarjuna gave following reasons for prabhava pradhanyata 1) Acintya – non explicable 2) Daivapratighata – Great power over grahas and bhutas 3) Vishapratighata – Immediate anti poison effects 4) Darshana – Seen directly 5) Shravanat – Dravyas with Prabhava are preferable 6) Tulyarasaguneshu: more potente than Dravyagata Padarthas 7) Adbhuta Karma: Mesmering actions 8) Agama: Classical texts consider it as superior
8 – DRAVYASHRITA RASADINAM PARASPARA SAMBANDHASYA BALABALASYA CHA NIRUPANAM -‐ INTERRELATION OF RASA-‐GUNA-‐VIRYA-‐VIPAKA-‐ PRABHAVA RULE I-‐ CaSu 26:45-‐47 States the relations between Shad Rasa and respective Vipaka & Virya RASA
VIPAKA
VIRYA
MADHURA
Madhura
SHITA
AMLA
Amla
USHNA
LAVANA
Madhura
USHNA
KATU
Katu
USHNA
TIKTA
Katu
SHITA
KASHAYA
Katu
SHITA
RULE II -‐ CaSu 26:71-‐71 / AS Su 17/24 (Indu) The exhibt their actions by virtue of their Rasas or by their Virya or by their Guna, or by their Vipaka, or by the virtue of their Prabhava If Rasa, Vipaka, Virya have same strength the order of potency is as follow: Vipaka superseds Rasa, Virya superseds Rasa&Vipaka, and Prabhava overcomes all, bringing out its own Karma
= Rasa
= Vipaka
= Virya
= Prabhava
Ex:
-‐ Madhu is Madhura Rasa, but won’t aggravate Kapha due to its Katu Vipaka -‐ Anupamamsa is Madhura Rasa and Vipaka, but aggravates Pitta due to ist Ushna Virya -‐ Danti is Katu Rasa/Vipaka and Ushna Virya but acts as Recaka as its Prabhava
RULE III – AS Su 17:31-‐32 // SuSu 40:14 = AS -‐ If the factors residing in Dravya have different strength, then the one which is stronger will over power others and bring the Karma = Sushruta: Different factors residing in Dravya are responsible for particular Karma, which aggravate or pacify the Doshas = Dalhana: -‐ -‐ -‐ -‐
Karma due to Prabhava Pradhanya: Khadira Kushthaghna Prabhava Karma due to Virya Pradhanya: Brhat Pancamula VataShamaka due to Ushna Virya Karma due to Vipaka Pradhanya: Shunthi is Vata Shamaka due to Madhura Vipaka Karma due to Rasa Pradhanya: Guduci is Pitta Shamaka due to Tikta Rasa
RULE IV – PVSharma The weaker properties also are not completely devoid of action, but contribute more or less to the total effect of the drug. Thus the effect of Dravya is the sum of the several factors.
9 – KARMA A) Nirukti -‐ Ethymological Derivation Ø Karma = kr+manin (shabdakosha) – Karma is the factor which performs action Ø “kriyate iti karma” Dr.Gu.Vijñana – Karma is the action which out come from a process (kriya) B) Lakshana -‐ Definition Ø “kriyA laksanam karma” – The process itself is a characteristic feature of Karma Ø Caraka Su 1:52 – “samyoge cavibhAge ca karanam dravyamASritam | kartavyasya kriyAkarma karma nAnyadapeksate || “ -‐ This entity in dravya responsible for Samyoga and Vibhaga is Karma, it has inherent relation with dravya and is responsible for a specific action. Ø Karma is the one responsible for Samyoga and Vibhaga Ø Resides in Dravya. No existence without Dravya Ø Kshinatva: only exists/manifests for a short period of time Ø Does not exist after Karma performance Ø Karma does not exist in Karma C) KARMA SVARUPA > “KriyA laksanam karma” – R.Vai. A. 1:171 – KRIYA is the SVARUPA of Karma. Any action done by Dravya is the Karma D) KARMA PARYAYA (Synonyms) > CaCi 8:129 – While describing Dasha Vidha Pariksha, describes Pravrutti (tendency) as Ceshta (behavior), giving following synonyms
E) KARMA BHEDA Ø There is no clear cut references for Karma types in classics. As compilation we can use as follow:
KARMA |
|
|
|
SAMSHODHANA
STHANIKA
ANTAPARIMARJANA
MUKHYA (main-‐head)
SAMSHAMANA
SARVA DAIHIKA
BAHIRPARIMARJANA
GAUNA (secondary)
VISHISHTA
Parimarjana = cleaning/removing Ø Karikavali have also mentioned 5 types of Karma a) b) c) d) e)
Utkshepana Atakshepana Akuncana Prasarana Gamana
Ø Caraka CaCi 25: 23-‐25 – Ayurveda solely depends on PM theory and can explain all concepts on this basis only So Caraka says that PANCABHAUTIKA AHARA consumed is influenced by their respective BHUTAGNI and nourish the respectives BHUTAS in the body The same concept can be used to explain the therapeutic action of Pancabhautika Dravyas influencing Pancabhautika Sharira Ø Sushruta Su41:12 Gunas as componensts of Dravyas and Sharira can influence Sthana-‐ Vrddhi-‐Kshaya of Dosha-‐Dhatu-‐Mala – All PMB DRAVYA (Ahara/Ausha dha)
-‐ Drug Action by Caraka (Cakrapani Datta example)
FACTOR KARMA
DESCRIPTION Which acts
EXAMPLE(C.D.) Shirovirecaka dravyas should produce Shirovirecana VIRYA Responsible for The potency of dravya manifestation of to manifest effects Shirovirecana ADHIKARANA Site of action In Shirovirecana – Shira KALA Proper time to intake Vasantadi Rtu– Pacient the dravya with Shirogaurava UPAYA Procedure to Procedures like apply/intake the Pradhamana or dravya Avapidana Nasya PHALA Therapeutic effect Patient relieved from heaviness at head Ø PV Sharma A) SAMSHODHANA: Vamana, Virecana, Asthapana, Anuvasana, Nasya B) SAMSHAMANA: Snehana, Rukshana, Brmhana, Langhana, Svedana, Stambhana Ø Modern § Pharmacodynamics: Pharmakon(drug) + dynamics(activity), is the study of the biochemical&phisyological effects of drugs and their mode of action § General Properties of Drugs: 1-‐ Do not confer any new function, only modify existing ones 2-‐ Have multiple effects, so have undesirable effects, which may vary 3-‐ Action results from a physic chemical interaction btw drug and an important molecule in the body
§ Action-‐Effect Sequence: 1 -‐ Drug Action: Initial combination Drug + Receptor = Conformational Change 2 – Drug Effect: Ultimate change in biological function. Result/Effect. Ex.: DRUG Pilocarpine
ACTION Parasympathetic stimulation of circular muscles of iris
EFFECT Miosis (contraction)
§ Principles of Drug Action / Broad Classification of Action 1-‐ Stimulant: Selective enhancement of activity of specialized cells – Ex: Adrenaline stimulates heart 2-‐ Depression: Selective diminution of activity of specialized cells – Ex.: Quinidine depresses heart 3-‐ Irritation: Non selective harmfull effect – applied to less specialized cells -‐ mild irritatios may stimulate associated functions – Ex: Bitters increase salivary&gastric secretions 4-‐ Replacement: Natural metabolites, hormones or congeners in deficient states – Ex. Insulin-‐diabetes, Iron-‐anemia 5-‐ Cytotoxic: Selective action to kill invading parasites/cancer cells, without significantly affecting the host cells. Ex: Penicilin § Site of Drug Action Two drugs may have same effect but different site of action DRUG ACTION EFFECT Pilocarpine Parasympathetic MIOSIS stimulation of circular muscles of iris Morphine Stimulates the 3rd Cranial MIOSIS Nerve Nucleus
§ Mechanisms of Drug Action 1-‐ Physical action: A physical property is responsible for action. Ex: Mass of drug as bulk laxative 2-‐ Chemical action: Extracellular reaction according to simple chemical equation. Ex.: Antiacids neutralize gastric HCl 3-‐ Through enzymes: By STIMULATION or INHIBITION of enzymes (reaction rate, production, structure) 4-‐ Through receptors: Using the cells receptors as mediators for actions through AFFINITY or EFFICACY -‐ Agonist – Produce effect similar of physiological sign of cell -‐ Inverse Agonist – Oposite direction of agonist -‐ Antagonist – Prevents the action of any agonist -‐ Partial agonist – Activates a receptor to produce submaximal effect but antagonizes the action of full agonist Ø KARMA VARGIKARANA ACC Hedge – KARMAS in RELATION TO DOSHA
Mutra VS – Mutrala Mutrasangrahaniya Mutravirajaniya Mutravirecaniya
Shukrahara
Sveda VS-‐Svedakar
§ ACC PV Sharma – Refer book pg 60 to 63 Ø MAIN KARMAS DESCRIPTION NAME DIPANA Dipaniya Varga
PACANA
ENG
DEFINITION
Appetizer N – Which stimulates Jatharagni L – Which kindles Jatharagni / Not digest AMA S – Dipaniya-‐Vahnikrt Ch – Pr+Ag MB – Rasa: Amla-‐Lavana-‐ Katu / Gn-‐Tikshna, Ushna, Laghu, Sukshma, Khara, Vishada IGNATES AGNI Digestive N – Which is digestive L – Which digests AMA/Not stimulate Agni -‐ Cakrapani – strengthens agni so digests AMA Ch – Va+Ag MB – Langhana&Shamana (AH) – Di + Pa are 1st line of Vyadhi Priyanika Cikitsa
EXAMPLE Shatapushpa (ShDh-‐BhPr) Ghrtta Marica Pippali
Nagakeshara, Citraka, Musta
SAM-‐ Purifying SHODHANA
N – Purifies thoroughly & completely L – Expel aggravated Doshas either upward/downward S – Deha samshodhana -‐ shodhana Ch – Types: Bahirashraya (shastra-‐ kshara) & Abhyantarashraya (PK) By Ca Vamana-‐Virecana-‐Asthapana Basti-‐AnuvasanaBasti-‐Sirovirecan Process of elimination of dosha and dushya, AFTER DOSHA SAMCHARA (circulation, put dosha in movement) SAM-‐ Pacifying N – Appeases (apazigua) or Subdue SHAMANA (appeases (subjuga) or L – Not expel vitiated Dosha / Not subdues) aggravate normal Dosha / Normalizes-‐subdues aggravated Dosha S – Shamana Ch – Su(Ak MB)or Va+Ja+Pr AH Types: Pacana-‐Dipana-‐Kshut-‐Trt-‐ Vyayama-‐Atapa-‐Maruta ANULOMA-‐ Proper N – which is in natural/regular order NA movemen L – Act on partially formed Mala, t of Vata assist formation well formed mala, clear obstruction, help expulsion. Ch – Acc ShSa Tikkas – Acts on Malapaka & Doshapaka (mitigation of aggravated dosha) Eliminates the Flatus. Aromatic & mild Irritants Dalhana-‐ Vata Pravartaka = Clears obstruction caused by Vata, Mutra & Purisha Process to bring Vata back its proper movement SANSRANA Simple N – Causes to fall or brings down / purgative L – Partially processed Mala Sukhavirec s residing in Koshtha is expelled hana without Malapaka (digestion) Partially & completely Malapaka expelled S – Virecana (Yogasendra) Ch – Caraka consider as a type of Virecana (subsides Pitta or KP or Pittashayagata dosha) Process of eliminating the mala which is attached to Pakvashaya through Guda
Madhana phala, Trivrita, Eranda taila, Devadali,
Guduchi, Kushtha, Candana, Vaca, Amlaki, ghritta
Haritaki, bibitaki, nagakeshara
Trivrita, Aragvada (rajavriksha)
BHEDANA
Strong N – Which breaks, loosens & separate purgative L – Expels Abaddha (liquid) Purisha & dosha or Baddha(fastened) Shushka Bhedaniya purisha, Baddha ghrathita Dosha Varga downwards Ch – CaSu 4:9 Breaks down the Dosha accumulated inside the body & expels the Mala down Process of eliminating mala and dosha through Guda RECHANA Virechana N – Evacuates or empties L – Liquifies Pakva & Apakva Mala (Purisha&Doshas) & expels fm body S – Virecana Ch – Su (Pr+Ap MB) – Caraka: Gunas: Ushna-‐Tikshna-‐ Sukshma-‐Vyavayi-‐Vikasi – spread sukshma srotas, brak&liquify the Dosha Sanghata. Types: Sukha (Trivrt) , Mrdu (Aragvadha), Tikshna (Snuhikshira) Induces virechana (purgative, move doshas and dushyas out of body) CHEDANA Disunite N – Cuts/tears or splits & L – Forcefully disunites the adhered Eliminate ‘Kaphadi Doshas’ from the Srotas(or body) = Shlishtan Kaphadi Dosha – Act on adhered Doshas = Vishleshayati Kaphadi Dosha – Separated/Disunites adhered Doshas = Unmulayati Ashu – Eradicates or uproots quickly out of body = Unmulayati Balat – Uproots forcefully out of body Ch – Acts in two stages: Separation (Vishleshana) & Eradication (Unmulana) Process of eliminating doshas, mainly Kapha by pulling them forcefully from the root LEKHANA Scraping N – Wich scratches/scraps/makes thin or which ematiates L – Dries up Dhatu & Mala and Lekhaniya scrapes, leading to a lean body Varga Ch – Dries up Dhatu (mainly Kapha&Meda), Mala & Deha (leads to lean body)
Snuhi, jayapala, Katuki (tikta) Langali Eranda
Aragvada Trivrt Snuhikshira
Kshara, Shilajitu, Maricha
Kshaudra Ushnajala Vaca Yava Musta Haridra Citraka
Sushruta (Va+Ag MB) – Hemadri: Khara Guna In Shalya Tantra is one of Shashti Upakrama, to scrap Vrna. Process of scraping dosha, dushya and mala GRAHI Retentive N – Holds or clutches L – Is both Dipana-‐Pacana and dries up moisture by Ushna Guna Ch – Su (Va MB) – ShSa -‐ Ag Adhmalla says Two Types: 1-‐ Pakvagrahi (Shitasangrahi or Stambhana) 2-‐ Amagrahi (Ushnasangrahi or Grahi) When Mala is apakva(Ama mala), 1st digest Ama (dipana-‐pacana) & later it does Drava Shoshan with ushna guna STAMBHA-‐ Immobiliz N – Ostructs, hinders or restrain NA ation L – Stop or obstruct the motility or movement Ch – CaSu 22 – Can stop movementof fluids from the body (Vamana or Atisara) also stop movement of internal fluids like Rakta and Pitta Guna: Shita, Manda, Mrdu, Shlakshna, Ruksha, Laghu, Sukshma, Sthira Vata vrddhi dravyas by virtue produce stambhana DIFFEREN-‐ STAMBHANA CE -‐ Immobilization BETWEEN -‐ Kashaya Rasa GRAHI AND -‐ Shita Virya STAMBHA-‐ -‐ Vata Vrddhi dravyas NA -‐ Decreases Jatharagni (agni sadhaka) MADAKARI Narcotics N – Which intoxicates L – Predominant TamoGuna which hampers the mental faculties Ch – ShPr -‐ Buddhi involves Medha(intelligence),Dhriti(selfcon trol), Smriti(memory), Mati (judge-‐ ment), Pratipatti (discrimination), hampers all or any of these mental faculties Sushruta – Madya having opposite
Jatiphala Shunthi
Dhataki pushpa, Kutaja Shyonaka
GRAHI: -‐ Retentive -‐ Katu Rasa -‐ Ushna Virya -‐ VataShama Dipan/Pacan Agnivardhak Madya Sura Asava
PRAMATHI Agitates/ Put in motion Mild Scrap fm Srotas
ABHISHYA NDI
Obstructs Srotas
VYAVAYI
Spreads Apakva later undergoe s Paka
VIKASHI
Fast spreading – Separates Oja fm Dhatu
RASAYANA Rejuvanat ion
gunas to Oja, combines with Jatharagni & reaches Hrdaya than Indriya and Mana, through Dhamani upwards, causing Mada N – Agitates or tears & set in motion Maricha, L – A dravya by Virtue of its Vaca potency removes the accumulated Doshas fm Strotas is called Pramathi Ch – ShPr Tikka – Srotas are Karna, Nasa & Mukha ShPr other Tikka – Srotas refers to Rasavahi Sira So Pramathi works in both External & Internal Srotas (channels) N – Kledadhikya (Increase mucus Dadhi secretion) Anupamamsa L – Dravya which increases mucus Masha secretion obstructing the Srotas is Abhishyandi Cakrap–Destroys Dosha-‐sanghata Ch – Guna: Picchila, Guru, Snigdha – increase Kleda specially in Rasavahasrotas, causing obstruction N – Which dissolutes Ahiphena, L – Spreads throught the body & later Bhanga undergoes Paka (digestion) Ch – SushrutaSu 46 – Vyavayi is a Guna / ShPr Va+Ak MB/ Dalhana-‐ Spreads all over body in Apakva stage & undergoes Paka later just like toxic substances N – spreading nature Puga, L – Separates/dissociates Oja from Kramuka Dhatu and causes Sandhi laxation Krodava Ch – Va MB / SushrutaSu 46 – Vikasi Madhana is a Guna / Dalhana -‐ Spreads out phala? the body before Paka & exerts its effects. ShPr -‐ Causes Sandhishaitilya, Dhatu Satilya and Ojo Kshaya N – Rasa gatau(to move fluid) + Amalaki Ayanam shamanam gatiartha (to Guduci carry) Guggulu L – Which carries the Rasa to Haritaki different parts of body. Makes Pippali RasaDhatu as an Ayana to supply Yashtimadhu the nutrients to Dhatu/Srotas
VAJIKARA-‐ NA
Aphrodisi ac
(SuSu1/7) Ch – Benefits (CaCi 1) – Longevity, preservation of youth, destroy old age, Brmhana, Vrshya, Deha bala, Indriya bala, cakshushya, smrti-‐ medhakara, varna, svara Which increased Rasaadi dhatu and promotes health ballance N – Increases libido / Brings Power L – CaCi 2: Which improves sexual strength like a horse / Which is Shukrala Ch – Adhamalla Tikka over Sharangdhara mention that Vajikarana acts in both genders TYPES:Ca&Su Shukravrddhikara, Shukrasrutikara & Shukravrddhi-‐ srutikara ShSa – Describes 6 speciaities: Shukrala, Shukrapravartaka, Shukrajanaka, Shukrarecana, Shukra stambhaka, Shukrashoshana
Ashvagandha Musali, Shatavari, Kapikachu
Which increases body vigor (ojas vridhi), including sexual desire JEEVANIYA Vitality
BALYA
Strength
N – Preserve Life L – Which preserves or sustains life / Which promotes vitality. Dravyas which brings back the healthy status of vitality/life Ch – replace the energy loss through metabolic process, and so the life also; necessary to the life processes they are Pr+Ap MB & mostly Madhura rasa /shita virya Process to increase the life spam in a healthy body N – Promote strength L – Which that promotes body strength. It has been considered as an action of Ojas Ch – Two Groups: Samanya (general): Promote general strength, are Dhatu and Ojas vrddhi, increasing gen Bala. Vishishsta: Provide strength to some specific organs
Jivanti, Madhuka Kshira Vidari
Bala, Ashvagandha Kapikacchu Shatavari VISHISHTA >Arjuna-‐Hrd >Kupilu-‐ Sushumna >Amashaya-‐ Tikta rasa
BRIMHANA Nourishin g
N – Increase/big L – Promotes body strength by nourishing Rasa and Mamsa Dhatu Increase the Anabolic activity of body Ch – Gunas: guru, snigdha, snadra, sthulapicchila, manda, sthira and shita (Pr dominance+ Ap MB) Process of nourishing all dhatus, increasing the body mass LANGHANA Reducing N – Promotes lightness – L – Makes the body lean, thin and producing promotes lightness lightness Ch – Va+Ag MB / Guna: Laghu, tikshna, vishada,ruksha, sukshma, khara, kathina & Ushna – Drying Mamsa Dhatu action Process of reducing the dhatus, decreasing body mass MEDHYA Neuro N – Increase mental vigour tonic L – Promotes intellect, intelligence by increasing mental power Ch – Is related to Manas-‐Buddhi It is accepted as Prabhava due to great variation on Rasapancaka Three aspects of Medha: 1-‐Grahana Shakti (pw of acquisition) 2-‐Dharana Shakti (pw of retention) 3-‐Smrti Shakti (pw of recollection) Different drugs can be use to each Process of stimulating the neurons and Nervous system
R – Tikta, Kashaya G – Laghu Vr – Shita KV hara K – Grahi – Lekhana
G – Sara Vr – Shita K – Tridosha hara(KP+) – Dipana – Rucya Chakshusiya – Vishama Jvara – Prameha -‐ Kushta –Mehaghna -‐ Rasayana
K – Shramahara I – Jvarottara dourbalya
K – Cakshushya, Dipana, Rucya, Vishamajvara
As perDhNi – Ela in place of Puga R-‐ Madhura-‐Katu Vp-‐ Madhura K – KV-‐ / Sangrahi & Vibandha hara R – Katu -‐ G – Laghu, ruksha Vr – Ushna -‐ Vp – Katu/Madhura
12 – BASIS OF NOMENCLATURE 12.1 – BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE -‐ It is the taxonomical system of naming plants and animals, which helps in identify, name and classify the species. -‐ Compiled by: Carl Linnaeus 18th Century (Sweden) -‐ Rules by ICBN (Iternational Code o Botanical Nomenclature): Ø Each living being should be named by two words Ø First for Genus and second for family Ø General name should start with capital letter and specific with small letter Ø The two words should be underlined while written or in italic when typed Ø A generic name may be written alone when is referring to the entire group Ø The taxonomical order of living being should be written obliquely 12.2 – BASIS AND DERIVATION OF SYNONYMS a) Introduction: In the past there was no classification of plants under binomial system as actually, but Acharyas used to focus on synonyms of plants to specify their properties action and location, therefore in Ayurveda, most of the drugs have several synonyms to specify their details. CaSu 1:120-‐123 – States that the Knowledge of Nama&Rupa is important but can be obtaiedfrom the people living in the forests or shepards, but the the knowledge of Aushadhi Guna Jñana is essecial to a virtuous Vaydya b) Plants Nomination Criteria – Paryaya / Synonyms The number of plants and medicinal substances describes in the classical texts is huge, so based in several criterias the ancient sages stablished several criteras to give synonyms-‐Paryaya, so local sheppards could identify the plants by their morphological aspects while Vaidyas by their properties or potential actions. Nirukti of Paryaya: “pari+in” -‐ That which follows an order Lakshana: Words which are related to each other
CRITERIA Rudhi Svabhava Deshokta Lanchana Upamaa
Virya
Itaravaya
Some of criterias which are used – Acc RjNi -‐ 13 DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE Traditional name Rudhi Name Vyavahrita Name Tuntuka Shyonaka SYNONYM PLANTS Innate quality Krimighna Vidanga Habitat ChinakaKarpura Karpura Kaashmira Kumkuma Malayaja Candana Morphological Triputa (fruits Ela features with 3 surfates) Dirghaphala Aragvadha (long fruit) Comparison with Pancangula (5 Eranda other plans, fingers) animals or objects Tamrapallava Ashoka (Coppery leaf) Based on potency Shita valkala Udumbara (bark) Ushna – Utkata Shunthi (tikshna) Bahu virya Shalmali (many virya – efficacious) Miscellaneous (For Vira (much Maricha particular reason) virya) Vari (best Shatavari medicine, husband, come from water)
c) Utility of Synonyms Based on the groups above mentioned
13 – DRAVYA SAMGRAHA 13.1 – BESHAJA PARISKSHA VIDHI (as described in Ca Vi 8:87) -‐ IMPORTANT Beshaja constitue instruments to achieve the objects, like cure of diseases; they are those which are employed by Vaidyas focusing to bring back the health state of a patient; so they are used by them as instruments, and include factors like: a) source of action -‐ pravrtti b) habitat -‐ desha c) time – kala d) means of reaction -‐ upaya Aushadha, depending on their nature, they can be of two types: Spiritual or Rational. The Rational Beshaja again can be of two types: with or without material substrat. Therapies having material base are used for Vamana, VIrecana, etc., and they should be examined with reference to following characteristics: Characteristics for Examination of Dravya 1-‐ Nature -‐ Prakrtti 2-‐ Qualities – Guna 3-‐ Specific actions – Prabhava 4-‐ Place of growth – Desha 5-‐ Season of collection – Rtu 6-‐ Mode of collection – 7-‐ Method of preservation – 8-‐ Method of processing – 9-‐ Dosage – Matra 10-‐ Quantum of Doshas eliminated or alleviated Substitutes can be used 13.2 – DRAVYA SAMGRAHANA (Collection of Drugs) Su Su – 36:3 (also CaKa 1) a) Introduction: Dravya samgrahan is an important stage for further process and formulation of medicines, wether wid plants or cultivated ones. Collection follow a method and are based on various criteria, according to their suitability to contain that the maximum concentration of active constituents.
Some of the criterias for selection of dravyas to be collected: a) b) c) d) e) f)
Part of the plant Season Time Method Purpose Potency
b) Samgrahana Vidhi – Procedures (Covers Item 13.5 below) – Acc ShPr Ch1-‐43-‐48: 1) The drugs should be collected at Brahma muhurta 2) Person who will collect should wakeup during Brahma muhurta, take bath, wear white cloths, and observe fasting. 3) He should approach to the plant with holy mind and peaceful heart 4) Drugs should be collected only after praying to Ashwini Kumaras 5) Dravyas should be collected facing towards N, E or NE directions (Dipika comments that Uttarashrita means that collect Mula situated at north direction. Dravyas to be collected are selected respeting: a) Desha Sampat (avoid: ant hills, dirty, near roads and grave yard areas & Anupa desha) b) Kala Sampat (collect them recently matured NEW-‐Nava, only few should be Purana, like Vidanga and Pippali, but no dosha present) c) Guna Sampat
c) Dravya Samgraha Kala RITU Vasanta Grishma Pravrit Varsha Sharad Hemanta Shishira
Sushruta Sara Phala Mula Patra Tvak Kshira ____
CARAKA Shaka -‐ Patra Mula _____ _____ Tvak-‐Kanda-‐Kshira Sara Mula
RAJA Ni. Pushpa ___ ___ Prabala Patra Pankajata Kanda Mula
PART
SUSHRUTA Sa
MULA
Shishira
CHARAKA Sa – Ka 1 Grishma-‐ushna vir Shishira -‐ shita vir Vasanta Vasanta Yatha Ritu Yatha Ritu Hemanta Sharad Sharad Sharad -‐-‐-‐
RAJA NIGHANTU practically used Shishira
PATRA Varsha Varsha SHAKHA (stem) No concept -‐-‐-‐ PUSHPA No concept Vasanta PHALA Grishma -‐-‐-‐ SAARA Vasanta -‐-‐-‐ TVAK Sharad -‐-‐-‐ KANDA -‐-‐-‐ Hemanta KSHIRA Hemanta -‐-‐-‐ PANCHANGA -‐-‐-‐ Sharad d) Virya Bheda Samgraha – ACC SuSu 36:5 Acarya Sushruta gives less emphasis to the above description of collectionby Rtu and states the concept that entire Universe is further composed by SAUMYA & AGNEYATVA, so Agneya dravyas should be collect at Agneya Rtu, so on. DRAVYA GUNA RITU DESHA AGNEYA Atimadhura, Snigdha, Sharad-‐Vasanta-‐ Grishma Vindhya Chala Shita (South India) SAUMYA Katu, Ruksha, Ushna Varsha-‐Hemanta-‐Shishira Himalaya
13.3 – CLASSIFICATION OF DESHA AND BHUMI a) Desha Vibhaga – Ecology It is important the knowledge of the Ecological environment of the region (Soil type, Rain regimen, Tempreature fluctuation, etc) in order to select the proper dravya to be cultivated or selected for collection, as well their respective proper kala. Sushruta (Su 36) reinforcs that the properties of Dravya depend on the Desha where it grows, Samhitas & Nighantus divides deshas into three types DESHA HABITAT DOSHA Jangala Clear sky VATA & PITTA Land even dominance Soil rough & sandy Less rain & harsh hot air Plants: few, small & thorny trees Anupa Uneven land – Change of altitude KAPHA & VATA Long rivers reach ocean rogas are Covered with thick forests predominant Soft & cold winds Many large trees & soil covered by snigdha taru Sadharana Both characteristics are present TRIDOSHA Balance -‐ SAMA Factors Jangala Anupa Sadharana Udaka Alpa Pracura Sama Vrksha Alpa Pracura Sama Vata (wind) Pravata Nivata Sama Atapa Pracuratapa Durlabhatapa Sama Roga/Dosha Svalpa Bahudosha Sama b) Other Classifications of Bhumi by Acarya Sushruta b.1) According PMB – SuSu 38:4 -‐ Akashyia -‐ Vayavya -‐ Agneya -‐ Appiya -‐ Parthiva
b.2) Acc Rasas – SuSu 36:12 According Shad Rasa b.3) According to Soil and Dravya – SuSu 36:3 -‐ Prasashta Bhumi / Ideal Soil: Soil fertile, dark, devoid of stones, water abundant and grassy -‐ Prasashta Dravya / Ideal Dravya: Dravya collected from prasashta bhumi, at Northeast direction BHUMI Gunabhuishtha PURPOSE Prthvi + Jala Virecana Dravya Akasha + Vayu + Agni Vamana Dravya Ubhaya Ubhaya bhaga hara Akasha Samshamana Dravya 13.4 – SVARUPA OF SAMGRAHANIYA DRAVYA (Characteristic of drugs to be collected) – SuSu 36:3
Svarupa -‐ Should be collected from prasashta bhumi, -‐ Should also be prasashta dravya -‐ Should have abundant bark and being deep rooted -‐ Should be free from poison/toxins, parasites infestation, not affected from weapons, not under severe sun light/hot or severe winds,, fire, too much water. -‐ It must have single dominant taste (Ca Ka 1) -‐ Should be collected from the plant growing towards N, E and NE directions
13.5 – SAMGRAHANYA VIDDHI (Drugs Collection – See Item – 13.2 b) 13.6 – COLLECTION PERIOD ACC VIRYA (Virya Bheda Samgraha – See Item 13.2 d) 13.7 – JANGAMA DRAVYA SANGRAHA (Animal drug collection) Different parts or products from animal origin are used as food, as well to prepapre medicines and some points should be observed: = General: Prod. should be collected from Young but Mature animal = For collection of RAKTA, ROMA & NAKHA a well grown young& mature animal is selected = For KSHIRA, MUTRA & PURISHA from a mature animal only they completed the digestion of last food
13.8 – SAMRAKSHANA VIDDHI (Preservation of collected drugs) BHAISHAJAGARA (storage house) a) Definitions: Samrakshana Viddhi is the process of preserving the collected drugs. Bhaishajagara is the Storehouse of drugs, before & after preparation b) General rules: GENERAL -‐ Drugs after collection should be stored in a room free from smoke rain, moisture and direct sun light CARAKA (Cakrapani on CaKa 1:11) – 1. Properlly collected dravyas should be stored in containers having same quality 2. Store house shall have proper ventilation 3. Cleaning than worship everyday 4. Devoid of fire, water moisture, smoke, dust, rats or insects 5. Should not be situated near junctions/cross roads c) Preservation techniques Acc SuSu 36:27) Collected drugs should be properly preserved and stored, so they can be kept in: = Plota – Cloth bag = Mrdbandha – Earthen pots = Phalaka – Plank (prancha) = Shandu -‐ Pillar d) Bhaishajagara -‐ Storehouse Description: According to Acharya Vagbhata Bhaishaja Gara should be: a) Constructed in NE or E directions, in a secret place b) It should be equipped with pots, lids, bags, racks c) It should be constructed at the place free from wind, direct exposure to sun light and animals e) Shelf life of Ayurvedic preparations -‐ Churna: 02 months (Sha) / 06 months (Cha) -‐ Vati and Lehya 01 year (Sha) -‐ Sneha Kalpana 04 months (Sha) -‐ Avaleha 01 year (Sha) -‐ Dhatu & Asava Indefinite (older better) -‐ General Medicines 01 year (Sha)
13.10 – STUDY on DIFFERENT PRAYOJYANGA a) Useful Plants Parts PARTS PLANTS-‐Example Sara (heart wood) Khadira – Chandana – Devadharu – Dharuharidra Tvak Tvak –Ashoka – Nimba – Kutaja – Ashvata Phala Haritaki – Vibhitaki – Amlaki – Madana Phala Patra Patola – Talisa – Tamaala Pushpa Lavanga – Dhataki – Dhatura Kshira Arka –Snuhi Valli (crippers) Gudduchi – Majjishta –Amlavetsa Niryaasa (guming resin) Guggulu – Hingu – Ahiphena Kanda (Rihzome /Tuber/Bulb) Lasuna – Ardraka – Haridra – Palandu -‐ Varahikanda Mula Mulaka – Bala – Vatsanabha -‐Kushta
PART B 14 – DRAVYA SHODHANA/ APAMISHRANA/ PRATINIDHI 14.1 – DRAVYA SHODHANA a) Definition: The various acts for the removal of drug’s impurities is termed as “Shodhana” (purification) – PV Sharma DGV – Vol I . The Shodhana process is used to remove physical & chemical impurities of a dravya, and it is also used to diminish or eliminate the toxic effect of certain drugs, such as Vatsanabha, Bhalltaka, Jayapal, Dhattura, Gunja, Kupilu, Ahiphena, Bhanga. b) Types of impurities: Commonly plant and mineral drugs origin will have 3 kinds of non desirable components: i) Natural – Sahaja: Some drugs have poisonous effect on the body, than to be used as medicine they must have their poison action reduced or eliminated, so Shodhana is compulsory. This in fact is not a impurity, but a non desirable component ii) Physical – Bhautika: Materials (such as mud, grass, etc), which come with the plant as from its collection. It is also considered an Adulterant, since can be used to increase the bulk of dravya to be sold iii) Chemical – Rasayanika: More commonly found at in mineral drugs since ores come in contact with several other substances c) Need of Shodhana i) Poison drugs cannot be used directly, it is a threatening to life ii) Remove physical impurities in order to keep quality and efficacy of drug iii) Remove chemical impurities and prepare some dravyas like dhatus to suitable for consumption iv) Avoid adulteration
d) Types: For Shodhana of a dravya, several procedures can be conducted , among them the 8 more commonly used are: TYPES Prakshalana Wash Bhavana Svedana Avapa Nirvapa Mardana Patana Bharjana
DESCRIPTION
Trituration with drava dravya for a specific period Boiling drug suspended in a drava dravya Drug is added to a melted dhatu Red hot Dhatu is dipped in a drava dravya Grinding or pounding Distillation & sublimation Frying with or without any other substances
EXAMPLE Tubers, rhizomes etc. are washed to remove mud Ahiphena Shodhana (7 times in ardraka svarasa) Guggulu svedana in triphala kashaya/go kshira Addition of Pippali tvak curna in melted Vanga Red hot copper dipped in Amla drava dravya Parada Shodhana with Lasuna and Saindhava Lavana Parada Patana Kupilu Shodhana in ghee Pippali Shodhana (red tikshna) Hingu Shodhana in ghee
14.2 – APAMISHRANA (Adulterants) a) Definition: It is the practice of replace or change the original drug, partially or totally, by a similar looking substances , which may be cheaper, easily available or by mishandling.
b) Reasons for Adulteration: i) Enhance profit ii) Scarcity of the drug iii) High price prevailing in market iv) Accidental by mishandling or wrong identification c) Types of Adulterants: i) Substandard commercial varieties ii) Morphologically simmilar dravyas iii) Mix with artificially manufactured substances iv) Mix with exhausted drugs v) Synthetic drugs vi) Other parts of same plant, but with less or non therapeutic use
d) Detection of Adulterants: i) Morphological and Organoleptic tests ii) Microscopic evaluation iii) Chemical evaluation iv) Physical evaluation v) Chromatography: Thin Layer Chomatography (TLC)-‐ High Performance TLC (HPTLC) vi) Spectrophotometry: Ultra violet/Infrared vii) Radio Immno Assay (RIA) vii) Biologica evaluation
e) Examples: DRUG Ashoka Kumari Yashtimadhu Jatamansi Sarpagandha Sugar syrup in honey Limestone in hingu Bhumiyamalaki
ORIGINAL SOURCE Saraca ashoca Aloe vera Glycyrrhiza glabra Nardostachys jatamansi Rauwolfia serpentine (tetraphyla) Phyllanthus niruri
Markandika Cassia angustifolia 14.3 -‐ PRATINIDHI DRAVYAS (Substitutes) a) Definition: Pratinidhi Dravyas are the substances which have similar Rasa Panchaka & Karma (Pharmacological activitiesa)s from the original drug, but may not have similar appearance. b) Qualities of Pratinidhi Dravyas: i) Should have similar pharmacological actions of genuine dravya ii) Easily available and in large quantity iii) Easy to be used at the required formulations
c) Some Examples: ORIGINAL Chitraka Arka Kshira Dharu Haridra Sveta chandana Rakta Chandana Haritaki Meda & Mahameda Jivaka &Rishbhaka Kakoli & Kshirakakoli Bhallataka Ativisha
15 – PRASHASTA BHESHAJA (ideal drug /plants extract / virudha dravya) 15.1 – PRASHASTA BHAISHAJA (ideal drug) a) Definition: It is the ideal drug suitable for curing the diseases. It should have following four qualities b) Reference: Ca Su 9/7–“bahutA tatra yogyatvam anekavidha kalpanA | Sampacceti catusko_yam dravyAnAm guna ucyate”|| Also Cakrapani over this shloka saying: Drug should be potent qualitatively in terms of its rsAdi proportion, and should not be affected by any insect, disease, moisture, etc. = CaSu 1:134 – Ideal Dravya restores the normalcy/health at boduy = AH Su 1:28 – “bahukalpam bahugunam sampannam yogamausadham”| = Sushruta opines SuSu 34:22-‐23: Ø Grow in good region -‐ Prashasta Desha Sambhuta Ø Produced in a good day Ø Given in proper dose – Yukta matra Ø Pleasing the mind – Manskanta Ø Have proper odour, colour & taste Ø Doshaghna Ø Should not cause discomfort -‐ Aglanikara c) Qualities: Acc Charaka o BahutA – Abundant in quantity and quality o Yogya – Eligible to administer in specific conditions o Aneka vidha kalpana -‐ Suitable for several formulations and samskaras o Sampanna – Collectec from Prashasta Bhumi, possessing maximum potency Acc Vagbhata o Bahugunam – maximum quality for curing o Bahukalpana – Suitable for preparation of many medicines o Sampanna – Collectec from Prashasta Bhumi, possessing maximum potency o Yogya – Eligible to administer in specific conditions
15.2 – PLANT EXTRACTS / PRAYOJYANGA PARTS PLANTS-‐Exanple Sara (heart wood) Khadira – Chandana – Devadharu – Dharuharidra Tvak Tvak –Ashoka – Nimba – Kutaja – Ashvata Phala Haritaki – Vibhitaki – Amlaki – Madana Phala Patra Patola – Talisa – Tamaala Pushpa Lavanga – Dhataki – Dhatura Kshira Arka –Snuhi Valli (crippers) Gudduchi – Majjishta –Amlavetsa Niryaasa (guming resin) Guggulu – Hingu – Ahiphena Kanda (Rihzome Lasuna – Ardraka – Haridra – Palandu -‐ /Tuber/Bulb) Varahikanda Mula Mulaka – Bala – Vatsanabha -‐Kushta 15.3 – BHESHAJA PRAYOGA – (Means of administration / Route of administration) Take into account all details about: Roga (bala, kala, desha, etc), Rogi (bala, kala, agni, dosha-‐dushya, etc), Kala, Desha, Rtu, Samskara, Yogas, etc 15.4 – CONCEPT OF VIRUDDHA DRAVYA a) Definition: CaSu 26:85 and Cakrap on CaSu 27:65 – Ahara which dislodge the Doshas but do not expell them out of body is known as Virudha/Ahita Dravyas = Hemadri on AH 7/45: Ahara or Aushadha which aggravate Doshas but expel won’t be known as Viruddha = Arunadata: Shodhana & Shamana dravyas are not Viruddha. Shodhana: Aggravate and expel out the Doshas Shamana: Does not aggravate any Dosha = SuSu 20:20: Anna or Aushadhawhich when consumed does not nourish RasAdi Dhatu but in other hand aggravate the doshas not expelling them is Viruddha.
b) Types: Acc Caraka – Ashta Dasha – CaSu 27:66-‐67 VIRUDDHA Mean VIRUDDHA Mean Desha Region Avastha Non assessment Kala Time Krama Food Rules Agni Digestion power Parihara Incompatibility Matra Same quant 2 dravya Upacara Shita after ghee Satmya Habit Paka Unproper cook Dosha Same vitiated dosha Samyoga Incompatible Rasas Samskara Unproper procedure Hrt Not please mind Virya Opposite virya Sampat Immature dravya Koshtha Koshtha nature Vidhi Social Rules Acc Sushruta – SuSu 20:14-‐16 a) b) c) d) e)
Karma Viruddha Mana Virudha Rasa Viruddha Vipaka Viruddha Virya Viruddha
= Indulgensce on Viruddha leads to several diseases such as Kushtha, Visarpa, Visphota, Unmada, Mada, Murcha, Ajirna, Pand, Grahani, etc = SuSu 20:19: Constant consume of Viruddha developes Indriya Dourbalya or Marana
STUDY/READ pgs 539 to 563 of Hedge Vol I
16 – NIGANTHU VIJÑANA NAME Dhanvantari Nighantu Original name: Dravyavali Sangraha
WRITER TIME th Mahendra 10 to 11th Bhoghika son Century of Krshna Bhogika
Raja Nighantu Original name: Abhidhana Cudamani or Dravyabhidhana Gana Sangraha
Narahari Pandit Son of Ishvara Pandit (royal Vaidya of Kashmir)
14th -‐ 15th Century
Bhava Prakasha Nighnatu Original name: Haritakyadi Nighantu
NAME Dhanvantari Nighantu First name was: Dravyavali
NOTES = Contains many dravyas but systematically organized in Ganas = Contain only 7 Vargas (Ganas) Raja Nighantu = Compiled after analyze each and every aspect of a medicinal Original name: plant like morphology & therapeutic uses. Abhdhana = It is considered one of the best Nighantus Cudamani or = Specialities: Special vargas like: 1) Dharanyadi, Mnushyadi, Dravyabhidhana Rogadi & Satvadi; in 2) Aushadi Varga 698 drugs have been Gana Sangraha mentioned; 3) Included more synonyms than others; 4) Recognized Dravyaguna as important as Ashtanga Ayurveda, and its importance to a proper Vayidya; 5) Developed a new method for plant nomenclature. Bhava Prakasha = Has followed Sharangdhara & Madanaphala Ni (13-‐14th Cent) Nighnatu = Laghu trayee & covers all aspect of Ayurveda. Comprehensive First name was: language Haritakyadi = Divided into 3 Khandas (7 bhagas), at the Purva Khanda (2 Nighantu bhagas), Prathama Bhaga is where he inserted the 23 Vargas describing all drugs (Nighantu portion), and at the Dvitiya Bhaga, he mention the samskaras, shodhana and the general application of the dravyas/formulations = Prathama Khanda: Principles, Origin, Sharira, Dina-‐Rtucarya, Ahara-‐Aushadha Dravyas & Paribhasha-‐Dravya Shodhana-‐PK = Madhyama Khanda: Roga (Nidana-‐Lakshana-‐Samprapti-‐ Cikitsa) = Uttara Khanda: Rasayana-‐Vajikarana
17 – BRIEF KNOWLEDGE of CULTIVATION, CONSERVATION of MEDICINAL PLANTS – ENDANGERED SPECIES 17.1 – CULTIVATION
17.1.1) Acc Vrksha Ayurveda – Shloka 61 to96 and 107 to 131
Introduction
1-‐ Procedure Verses 61-‐61: There are auspicious dates at Shukla Paksha of Candra when Sowing (Ropana) is suitable: Patipada, Purnima, Pancami, Trayodashi tithi & Monday/Wednesday/Thursday/ Friday. Better is to combine both at Shukla Paksha and sow in these dates+week days. Auspicious Nakshatras are: Vikasha, Magha, Mula, Citra, Uttara bhadrapada, Uttarasadha, Uttaraphalguni, Anuradha and Jyeshtha Krtka. Also Lagna is Sthira Lagna 2-‐ Method of Plantation – Verse 63 Bhupradesha should be flat, better if previously used to cultivate tila-‐masha or pulses/cereals, and whole crop have been mixed with the soil; a fertile soil is essential. After previous cropping finished, new sowing, planting and raising seedlings must be done a) Plain the land b) Preliminat crop to fertilize the soil c) Sowing planting and Raising the seedlings 3-‐ Management of Plantation – Shl 64-‐66 A-‐ Space for Trees (vrkhs druma) Keep appropriate space/gap between the trees (14,16 or 20 hasta – adhama-‐madhyama-‐uttama), depending on species Appropriate space is essencial for proper growing , development, flowering and fruiting of trees B-‐ Space for Shrubs-‐Bushes Keep appropriate space/gap between the shrubs according to the species (4 to 5 hasta)
4-‐ Pit – Shl 67-‐68 Provision: Make proper pits to receive the plants, according to size and peculiarities Preparation: Material such as heap or ashes should filled in the pit and subsequently Kunapatoya is sprayed or sprinkled. Than to fertilize a good quality of soil (SARA MRTTIKA) should be also put inside 5-‐ Sowing & Seedling – Shl 69-‐72 Prepare the seeds before sow (seeding-‐wakeup the seed) and sow them according to the indications of each species Respecting space, quantity os moisture, type of soil required, quantity of direct or indirect light, etc 6-‐ Propagation/Transplantation – Shl 73-‐84 Describes several ways of propagation and transplantation according to the part os the plant used and the species Ex: Seed of Phanijjaka(Origanum majorana) before sowing should be mixed with soil and then mixture of cow dug and water is prepared. These seed s should be sown and irrigated gradually with it Branches of karavira and Dadima are bent down should be propagated appropriately by using manure of cow dung (gomaya) Tubers (sarvakanda) should propagate in the pits digged with one hasta and filled with Soil mixed with sand Kadali propagates taking pieces of their subterraneuous Kandas paste it well with cow dung and plant it in the pits. Porper irrigation should be done 7-‐ Plantation Seasons – Shl 87-‐90 There aredescription of proper seasing to plant different species 8-‐ Plantation directions – Shl 93 Distribution of the plants according to the auspicious directions to each species. This is also used to enhance the power of the whole field and to protect against evil spirits 9-‐ Irrigation & Fumigation – Sho 107-‐119 Proper quantity and frequency of moisture to each species should be provided, depending also the type of Desha (daily, weekly, regular, irregular, respecting the seasons, etc) Fumigations can be used to protect plants against diseases or plages (fungus, insects, bacterias, etc), also to protect against grahas.
Medicinal Irrigation can also be used to protect plants against diseases or plages (fungus, insects, bacterias, etc), also to protect against grahas, and to enhance their production 10-‐ Production – Shl 121-‐131 How to arrange different species which can give support for better result in production. Which materials should be used in soil or in medicated irrigations (decoctions, fecal materials, flesh of some animals, etc.) 11-‐ Hymn Incatation – Shl 85-‐86 Oh, Vrsksha! Will carry you from this place to abetter place and I will give you water in a way that you will be ever satisfied. You will grow, develop and flourish there; you wil not feel any kind of fear of any storm, vajrapata or any other hazardous disaster. I will take care of you like my beloved son!
17.1.2) Acc Modern Basically repeat same items above, just use modern terms, mention modern technics and omit the spiritual/energywise aspects
17.2 – CONSERVATION – SAMRAKSHANA VIDDHI a) Definition: Process of preserving the collected drugs. b) Procedure -‐ General for drugs to be used as Medicine: -‐ -‐
Drugs after collection should be systematically preserved in a room free from smoke rain, moisture and direct sun light Material should be covered by pieces of linen and kept in earthen or china pots, or in wooden boxes after well protected.
c) Types of preservation – for Drugs to compound a sampling herbarium : a) Shushka Vidhi (Dry Preservation): Press the fresh plants in between highly absorvent papers which does not stick to the plants.. This shall keep the appearance , size, shape, even colour of plants b) Ardra Vidhi (Wet Preservation): Put the whole or part of plant is preserved in a jar containing 5-‐10% formaline solution and cover. This preservation rests for long time, and solution can be changed according to the need. This plants can be only used for studies purpose
d) Shelf life of Ayurvedic preparations -‐ Acc Dr. K Nishteshvara DGV -‐ Churna: 02 months (Sha) 06 months (Cha) -‐ Vati and Lehya 01 year (Sha) -‐ Sneha Kalpana 16 months (Sha) -‐ Dhatu & Asava Indefinite (older better) -‐ General Medicines 01 year (Sha) e) Modern Procedures Basically the general rules are the same in past, but now using modern equipments and quality control procedures (strictly controlling temperature and moisture by instruments), and the use of modern containers opaque and air tide. f) Bheshajagara – Acc AS Su 8 -‐ Definition: It is the Storehouse of drugs, before and after preparation -‐ Description: According to Acharya Vagbhata Bheshaja Gara should be constructed in NE or E directions, in a secret place It should be equipped with pots, lids, bags, racks and almirahs in which the drugs are to be stored. It should be constructed at the place free from wind, direct exposure to sun light and animals 17.3 – ENDANGERED SPECIES (important for 5 marks -‐ elaborate) a) Definition: Are the vegetal or animal kingdom species which are endangered to be extincted b) World Situation: For thousands of years humans have turned to the power of wild herbs to help with their health. Because of their effectiveness, herbs from many different traditions have grown steadily in popularity around the world, with today nearly 50,000 wild species thought to be used to support this increasing commercial demand. Because many Ayurvedic medicinal herb species take a long time to reach maturity and regenerate, demand can very quickly outstrip supply – leaving plant populations critically exhausted and unable to renew themselves. The result has seen several Ayurvedic plant species become depleted; some disappearing from their natural habitats altogether, with many herbal specialists estimating that nearly 20% (that's 10,000 species) of all herbs are now threatened.
c) Ayurvedic endangered species Ashoka and guggul, for instance, both of which are slow growing trees in high demand, are now listed as endangered on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List. Under the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES), to give you another example, four species are listed as threatened: sarpagandha, jatamansi, kutki, and kushtha – all of which are harvested for their roots. -‐ Other Examples: o Shveta Chandana -‐ Santalum album o Kirata Tikta -‐ Swertia chirata o Rakta Chandana -‐ Pterocarpus santalinum o Kashmir Musk Deer (Kasthuri) – Moschus cupreus d) Need for Cultivation to Enrich the Ayurvedic Matera Medica Ø Introduction: Cultivation and propagation of certains species is needed to preserve them , preventing from extinction, not only to attend the market, but mainly to preserv our MOTHER HOME EARTH and its wonderful diversity, preserving as well the Ayurvedic way of lving and the huge amount of healing possibilities given on shastras, only when really needed. Ø Sistematic cultivation: Sysytematic cultivation states the medium/large scale of products in order to attend the market demand even not aggreaing with the market policy, it is impossible to stop it, but it is possible to divert its course for non endangered species, and improving the real quality of mecicines by the real application of a rigid legislation. The use of the knowledge given by Vrksha Ayurveda can enhance the productivity and quality Ø Natural (ecological) Cultivation: New and ancient methods to recover the original vegetal coverture/forest together with economical sustentability. In those methods it is possible • Recover the original vegetation • Preserv local endangered species • Produce very high quality 100% organic and wildly growing plants. • Get economical return from the investments (time, work & money.) Some examples of this way of living are: v Sinotropy Farming by Ernest Gotsch v Fukuoka Method