Dear MBA students, As agreed please find attached the Final Term Exam, you should: 1. Answer ALL questions, Part1 & Part2 2. Use your text book, extra text book, the internet, and other references. 3. DON'T discuss or share, by any means of communication, with any other class students (even for those who are 4. It is NOT ACCEPTED to just copy and paste from any source, your interpretation and write-up is a MUST to g 5. Reply with your file .xls, of your answer to ME ONLY, to
[email protected] . 6. MUST include your first name and family name WITHIN the file name (ex.: DrAshrafElsafty-E-RM-42E-Final 7. Use BLUE color for your text answers, or just fill in the shaded blocks. 8. Email directly to ME ONLY no later than agreed deadline day and time 25th Jan. 2014, 10:00 pm) otherw As I mentioned before for the mid-term and during our classes, we are studying to learn, and we are now leveragin So please focus on your time and answers to learn while filling the exam. I hope I did met your expectations, and now you as a researcher, you will be responsible for what you have learned country and your people. Hope you gained the ultimate scientific benefit from the course and me as well. May Allah bless you all. Kind Regards, Dr. Ashraf Elsafty Adjunct Professor, Strategist Strategic Management & Research Methods. ESLSCA, MIU, Riti/MsM cairo outreach. Dr. Ashraf Elsafty Research Methods ESLSCA 42E Final Exam Part ONE Q 1 Part 1: Develop a conceptual model for the scenario below: Incidence of smoking in movies has started to increase again, after having declined for several decades. According to the National Cancer Institute smoking is seen in at least three out of four contemporary box-office hits. What’s more, identifiable cigarette brands appeared in about one-third of all movies in 2008. Exposure to smoking in movies is an important predictor of adolescent smoking initiation: smoking in movies has been shown to affect adolescents’ intentions to start smoking. In turn, the intentions to start smoking are determined by a more positive attitude toward smoking after seeing a film character smoke. Recent research has revealed that the relationship between seeing a film character smoke and the attitude toward smoking is stronger when a person’s identification with a film character increases. These findings are consistent with social learning theory, which predicts that attitudes and behaviors are modeled by observing the behaviors of others. 2 What are the basic research design issues? Describe them in some detail.(2 paragraphs) 3 “An exploratory study is just as useful as a predictive study”. Discuss this statement. (2 Paragraphs) 4 Discuss the inter-relationships among: non-contrived setting, purpose of the study, type of investigation, researcher interference, and time horizon of the study. 5 Why is the unit of analysis an integral part of the research design? (1-2 paragraphs) 6 Why is the ratio scale the most powerful of the four scales? (1 paragraph, use example) 7 Below are three scenarios. For each, indicate how the researcher should proceed with the following, giving reasons covering: The purpose of the study The type of investigation The extent of researcher interference The study setting The time horizon for the study The unit of analysis. Scenario A: Ms. Joyce Lynn, the owner of a small business (a woman’s dress boutique), has invited a consultant to tell her how she is different from similar small businesses within a 60-mile radius, in regard to her usage of the most modern computer technology, sales volume, profit margin, and staff training. Scenario B: Mr. Paul Hodge, the owner of several restaurants is concerned about the wide differences in the profit margins of the various restaurants. He would like to try some incentive plans for increasing the efficiency levels of those restaurants that are lagging behind. But, before he introduces this, he would like to be sure that the idea will work. He asks a researcher to help him on this issue. Scenario C: A manager is intrigued why some people seem to derive joy from work and get energized by it, while others find it troublesome and frustrating. 8 From your text book: Exercise 4.6 Variable Dependent variable Independent variable Moderating variable 9 Exercise 4.7 Situation 1 Situation 2 . Item Item Item . . from a business and management perspective. . . regarding a problem/opportunity about “Egypt’s needed development”. . . . Item 1 2 3 (as much as you can of items learned) . . and within 1 or 2 pages length only). using the book studied examples and guided by the sample thesis provided. it is of your selection to set the whole story to guide your proposal or to define the context to support developing a clear research proposal. mention the item on the left and your answer on the right. .Situation 3 10 Exercise 4. . . . (Should cover all topics studied within research methods. .8 Variable Dependent variable Independent variable Intervening variable Moderating variable 11 Write a full research proposal/research project. . . Answer . . .MAKE SURE TO ANSWER THIS QUESTION FULLY. . . . . . . . . . Answer Answer Answer . . . Answer 1 2 3 (as much as you can of items learned) . . . . Q 1 2 3 4 . 5 6 7 8 9 10 . 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 . 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 . 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 . 33 34 35 36 37 38 . 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 . 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 . 55 56 57 58 59 60 . 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 . 69 70 . Predicting the dependent variable. What cannot be seen as purpose of a causal study? a. c. b. Ashraf Elsafty Research Methods ESLSCA 42E Final Exam Part TWO Which of the following is most suitable when there is little to no insight in a certain problem or when there is no information available on how similar problems or research issues have been solved in the past? a. Experimental research. d. Explaining variance in the dependent variable. Descriptive research. a ‘field study’ is the most suitable method of investigation. Making sure that all relevant variables are included in the study. Causal research. Understanding the dependent variable. false A marketing manager aims to investigate the relationship between customer satisfaction and store loyalty among British consumers. If a bank manager wants to analyze the relationship between interest rates and bank deposit patterns of clients.Dr. Exploratory research. true B. For this purpose. d. A. c. false . data will have to be collected from British stores and the ‘unit of analysis’ is the country. b. true B. A. d. c.The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of a multinational corporation wants to know the profits made during the past 5 years by each of the subsidiaries in England. or other perspective. c. Experimental designs invariably are longitudinal studies since data are collected both before and after a manipulation. . d. and Spain. d. It is possible that there are many regional offices of these subsidiaries in each of these countries. hence. c. The profits of the various regional centers for each country have to be aggregated and the profits for each country for the past 5 years provided to the CFO. Descriptive. b. true B. b. c. The goal of a _____________ study. A lab experiment. the ‘unit of analysis’ is the country. are called: a. All the above answers are correct. Hence. Germany. false Which of the following studies is a causal study? The researcher tries to find out: a. None of the above. false Studies. Longitudinal studies. Case studies. What percentage of the population thinks commercials are annoying compared to 10 years ago. industry-oriented. true B. France. organizational. b. A bank manager wants to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between interest rate and the inducements it offers to clients to save and deposit money in the bank. Exploratory studies. is to offer to the researcher a profile of the phenomena of interest from an individual. Causal. A field study. when data on the dependent variable are gathered at two or more points in time to answer the research question. If smoking is related to cancer. A. Cross-sectional studies. b. What is the appropriate study setting? a. A. a. Why unemployment in Europe is higher than in Asia. Exploratory. A field experiment. true B. false Our research question determines the unit of analysis. true . false The unit of analysis refers to the level of aggregation of the data collected during the subsequent data analysis stage.d. true B. ____________ studies are also necessary when some facts are known. a. Causal. false In studies conducted to establish cause-and-effect relationships. true B. false A causal study is conducted in the natural environment of the organization with minimum interference by the researcher with the normal flow of work. b. false Correlational studies are invariably conducted in contrived settings. Exploratory. A. true B. Experimental. Whether a study is a causal or a correlational one depends on the type of research questions asked and how the problem is defined. A. c. A. the researcher tries to manipulate certain variables so as to study the effects of such manipulation on the dependent variable of interest. A. A. whereas most rigorous causal studies are done in non-contrived lab settings. true B. true B. Experimental. false The extent of interference by the researcher with the normal flow of work at the workplace has a direct bearing on whether the study undertaken is causal or correlational. but more information is needed for developing a viable theoretical framework. d. Descriptive. A. A. d. and companies.B. Case study. b. false Methodological rigor increases as we move progressively from an exploratory study to a hypothesis-testing study. b. and country. and arousal seeking tendency. and taste. kitchen appliances. Longitudinal studies. d. shampoo. and shopping enjoyment. and with this. c. the costs of research also increase. c. weight. true B. Elephants. false A study can be done in which data are gathered just once. c. This is an example of a: a. false Objects include: a. Restaurants. Cross-sectional studies. b. Length. A. . Exploratory studies. strategic business unit. cars. Examples of characteristics of objects are: a. conditioning effects. Case studies. false Measurement is the assignment of numbers or other symbols to characteristics of objects according to a pre-specified set of rules. d. Exploratory study. Knowledge of research design details also helps managers to study and intelligently comment on research proposals. Cross-sectional study. A. perhaps over a period of days or weeks or months. true B. true B. A. Longitudinal study. b. and shopping enjoyment. strategic business units. Service quality. c. and service quality. in order to answer a research question. Persons. A marketing manager is interested in tracing the pattern of sales of a particular product in four different regions of the country on a quarterly basis for the next 2 years. Countries. Such studies are called: a. Arousal seeking tendency. consequences. shampoo. or properties denoted by the concept. facets. 2. Making an abstract concept measurable. 4-2-1-3. Operationalizing is: a. 4-2-3-1. Assess the validity and reliability of the measurement scale. Develop an instrument (one or more items or questions) that actually measures the concept that one wants to measure. false Operationalizing is done by looking at the behavioral dimensions. d. 1-4-2-3. false You cannot measure objects. A. 1. Develop a response format. 4. false Operationalizing a concept involves a series of steps. A. These are then translated into observable and measurable elements so as to develop an index of measurement of the concept. Come up with a definition of the construct. Attributes. and service quality. Operationalizing a concept consists of delineating the reasons. b. What is the correct order? a. true B. b. c. Translating a problem definition into a research question. b. . Designing questionnaires. 3. you measure _____________ of objects. false Reduction of abstract concepts to render them measurable in a tangible way is called operationalizing the concepts. A. antecedents. A. c. true B. Attributes of objects that can be physically measured by some calibrated instruments pose no measurement problems. c. 3-1-4-2. Elements.d. Antecedents. true B. a. or correlates of the concept. d. true B. Dimensions. Restaurants. Ordinal. Interval. Ratio. d. false The construct ‘hunger’ is a typical example of a construct that must be operationalized because it is an abstract and subjective concept. What is therefore the most powerful scale? a. Nominal.000 €20. c.€45. d.000 > € 45. “As the calibration or fine-tuning of a scale increases in sophistication. An interval scale. b.000 a. false Operationalizing a variable precedes defining a variable. Ratio.000 . Defining difficult concepts in the research proposal.d. c.€30. measured in the following way: “What is your annual gross income?” < €15. A. A nominal scale. Ordinal. . Nominal. c. An ordinal scale.” a. false What is the type of scale of the variable ‘age’ if it is measured in the following way? “What is your age? ____ years. b.000 . true B. A. A ratio scale. true B. A. d. true B.000 €30. A variable or construct must always be directly observable. so does the power of the scale”. b. What is the measurement level of income. Interval. colonel. b. A. A video conference. c. A likert-scale. true B. A panel. An itemized rating scale. and the third time 69 kilo. A. true B. true B. b. d. the second time 69 kilo. A focus group. etc.The difference between an ordinal and a ratio scale is that a ratio scale has an arbitrary zero point. A.) is ordinal in nature. d. Her real weight is 51 kilo. captain. What is the matter with the scales? a. A. A. The first time she weighs 69 kilo. The pair of scales is not reliable but is valid. false Temperature is usually measured on a ratio scale. Whereas panels meet for a one-time group session. false Army rank (such as lieutenant. true B. c. c. The pair of scales is reliable and valid. The pair of scales is not reliable and not valid. d. A numerical scale. false The Delphi Technique is a forecasting method that uses a cautiously selected panel of experts in a systematic. major. Which of the following is not a source of primary data? a. interactive manner. general. false A lady stands on a pair of scales three times in a row. true . Company records. b. A semantic differential scale. The pair of scales is reliable but is not valid. focus groups meet more than once. The following scale is a: “Ugly __ __ __ __ __ Beautiful” a. A. false Structured interviews are those conducted when it is known at the outset what information is needed. false The principles of wording refers to which of the following factors? a. A. c. All of the above. or as soon as the interview is terminated. false “Do you think there is a good market for the product and that it will sell well?” This question is: . A. true B. The appropriateness of the content of the questions b. The way questions are sequenced could also introduce certain biases. true B. true B. false Unstructured interviews are so labeled because the interviewer does not enter the interview setting with a planned sequence of questions to be asked of the respondent. false When conducting interviews. A.B. false Instead of phrasing all questions positively. true B. true B. false The advantage of seeking secondary data sources is savings in time and costs of acquiring information. How questions are worded and the level of sophistication of the language used. A. true B. it is advisable to include some negatively worded questions as well. d. The type and form of questions asked. A. it is unethical that the researcher makes written notes as the interviews are taking place. frequently referred to as the ordering effects. so the tendency in respondents to mechanically circle the points toward one end of the scale is minimized. Loaded. true B. true B. d. c. A. b. employees should be given good pay raises?” a. Double-barreled. That they are not meeting the specific needs of the particular situation or setting. Loaded. c. A. “Don’t you think that in these days of escalating costs of living. b. c. A. true B. true B. The sequence of questions in the questionnaire should be such that the respondent is led from questions of a general nature to those that are more specific. Leading. false The biggest disadvantage of secondary data is: a. That they are generally qualitative in nature.a. false The sequence of questions in the questionnaire should be such that the respondent is led from questions that are relatively easy to answer to those that are progressively more difficult. Ambiguous. Leading. That they cannot be used for forecasting purposes. d. Ambiguous. false . Probability sampling designs are used when the representativeness of the sample is of importance in the interests of wider generalizability. false The sequence of questions in the questionnaire should be such that you end with questions that respondents refuse to answer. d. That it is generally more expensive to collect secondary data than primary data. Double-barreled. A. b. A. true B. Quota sampling. A. c. Convenience sampling. true B. Stratified sampling. false The sampling frame is a (physical) representation of all the elements in the population from which the sample is drawn. false The type of probability and non-probability sampling designs that is chosen depends on: a. A. probability sampling is preferred over nonprobability sampling. false The payroll of an organization would serve as the sampling frame if its members are to be studied. c. true B. A. true B. d. false From a statistical perspective. A. collects his data by questioning consumers who leave the specific supermarket on several daily periods.Convenience sampling and quota sampling are examples of probability sampling. b. false A researcher who investigates the relationship between the loyalty program of a specific supermarket and the loyalty towards this supermarket. true B. we will have a representative sample. The sampling method used by this researcher is called: a. b. . true B. The extent of generalizability desired. Simple random sampling. A. The demands of time and other resources. When the properties of the population are not over-represented or underrepresented in the sample. false The results of probability sampling are less generalizable than the results of non-probability sampling. The purpose of the study. d. A sample size of 40 is large enough. true B. qualitative research generally uses non-probability sampling as it does not aim to draw statistical inference. true B. A. A. false Thanks Dr Ashraf Elsafty . false As a sampling technique. All of the above. Answer. on grey cells only . ONLY using A or B or C or D or E DON'T DELETE OR HIDE ANY OF THE ROWS Just answer here.