DHARMANANDA HARIPALRoll No- Class-XII (Science) This is certify that Dharmananda Haripal has Satisfactory completed the project in biology Prescribed by CBSE course in the lab Of this vidyalaya in the year 2017-18 Date Teacher in charge Submitted for the Practical Examination in Held on Teacher Examiner . I extend my thanks to Mr. I am also Highly grateful to my deep friends for their encouraging support for the completion of this Project Work. Librarian.I am thankful to S. Attendant JNV NARLA for providing the essential material for the project.Mohanta Class XII(science) (PGT Biology) .K.Sika.Mohanta (PGT BIOLOGY).JNV NARLA for providing necessary usefull guideness and suggestions in the selection for the project works and its completion.R. I must be thanksful to Mr. JNV Narla who provided me the facilities. So I am thanking to Mr. Dharmananda Haripal S . GVS Babu (Principal of JNV Narla) for his useful suggestion from time to time. Guided by. I could get the materials and guidelines from the Library of JNV NARLA. Bhoi Lab. . those segments will be statistically unique. have exactly the same DNA sequence. save identical twins. and that although only limited segments of a person's DNA are scrutinized in the procedure. DNA fingerprinting or DNA profiling. It depends on the fact that no two people. used especially in law enforcement to identify suspects from hair.The process of DNA fingerprinting was invented by Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in 1985. blood. semen. any of several similar techniques for analyzing and comparing DNA from separate sources. or other biological materials found at the scene of a violent crime. He was knighted in 1994. by which an individual can be identified at molecular level. and are known to vary from individual to individual except in identical twins.History of DNA Fingerprinting Up to 1984. . With the advancement of science and technology STR analysis has become very popular in forensic laboratories. while working on the sequences within myoglobin gene. DNA fingerprinting technique was devised in 1985 by Alec Jeffrey at University of Leicester in England. the only method of establishing and authenticating personal identification was by the fingerprint process. What is DNA Fingerprinting ? It is a technique. Scientists have chosen repeating sequences in the DNA. which are present in all individuals on different chromosomes. These are used as genetic markers to identify the Individual. This remarkable technology provides exclusion as well as positive identification with virtually 100% precision. Biological Material Used for DNA fingerprinting Blood Hair Saliva Semen Body tissue cells DNA samples have been obtained from vaginal cells transferred to the outside of a condom during sexual intercourse. forensic wildlife. exchange of babies in hospital wards. DNA fingerprinting technology DNA fingerprinting technology has made it possible to identify the source of biological samples found at scenes of crime. identification of rape/ murder. protection of farmers rights and biodiversity. This will resolve disputes of maternity /paternity. . identification of mutilated remains. identification of missing child. Stage Of DNA Fingerprinting • Cells broken down to release DNA • DNA strands cut into fragments • Fragments separated • Pattern of fragments analysed . A nonmatch is conclusive. but the technique provides less certainty when a match occurs. or DNA fingerprint. enabling a DNA fingerprint to be made from a single hair. A newer method known as short tandem repeats (STR) analyzes DNA segments for the number of repeats at 13 specific DNA sites. . In this method. The segments are radioactively tagged to produce a visual pattern known as an autoradiograph. The chance of misidentification in this procedure is one in several billion. The segments are separated using a laboratory technique called electrophoresis. which vary widely from person to person.DNA is extracted from a sample and cut into segments using special restriction enzymes. the pattern of the alleles (see genetics ) from a limited number of genes is compared with the pattern from the reference sample. on X-ray film. which sorts the fragments by length. is used to produce multiple copies of segments from a very limited amount of DNA (as little as 50 molecules). Yet another process. Once a sufficient sample has been produced.DNA fingerprinting: Methods A common procedure for DNA fingerprinting is restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). RFLP focuses on contain sequences of repeated DNA bases. polymerase chain reaction . and Seed authentication.DNA fingerprinting: Applications DNA fingerprinting can be applied in the following scenarios: Establishment of paternity and Maternity Establishment of the parentage for child swapping cases Establish the identity of the rapist in rape cases Identification of mutilated remains In murder. Wild life identification. air crashes etc. bomb blast. . unravel the truth even several decades after a crime has been committed. It will indeed. DNA will never lie.Conclusion In conclusion. while evidences can be tampered with and witnesses can turn hostile. Such are the powers of DNA Fingerprinting. .
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