Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species – An Asia-Pacific Perspective R.K. Arora Former Coordinator, Bioversity International Sub-Regional Office for South Asia, New Delhi Bioversity International National Agriculture Science Centre (NASC), Dev Prakash Shastri Marg, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
[email protected] November, 2014 © Bioversity International ISBN No. : 978-92-9255-007-3 Author : R.K. Arora Reviewed, Enlarged, Consolidated and Edited by: E. Roshini Nayar, Anjula Pandey & Umesh Srivastava Citation : A rora, R.K. (2014). Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species – An AsiaPacific Perspective. Bioversity International, New Delhi, India 203 p. Published by: Bioversity International National Agriculture Science Centre (NASC), Dev Prakash Shastri Marg, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India Email:
[email protected] Website: www.bioversityinternational.org Contents Foreword v Preface ix Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii A Tribute to Dr. R.K. Arora xvii Obituaries & Reminiscences xix I. Introduction 1 Asia-Pacific region: Richness in plant diversity 1 Harnessing underutilized plant species diversity 4 Cultivated plant diversity vis-à-vis underutilized species 4 Concerns on underutilized species 6 Major thrust for R&D: Institutions involved 7 Criteria for identifying underutilized species/crops 8 Importance of underutilized species 9 – Synthesis/Information presented 10 II. Underutilized Species in the Asia-Pacific: Distribution, Diversity and Use 12 1. Pseudocereals and Millets 14 2. Grain Legumes/Pulses 18 3. Root and Tubers 21 4. Vegetables 28 5. Fruits 51 6. Nuts 91 Further thrust 144 9. Biotechnology applications 135 3. Documenting indigenous knowledge/Ethnobotanical information 136 4. Priority Species for Research and Development 115 IV. Ecological security/habitat protection 137 5. Industrial Crops 97 110 III. Emerging Concerns 134 1. Epilogue 146 References 148 Selected Research Papers & Other Publications of Dr. Crops for the future: New global initiative 145 VI. R.An Asia-Pacific Perspective 7. Nutritional Aspects 122 – Pseudocereals and Millets 122 – Grain Legumes/Pulses 125 – Vegetables 125 – Fruits and Nuts 131 V.K. Utilization and conservation aspects 138 6. Diversity distribution/assessment 134 2. Networking and partnership 143 8. Arora 155 Annexures 159 Index 179 . Benefits and constraints 141 7. Miscellaneous 8.iv | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . South Asia. In addition to geographical and ecological coverage. the account presented in this book will be useful in filling the gaps in research needs. Southeast Asia and Pacific/Oceania. root/tuber crops. often in home . It also deals with required prioritisation of species for intensive research. Also. ‘Crops for the Future’ by merging the Global Facilitation Unit GFU) under Bioversity International and the ICUC. pseudocereals. and several other species used as condiments. use of biotechnology. It also points out to the role of different organizations such as Bioversity International (formerly IPGRI). etc. Studies on these genetic resources need to be intensified. ethnobotany. and gives an account of policy implications. This publication deals with 778 underutilized cultivated food plants. International Center for Underutilized Crops (ICUC). and regional fora such as Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions (APAARI) in networking and setting up new institutional arrangement. in sorting out species of relatively more importance in different regions such as : East Asia. brings out useful synthesis of information concerning the use of genetic diversity through scientific assessment. grain legumes. In the wake of emerging realisation about the importance of underutilised species. ecology. the compilation presents information on utilization of these relatively less utilised species. The chapter on ‘Emerging Concerns’. Overall. The publication amply highlights such concerns. providing an analysis of their nutrition/food values. vegetables. major emphasis has been laid on the effective and efficient utilization of these underutilized and less known cultivated species mainly grown by native communities. millets. namely. fruits and nuts. Besides.Foreword The Asia-Pacific region is agriculturally diverse and very rich in plant genetic resources. and for agroforestry development and multipurpose uses. including those of underutilized species and less known food plants. Several useful plants have been domesticated in this region and are important from economic development and food security point of view. Enormous diversity of underutilized crops exists in the region but their potential is not fully exploited. it also lists species of industrial use that need further focus for research and development. emphasis is laid on the native as well as endemic species needing priority attention for both research and conservation. Arora.An Asia-Pacific Perspective gardens and marginal lands. by adding some useful information. Arora attempted but could not finish. regional fora like APAARI.K. Help of Dr. mainly through special efforts of Dr. R. Raj Paroda Executive Secretary APAARI . which was published by the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) with support from International Board on Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR). towards food security. presenting worldwide analysis. considering the importance of this region in the global context. Senior Consultant. I greatly appreciate the sincere efforts made by Drs. where necessary and revising the same to enhance its utility. This publication stems from that initiative.N. Arora had earlier written a book on ‘Genetic Resources of Less Known Cultivated Food Plants’. addressing malnutrition.vi | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . South Asia Coordinator for bringing out this publication. Late Dr. Roshini Nayar. members of national and international organizations. APAARI in perusing the manuscript and advising the final layout is also acknowledged. Anjula Pandey and Umesh Srivastava in finalising the manuscript which Dr. P. poverty alleviation and income generation – thereby helping towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). in bringing out this very thought-provoking book on a subject which needs much greater attention of all concerned. I am sure. teachers and students will find this publication immensely useful and rewarding. this well synthesized account will generate further interest on research and development of underutilized crops for widening our food basket in the region. The National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) in Asia-Pacific region. Mathur. just prior to his demise. I highly appreciate the dedicated efforts made by late Dr. The work embraced in this book is confined exclusively to Asia-Pacific region. I also appreciate very much the funding support extended by Bioversity International. researchers. Bhag Mal. .K. R.Dr. Arora The book commemorates his passion and dedication to the field of underutilized crops and useful wild relatives of crop plants. . . however. especially the vitamins and micronutrients. the Global Facilitation Unit for Underutilized Species (GFU) and the Bioversity International (earlier IPGRI) had a wide consultation process with the aim of developing a strategic framework to guide future work on underutilized species. The International Centre for Underutilised Crops (ICUC). and thus mitigating the impacts of environmental and economic disasters on the rural poor. Being culturally. In recent years. The Asia-Pacific region holds rich biodiversity in underutilized plant species. can contribute significantly to improved health and nutrition. before he learnt to grow plants. One important reason for their underutilization is that they are neglected by mainstream research which did not provide solutions to agronomic and post-harvest constraints. These increased efforts need direction and focus to yield significant and visible impact. ethnically and ecologically very diverse. several underutilized species are grown here and maintained by native farmers under subsistence agriculture. these plant species offer enormous potential for contributing to the achievement of the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs). The world is presently over-dependent on a few plant species. in particular those currently identified as ‘underutilized’. Many wild edible plants are nutritionally rich and supplement nutritional requirements of human and livestock. recognizing their importance for diversification of farming systems. It is a centre of diversification and domestication of crop plants. income generation and environmental services. Diversification of production and consumption habits to include a broader range of plant species. but these have remained underexploited. leaves. policy-makers and funding institutions. underutilized plant species have received increased attention by National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS). roots and tubers of plants collecting from wild. In particular. particularly in combating hidden hunger and offering medicinal and income generation options. household food security and ecological sustainability. nor did it develop attractive value added products for a broader market. Underutilized plant species have great potential for contribution to food security. livelihoods. health (nutritional and/or medicinal). Primitive man ate all types of fruits.Preface Nature has provided different sources of life forms on which human survived on planet Earth. extended the scope of his study and documentation within the Asia and Pacific region. consolidated and edited by his colleagues Drs. Actually.x | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . India. Indochinese-Indonesian. both native and introduced.K. E. Raj Paroda desired that his left over work may be completed. The greater need for partnership/networking at national. Australian/Pacific and Indian region are located in this region. regional and international level for realizing the full potential of underutilized species has also been stressed a great deal. He had earlier written a book on ‘Genetic Resources of Less Known Cultivated Food Plants’ presenting world wide analysis in the year 1985. This publication stems from that account but Dr. the unfinished work was reviewed critically. It deals with the enumeration of 778 species of underutilized and less known minor food plants grown in different regions of Asia-Pacific. was instrumental in locating underexploited and underutilized domesticated/semi-domesticated and wild plants particularly those used by ethnic communities in north-eastern and other regions of India. during his long career as plant collector. . information added where necessary. Dr. grain legumes/pulses (14 species). Malaysia. Arora. It has 6 chapters and information presented has been classified under use-based categories such as cereals/pseudocereals (28 species). The choice for the priority species for R&D needs has also been suggested/discussed and the role of native/endemic diversity dealt with. in the present book. R. an area known to have rich ethnic diversity and historically linked biogeographic regions of plant diversity. condiments. Anjula Pandey and Umesh Srivastava to bring it to its present shape while the text as close to the original manuscript as possible. At his instance. PNG. Arora. Australia.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Four regions of diversity. industrial crops (25 species) and those providing spices. fruits (261 species). namely. vegetables (213 species). Chinese-Japanese. A thought-provoking need-based focus is also given for the use of other disciplines in meeting the growing need to promote and assess this diversity: use of biotechnology. roots and tubers (55 species). the account was mostly prepared by him but unfortunately. eight out of the 17 mega-biodiversity countries namely Indonesia. diverse uses and conservation of such species. Dr. Roshini Nayar. the Philippines and Thailand are in this region. Also information has been added to provide relative analysis of food/nutritional values of selected underutilized species. Also. ethnobotany and documenting indigenous knowledge. published and dedicated in his remembrance and also to commemorate his passion and dedication to the field of underutilized crops and useful wild relatives of crop plants. nuts (34 species). he could not do the final consolidation and editing during his life time due to prolonged illness. and of multi-purpose use (148 species) including agro-forestry species and environment-friendly species. China. Raj Paroda. Senior Consultant. In addition. students and all those engaged and interested in the subject will find this well documented/synthesised information both useful and rewarding. New Delhi of Bioversity International for taking keen interest in the book and also funding etc. We acknowledge this gesture. Pradheep. Bhat. New Delhi for his constant encouragement in bringing out the book and also for writing the ‘Foreword’ to this book. We are sure. It is felt that APAARI member-NARS and other members including concerned CG centres. researchers. E. Bhag Mal. Department of Agricultural Research & Education (DARE) and Director General.V. K. Furthermore we would like to acknowledge our colleagues in NBPGR ( Drs. S. We would also like to appreciate the efforts of Mr. Our sincere thanks to Dr. Soyimchiten and Mr. Prem Mathur. Trust for Advancement of Agricultural Sciences (TAAS). Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Roshini Nayar Anjula Pandey Umesh Srivastava . Dhariwal) for providing certain photographs. teachers.C. and Dr. Anuradha Agrawal. O. the book will generate further interest on this upcoming subject for widening the food basket to feed the growing population. currently Executive Secretary. Malik. APO Office and South Asia Coordinator. Bioversity International has kindly provided permission to use their resources.K. Regional Director. APAARI for constant guiding. Vinay Malhotra of Malhotra Publishing House. pursuing and advising throughout the finalization of manuscript. K. APAARI and Chairperson.P. Bhatt. New Delhi who has taken up the task of printing the present publication satisfactorily.Preface | xi We express our gratitude to Dr. Kirti Nagar. K. Former Secretary. . Pacific & Ocenia AVRDC Asian Vegetable Research & Development Center BI Bioversity International BMZ German Federation Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development BSI Botanical Survey of India CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research EST-SNP Expressed Sequence Tag.Acronyms and Abbreviations ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research ADB Asian Development Bank AFCP AgriFood Charity Partnership AFLPs Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism APAARI Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions APO Asia.Single Nucleotide Polymorphism EST-SSR Expressed Sequence Tag.Simple Sequence Repeat FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO-RAP Food & Agriculture Organization-Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific GCDT Global Crop Diversity Trust GFAR Global Forum on Agricultural Research GFU Global Facilitation Unit GPA Global Plan of Action . xiv | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . India NAS National Academy of Sciences. Swaminathan Research Foundation NAAS National Academy for Agricultural Sciences NARS National Agricultural Research Systems NAS National Academy of Sciences.An Asia-Pacific Perspective IARI Indian Agricultural Research Institute IBPGR International Board of Plant Genetic Resources IBS Indian Botanical Society ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for Semi Arid Tropics ICUC International Centre for Underutilized Crops IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IIHR Indian Institute of Horticultural Research IIVR Indian Institute for Vegetable Research IJPGR Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources IK Indigenous knowledge INRC Italian National Research Council IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources Institute ISPGR Indian Society of Plant Genetic Resources ISSR Inter Simple Sequence Repeat MDG Millenium Development Goals MSSRF M.S. USA NBPGR National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources NHRI National Horticultural Research Institute PGR Plant Genetic Resources PNG Papua New Guinea PROSEA Plant Resource of South-East Asia . Acronyms QRT Quinquinnial Review Team RAPD Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA RFLP Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism SSR Simple Sequence Repeats TAAS Trust for Advancement of Agricultural Sciences and Abbreviations | xv UNESCO United Nations Educational. Scientific and Cultural Organization USDA United States Department of Agriculture UTFANET Underutilized Tropical Fruits in Asia Network WHO World Health Organization . . R. . where. He brought to public knowledge several less-known and under-utilized plants including Digitaria cruciata. 1932 – 3 March. besides conducting research on collection and evaluation of economically important plants. post-graduation (1956) and doctorate (1961) degrees in Botany from Panjab University. Arora served as the Head. he continued to work with the Bioversity International as Honorary Research Fellow till middle of 2009 when his ill health forced him to work from home. particularly wild crop-related species. Moghania vestita and Inula racemosa. phytogeography and plant genetic resources. His surveys contributed very significantly to our knowledge of agricultural biodiversity in India. He received his graduation (1954). Division of Plant Exploration and Germplasm Collection and later as the officiating Director. After retirement. and led major collection missions to several distant and unexplored areas of the country. In 1989. he taught post-graduate courses in systematic botany and economic botany. ethnobotany. conservation and use of plant genetic resources. 2010) Dr. Lyallpur (presently Faisalabad in Pakistan) on 14 December. he made exceptional efforts in coordinating activities on collection. Keenly aware of the richness of the Indian crop gene centre. Dr.K.A Tribute to Dr. He was a visionary and a modest human par excellence. After the elevation of Plant Introduction Division to a full-fledged institute. With his vast knowledge of Indian flora. New Delhi as Associate Coordinator and later as South Asia Coordinator. Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI). Arora joined International Board of Plant Genetic Resources (later as International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and now Bioversity International). the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR). He was born in Kamalia. He devoted his entire career to the field of plant systematics. 1932. New Delhi as Senior Scientist. Dr. Arora made pioneering contribution to collection and documentation of economically important plants of India. Arora (14 December. Rajeshwar Kumar Arora was an able and eminent plant scientist. Dr. Dr. Office for South Asia. Arora started his professional career at the Botanical Survey of India where he served in various capacities till 1968 when he joined the then Division of Plant Introduction. He was very keen to revise his earlier publication on this subject and started the work in this direction but could not complete the task during his lifetime. Excerpts from obituary written by Drs. Roshini Nayar and published in Current Science 98(12): 1640 (2010) . Arora was the founder Editor-in-Chief (1987-88) of the Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources (IJPGR) published by the Indian Society of Plant Genetic Resources (ISPGR).xviii | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Indian Ethnobotanical Society. India. Raj Paroda and E. Arora devoted himself to promoting conservation and use of genetic resources at the international level. He was elected as Fellow of National Academy for Agricultural Sciences (NAAS). conservation and utilization. he published over 160 articles in national and international journals and presented papers in several national/international conferences and scientific meetings. Arora was a prolific writer which combined with a deep understanding of plant genetic resources led him to produce a number of original and highly informative publications like “Wild Relatives of Crop Plants in India”. Besides. he associated himself with the Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions (APAARI) and lent a helping hand in the promotion of agricultural research for development in the entire Asia-Pacific region. India. and Indian Botanical Society. students and policy makers engaged in plant genetic resources collection. The publication partially prepared by him was again viewed and revised by his collegues Drs. Dr.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Dr. Harbhajan Singh Memorial Award” by the ISPGR and the “Harshberger Medal in Ethnobotany” by Society of Ethnobotany for his life-time contribution to research on economic plants. These have become reference books for researchers. This is being published and dedicated in his remembrance and also to commomerate his passion and dedication to the field of underutilized crops and useful wild relatives of crop plants. Dr. conference reports and the newsletter brought out by Bioversity International and APAARI. During his tenure with Bioversity International. National Academy of Sciences (NAS). “Wild Edible Plants of India: Diversity Conservation and Use”. Roshini Nayar. He contributed very significantly towards publication of success stories. Anjula Pandey and Umesh Srivastava to give final shape to it. In addition. He was honoured with the “Dr. and “Plant Genetic Resources Conservation and Management: Concepts and Approaches”. “Genetic Resources of less-known cultivated Food Plants”. In his capacity as Head exploration programmes Dr. Dr. Lucknow passed away on 3 March 2010. Dr. Moghania heterophylla. cruciata from the . use and management with particular emphasis on diversity of crop plants. ecology. study and analysis. an eminent scientist in the field of plant genetic resources (PGR) and recipient of the prestigious Dr. He joined as Senior Scientist in the Division of Plant Introduction. Jain & E. their wild relatives and underutilized species native to the Hindustani centre of megadiversity. Arora. In 1976. Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI).D. Dr. R. when Division of Plant Introduction was upgraded to become an independent institute. Arora headed the Plant Exploration Division (1976-1982) and again in 1986.. Arora completed his graduation and post-graduation from Panjabi university. taxonomy. in 1961 on the flora of Kanara district of Western Ghats. Harbhajan Singh Memorial award for 1998 by the Indian Society of Plant Genetic Resources. Arora undertook several exploration trips to areas with high diversity in remote areas such as the Pangi Valley for collection of cold tolerant wheat and barley germplasm and medicinal plants such as Saussurea lappa and Inula racemosa from the temperate and alpine regions of the Western Himalayas. For his extensive and intensive contributions in plant genetic resources of India. Dr. Calcutta (as Kolkatta was known then) after completing his Ph.W. phytogeography and ethnobotany of Indian species particularly wild edible species was a focal point for collection.. Hodgsonia heteroclita. S. Amritsar and began his career as Assistant Ecologist (1960-1964) and Systematic Botanist (1964-1967) at the Botanical Survey of India.Obituaries and Reminiscences Drs. Dr. J. New Delhi in 1968. Arora was awarded the Dr. highly localized dual-purpose grass Digitaria cruciata var. Harshberger Medal for 1996 instituted by the Society of Ethnobotany of India. New Delhi. Arora made significant contributions in the field of germplasm collection.K. besides survey and collection of Germplasm he was also involved in teaching systematic botany and economy botany (1968-76). north eastern region in search of locally domesticated and underutilized crops such as Coix lacryma-jobi. Roshini Nayar writes.K. oilseed crop. Dr. and the Bioversity Regional Newsletter for Asia. Dr. Indonesia. Pacific and Oceania at the South Asia Office of the Bioversity International. he continued his work on PGR.An Asia-Pacific Perspective higher altitudes of Arunachal Pradesh. etc. published by the Indian Society of Plant Genetic Resources (ISPGR). and in addition to over 160 publications in national and international journals. he was the the founder Editor-in-Chief (1987-88) of the Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources (IJPGR). Arora was closely associated with the national and international policy relating . Arora also headed the team involved with the publication of the Annual report of NBPGR. later revised with emphasis on conservation and utilization in 1996. After retirement. He authored/ co-authored the book on ‘Wild Edible Plants of India’ in 1978. Arora was a prolific writer. he has authored/ co-authored nearly ten books on plant genetic resources of the Indian region. Arora also undertook collection missions in Africa and travelled widely in his capacity as expert in plant genetic resources to USSR. Newsletter and other institute publications of the NBPGR (1978-1986). The pioneering contribution however was the book co-authored on ‘Wild Relatives of Crop Plants in India’ in 1984. promoting conservation and use of tropical fruit species in Asia and coordinating diverse PGR activities and projects on tropical fruits. his publication entitled ‘Genetic Resources of Less-known Cultivated Food Plants’ was published in 1985. R. this work delineating wild related species of crop plants that are a priority for collection and conservation in the Indian region was among the first of its kind for a megadiversity centre. respectively and the Eastern Ghats for endemic species of Cajanus. and the Chhota Nagpur plateau and Western Ghats for search and collection of progenitor wild species of native legumes such as the varieties sublobata and silvestris of green and black gram. In view of his wide experience on a wide repertoire of subjects relating to the PGR of the South Asian region and the Indian region in particular. another priority area of research in plant genetic resources. Arora co-authored several books and publications on tropical fruit crops. During his tenure at the IBPGR/ IPGRI/ Bioversity International. New Delhi of the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) later designated as the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) Office for South Asia/ Bioversity International Sub-regional Office for South Asia. Dr. Dr.K. Dr. Here. Research Highlights.xx | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . he continued to work as Honorary Research Fellow in the Bioversity International Office up to June 2009. He subsequently became the Officiating Director of NBPGR (1987-88) before leaving NBPGR and taking a lead in coordinating PGR programmes for South Asian region as Associate Coordinator (1989-1991)/ Coordinator (1992-1998) at the Regional Office for South Asia. Dr. conservation and management of PGR diversity. Dr. He is also on the Board of Trustees of TAAS (Trust for Advancement of Agricultural Sciences).Obituaries and Reminiscences | xxi to collection. India (NAS). He botanised from hot dry deserts of Rajasthan to evergreen forests of north east and East India. Botanical Survey of India writes: In the sad demise of Dr. rather South east Asia one of the ablest and devoted explorer of plant genetic diversity. Former Director. . Jain. Arora or be associated with him in work of a collaborative nature. Despite a heavy workload due to his wide expertise. Arora continued to contribute to PGR in spite of continued illhealth in the last few years and actively pursued his writing work almost till the end. R.K. Dr. His scientific contributions led to his election as Fellow of several scientific bodies such as National Academy of Sciences. conservation of valuable germplasm and significant improvement in many economic crops of India and other countries. In spite of his vast experience and recognition as a doyen of PGR. Arora. His demise is a major loss to plant science in general. One felt privileged to work with him. destiny has snatched from India. Indian Ethnobotanical Society and the Indian Botanical Society. His scientific contributions have remained undisputed. as he was undoubtly one of the doyens in this field. When responding to his requests to provide him with some help. the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS). Arora was generous in sharing his ideas and conclusions and his colleagues were free to question and criticize them. Excerpts from obituary published in Ethnobotany (7th March 2010) Dr. and from cold and humid regions of Leh-Ladakh to humid evergreen forests far south in peninsular India. More importantly he made his collaborators and co-workers aware of their strengths and provided a lesson in sharing benefits of a work to mutual benefit. Dr. one ended up learning something new. He literally ‘burnt midnight oil’ and when working on projects of a collaborative nature. S. It was a privilege to work with Dr. His rewards were also satisfying. Arora has been an unassuming person. Arora’s hard and scholarly work on collection study analysis of landraces and wild relatives of crop plants contributed very largely to our knowledge of India’s biodiversity. and PGR in particular. may be by providing information or editing a table. he contributed a ‘lion’s share’. he was able to execute and complete a large number of assignments and academic works.K. he would make an effort to search out and find an elusive but highly valuable reprint or book. New Delhi. he accompanied me in several field triops in north and south Canara in Western Ghats and coastal Maharashtra. it pleased us greatly to see the outstanding work.An Asia-Pacific Perspective My association Dr. he advised me to apply for the post of Project Coordinator. Arora dates back to middle of last century when he worked as Research Scholar in Botanical Survey of India (BSI) in Pune. Smt. who happily allowed his frequent long absences for field work or assignments as Consultant. Arora possessed an excellent organizational capacity which I witnessed when an International Workshop on Maintenance and Evaluation of Life Support . Subsequently. He shunned publicity and advertisement. he joined BSI and our association became closer when we lived in different floors in the same building in Calcutta. organization and guidance which he provided to his colleagues as Senior Scientist and later Head of NBPGR. He served with IBPGR till his failing eyesight and other medical problems intervened. Dr. she not only single handedly managed the house but also ably organized the education and development of their two loving children. my association with him had been very cordial and I found him a very sincere. after my joining as Geneticist (Grasses) at the Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute (IGFRI) Jhansi. when I visited National Bureau of Plant genetic Resources (NBPGR) and met Dr. hard working person and a systematic botanist par excellence with dynamic leadership quality and down-to-earth nature. Arora.D.K. R. we regularly met. seminars. dedicated. Krishna Arora. Later. conferences and publications. 23(1): 140(2010). Excerpts from obituary published in Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources. but his excellent work attracted attention of international bodies and the FAO and IBPGR invited him for several consulting assignments and later made him the head of the regional South East Asia office of IBPGR at Delhi. Dr. All India Coordinated Research Project on Underutilized Crops (AICRP-UUC) and based on his advice. During my assignment at NBPGR. plan of field work. I applied for this position and fortunately got selected and joined as Project Coordinator (AICRP-UUC) at NBPGR.. Arora in 1975 when I joined at the Plant Introduction Division of Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI) for pursuing my Ph.. of NBPGR during 1980s. Even after he moved to ICAR.xxii | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Dr. I first came in contact with Dr. New Delhi. My tribute to him will not complete without a few words of admiration for his very supportive wife. and his lectures and writings received wide acclaim. Arora had excellent communication skills. As a member of Quarterly Review Team (QRT). We spent long evening discussions. Bhag Mal writes. unfortunately. Arora left us for heavenly abode in March. Nepal and Sri Lanka to get me introduced with Heads of National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) and acquainted with IPGRI programs and activities being implemented in these countries. he was kind enough to provide me full support particularly in bringing out half yearly IPGRI Newsletter which was considered to be the best among the Newsletters published from other regions of IPGRI. Arora and fortunately we used to share the same room. I had an opportunity to closely observe his personal qualities and found him a person of extremely high integrity. humble nature. Arora when he retired from this position after serving for nine years. He possessed exceptionally remarkable editorial skill and hence provided tremendous help to me in reviewing and editing several publications. discuss on issues of importance to Bioversity International.N. I always depended on him and his kind advice was instantly available to me. I also had an opportunity to serve Bioversity International (formerly IPGRI) in the capacity of Honorary Research Fellow like Dr. After my retirement. During my tenure as South Asia Coordinator. Owing to his outstanding contributions. Mathur. who took over from me the position of South Asia Coordinator. The proceedings of the Workshop were later published as a book entitled “Life Support Species: Diversity and Conservation” and I shared the editorial responsibility with him in bringing out the publication which proved to be immensely useful to policy makers. He was a prolific writer with several books and a large number of high quality research papers to his credit. R. This provided us great opportunity to share our views. this association did not last long since Dr. he was again appointed as Honorary Research Fellow at IPGRI. helpful attitude. good temperament. I do remember that whenever I faced any problem/difficulty.Obituaries and Reminiscences | xxiii Species in Asia and the Pacific Region was jointly organized by Commonwealth Science Council (CSC) and NBPGR/ICAR at NBPGR in April 1987 under the able guidance and dynamic leadership of Dr. researchers. Paroda. soft spoken and a fine human being par excellence. But. P. jointly review programs and activities and edit proceedings of conferences/workshops. progress reports. and conference proceedings. the then Director. Bhutan. success stories and status reports and provide support to Dr. teachers and students. etc. NBPGR with which I was also associated. he accompanied me to Bangladesh. good behavior.S. During these visits. South Asia Office and continued working till his last breath. . International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) from Dr. I do remember that as per IPGRI rules in vogue at that time. After about a decade. 2010. I got the opportunity to take over the charge of South Asia Coordinator. Umesh Srivastava writes. P. Khanna. Formerly. APAARI. For his significant achievements and outstanding contributions in the field of plant genetic resources.. Singh and K.C. ICAR mentions. (Dr.K. Joshi. I used to spend sometime with him to learn his practical experiences and skill of collecting wild relatives of crop plants. ‘---------------------. analysis of collected material. Arora.xxiv | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . I found in him a great supporter. Later M. on my initiative.A.. Subsequently. Chandel had played a key role in building up the institute (NBPGR) at initial stages and in strengthening different aspects of plant genetic resources including germplasm introductions and exchange activities.A. ICAR) Dr. R.P. R.S. R.K. Bioversity International. K. skill of plant exploration and germplasm collection. the Executive Council instituted Dr. Thomas. Lambat. he was reluctant sometimes due to his busy schedule in several . Arora soon I joined as Scientist S-1 in NBPGR in initial years of my career from year 1978-1980 and later from 1985-1989. ----------------------------. I learnt a lot from him. Dr. South Asia Coordinator. Dr. Umesh Srivastava. ISPGR. ethnobotanical aspects. Former Assistant Director General (Horticulture). R.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Dr.K. Arora’s Best Paper Award to promote scientific writing relating to plant genetic resources. he was honored with Dr. Mehra. In his book ‘Plant Genetic Resources in Indian Perspective: Theory and Practices)’. visiting only mostly to far flung places and tribal belts. S. and writing skills. I was taking his advice as and when needed.K. Sanwal.S. Rana with dedicated team of scientists namely R. and Western Himalayan peaks in search of rare and useful germplasm. Paroda and R. (on p 168). During my tenure as President. Hardas. good friend and a guide and I will always cherish my long association with him in various capacities at NBPGR and Bioversity International). Arora will always be remembered by the scientific community for his significant achievements and outstanding contribution for all time to come.S. Harbhajan Singh Memorial Award of ISPGR and the cash prize received was donated by him to ISPGR. B. B. Dadlani.R.L. IGFRI & ADG. T. Director. Wadhi and others like S. Bhag Mal. he donated some more money to the Society. K. After his joining IBPGR/IPGRI/Bioversity International in 1989.P.P.K.W.’ I was associated with Dr. Consultant. A. Arora’s love for the cause of science and its dissemination is widely known and is well reflected through his dedicated service to the Indian Society of Plant Genetic Resources (ISPGR) as the Editor-in-Chief of Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources (IJPGR) for many years.S. Although. When he returns after spending several weeks in tribal belts in north eastern states. for instance. crossing high current Ravi river at high altitudes in Himachal Pradesh with rope and basket system (used by locals in the area) in search of valuable germplasm and many other difficulties (and how to overcome those) prompted me to go anywhere without fear and face the difficult problems as well. persuasive power and skills to develop win/win relationship with network of senior contacts as well as peers and junior workers. He depended on me a great deal when he was Head of Plant Exploration Division of NBPGR in eighties. Former Assistant Director General (Horticulture). The experience which he gained during field trips could help him in analysing his material too much. He used to give me long reports of several pages to reduce to one page without deletion of facts and figures and I could able to do it perfectly. develop inter-personal relationship. communication ability. Konta. I faced problems also several times and used to overcome the same with the skills developed in me. Geedam. I preferred to engage myself in exploration of germplasm material and also its evaluation part. I appreciate his efforts to collect rare and good germplasm material throughout his life and differed with him that he did not have a track of his material as far as its evaluation and utilization is concerned.Obituaries and Reminiscences | xxv NBPGR activities but I used to extract from him. negotiation skills. I remember him on these accounts so much. Manimahesh in Himachal Pradesh among so many other difficult areas. Alirajpur areas and far flung places like Bharmour. Inspired by him. (Dr. adaptability and resourceful person. My association with him for a long period in NBPGR and otherwise gave me so much strength that I could develop my personality in terms of high level of strategic judgement. India) . Dantewada etc and Sironcha of Chandrapur (now Gadchiroli district) and Nimar area in south west of Madhya Pradesh including Dhar. I chose to travel mostly in difficult areas like inaccessible Abujhmarh (Narayanpur) and naxal dominated south west of Bastar. I argued with him several times and differed with him a little bit. New Delhi. The courage which I gained from him. He guided me always to develop myself a good explorer. motivation techniques. I learnt a great deal from him on writing skills also. Umesh Srivastava. Jagargunda. He always used to praise for my efforts in collecting wild relatives and other stable types of germplasm (a kind of repeated select material by farmers in several years) which can make a variety in itself. Indian Council of Agricultural Research. he used to catch me thinking that I can perform to his satisfaction and quickly also. Sukma. For difficult work. Jhabua.Bijapur. Bioversity International. I have also developed managerial skills in terms of planning. DPS Marg. India . Dr.. The experience and confidence which I gained paved my way in getting the position as Associate Coordinator in the Bioversity International in the year 1995.H. Working with him. His association for a very long time at NBPGR and Bioversity International has provided me great opportunity to share my views both in personal and official work as also had guidance on various issues related to Bioversity International. Pacific and Oceania & South Asia Coordinator. Prem Mathur. I developed keen interest in all kinds PGR activities a great deal. Dr. At that time. Reposing confidence in me. My association started with Dr. actuating and monitoring for successful completion of tasks. other ICRISAT scientists and senior/peer scientists in NBPGR. M. R. I remember him too much on these accounts.. In the process I have also been able to help my peers and subordinates to develop their own personalities. he was instrumental in suggesting Director NBPGR to give me responsibility of coordinating newly agreed ICRISAT-NBPGR collaborative research programme which I performed with full devotion. Regional Director. I picked up tricks of the trade quickly and have become acutely aware as to how important it is to be consistent.K. I have acquired high level of confidence in me and the technique of fund raising activities independently.xxvi | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . It continued for about two decades and was adjudged as one of the best project NBPGR has performed those days. Asia. New Delhi 110012. R. Arora only who was working there as Coordinator. I used to take guidance from him time to time. With his full support and association. Arora when I joined Germplasm Evaluation Division of NBPGR New Delhi after my transfer from IGFRI Jhansi in the year 1985. Arora was generous in sharing his ideas.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Dr. Under his guidance. and luckily under Dr.K. fair and inclusive in all decisions one makes and the importance of making decisions within the approved policy framework. B-Block. G-1. Sub-Regional Office for South Asia. he served Bioversity International in the capacity of Honorary Research Fellow and helped in activities like editing of proceedings of Conferences / workshops. Prem Mathur writes. Interacting with Dr. NASC Complex. organizing. I learnt a great deal from him. He guided me in initial stages to work more independently and this has helped me too much in dealing with difficult problems without any hindrance. Dr. my association deepened and I found him a very sincere and hard working person with dynamic leadership quality.K. Besides. In the meantime in year 1989. Pusa Campus. After his retirement. Mengesha. status reports and in bringing out half yearly IPGRI Newsletter etc. R. Arora moved to South Asia Office of Bioversity International (then IPGRI) located in New Delhi as Coordinator. he was Head of Plant Exploration Division and next to Director. K. Looking back. E. His great passion for neglected/underutilised plants. I got a golden opportunity to be co-author in his book on “Wild Edible Plants of India: Diversity Conservation and Use”. This book epitomises the same. Offg Head. Dr. His constant motivation helped me to write my first paper on “Ethnobotanical Evidences vis-à-vis Domestication Trends in “Cheura” [Aisandra butyracea (Roxb. diversity of Indian region vis-à-vis other megacentres of diversity. the significant aspect of working with Dr. Even today I feel proud to admit that he has nurtured my scientific calibre in a big way. Arora’s contributions.. domesticated and semi-domesticated plants used by ethnic communities and documentation of native useful genetic resources. Pusa Campus. documenting important lesser known plants of the region covering Asia and Pacific regions. From the time I joined the NBPGR in 1977. New Delhi 110012. R. Arora Dr. in his own words. and differences between the crop and wild species. Anjula Pandey. When I joined the NBPGR in 1986. . I have been privileged to work with Dr. Dr. E. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources. Throughout my association with him.Obituaries and Reminiscences | xxvii Dr. New Delhi 110012. India. my understanding on the subject improved gradually.. relate to locating underexploited/ underutilised cultivated and wild. he always remained as a guiding force and source of encouragement that helped me in grooming my skill for work on the plant genetic resources. India. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources. Dr. Arora who was then the nodal person for ARS Scientists’ orientation programme. I have received doubly in return in terms of knowledge imparted and shared by him.K. the first person I met was Dr. especially the wild potential species was evidently reflected in this compilation. Pusa Campus. Roshini Nayar: homage to Dr. Plant Exploration & Collection Division. Later in 1996. Principal Scientist. Roshini Nayar. Plant Exploration & Collection Division. Anjula Pandey writes. Arora and learn from the experience of collaborating in the work of documenting and prioritising wild relatives of crop plants. R.) Baehni] that was co-authored with him and was published in journal of Ethnobotany. Arora has been not only collaborating on some of the pioneer areas of work but also his positive role in helping me to develop my strengths and contributing meaningfully to the projects in hand. Throughout my association with him for more than eight years when he was in NBPGR. He epitomised the role of guide and teacher not only to me but to my contemporaries and juniors too. Whatever work I have done for him or with him. This is a work he wanted to finish but could not complete because of his ill health. . supporting semi-arid to humid tropical. zz South America: Brazil. China. Australia. South Asia. Besides. out that: .. Madagascar. seven are from the AsiaPacific region. It is a seat of domestication and diversification of food crops and other important agrobiodiversity. East Asia and the Pacific (APAARI. the knowledge is shown in the development and adaptation of plants and crops to different ecological conditions. Peru. also point. for Asia-Pacific region. Colombia. Venezuela zz Central America: Mexico zz North America: USA zz Africa: South Africa. Introduction Asia-Pacific region: Richness in plant diversity Asia Pacific region has a rich diversity of plants. Democratic Republic of Congo zz Asia and the Pacific: Indonesia. Papua New Guinea. 1997). most of them underutilized. it also abounds in economic plant wealth of diverse useful/edible species. India. and the percentage of endemic/native species within these countries. The Asia-Pacific region consists of 39 countries representing West Asia. which fall under the following major geographical regions.biodiversity countries. 1). for instance. The majority of people in Asia Pacific still rely directly on the diversity of plants or plant genetic resources for food and medicine. which have been used by people for generations. In agriculture. Fig. there are 17 mega-biodiversity countries. The region also possesses rich ethnic and cultural diversity that reflects its agricultural heritage. 2006. The figures in Table 1. Malaysia. subtropical to temperate high altitude. biodiversity-rich habitats. a unique and rich wild flora. Table 1 provides the estimates of the richness of total species. Southeast Asia. littoral.I. There is an abundance of local expertise in PGR that has been in use over a considerable period of time and is also constantly evolving. Its vast area represents diverse ecoclimates and physiography. As pointed out in the recent findings/ studies relating to the floristic richness of species in different phyto-geographical regions of the world (Mittermeier et al. Ecuador. Philippines Table 1 lists these countries in the decreasing order of species richness and of these 17 mega . Geographical jurisdiction of Asia-Pacific region 2 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species .Fig.An Asia-Pacific Perspective . 1. 000 10. semi-domesticated and domesticated diversity largely of Table 1.000 ~16.458 Papua New Guinea 15. Species richness and endemic species of higher plants in mega-biodiversity countries Country Total plant species Endemic plant species Brazil ~50.000 – 8.000 – 21.000 – 8.000 6.800 – 18.000 7. followed by China.000 Australia 15. most of these mega-biodiversity countries also possess rich cultural heritage.600 Democratic Republic of Congo 11.000 India >17.000 – 21.000 Madagascar 11.638 14.000 – 12.000 Philippines 8.000 Peru 18.500 – 8. both PNG and Australia exhibit higher percentage in endemic species surpassing all countries.956 4. and are still dependent on indigenous wild. Further.000 ~10.000 species in Indonesia and the Philippines.500 – 18.000 – 20. zz India. and PNG with Australia possess very rich wealth of endemic species.875 Venezuela 15.000 3.000 3. with endemic species wealth of about 14.800 – 6.070 5. countries are listed in order of species richness .036 Mexico 18.200 Source: Mittermeier et al.000 10.000 15.000 – 15.500 USA 18.000 – 12.000 Indonesia ~37.000 – 56.025 – 7.600 – 21.000 – 17.000 – 30. with equally high endemic wealth. and are ecologically and ethnically diverse. The number of species within these mega-biodiversity countries of the Asia-Pacific region varies between 37. zz Malaysia falls below PNG in endemic species. However.000 8.800 – 9.500 and 3.000 5. followed by the Philippines.100 – 30.000 species in Indonesia to 8.500 – 16.500 Colombia 45.800 – 6. respectively.000 Malaysia 15. (1997).800 – 18.500 China 27.000 14.070 5.000 – 51.000 South Africa 23.Introduction zz Indonesia has higher number of species.420 16. Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Australia fall below China. The natives here have been. (Table 1).000 |3 – 12.356 Ecuador 17.000 species in the Philippines. fibre.e. 1951. 1997). domesticated and used varies. Amaranth as a grain crop in South America and more as a pot-herb/ vegetable in Asia. underutilized plants and other economic plants for their daily needs of food. the role of underutilized species has evolved over time and as it is today.500 species. The positive effect of this diversity is that it sustains itself in the local habitats providing benefits to with local farmers. Zeven and de Wet. Also. 1992).4 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . feed. Harlan. native communities as per their food-needs. industrial.000 species (Uphof. the traditional agro-ecosystems have been sustained by native farming societies to their benefit under subsistence farming with a wide variety of major and minor food species. 1999) deals with over 9.An Asia-Pacific Perspective edible less-known. plant wealth of about 80. 1975.087 edible species (Hedrick. Understandably. so as to meet their needs. In human history. and ‘Flora Dietica’. Zohary and Hoff. Damania et al. 30. protected. and occupying a wide geographical range. 1992. Arora. were domesticated at different places. cultural and medicinal purposes (Kermali et al. depending on the food habits of the native communities and their cultural and aesthetic needs.000 species so far have been identified as edible and about 7. 2002). 1952. 1971. Of these. Species adapted to. 1972). the level at which such diversity is identified. occupying marginal lands. Corchorus as pot-herb in Africa and for fibre in Asia.. 1975).. shelter and health care. it adds to the quality of life besides meeting needs of the rural poor in particular. However. 1998. The ‘Dictionary of Economic Plants’ includes about 9. Burkill. 1968) and the publication on World Economic Plants (Wiersema and Leon.000 species. Cultivated plant diversity vis-à-vis underutilized species The quest of man to explore and use plant wealth is as old as the history of civilization and the origin and domestication of cultivated plants (Vavilov. 1982. Kunkel (1984) listed 12. depending on the need (choice) of local inhabitants for various usages i. Thus. Hawkes.000 species have been cultivated and/or collected for food at one time or another (Wilson. Lepidium for salad in the Near East and as a root crop in the Andes (Harlan. Harnessing underutilized plant species diversity It has been estimated that humans directly modify and use more than 40% of the earth’s terrestrial ecosystems. in the regions of crop-plant diversity. harnessing their productivity for human benefit and modifying their composition. wild habitats. Hyam. includes about 3.000 species has been used by human beings for food. Further. 1983. Bailey (1951) lists 5.650 edible plants species and Tanaka (1976) about 10. domesticated widely available diversity from native.347 species of food . spices. more food plant species Kunkel 1984 12. beans.489 . Liliaceae .Overall economic plant species wealth Wilson 1992 30. It is estimated that among the 55 plant families which have contributed to the supply of domesticated species (Harlan.087 .489 species from 12 regions of diversity of cultivated plants. while Arora (1985) has enumerated 992 species of less known/underutilized food plants assessing their distribution as per use category in different regions of diversity of cultivated plants (Box 1).less known cultivated food plants .11 crops (edible bulbs). mainly food plants Wiersema and Leon 1999 9. Against this relatively large number. sorghum. While according to Prescott-Allen and Prescott (1990).18 crops (fruits. tuberous types). 1975). wheat. Number of economic plant species including edible plant species Kermali 1997 80. globally.Introduction plants and Zeven and de Wet (1982) list 2. presently. maize.000 .do. includes 1.000 .13 crops (pumpkin. vegetables.049 food plants Bailey 1957 5. and one tuberous type). Solanaceae .500 . Poaceae/ Gramineae. varieties of gourds and cucumber). millet. there is narrowing down in the number of crops upon which worlds’ food security and economic growth depends for sustainable livelihood (Box 2).do Arora 1985 992 .000 . Cucurbitaceae .do.Economic plants.000 . potato. FAO |5 (1996) limits this estimate to about 80 crop plants.do Tanaka 1976 10.Mainly food plants Uphof 1968 9. squash. namely.Economic plant species including edible plants Hedrick 1972 3.650 . has contributed 29 cereals (and sugarcane). 90 per cent of the food plant supplies are provided by only 103 plant species.347 .41 crops (pulses. sweet potato. Rosaceae 11 crops (fruits). the grass family. 1975). Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Box 1. Fabaceae/ Leguminosae . provide 75% of the total plant-derived energy (calorie) intake. soybean. only 30 crops are reported to feed the world (Harlan. of which 10 crops. sugarcane and sugarbeet. Thus. rice.Food and other cultivated plants Zeven and de Wet 1982 2. particularly in the past 30 years. spice) and Araceae . 1982) and belonging to 167 families. condiment. Arora et al. . rice. Rosaceae (154 species) and Solanaceae (100 species) are well represented. wheat. sorghum. (ii) enormous species diversity exists in different agroecological regions of cultivated plants and in the floristic regions for both wild and semi-wild. (iv) meeting production-oriented goals through development and adoption of advanced technologies has narrowed down crop diversification in major cultivation areas with focus on a few crops and in this process. Interestingly. And three crops. depends now on a very narrow range of about 10 crops. sweet potato. maize.9 crops (salad. Among the cultivated plant diversity of 2.. rice and maize are most important. to enumerate plants useful for human welfare. contributing to food security. 2002. Joshi et al. (iii) humanity globally. domesticated species. 1975) to meet its food and other needs. potato. there is an important role of underutilized crops/ species. income generation and poverty reduction . Concerns on underutilized species The overall analysis of species diversity of well known and less known wild and cultivated plants makes us realize that humankind’s agricultural successes have stemmed from its ability to use biological diversity to its advantage to meet its diverse needs. Arora. 2006). sugarcane and sugarbeet provide 75% of the total plant derived energy (calorie) intake.489 species distributed in different regions of the world (Zeven and de Wet. .wheat. or at the best 20-30 crops (Harlan. much native diversity has been eroded.meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Leguminosae (323 species). and (v) the value of this underutilized plant diversity for human welfare is enormous (Padulosi et al. 30 crops are reported to feed the world (Harlan. Poaceae (359 species). soybean.. Narrowing of food basket world wide Prescott-Allen and Prescott (1990) point out that 90% of the food plant supplies are produced by only 103 plant species..An Asia-Pacific Perspective Box 2. namely. most of this crop plant wealth is located in the developing world/countries (Table 1) and includes rich diversity of underutilized plant species/native domesticated plant wealth. and that: (i) much efforts have been made. millet. 1975) of which 10 crops . Widening of this food basket is considered imminent and in this diversification process. 2002.6 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species .8 (tuber crops). 2002. FAO (1996) lists about 80 crop plant species. . 1999.. the Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR) has also emphasized on the role of underutilized species in income generation of the rural poor (Padulosi et al. 1996. 1988. Smartt and Haq. 2000). Global Plan of Action (GPA) includes this as one of its 20 priorities. life support species and new crop resources have been well highlighted in several national. 1989. In this endeavour. Cooper et al. de Groot and Haq. there has been a greater upsurge in research and development activities associated with diversification of such underutilized species and their suitability for different agro-ecosystems. 2000. neglected and lessknown species.. and the opportunities and avenues have widened with better communication/information dissemination. 1999. The crop introduction and exchange across continents has also helped in the build-up of such promising diversity and in the process of diversification. and are well-tuned to native/traditional farming practices with low inputs. Padulosi. Bhag Mal et al. Major thrust for R&D: Institutions involved The research and development in underutilized plant species/crops has gained momentum particularly in the last few decades. 1996. Paroda and Bhag Mal. There is increased focus on exploring opportunities to tap the potential of such valuable plant species which have high genetic diversity. Equally important in this context have been the global developments such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the FAO |7 International Technical Conference on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture held in Germany in 1996 (ref. II. 1995. low pest-risk. Activity 12: promoting development and commercialization of underutilized crops and species). regional and international meetings (Paroda et al. cultivation and spread. specifically focussing on the needs of rural farmers in marginal agro-habitats with limited livelihood options.. Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR).. 1997. Moreover.. Chapter IV). and their acclimatization. the role of international organizations such as Bioversity International (formerly International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. minerals and vitamins (Annexures I.Introduction The above concerns on crop diversification through exploitation of underutilized. and provide security to rural communities (Evy. amino acids. promising underutilized species for food and nutritional security in the global context (FAO. provided a wider choice of species/varieties tuned to diverse habitats. MSSRF. International Centre for Underutilized Crops (ICUC). 2002). Also. 2002). Quah et al. There is thus a growing realization of the need to enlarge/diversify the food basket of potential. Padulosi et al. multipurpose use and scope for value addition. Equally important . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Evy. many of these are rich sources of protein. 1992. and more recently of the Global Facilitation Unit (GFU) on underutilized species needs special emphasis. IPGRI). 1997). 2002. funding/ major donor agencies such as the German Federation Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). and during 1998-2000. there has been a change in the mind-set of interested organizations towards better networking among international. 2007). 2003. FAO/ RAPA (Bhag Mal. Bala Ravi et al. traditional. lost. the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). 2006). 2001). 2002.. some specific information published by National Academy of Sciences. oil or for medicine. and in Asia-Pacific region. a series of over 20 monographs on selected underutilized species published by Bioversity International and Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research in Gatersleben. 1996. However. fibre. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). and on underutilized pulses and vegetables. orphan. and cereals and pseudocereals (Williams 1993. USA (1975).An Asia-Pacific Perspective has been the committed involvement of other organizations. CGIAR. providing diverse views on prioritising these species for research and development. More recent developments are given in Chapter V on ‘Emerging Concerns’. 2005. which include minor. but that have further undeveloped potential uses. GFU. Several recent publications have very effectively contributed to raise concerns in the above context.. 1994) on underutilized grain legumes and pseudocereals. neglected. work on tropical fruit species in Asia under ABD Project (IPGRI. IPGRI and ICUC . 2006. IPGRI. 1991: Fruits 1992. Germany with financial support from BMZ. 2005. new. Also. Chapter III discusses this. on providing thrust to research and development of underutilized species as per needs of national programmes within the regional as well as global perspective (FAO. promising and alternative plant species. Vegetables. the most widely used among these is ‘underutilized’. Also. . Underutilized crops/plant species are those that many communities traditionally use for food.8 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Ausaid and Nzaid (ACIAR.. Williams and Haq. Gundel et al. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). Bhag Mal et al. 1995) has further raised concerns on underutilized species and to promote their research and development. presently this group often deals only with food plant species and crops. underdeveloped. Criteria for identifying underutilized species/crops A review of the published literature points out that a wide range of terms are used for underutilized plant species. However. monographs on Fruits for the Future published by ICUC during 1999-2006 by PROSEA (Pulses. 1996). regional and national programmes (AVRDC vegetables. local. under-exploited.tropical fruits) with emphasis on making National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) more supportive of the use of such underutilized diversity to meet challenges of food security and poverty reduction and contribute towards agricultural sustainability. 2003. animal fodder. Jaenicke and Hoschle-Zeledon. grow and process them. agriculturists. national and regional needs and policy for promoting specific species. Many underutilized species broadly also cover several of the neglected crops grown primarily in their centre of origin by traditional farmers. Von Maydell (1989) listed 12 criteria for the selection of underutilized food-producing trees and shrubs in semi-arid regions. and there should be no legal restrictions in working on these (Padulosi et al. (iv) largely represented by ecotypes/landraces. production and product promotion and post-harvest handling (Williams and Haq.. for the choice of underutilized species. are fast growing. are free of negative properties or effects. produce high yield. 2002. diverse |9 uses. germplasm availability. are accepted by people. They might be marketed in new ways as novel food and help raise incomes for those that gather. crop acceptability.. These have been further elaborated with focus on policy framework. 1996). preventing soil erosion and restoring degraded soils. relying on indigenous knowledge. extension workers and producers (FAO. adapted to site conditions. Williams and Haq. and good quality product. von Maydell. (ii) highly adapted to agro-ecological niches/marginal areas. have low risk. technical information and interest and focus by researchers. and contribute to human nutrition and improving human health. solve problems. underutilized species have great potential. There are four major areas wherein u n d erut i l ize d sp e cies c a n m a ke . contributing to food security. However. lack of national policy. Investigating these species is likely to uncover new ways in which these could be used more effectively. native local diversity (v) cultivated and utilized. They may be rich in minerals or vitamins. These criteria are: species should meet demand. such criteria will vary with local. the following criteria overweigh other generalizations — underutilized species/ crops are those that are : (i) of local importance in consumption and production systems. Overall. many of these are considered as minor crops in terms of their production and market value though these assume high priority/importance to feed the rural poor. and such species/crops should be compatible with land use. easy and safe to establish with less inputs. The major constraints in promoting R&D initiatives in this group of crops/species highlighted in the FAO State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture are: limited germplasm availability. 2002. 2002). (Padulosi et al.Introduction Importance of underutilized species As pointed out above. Or they may enhance environmental services by filtering and processing toxic substances. 1989). and (vi) poorly represented in ex situ collections. (iii) receive scarce attention by national agricultural and biodiversity conservation policies/ programmes on research and development. 2002). In a wider context. They could provide new or additional foods. Besides. leafy and other vegetables. the publication may be useful to provide inputs on underutilized species used as food plants to national programmes and in further planning of R&D initiatives by regional and international programmes. Thus overall. fruits and nuts. It also brings out several emerging concerns for their further promotion for human welfare. ecosystem stability and cultural diversity associated with local food habits and religious and social rituals (Jaenicke and HoschleZeledon. this publication attempts to enumerate the diversity in underutilized food plant species of the Asia-Pacific region. Thus. 1997). Obviously. besides medicinal uses. as spices and condiments. namely. and the concerns generated thereof in the international workshop organized by the Italian National Research Council (NRC) held in Naples (Monti.10 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . The wide range of species listed points out that there is still an urgent need to broaden this base of species in an effective and sustainable manner to protect and enhance the use of such locally important species that can also be deployed more widely in agricultural and environmental management. and their diverse native uses. Equally important is the need for capturing the associated indigenous knowledgebase held by traditional farmers on the important traits these species/ crops possess. with data on nutritional aspects and use has been provided. and of exotic diversity of underutilized species in Asia-Pacific region and the priority species for research and development. harnessing diversity of these underutilized species has enormous potential with much diversity for exploitation. poverty reduction and income generation. root/tubers. and equally enormous range of choices. Synthesis/Information presented In the above context.An Asia-Pacific Perspective significant contribution to sustainable agriculture. there has been increased emphasis on the role of underutilized species to safeguard artistic landscape and cultural values of these species. It provides synthesized information on over 587 species used in diverse ways-edible grains. meeting the millenium development goals (MDGs) to address food security. malnutrition. Their neglect has led to erosion of the available genepools in their areas of diversity and cultivation. A very good example of such a collaborative effort is the MSSRF project with Bioversity International (formerly IPGRI) supported . wider avenues for use of these species await their future role vis-avis increased importance and impact. food security and better nutrition. by widening their choice of crops and their improvement. The R&D focus must thus lay emphasis on the use of this diversity to increase the agricultural productivity of the food insecure farmers who are the custodians of this diversity. 2006). including agronomic/ cultivation practices followed. increased income for the rural poor. Tabulated information on native indigenous. Overall. on “Revitalization of neglected nutritious millets towards the food and income security of the rural poor” in parts of India and Nepal – a project that has shown effective results (MSSRF. under subsistence agriculture. underutilized species. These address food needs in a substantial way and their diversification and use adds to self sustainability particularly in the remote. | 11 appropriate strategies are required to address the improvement of less known. Bala Ravi et al. marginal areas. .Introduction by IFAD – namely. 2006) through participatory farmer-centred approach. 2002. of great use for current and future needs in crop improvement and for screening useful species for direct use vis-á-vis commercial use. Considering the role of underutilized species. This analysis points out that of the 402 species enumerated for the four Asia-Pacific regions. need was felt to synthesize such information for the Asia-Pacific region. largely scattered information available with national/ international programmes on the underutilized species/crop diversity occurring in the Asia-Pacific region and the range of its distribution. economic plants/cultivated plants dictionaries and other such treatises (Chapter 1). or providing region-specific synthesis such as different floras. particularly those listing such cultivated economic plant wealth distributed world-wide. This information has been tabulated for the eight categories of underutilized . Table 2 gives the distribution of less known cultivated plants in the 12 regions of diversity on a world basis (Arora. The present revised account (Table 3) lists 778 species. This publication provides an updated account of the plant genetic resources of cultivated underutilized species of the Asia-Pacific region and information has been synthesized from various publications. Diversity and Use A review of literature points out that there is very scanty. Much of this information was pooled in by Arora (1985) on less known food crops in the global context earlier. Besides providing a list of such underutilized and less known food plants. seeds and nuts by 46 species and miscellaneous types by 64 species (besides edible flowers representing 7 species). Diversity in root and tuber crops is represented by 56 species. 376 more species for the Asia-Pacific region than that given in Table 2 (402 species). maximum species diversity occurs in the Chinese-Japanese and the IndoChinese/ Indonesian regions. fruits by 130 species. relatively less in the Hindustani/Indian region and least in the Australian Pacific region. 1985) as the basis. 1985). in the regional context. U nderutilized Species in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. of vegetables by 99 species. this account also provides details on the distribution and diversity of these genetic resources. using the older publication (Arora.II. Australian. 10. European-Siberian. African. 12. These categories are (i) Pseudocereals and millets-28. and total species diversity represented in each category are enumerated in the check-list of species. Source: Arora. Distribution of less known cultivated food plants in different regions of diversity Food plants/ Regions* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Roots/tubers 26 22 1 7 - 4 8 28 9 26 5 5 141 Vegetables 56 31 1 11 - 4 24 36 29 18 6 2 218 Flowers 2 2 1 2 - - 2 - - - 1 - 10 Fruits 50 61 2 17 19 13 5 13 14 69 36 38 337 Seeds/nuts 18 14 3 11 1 10 7 21 6 12 8 4 115 Miscellaneous 20 36 - 8 1 2 24 29 20 19 5 7 171 8 56 21 33 70 127 78 144 61 56 992 Total diversity* 172 166 12 Total *1. Chinese-Japanese. (ii) Grain legumes/ Pulses-14. 2002 plants (Table 3). (vii) Industrial crops-25 and (vii) Miscellaneous category -148. 7. 5. (vi) Nuts-34. 6. 11. These include spices and condiments and species with multipurpose use also. 8. Central Asian. 1985. The Table 3. genus-wise and species-wise and their popular. Mediterranean. Hindustani. In each category. 2. 3. 4. Diversity in cultivated underutilized and less known species in Asia-Pacific regions Category Families Genera Species Pseudocereals and millets 4 12 28 Grain legumes/Pulses 1 7 14 Root/Tuber types 16 34 55 Vegetables 52 140 213 Fruits 45 106 261 Nuts 15 16 34 Industrial crops 18 23 25 Miscellaneous types 44 105 148 - - 778 Total species diversity* (*: with overlap of species across crop-category) . Diversity Use and | 13 Table 2.Underutilized Species in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. 9. Central American and Mexican. North American. Near Eastern. South American. (iv) Vegetables-213. (iii) Root and tuber types-55. number of families and genera. Indo-Chinese-Indonesian. species have been arranged alphabetically. widely used names are also given. (v) Fruits-261. genera and number of plant species with edible grains: pseudocereals and millets Families * Genera Amaranthaceae Amaranthus (6) Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium (2) Gramineae/Poaceae Brachiaria (1). and proso millet (all of Chinese origin). Eleusine (1). with Japanese barnyard millet having diversified in Japan. Urochloa (1) Polygonaceae Fagopyrum (2) *: Number of species in each genus is given in parenthesis . the broad distribution range within the Asia-Pacific region. with a long history of cultivation and spread of diversity in the Indian subcontinent. Coix (1). Besides.tropical American introduction are now well a c cl i m a t ize d to t h e Hi n d u Kus h Himalayas. 2. Many of the species in the latter category also include several species confined to backyards/home gardens. exotic underutilized species now well acclimatized in AsiaPacific region are also given. Almost a similar pattern is exhibited by the three Echinochloa species. While most of these species are of Chinese origin. some like finger millet are tropical African. Paspalum (2). Indo- Table 4. Korea. and in the Hindu Kush Himalayas-Indian sub-continent. Polygonaceae and Amaranthaceae with restricted distribution in case of Chenopodiaceae. Digitaria (2). less known. Panicum (4). 3. of late these are being grown in the western/central IndoGangetic plains of India. 1. other species in China and as far as in peninsular India. Korea and Japan. or endemic to the area. both of indigenous and exotic origin. More diversity occurs in buckwheat. Japan.14 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . The check list in each category includes underutilized species that are relatively widely grown and other native species locally grown. foxtail millet. Echinochloa (4). and use is given for each species.An Asia-Pacific Perspective area of origin. The cultivated diversity exhibits the following overall distribution pattern: 1. Species diversity is more in the families. which is also a secondary centre of diversity for this crop. F amilies. Setaria (2). in parts of China. with sporadic distribution elsewhere. with sporadic distribution in other areas. in China. Philippines. Poaceae. Others like the grain amaranths. Pseudocereals and Millets The Asia-Pacific region holds rich diversity in cultivated species of pseudocereals and millets. Job’s tears/Adlay (Coix lacrymajobi) as cultigen has more sporadic cu l t iva t ion u n d er s ubs i sten c e agriculture. Most of these underutilized grain-crop species belong to 4 families/12 genera and 28 species (Table 4). little millet of Indian origin. Diversity and Use | 15 western India and Indo-Gangetic region in diverse cropping systems. Amaranthus cruentus L. Among the introduced crops. Cultivated in India. Grains are boiled and eaten as porridge. 1996). 5. (Amaranthaceae). with relatively sporadic cultivation in Indo-Chinese-Indonesian. mayuen) possibly got domesticated in the Indo-Chinese region. 7. also made into gruel. South American origin. Bhutan. introduced mainly in temperate Asia. Urochloa panicoides and Setaria glauca. Grains are eaten boiled or roasted. introduced into Japan. lately it has been cultivated in peninsular region of India. Amaranthus caudatus L. Myanmar and China. an old African introduction. localized cultivation on a minor scale occurs in raishan (Digitaria cruciata var. A m o n g t h e e n d e m i c c ro p s . (Amaranthaceae). China and Japan as spinach. Also two other endemic minor local domesticates confined to South India (Tamil Nadu. Asia upto India. and least in the Pacific/Australian region (Arora. The above distribution of diversity also points out that the Asia-Pacific. Korea. . mostly grown in the Hindu Kush Himalayas. the Chinese-Japanese and the Indian regions are important centres of diversity for pseudocereals and millets. finger millet. Andhra Pradesh) are Brachiaria ramosa. polygonides is cultivated. cultivated mainly in hilly tracts of the Himalayas-India. (Amaranthaceae). possibly pre-Columbian. with more diversity in South Asian-Indian subcontinent in particular. confined to the peninsular region and grown under subsistence farming. esculenta) which got domesticated in northeastern India in hilly tracts of Khasi and Jaintia hills of Meghalaya. 6. introduced. Grubben and Soetjipto. the soft-shelled cultivated type (var. Nepal. Thailand. It leaves are also eaten. 1985. has wider distribution. Malaya. Asia. Both indigenous and exotic diversity occurs and is used for dual purpose as grain and as leafy vegetable. grain amaranth is a relatively recent introduction. (Amaranthaceae) Amaranth. Unlike finger millet. Philippines. Check-list of species Amaranthus angustifolius Lam. much crop improvement and diversification has led to buildup of varietal diversity both in plains and hilly tracts as far as the Himalayas. Central American origin. India var. used as pot herbs also. Very limited diversity occurs in kodo millet (Panicum scrobiculatum) in drier peninsular tracts of India.Underutilized Species China and northeastern India. 4. Under cultivation. Amaranthus gangeticus L. It has been particularly successful in in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Relatively more widespread/distribution is of Panicum sumatrense. powellii. Grains are eaten boiled. East Asia Japan. size etc. derived from A. Taiwan. has sporadic. Korea. sparingly grown. South Asia. Myanmar. scattered distribution. It is a weed. Syn. A pre-Columbian introduction into Europe from where it was introduced into South/Southeast. South. mainly in northeastern India. Chinese region. brown. South Asia. (Amaranthaceae) Slim amaranth. South Asia. India. nuttalliae. . four types occur differing in compactness of inflorescence.16 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Grains are edible. grown in India and adjoining region and elsewhere in East Asia. mayuen Stapf. esculenta Bor. also as grain crops and ornamentals. Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Grown in peninsular tracts of India. also in Philippines. cruentus. (Chenopodiaceae) Quinoa. (Poaceae) Adlay. (Amaranthaceae).An Asia-Pacific Perspective Amaranthus hybridus L. Sawan millet. widely spread. earthen colour grains. sparingly grown. Coix lacryma-jobi L.) P. Grains are boiled and eaten like rice. pounded and made into porridge with or without rice. Chenopodium album L. var. Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. as a cultigen confined to the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Grains are used for making porridge or made into gruel. Digitaria sanguinalis (L) Scap (Poaceae). East Asia. Mainly South Asia. Also grown in Myanmar and northern Thailand. Pale-seeded and blackseeded forms occur and are edible like the above amaranths. Diversity represents the cultivar group esculenta. mainly adapted to hilly areas (also grown as ornamental). Echinochloa colona (L. An introduction of South American origin. sporadic cultivation. northeastern India. Brachiaria ramosa (L. Sparingly grown as a grain crop and used as porridge. India. China. Diversity mainly of cultivar group frumentacea. (Poaceae) Raishan. Amaranthus leucocarpus S. Indo-China and Thailand. Temperate Asia . domesticated in Khasi and Jaintia hills of Meghalaya.) Stapf (Poaceae). Digitaria cruciata (Nees) A. In Western Himalayas in Chamba/ Himachal Pradesh. tried as a grain crop in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Domesticated in northeast India/Indo-Burmese. An old cultigen of Mexican origin. Echinochloa crus-galli (L. red. India much variability occurs in grain colour . Cultivated in Kashmir and Afghanistan. Beauv. pounded and cooked like rice.derived from A. roasted. (Poaceae) Shama. in India. pounded and made into gruel.white. Job’s tears. Grains are boiled and eaten. (Poaceae) Barnyard millet. Seeds (kernel) are eaten raw or roasted. Related to/or conspecific with C. occasionally grown in hilly tracts of the Hindu Kush Himalayas and leaves are used as vegetable.) Link. (Chenopodiaceae) Lamb’s quarters. Southeast. Camus var. domesticated in parts of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. introduced elsewhere and cultivated in Japan/ East Asia. East Asia. Wats. Grains are made into flour or are eaten boiled. Indian origin. commonly grown in cold hilly tracts of the Hindu Kush Himalayas. also in Sri Lanka. Hindu Kush Himalayas. domesticated in China. and Japan.) Gaertn. An annual grass in Madhya Pradesh and upper Gangatic plain in India. (Poaceae) Finger millet. Syn. Much diversity occurs in India. Panicum atrosanguineum Hochst. peninsular region of India. (Poaceae) Japanese barnyard millet. India. groups classified on basis of compact or lax inflorescencemuch diversity occurs in compactum cultivar group. processed into noodles for wider consumption in East Asia and elsewhere. tropical plains of peninsular India. miliare Lamk. P. The crop is now adapted to subtropical. valued as forage crop. Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem. related to P. China. cultivar groups/several types occur possessing incurved or open-fingered inflorescences. (Poaceae). Grains are boiled. peninsular India of tall robust types. The grains are eaten as food. Grains are boiled and eaten.Underutilized Species Echinochloa crus-pavonis Schult. Introduced in Australia as a ferage crop. (Poaeae). (Poaceae) Proso millet.) Gaertn. Yunnan. in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. cooked as leavened bread/chapatti in the Himalayas. South Asia. (Poaceae) Little millet. recognised various types in India. sporadic elsewhere in South/ Southeast Asia. South Asia. Grains are eaten cooked. Korea. (Poaceae). South and East Asia. Its use in similar to that of common buckwheat. Sweet/ Common buckwheat. in East Asia in China. Panicum antidotale Retz. and sporadically grown in peninsular region. Fagopyrum tataricum (L. Ragi. Echinochloa frumentacea Link. also South/ Southeast Asia. Eleusine coracana (L. but more as gruel. more confined to high cold desert tracts of Hindu Kush Himalayas. . More diversity in eastern. Japan. & Schult. a grain crop of cold hilly tracts. Grains are pounded and boiled into gruel. Fa g o pyru m escu l e nt u m M o e n ch. Korea. East Asia mainly. Grains are pounded and boiled into gruel. Diversity and Use | 17 Distribution as a cultigen similar to common/sweet buckwheat. Bhutan. with more tillers and compact/semi-lax inflorescences. flour consumed likewise. psilopodium Trin. East Asia and Hindu Kush Himalayas. also flour is made into a dough. pounded and used as porridge. Nepal. East AsiaJapan. and is grown locally. Varieties developed for wider agroclimatic adaptability. (Polygonaceae) Tartary/Bitter buckwheat. Introduced from Africa. Paspalum distichum L. (Poaceae). (Polygonaceae) Buckwheat. Panicum miliaceum L. meagrely grown elsewhere. also processed into several diverse preparations and value-added products. . (Poaceae). mungo/black gram in South Asia. Grains are of similar use as in other small millets. umbellata rice bean in East Asia extending to South and Southeast Asia. this diversity provides staple or major supplementary food and also puts a curb on malnutrition among the rural poor. South Asia-sporadic cultivation in drier parts of South India. V. pounded and made into gruellike preparations. South Asia.18 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species .An Asia-Pacific Perspective Paspalum scrobiculatum L. and in other parts of China. Grains are boiled and eaten. Chinese origin. Grains are boiled and eaten. Macrotyloma. black. 1. as in other small millets. Beauv. Vicia. purple-brown). Hindu Kush Himalayas and East Asia. with more cultivation in central India. mainly grown in western India in Rajasthan and to a minor extent in Deccan penisular region in Andhra Pradesh. 2. mainly India. Panicum javanicum Poir. (Poaceae) Yellow foxtail millet. Beauv. Setaria italica (L. popularly known as pulses. Korea and Japan. South Asia . (Poaceae) Italian millet. and in particular Vigna. less so in Southeast Asia.) P. Beauv. Urochloa panicoides P. adapted to cold hilly tracts of Hindu Kush Himalayas. north east Uttar Pradesh and elsewhere in Bangladesh. V. Along with the pseudocereals and millets.India. Foxtail millet. the former more variable with awned/awnless inflorescence. Most widely distributed are the cultivated Vigna species of Asian origin. Setaria glauca (L. young parts of these species are consumed as vegetables. Another legume of importance in drier tracts is Lathyrus sativus grass pea. sporadically grown as minor millet. 2. particularly India and Nepal. angularis/adzuki bean more confined to East Asia and in the Hindu Kush Himalayas where it is spordically grown. Cultivated in rainfed drier tracts of peninsular region. are usually grown as minor or occasionally as major crops in diverse agro-climates. also made into flour. Grains are eaten boiled. in Madhya Pradesh. (Poaceae) Kodo millet. The Leguminosae with 10 species of genera such as Lathyrus. Syn. While most of these species diversity is sporadically distributed throughout Asia-Pacific region. grain boldness and colour. some species exhibit more restricted distribution. marginal farmers who grow many of these underutilized minor legume crops under subsistence farming. V.) P. Quite often. also made into flour. More confined to semi-drier tracts is Vigna aconitifolia/moth bean. variable in colour (creamish. Most of these grain legume species belong to single family with 7 genera and 14 species. parts of drier Maharashtra. constitute an important group contributing towards nutritionally good protein-rich diet. Grain legumes/Pulses The grain legumes. Diversity mainly of cultivar sub-group indica and maxima. in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Indo-China. grown mainly for local consumption. also in Sri Lanka. also made into flour and used in various ways. is a minor cultigen that got domesticated in parts of Tamil Nadu in South India where it is sporadically grown. sporadically grown in Nepal. Grown as pulse in India. Overall. Macrotyloma uniflorum Roxb. less so in Indo-Chinese-Indonesian and least in the Australian/Pacific region. Goa bean (Leguminosae). (Leguminosae) Horse gram. Dolichos uniflorus Lam. Check-list of species Lathyrus sativus L. Psophocarpus tetragonolobus/ winged bean is considered to be of South Pacific/ Papua New Guinea origin. . is widely grown in this tract. which is more cultivated (though sporadically) in India in the Himalayas. in backyards or homegardens in diverse tropical to temperate habitats. 4. grains are boiled for dal-like preparation. Vigna subterranea. and in Bangladesh. biflorus L. more diversity occurs in the Chinese . (Leguminosae) Grass pea. Maximum variability occurs in the western peninsular region of India. and in China. South Asia. Thailand. 1991). lunatus. to Southern India and Sri Lanka.in central India in drier tracts. Winged bean. Macrotyloma uniflorum/horse gram which possibly got domesticated in South India. 6. Nepal and Myanmar. Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L. Diversity in some underutilized Phaseolus species of tropical American origin occurs sporadically throughout Asia-Pacific. Further. Syn. In Myanmar. in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. East Asia and South Asia are the regions of domestication and diversification of grain legumes in Asia-Pacific region (Arora. introduced into Australia. van der Maesen and Somaatmadja. E x o t i c l e g u m e d i v e r s i t y o f underutilized species includes crops such as Vicia faba of West Asian origin.Underutilized Species 3. also in the Western Himalayas. West Asian origin. coccineus. it is grown for grain and green pods and also for edible tubers. mainly India.. It is more of a backyard cultigen for local consumption and not much grown nor successful as a field crop. Vigna trilobata locally called pillepesara. 1985. efforts are on way to examine the potential of a African dryland crop. 5. with limited diversity of cold adaptable types in Western and Central Himalayas in India and Nepal. P. with more diversity in the Philippines. being tried as an introduction to drier Western India in Gujarat. taken as soup or for dallike preparation. Diversity and Use | 19 such as of P. Indonesia extending to Indo -China and northeastern India. Grains are boiled. D.) DC. sporadically grown in South Asia .Japanese and Indian region of diversity of cultivated plants. A minor pulse (cum fodder crop). colour etc. Philippines. West Asian origin with diversity in the Himalayan region. Vigna angularis (Willd. colour. long or small sized pods. Phaseolus aconitifolius Jacq. India. Pueraria thunbergiana (Sieb. High yielding varieties developed in Japan/ East Asia. also in Bangladesh. mainly a cold weather crop in India. India.) Verdc. sporadic in the Himalayas. China and Japan. (i. Nepal. Vigna subterranea (L. leaf as vegetable and tubers as salad.) Hepper. Several domesticated forms occur in Western Ghats/hilly tracts of India and are like the wild progenitor var. Faba bean. much grown in China. Grown both for grains (as pulse) and for green pods used as a vegetable. Malaysia. West African introduction. China. Voandzeia subterranea (L. also hay crop in New Guinea as tuber crop.) Ohwi & Ohashi Syn.) Thouars. South Asia. and Nepal. Several cultivar groups identified based on broad. Nutritius pulse. groups major. Myanmar. in Japan as chatney. Bhutan. Wight. Mediterranean/West Asian origin. Thailand. minor). mainly in drier tracts of Pakistan. with variation in seed size. Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq. (Leguminosae).F. green manure.Pakistan. mainly grown in South Asia . Myanmar. introduced in Indo-China. Java. bearing. High yielding types developed in India where maximum variability occurs in wild and domesticated forms. Seeds are boiled and eaten as pulse. Vigna mungo (L.) Marechal Syn.20 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Indo-China. sparingly cultivated in hilly tracts of northwestern Himalayas and adjoining region. Phaseolus angularis (Willd.e. Vicia sativa L. India (western India particularly Rajasthan). Vicia faba L. (Leguminosae) Moth bean. sylvestris. Both bushy and spreading types occur with much variability in pod size. China. Grown as pulse crop. Grown in South. roasted and as sprouted salad. seeds. Grains are eaten boiled. cultivated as cover crop. (Leguminosae) Broad bean. (Leguminosae) Common vetch. Sri Lanka. A highly nutritious pulse much preferred in north India. Nepal. sparingly grown in South-Southeast Asia.) Benth.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Originated in Papua New Guinea/ East Africa (based on close relative P. Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek. An old cultigen of East Asian origin-a native of Japan. Syn. grandiflora) All parts of this protein rich grain legume/vegetable crop are edible. Myanmar. spread to south China. Southeast and East Asia. Japan and Korea. (Leguminosae) Black gram. Green gram (Leguminosae). Grains are boiled and eaten as pulse and tender pods as vegetable.) W. Indian origin. etc. also consumed in . Grains are consumed as minor pulse (also used as a forage plant). (Leguminosae) Adzuki bean. tender pods. & Zucc. (Leguminosae) Bambara groundnut. seed size. South/Southeast Asia and in the Far East. cv. Compositae. Euphorbiaceae. China. 3. It is under trial in hot. Flemingia/Moghania. . Hindu Kush Himalayas. 1985). Indo -Chinese-Indonesian and the Hindustani/Indian region. temperate regions have only limited diversity such as of Arracacia. Lathyrus. 34 genera and 55 species (Table 5).) Schreb. (Leguminosae) Rice bean. Sium and Ullucus. Colocasia. East/Southeast Asia China.) Ohwi & Ohashi Syn. backyards etc. M a ra n t a.Underutilized Species roasted form. Philippines and Australia. Seeds are cooked as a minor pulse. Taccaceae and Umbelliferae hold more in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Labiatae. Wisteria branchybotrys Sieb.g. I p o m o e a. The Pacific region is particularly rich in taro/Colocasia and Xanthosoma. dry region of western Indian plains for its possible potential. Tacca and Xanthosoma.) Verdc. The edible starchy species. Phaseolus trilobus (L. Korea. Much diversity in cultivated types occur for both viny and bushy types. Colocasia. Zingiber and a few more. are invariably used in soups and curries. South Asia-mainly in South India. Leguminosae. cultivated for its fibrous bark. Diversity and Use | 21 diversity (Arora. & Zucc. after boiling/ cooking. Root and Tubers The genetic diversity in underutilized edible root and tuber crops of the AsiaPacific region belongs to 16 families. Syn. Coleus. the Araceae. also likewise in Indonesia. grown in northeastern India. Phaseolus calcaratus Roxb. and have been included in category 4 on vegetables and category 7 for miscellaneous types. H e l i a n t h u s . or often eaten raw as salad e. Allium species. by and large. The cold. Stachys. Japan. Maranta. Curcuma. Genetic wealth of these edible species is mainly distributed in the ChineseJapanese. Amorphophallus. Pachyrhizus. Dioscorea. Coleus. sporadically introduced in Malaysia and Indonesia. and in home gardens. and in the Philippines. D iosc ore a c e a e. and to a lesser extent in Xanthosoma. Pachyrhizus and Xanthosoma) is confined to the humid tropical areas where these crops are grown mainly under subsistence farming. Japan. Vigna umbellata (Thunb. Vigna trilobata (L. Much of the above diversity of both indigenous (Alocasia. belong to the genera Alocasia. Moghania vestita and Pachyrhizus erosus. pod size and seed size/colour. Among these. Malaysia. extending to the Pacific Islands.Allium. (Leguminosae) Pillipesara. Canna. Dioscorea) and exotic species (Canna. after peeling off the outer skin e. Grains are boiled and eaten as pulse usually with rice.g. Canna. localized cultivation. Convolvu l a c e a e. young pods used as vegetable. The rhizomatous and bulbous types . In the former group too. Most of this plant wealth is usually consumed after boiling. East Asian/Eastern Himalayan origin. (Leguminosae). the tubers are eaten after cooking and only occasionally these are consumed raw. types adaptable to cold/sub-temperate climate occur in Colocasia. Some species are distributed both in China and Japan and among these. with sporadic variability prevalent in Japan and the Philippines. Helianthus (1). Pachyrhizus (2). Still more widely distributed is Stachys affinis domesticated in China. Amorphophallus (4). Tragopogon (1) Convolvulaceae Calystegia (1). more variability occurs in Dioscorea japonica. More confined to South China is Amorphophallus harmandii while A. Chaerophyllum (1). Pastinaca (1). Colocasia. Pueraria (1). Plectranthus (1). Moghania (1). extending to the Pacific Islands. Sium (1) Curcuma (5) *: Number of species in each genus is given in parenthesis The Chinese-Japanese region has only limited diversity in starchy tuberous types mentioned above -Alocasia. and southwards in the Indo-Burmese region and in Southeast Asia. Much diversity occurs in Indo-ChineseIndonesian and the Indian regions particularly for Alocasia. etc. Cryptotaenia (1).An Asia-Pacific Perspective Table 5. Tacca and Amorphophallus. F amilies. but with more diversity in Xanthosoma. and apart from China and Japan. Colocasia (1). Cyrtosperma (2). of species) Alismaceae Sagittaria (1) Araceae Alocasia (3). Lilium (3) Marantaceae Maranta (1) Nymphaeaceae Nelumbo (1) Taccaceae Tacca (1) Umbelliferae/Apiaceae Zingiberaceae Arracasia (1). Colocasia.22 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Vigna (1). More diversity occurs in South Asia in Alocasia cucullata. Sporadically distributed cultigen is Sagittaria sagittifolia. also grown in Eastern Europe. Ipomoea (1) Cyperaceae Eleocharis (1) Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea (8) Labiatae/Lamiaceae Coleus (2). Stachys (1) Leguminosae Liliaceae Lathyrus (1). genera and number of species with edible underground parts-roots/ tubers etc. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius and Moghania vestita (domesticated in . Another cultigen from this region is Eleocharis dulcis with variability in South China. Asiatic Dioscorea spp. Xanthosoma (2) Basellaceae Ullucus (1) Cannaceae Canna (1) Compositae Arctium (1). Cryptosperma (2). konjac is distributed east of mainland China. Families * Genera (No.. Konjaku powder). A. SE Asia. Al o c a s ia i n d ic a ( Rox b. D. (Araceae) Giant taro. ( C o m p o s i t a e ) Gobo. A. b u l b i f e ra. Oceania region where more diversity occurs.. (Araceae). Of comparatively wider distribution in South and Southeast Asia is Alocasia macrorrhiza. corms boiled/fried. Large corms are eaten boiled or fried. Corms are consumed boiled by the natives. Also. & Gehr.) Blume ex Decne (Araceae) Elephant foot yam. Alocasia macrorrhiza (L. also as ornamental. Cultivated in India and elsewhere as tuber crops. D i o s c o re a a l a t a. cultivated in the Philippines. Southeast Asia/Pacific Islands. east India. Greater burdock. . D. Amorphophallus konjac K. East South/Southeast Asia. However.) Blume (Araceae).) G. Don. Southeast Asia. Southeast. Coleus par viflorus. esculenta and D. European introduction into East/Southeast AsiaJapan. and in the Pacific. grown in India. (Araceae). China and Japan. Indo-China. pentaphylla. Philippines. Don.Underutilized Species Eastern Himalayas/ northeast region in Meghalaya) and in Southeast Asia for Dioscorea. Vietnam. South/Southeast Asia. East Asia. Sri Lanka. limited variability prevails in Cyrtosperma chamissonis in this region. Colocasia esculenta. ) S ch o t t. Tonkin. besides Colocasia/ taro and Xanthosoma spp. in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Corms are boiled and commonly eaten as a vegetable. Kach Syn. Tacca leontopetala has sporadic distribution all through the Asia-Pacific but with limited local diversity. It is a popular vegetable in Japan. occasionally cultivated. Corms are boiled and eaten. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst) Nicolson Syn. Grown in South. A rc t i u m l a p p a L. Corms are eaten cooked as a vegetable. East/Southeast Asia. Cultivated for its stem which is eaten. Indo-China. cultivated as tuber crop. (Araceae) Giant alocasia. with its distributional range extending to the Pacific Islands.) G. in Pueraria montana (domesticated here as a tuber crop). used similar to the above species. The Pacific Island. (Araceae) Giant/ Chinese taro. have rich diversity. campanulatus (Roxb. Check-list of species Alocasia cucullata (Lour. Diversity and Use | 23 Alocasia macrorrhiza (courtesy: K Pradheep) Amorphophallus companulatus (Roxb. rivieri Dur. China. South/Southeast Asia. also made into a flour (Konjaku flour. Amorphophallus harmandii Engl. Roots are boiled and eaten. South/ South Asia. Canna indica (courtesy: K Pradheep) Chaerophyllum bulbosum L. Syn. Indonesia.) Briquet. and elsewhere in Papua New Guinea. Much diversity occurs in PNGPacific Islands. Arracha. gigantea Hook. rosea and var. (Umbelliferae) Turnip-root chervil. introduced into the Himalayas. multifolia occur. Syn. cultivated in South India. Occasionally grown in West Asia. C a l y s t e g i a s e p i u m ( L . (Labiatae). Colocasia esculenta (L. Syn. dasheen. Roots are boiled. Thailand. eaten as a vegetable. Malaysia. with large central corm and eddoe types with small corms (may include wild antiquorum types also) but with developed edible cormlets of variable size. quality. esculenta types. (Labiatae). (Araceae) Dasheen. East Asia. cultivated in China. and other islands. Coleus dysentericus Baker. etc. edule Schott. Crytotaenia canadensis DC. Coleus forskohlii (Poir. introduced and sporadically grown as backyard cultigen in parts of Asia and the Pacific Islands. Mitsube (C.24 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Tubers are eaten boiled.An Asia-Pacific Perspective the fibrous roots are. C. . Tubers are boiled and eaten. and the Pacific Islands. also fried and eaten. Philippines. Taro.) Schott. antiquorum (L. sporadically grown in Southeast Asia-Malaysia. (Umbelliferae). Indo-Malayan region. North American origin. Roots are boiled. Canna indica L. (Umbelliferae) Apio. Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft. also grown in China. Indo-China. taste. (Araceae) Swamp taro. Much grown in India.) Merr. Achira arrowroot Tropical American origin. Tropical African origin. C. Tropical American origin. Indonesia.) Schott. Philippines. Cryptosperma chamissonis (Schott. possibly a European introduction. Indonesia. Arracacia. f. Edible diversity identified under two forms. C barbatus Benth. edulis Ker. japonica) is a Japanese cultigen. consumed raw or cooked. Tropical Asia and the Pacific/Oceania region. C. Boiled roots are eaten in China (also young shoots). C. Roots resembling parsnip are cooked as a vegetable. (Convolvulaceae). ) R . Syn. B r.G awl. India. var. Tubers are consumed like potatoes. is a variant. (Cannac e ae ) Q ue ensl and arrowroot. Tubers are boiled and eaten. flesh colour. cultivated in Japan. Japan. East Asia . Philippines. Fiji. (Zingiberaceae). D. Sri Lanka. Diversity and Use | 25 Dioscorea batatas Decne. (Zingiberaceae). (Dioscoreaceae). also in the Pacific. Dioscorea bulbifera L. Curcuma caesia Roxb. Curcuma zedoria Rosc. boiled and eaten. Southeast Asia. tubers edible. India (Bengal) grown for its edible rhizome. cultivated in India for mango ginger. South/Southeast and East Asia. cultivated. Cyrtosperma chamissonis (Schott) Merr. (Dioscoreaceae). India & SE Asia. Chinese yam East Asia. Himalayan area. Chinese potato. Mainly South/ Southeast Asia extending to the Pacific islands. rhizome used as condiment. India. Grown for its edible tubers. Potato yam. (Cyperaceae) Water chestnut. (Araceae) . Curcuma domestica Val. Medagascar. (Zingiberaceae). SE Asia. China. South/ Southeast/ East Asia across the Pacific. (Dioscoreaceae) Asiatic yam. Dioscorea japonica Thunb. Indo Malayan region. Tubers are boiled and eaten. young flowers are used for flavouring food. South. Dioscorea papuana Rich. Papua New Guinea. (Dioscoreaceae). Tubers are very nutritious.. Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. Pacific Islands. India and Pakistan. Dioscorea alata (courtesy: K Pradheep) in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Semi-wild types occur in China. Turmeric. (Zingiberaceae). f. Kalihaldi (Zingiberaceae).Underutilized Species Curcuma amada Roxb. Dioscorea hispida Roxb. Syn. (Dioscoreaceae) White yam. Dioscorea pentaphylla L..cultivated in Indonesia. and adjacent tracts. Tubers are eaten boiled.) Trinius ex Henstchel Syn Eleocharis tuberosa Schult. SE Asia. Southeast Asia and Malaysia eastward. Indo-China. introduced in Pacific islands. (Dioscoreaceae). boiled/cooked as a vegetable. (Dioscoreaceae).cultivated in Japan. Southeast Asia . divaricata Blanco. Tubers are boiled and eaten. Dioscorea alata L. locally boiled and eaten. (Dioscoreaceae) Air potato. cultivated for its tubers. China. East India Arrowroot.) Burkill. Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. Greater yam. Tubers are huge as compared to other spp. cultivated for its edible starchy rhizome. Japan. Dioscorea esculenta (Lour. Cultivated as a tuber crop. used as vegetable. also . also sporadically grown in Pacific Islands. China and neighbouring regions. New Caledonia. China. Pa c h y r h iz u s t u b e r o s u s S p r e n g . Young roots are eaten raw or cooked. Roots are consumed as a vegetable (also leaves). Tubers are eaten as a vegetable. Sporadically grown in South/ Southeast/East Asia. cultivated for its large bulbs. Pachyrhizus erosus (L. Eastern Himalayas. and as . Moghania vestita (Benth. where domestication may have taken place. East Asia. Japan. (Marantaceae) Bermuda/ West Indian arrowroot. Grown in eastern India.India. cultivated for its starchy bulbs. as far as the Pacific. grown in South. Syn. (Liliaceae). angulatus Rich ex DC. Ipomoea mammosa Choisy (Convolvulaceae). (Leguminosae) Yam bean. Tubers are eaten raw. P. and in Australia. fried and pickled). Southeast Asia cultivated in Indo-China. Tropical American introduction into South/ Southeast. Nelumbium speciosum Willd. (Leguminosae) Yam bean. Moghania vestita (courtesy: KC Bhatt) N el u m b o nuci fera G a er t n. Syn. Lilium cordifolium Thunb. Southeast/East Asia. Sparingly grown in West/ temperate Asia. (Liliaceae). Rhizomes are starchy. Lilium maximowiczü Regel. eaten boiled/stewed. Philippines. South. Indonesia. Helianthus tuberosus L. (Liliaceae). (Leguminosae) Earth chestnut.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Micronesia. cultivated there as food crop. (Leguminosae) Sophlong. Tubers are mainly eaten in China. Meghalaya. domesticated/cultivated in Khasi and Jaintia Hills. Lathyrus tuberosus L. northeastern India. Japan. Tropical American origin. Philippines for the starchy and palatable tubers. Tubers are boiled. Indo-China. Japan. (Compositae) Jerusalem artichoke. Rhizomes are eaten as vegetable (boiled. Maranta arundinacea L. also in the Pacific. and made into soup. Kuntze. Lilium auratum Lindl. Southeast Asia .) Urb. elsewhere in the Philippines. flowers leavesall parts are edible (see miscellaneous category). North American introduction to tropical/sub-tropical Asia. Fruit/seeds. (Nymphaeaceae) East Indian lotus. Mexican/Central American origin. eaten as a vegetable or in pickled form. ex Baker) O.26 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . salad.M.) Hartog Syn. Tacca leontopetala (L.) Merr. European introduction to East Asia. & Zucc. S. Taxonomic identity uncertain. Tubers are boiled and eaten. (Alismataceae) Chinese arrowhead. Pastinaca sativa L. sporadically grown. tuberosus Benth. cultivated in China and Japan. mostly cooked like carrot. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Pradeep Syn. Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. T. edulis Siebold ex Miq. Pachyrhizus erosus (courtesy: KC Bhatt and Anjula Pandey) Pueraria montana (Lour. (Umbelliferae) Parsnip. Chervis. erosus.Underutilized Species in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Stachys affinis Bunge Syn. domesticated in China. China and Japan (used more as fodder). American introduction into Australia. (Taccaceae) East Indian arrowroot. var. New Zealand. the Philippines and Japan. processed for sweet preparations.) Maesen & S. The starchy corms are boiled and cooked as a vegetable. Tuberous roots are cooked and eaten. P. (Labiatae) Chinese artichoke. var.) Kuntze Syn. IndoChina. s u b s p. Japanese artichoke. lobata (Willd. (Leguminosae) Kudzu vine.) Benth. C. Tubers are eaten raw or boiled. . South/Southeast Asia. South/ Southeast Asia. Sri Lanka. trifolia L. Pachyrhizus erosus-young roots (courtesy: KC Bhatt and Anjula Pandey) Sium sisarum L. Diversity and Use | 27 Plectranthus rotundifolius Spr. East Asia. sporadic elsewhere. pinnatifida Forst. var. Korea. also used as salad. Syn. sieboldii Miq. (Umbelliferae) Skirret. Pacific Islands. Sa g i t t a ria s a g i t t i fo l ia L. leucopetala (Miq. Starchy tubers are edible and used in soup. East Asia-cultivated in China. also candied. Mainly grown in New Guinea and in New Caledonia for its edible tubers.South India. chinensis also in northeast India. The starchy powder from tubers is used for custard-puddings (young pods and tubers are eaten as vegetable). may be conspecific with P. Roots are sweet and edible. thunbergiana (Sieb. (Labiatae). S. This publication on ‘Vegetables’ provides well synthesized . (Compositae) Salsify. Vigna vexillata (Benth. Vegetable oyster. Roots are starchy and edible. protected. Vigna vexillata (courtesy: KV Bhat) Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L. and Oceania.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Tragopogon porrifolius L. (Araceae) New cocoyam. cold adaptable crop..) A. Tubers are eaten cooked. sporadically grown. New Zealand. Tania. South American origin. Chadha et al.28 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . said to be more nutritious than potatoes (leaves are also eaten cooked). Corms are starchy and eaten boiled (leaves used as vegetable). Yellow tania. An old cultigen. South American introduction.. introduced into East Asia. 107 species of the 1600 species globally used (Prem Nath et al. nigrum Mansf. It is estimated that in Asia. 4. Malanga balanca. Primrose malanga.Oceania region. Starchy tubers are edible. (Basellaceae) Ulluco. grown in South/ Southeast Asia and the Pacific . has documented the vegetable wealth particularly of Southeast Asia (Siemonsma and Piluekasern. 1994). Vegetables The underutilized vegetables form a large and widely distributed commodity group that has assumed great importance in providing nutritionally rich diet both to the rural and urban sectors. The genetic wealth of these species is increasing as more and more native diversity is being domesticated in different regions of diversity of crop plants (Arora. European introduction into East Europe and temperate Asia. 1987). considered superior to sweet potato in flavour and nutrition. Syn. (Araceae) Black malanga. and the Pacific. 2003. introduced into Japan. Rich (Leguminosae). Xanthosoma violaceum Schott. cultivated in Japan. also shoots. 422 species and in South Asia. tuberous roots are eaten raw or cooked. The Netherlands-supported project on Plant Resource of South-East Asia (PROSEA) with its regional office based at Bogor. are represented. 2007). South/Southeast Asia. Ullucus tuberosus Caldas. sporadically grown elsewhere. semi-domesticated. X. hilly tracts. Indonesia.) Schott. South American introduction into South/ Southeast Asia. under the Asian Development Bank (ADB).young culms of Bambusa.g. AVRDC has. Solanum and Trichosanthes. within the Asia-Pacific region. Allium. particularly in bamboos. Mainly. Dendrocalamus. Labiatae. Sechium. Polygonum. Indo-Chinese region. which also occur in colder climates. Sinocalamus and others. Diversity and Use | 29 like preparations or in salad. sub-tropical and temperate areas. Chenopodium. Scorpiurus-all tropical American introductions. Benincasa. Atriplex. Chadha et al. Indo-ChineseIndonesian and the Indian gene centre. rich diversity occurs in humid tropical areas. Malvaceae and Umbelliferae. leaves/young shoots are eaten cooked or used in soup- in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. now well adapted into the cropping patterns. Cucurbitaceae. Rumex and Tetragonia. Yet another group provides edible sprouts e. focused on indigenous vegetables in Southeast Asian region and promoted collection. Cruciferae. Brassica. Basella. Another distinct category is of plants whose tender fruits/pods are eaten in cooked form as vegetable e.g. The cultivated category has larger percentage of introduced diversity. this diversity in leafy edible types and of fruits used as vegetables belongs to 52 families. . with the exception of a few species of Phyllostachys. Cucumis. 140 genera and 213 species (Table 6). Cyclanthera. Portulacaceae. 2008. Leguminosae. conservation and use of such diversity involving national programmes (Engles and Altoveros. over 100 minor vegetables listed represent semi-domesticated/domesticated and even plants gathered for use from the wild. Portulaca. Liliaceae. Chenopodium. bamboos . Mucuna. Some cucurbit fruits are eaten raw e. Coccinia. 1994). Brassica. its collection and use (APAARI. Phytolacca and Rumex among leafy types and Cyclanthera and Sechium among fruittypes are cold adaptable. The above diversity occurs in the tropical. Several of these are also pickled and used as preserves.supported project. Asparagus. Polygonaceae.Underutilized Species information on about 225 species of which 100-120 are cultivated for market and home consumption. The more important edible leafy types belong to the genera Amaranthus.g. while most of the others are confined to humid/ sub-humid tropical climate. 2007). Allium. fruitsAbelmoschus. 1999). pods of Canavalia. In the Asia-Pacific region. Dolichos. Phytolacca. this plant wealth is confined to the Amaranthaceae. Chrysanthemum. Chenopodiaceae. Cephalostachyum. Vigna. Phyllostachys and Sinocalamus species are boiled/ fermented and made into soup or eaten as vegetable. Amaranthus. and occurring mostly in home gardens (Siemonsma and Piluekasern. Also several vegetable networks operating under AVRDC in South/Southeast Asia have significantly contributed to enriching this diversity. Momordica. Much of the above diversity is distributed in the Chinese-Japanese.. Sicana. Sechium edule represents a secondary centre of diversity in the Eastern Himalayas/northeast region of India. Cucurbita. Compositae. Luffa. and among the exotic types. Pisonia. Cynara. Gramineae. Sonchus (11). Parkia (1). Sesuvium (1). Cucumis (2). Sicana (1). Neptunia (1). Trichosanthes (3) Euphorbiaceae Glochidion (1). Cyamopsis (1). Scorpiurus (1). Prosopis (1). Mucuna (4). Rungia (1) Actinidiaceae Actinidia (1) Aizoaceae Mollugo (1). Schefflera (1) Asclepiadaceae Ceropegia (11). Phaseolus (1).An Asia-Pacific Perspective Table 6. Wasebia (1) Cucurbitaceae Benincasa (1). Pterococcus (1). Zizania (1) Hydrophyllaceae Hydrolea (1) Leguminosae Cajanus (1). Trigonella (1) Contd.. Cynara (1). Chimonobambusa (1). Chrysanthemum (3). Families. Dendrocalamus (2). Cosmos (1). Pugonium (1). Taraxacum (1) Convolvulaceae Ipomoea (1). Chenopodium (1).. Lepidium (1). Gynura (1). Salsola (1). Arva (1). Phyllostachys (7). Cyclanthera (1). Tetragonia (1). Nasturtium (3). Coccinia (1). Momordica (2). Commelina (1). Luffa (2). Luffa (3). Bryonopsis (1). Medicago (1). Praecitrullus (1). Merremia (1). Celosia (1) Amaryllidaceae Allium (11) Apocynaceae Vollaris (1) Araliaceae Aralia (1). Canavalia (2). Brassica (7). Erigeron (1). Plukenetia (1). Suaeda (1) Combretaceae Quisqualis (1) Commelinaceae Belosynapsis (1). Holostemma (1) Basellaceae Basella (1) Cabombaceae Brasenia (1) Capparidaceae Cleome (1) Chenopodiaceae Atriplex (1). Cynotis (1) Companulaceae Sphenoclea (1) Compositae Acmella (1). Saccharum (1). Sinocalamus (1). Sauropus (1) Gramineae Bambusa (8). Trianthema (1) Amaranthaceae Alternanthera (2). Amaranthus (7). Solena (1). . genera and number of plant species-consumed as vegetables Families *Genera Acanthaceae Hygrophilia (1). Gigantochloa (1). Revia (1) Cruciferae Barbarea (1). Enhydra (1). Rorripa (1). Sechium (1). Lagenaria (1). Eruca (1). Nothopanax (3). Diplocyclos (1).30 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Psophocarpus (1). Emilia (1). Spilanthes (1). Gymnema (1). Lablab/Dolichos (1). Erechtites (1). Lactuca (3). Melilotus (1). . Nyctaginaceae Pisonia (1) Opiliaceae Melientha (1) and Use | 31 Pentaphragmaceae Pentaphragma (1) Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca (2) Plantaginaceae Plantago (1) Plumbaginaceae Plumbago (1). Telinum (1) Primulaceae Lysimachia (1). Rumex (2) Portulacaceae Portulaca (2). Centella (1). Hibiscus (1). Premna (1).Underutilized Species in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Lemnaceae Wolffia (1) Liliaceae Asparagus (1). Valerianaceae Valerianella (1) Verbenaceae Clerodendrum (3). Violaceae Viola (1) Vitaceae Cissus (2) Zingiberaceae Curcuma (1) *: No of species for each genus is given in parenthesis . Pouzolzia (1). Perilla (1). Oenanthe (1) Urticaceae Pilea (1). Hemerocallis (1) Limnanthaceae Limnocharis (1) Malvaceae Abelmoschus (3). Polygonaceae Polygonum (3). Malva (3) Moringaceae Moringa (1) Musaceae Musa (1) Myrsinaceae Embellia (1). Rubiaceae Dentella (1). Hydrocotyle (1). Saururaceae Houttuynia (1) Scrophulariaceae Veronica (1) Solanaceae Lycium (1). Solanum (5) Tiliaceae Corchorus (2) Umbelliferae Angelica (1). Diversity Families *Genera Labiatae Leucas (1). Glechnia (1). Cryptotaenia (2). Apium (1). Hydrolea zeylanica. Chrysanthemum morifolium. is noted in Actinidia polygama. for A. Chr ysanthemum coronarium. pubescens. and leafy types . tricolor and A. The Indochinese . 2. (iii) comparatively wider distribution extending to East/ Southeast Asia is represented by Ipomoea aquatica and Nasturtium indicum.32 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Emilia sonchifolia.An Asia-Pacific Perspective The Chinese-Japanese region also holds much diversity in leafy types used as vegetable. About seven species are grown. M. Malva verticillata and Viola verucunda. and much variability in these occurs in the Himalayan region in South Asia. broad distribution is as follows: 1. Phyllostachys aureosulcata. Brassica spp. Pentaphragma begoniaefolium and Pisonia alba are more confined to Malaysia. Still wider distribution in China. dubius. Lactuca indica and Phytolacca acinosa. P. with wider distribution of M. viridis. nigra and Sinocalamus edulis. Lactuca denticulata. more diversity occurs in South Asia in Abelmoschus esculentus. Phyllostachys bambusoides and P. charantia. cochinchinensis. parachinensis.Brassica napobrassica. 3. A. especially alboglabra.Indonesian and the Indian regions are equally rich in diversity of vegetable types. dulcis and P. Enhydra fluctuans. Lycium chinense and Lactuca spp. more variability in Basella alba occurs in South Asia. 4. Angelica kiusiana. C. particularly in Sri Lanka and in India (mainly in southern and the eastern region) extending further to Bangladesh. Bambusa multiplex. Chrysanthemum segetum. sinense. Sesuvium portulacastrum and Wolffia globosa. (ii) among the bamboos more confined to China are Bambusa beecheyana. while Sauropus androgynus extends is distributional range to Indonesia. Among leafy types. Luffa . Tetragona tetragonoides native of Australia and New Zealand and cultivation extending to East Asia. Cr yptotaenia japonica. particularly bamboos like Chimonobambusa quadrangularis. Among species where immature fruits are consumed as vegetable. and in the Pacific Islands in kitchen home gardens. and the distribution of this diversity is as follows: (i) the leafy vegetables more common to China are Allium odorum. Momordica dioica. (iv) in the Japanese region. Ipomoea aquatica exhibits rich variability. pekinensis. Lactuca sativa. and Veronica anagallis-aquatica. Brasenia schreberi. and in humid tracts. Amaranthus species are more important. Comparatively. sporadic variability of these leafy forms also occurs in Southeast Asia extending to the Philippines. wider distribution also occurs in Houttuynia cordata. (v) several species occur both in China and Japan as cultigens. Japan and Korea and sporadically in East/Southeast Asia. more diversity occurs in Aralia cordata. and in Lagenaria siceraria. Talinum triangulare is confined mainly to Sri Lanka. As compared to the above types. Malaysia. These included many underutilized and minor vegetables. Allium porrum and Scorpiurus vermiculata. This information has been abstracted as follows: More localized to PNG are Abelmoschus manihot/abika. Allium fistulosum. widely grown vegetables: Abelmoschus esculentus. Thailand . Indonesia. L. B. fistulosum. zz Others are more localized to: Indonesia .. Saccharum edule/pitpit Check-list of species acutangula. Lactuca indica. winged bean. Meliantha .Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides. Chrysanthemum coronarium. bitter gourd. the latter more localized. (Malvaceae) Abika. Ipomoea aquatica. aegyptiaca and Trichosanthes cucumerina.Malaysia and Thailand. the last also in Philippines. Also limited diversity occurs in West Asian species such as Allium kurrat and A. Rorippa spp. and of the Mediterranean species.) Medik.Indonesia.. zz The relative importance of over 100 vegetables sold in urban markets of Southeast Asian countries (Indonesia. Brassica juncea. Basella alba.. Diversity and Use | 33 zz More important. Lactuca sativa.Underutilized Species in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Luffa spp. 6. Its region of domestication is possibly south India and Sri Lanka. Leafy types Abelmoschus manihot (L. 1994).Neptunia oleracea. zz 8. Polyscias spp. Archidendron jiringa . Among others some diversit y occurs in Cyclanthera pedata and Sechium edule (wider but sporadic distribution in the former. Abelmoschus manihot is more confined to East Asia. Vietnam. snake gourd. Limnocharis flava.Thailand and Vietnam. Another important species with rich diversity in South and Southeast Asia is Moringa oleifera. cayota/chow-chow. and a secondary centre in the Eastern Himalayan region for the latter).groups caisin and patchoi. . B. Widely distributed. Malaysia. Solanum torvum . banana flower. Rungia klossii. bottle gourd. 7. and as far as in the Pacific/PNG region where much diversity occurs. Philippines. Philippines. mainly East/Southeast Asia– Pacific. also some in PNG) was assessed by PROSEA (Siemonsma and Kasern. Some minor types become important to varying degrees in the above countries (not in PNG). Thailand .Cleome gynandra. oleraceabroccoli. Amaranthus spp. It is grown in East Asia also and as far as the Pacific in home gardens. Malaysia. 5. Thailand. Benincasa hispida. and Sauropus androgynus. rapa . Occurrence in some of the above countries was noted for Asparagus Malaysia. Apium graveolens. extending to the Philippines and neighbouring area of Southeast Asia. Enormous diversity in cultivated bamboo species occurs in South/ Southeast Asia as has been given above. grown in East/Southeast Asia . A. Introduction to temperate Asia from the Mediterranean region. (Amaryllidaceae/ Alliaceae) Shallot. (Amaryllidaceae/Alliaceae). Grown as a leafy vegetable. Young bulbs and leaves are eaten raw or cooked. Acmella oleracea (L. and leaves are eaten raw. Taiwan. Bulbs. Cultivated for its immature fruits. Throughout India. East AsiaChina. Thailand. cultivated forms belong to var. boiled as soup or cooked as a vegetable. elsewhere introduced. Philippines.) DC. Akarkara.) R. Aerva lanata (L). flavour etc. Leaves are used as pot herb/condiment. (Compositae) Para cress. Chinese origin. Allium porrum L. Allium ascalonicum L. and north Australia.cultivated in China and Japan where several cultivars have been developed varying in bulb size. Allium nipponicum Franch. Cultivated as a garden vegetable. Allium grayi Regel (Amaryllidaceae/ Alliaceae). East Asian origin . bakeri Regel. West Asian origin.An Asia-Pacific Perspective from south China to Papua New Guinea/Pacific Islands. Sri Lanka. (Amaryllidaceae/Alliaceae) Chinese scallion. particularly in Japan. (Amaranthaceae). Juss. Philippines and PNG are important diversity regions. Leaves are boiled and eaten as vegetable. boiled as soup. Japan. Leaves eaten as pot herbs.) Maxim. Actinidia polygama (Sieb. Korea and Japan. manihot. fusca (Lam. taste. shoots. (Actinidiaceae) Silver vine. Allium ledebourianum Schult. Spilanthes oleracea var. also made into pickle. Rakkyo. Bulbs are consumed as a vegetable. used as a vegetable and as salad locally. Japan. South/Southeast /East Asia – locally protected/domesticated diversity is grown in the Pacific Islands/PNG. & Savat. East AsiaJapan. (Amaryllidaceae/Alliaceae). Bulbs and leaves are used as salad. boiled as soup. its region of diversity where several types are grown. China/ Manchuria. Don. Indonesia. also used for flavouring and pickling more like onion. Much variability occurs in East Asia. . quality.34 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . (Amaryllidaceae/ Alliaceae) Welsh onion. (Amaryllidaceae/ Alliaceae) Leek. sporadic elsewhere.China. East Asia-Korea. & Zucc.K. young shoots/leaves are eaten cooked. East Asia–north and west China. East Indonesia. Allium chinense (courtesy: KC Bhatt and Anjula Pandey) Allium fistulosum L. Java & Philippines. Allium chinense G. Vietnam. Korea. Syn. Jansen Syn. also India. A. developed in Sri Lanka. oleracea Duthie. (Amaryllidaceae/ Alliaceae) Chinese leek. Amaranthus spp. dubius. viridis. Amaranthus blitum. Apium graveolens L. A. for flavouring. partially domesticated and grown in home gardens. ex Spreng. Temperate Asia. Allium stracheyi Baker. (Amaranthaceae) Chulai. Used as vegetable. Sri Lanka. also Bangladesh. European/ Mediterranean origin. A. Bulbs and also lower parts of the leaves/shoots are used for flavouring . ampeloprasum group is included under this. dulce (Mill. used as vegetable and for garnishing as its leaves are aromatic. Alternanthera philoxerodes Griseb. Grown as a leafy vegetable. more variability in the Himalayas and northern plains of India. yield etc. (Amaryllidaceae/ Alliaceae) Chives. already spread to Southeast . East Asia.A. spinosus. victorialis has similar distribution and use. A. sporadically grown. much cultivated in north China. in the Himalayas and introduced elsewhere in Indonesia. Malaysia. Bulbs.) Pers. Leaves boiled as soup. as soup. Fragrant onion. Chinese celery resembles leaf celery. (Amaranthaceae) Ponnanganni. Angelica kiusiana Maxim. Much variability occurs in domesticated/cultivated types. Allium ramosum L. Thailand. South Asia-Western Himalayas. A. an old cultigen. also A. or chopped and cooked as a vegetable. Tropical Asia. as soup. cultivated in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. tricolor/gangeticus. Allium tuberosum Rottl. mainly South Asia.Underutilized Species sporadically grown. (Umbelliferae) Celery. A. sacalinum. cultivated in Japan. East Asia-China. Vietnam. Several domesticated types occur. Br. leaves/shoots are eaten boiled. Alternanthera sessilis (L. (Amaranthaceae). some like A. used as leafy vegetable. Most of these have sporadic distribution with native or introduced diversity being grown for local use. Allium schoenoprasum L. kitchen gardens/home gardens . India.) R. var. quality. (Amaranthaceae). graecizans. Syn. Taiwan. odorum L. Cooked and made into soup with taste of garlic. var. Philippines. tricolor are more popular with wider distribution and diversity of local and improved types. also sporadic distribution in the Pacific Islands. in South Asia. (Umbelliferae). A. blitum. ex DC. polygonoides. the green amaranth. The amaranth-vegetable genepool has several species grown as pot herbs. Korea. Indonesia. selections varying in growth habit. The A. South/Southeast/East Asia.eaten boiled. (Amaryllidae/ Alliaceae) Jambu. viridis. var. (Amaryllidaceae/ Alliaceae) Chinese chive. Southeast Asia Thailand. Chinese origin. paniculatus/A. introduced into South/Southeast. A. in backyards. Tropical Asia. East Asia. China. Diversity and Use | 35 in southern India and in Sri Lanka as a leafy vegetable. introduced. Bambusa cornuta Munro (Gramineae). and to East Asia. South China. rapaceurn (root celery). protected. Java. South Asia. B. IndoChina. spinosa Roxb. ex Schult. .36 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Aralia cordata Thunb. East Asia-Japan. Tender shoots are boiled and eaten. (Graminae). (Chenopodiaceae) Mountain spinach. Much variability occurs in Sri Lanka and southern India for both green and red pigmented types (possibly domesticated in this region). also pickled. Sinocalamus beecheyanus (Munro) McClure. Bambusa tulda Roxb. also Philippines. another type is var. Temperate Asia. Myanmar. Malaysia. more in Thailand. (Gramineae) Tulda bans. more adapted to cold climate. (Gramineae) Beechey bamboo. and boiled. Leaves are used as salad. rubra L.) Raeusch. Bambusa tuldoides Munro. Young shoots are cooked as a vegetable. (Gramineae) Chinese dwarf bamboo. (Basellaceae) Vine spinach. Indonesia. European introduction to temperate Asia. Indo-China and neighbouring tracts. f. Leaves are cooked as a vegetable. Young shoots are cooked as a vegetable. Myanmar. India. Myanmar. Northeast India. Indo-China. Young buds/ shoots are boiled/cooked as soup. Grown in the Himalayas extending eastwards. Bambusa spinosa Roxb. IndoChina region. (Liliaceae) Garden asparagus. ( G ra m i n e a e ) Fe a t h e r y b a m b o o. and also as soup. South/Southeast Asia – cultivated in northeastern India. Young shoots are boiled and eaten as soup.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Asia in the Philippines. stewed and consumed as a vegetable. Young fleshy shoots are boiled as soup. Syn. (Gramineae). Southeast China. Basella alba L. sparingly grown in Malaysia. ex Wendl. South/Southeast Asia. nor theast India. East Asia – China. Asparagus officinalis L. (Cruciferae) Winter cress. (Gramineae) Verdant bamboo. Sri Lanka. Myanmar. popular in Malaysia and Philippines. The tender sprouts/ shoots are boiled and eaten. Syn. Indian Ceylon spinach. Atriplex hortensis L. Bambusa multiplex (Lour. Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. extending to the Philippines. Young shoots and leaves are cooked as a vegetable. Tender shoots used as vegetables. (Araliaceae) Udo. Indonesia. Japan. Exotic introduction to India. B. Indo-China. eaten as salad. Philippines and Indonesia. Myanmar. Young buds/shoots are boiled and consumed as a vegetable. Bambusa blumeana Schult. Introduced diversity belongs to several cultivar groups-leafy celery mainly diversified in China. Southeast Asia – Indonesia. Southeast Asia. Bambusa beecheyana Munro Syn. Young shoots are eaten as a vegetable. semidomesticated types occur in backyards. South/ Southeast Asia. Barbarea varum (Miller) Asch. Several variaties grown. (Cruciferae) Japanese leaf mustard. Chinese cabbage. used as vegetable. also Philippines. Korea.var. cauliflower. salad etc. Korea. Japan. Syn. East Asia. Junsai. Japan. East Asia-China is the main region of diversity. Leaves and shoots are consumed as a vegetable. multiceps M. several cultivar groups occur such as Brussels sprouts. Used as vegetable. peltata Pursh. Leaves are boiled as soup. Used as leafy vegetable.) L.) Czern. Southeast Asia. East Asia mainly Japan. Leaves used as vegetable. introduced to Japan. botrytis.var. Brassica narinosa L. (Cruciferae). Vietnam and Thailand. also in Sri Lanka. japonica (Thunb. Probably an introduction from North America. . China. Cya n o t i s m o l l u c a n a Rox b. Several initial introductions to Asia-Pacific came from Europe/ Mediterranean region and diversity in specific types developed in different parts. Indonesia/Java and in PNG/ Pacific Islands and highlands of New Guinea. Boerhaavia diffusa (L) (Nyctaginaceae). gemmifera. Chinese kale. B. Bailey. more in China. Brassica juncea (L. var. Fruits used as vegetable. Philippines. Grown in South Asia. Leaves are consumed as salad. China SE Asia. Throughout India.) Czern. tumida is also confined to China. (Cabombaceae) Watershield.H. mainly grown in Japan. alboglabra. Myanmar. Young sprouts are eaten raw.H. East Asia-China. Indo-China.var. East China around Shanghai. italica. Malay Peninsular extending to China & Islands of Pacific. It is cultivated in Japan and Australia as a leafy vegetable. (Commelinaceae) . in medicinal uses also. Tsen & S.var. (Cruciferae). broccoli. The var. as soup and also in fried form.F.) Czern. Several cultivar-groups have been developed with green and purple leaves. centre of diversity in northwest Himalayan region. Lee (Cruciferae). sparingly grown for local consumption in Borneo. Brasenia schreberi J. in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Broccoli types and forms like Pakchoi evolved in China and spread to Japan. (Cruciferae) Garden mustard.) Fisher Syn.) Cogn. also to make sweetmeat. Brassica chinensis L (Cruciferae). Native to the Molluccas. further to northeast and in China. (Cucurbitaceae). Diversity and Use | 37 Brassica juncea (L. Benincasa hispida (Thunb.Underutilized Species Basella alba (courtesy: K Pradheep) Belosynapsis moluccana (L. Cultivated throughout tropical Asia. Brassica juncea (L. Gmel. var. Brassica oleracea L. ) Hanelt var. Thailand. Bailey. China. also fried and eaten. Several types are grown and used as salad. also as pot herb in South India. Brassica rapa L. sporadic elsewhere. also eaten as cooked vegetable. perviridis L. Throughout India except dry areas. Chinese cabbage. Leaves. (Cruciferae) Pe-tsai. etc. Korea. Brahmi.H.) Urb. East/Southeast Asia. South/Southeast Asia. Its loose heads are used as a vegetable. India & Africa considered as its origin. where much diversity occurs. Ceropegia bulbosa L (Asclepiadaceae).) Hanelt. yield.H. (Cruciferae). East Asia . subsp. grown in China. var. quality. var. Indian pennywort. perviridis (L. subsp. Cultivated mainly in Sri Lanka as a leafy vegetable. Both small and large-leaved types are grown. an old cultivar. pekinensis (L. Humid part of India. (Chenopodiaceae) Lamb’s quarters. East Asia. Leaves cooked as vegetables in Papua New Guinea. Grown in China. East Asia. Immature buds are used as vegetables. Indonesia. Kungangal. Celosia argentia L (Amaranthaceae). Brassica rapa L.China. Leaves and young shoots are boiled and consumed as a vegetable (also see under use category 1). B. Brassica rapa L. cultivated in China. pekinensis (Lour. Japan and elsewhere. Chimonobambusa quadrangularis Makino (Gramineae). Indo-China. (Umbelliferae) Gotukola. Tropical and temperate South Asia-an old cultigen with more diversity in Western Himalayas/Hindu Kush Himalayas. young shoots are boiled as soup. Fresh leaves and stem taste like purslane & roots like raw turnip. Much variability in domesticated forms reported in Sri Lanka where local selections vary in growth habit. As medicinal also. Indonesia & India Cajanus cajan (L) Millspaugh (Leguminosae). boiled and eaten. Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Syn. Chenopodium album L.) Rupr. Chrysanthemum segetum L. Spinach mustard East Asia-China. but more so in Japan. Taiwan. Bailey Syn. chinensis (L. spaticosum Bailey (Compositae). Japan. Leaves are cooked as a vegetable (shoots are pickled). Bailey) L. Hydrocotyle asiatica L. cooked as soup. Young shoots are boiled and eaten in stewed form. Malaysia. (Compositae). Grown as a leafy vegetable. Japan. also sporadically in Southeast/South Asia as a leafy vegetable. . East Asia-Chinese origin. Malaysia. Tropical Asia. Its leaves & tender stems used as leafy vegetables. as a leafy vegetable. Syn B.38 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . possessing strong smell.An Asia-Pacific Perspective cultivated in Philippines. parachinensis Bailey. Korea. (Cruciferae) Pak-choi.H. B r yn o p s i s l a ci n io s a ( L ) N a u d i n (Cucurbitaceae). Centella asiatica (L. South/Southeast Asia. leaves boiled and eaten. & Schultz. Malaysia. Leafystalks are cooked as a vegetable. Leafy types of C. capsularis are also grown as a pot herb. and the Philippines. (Commelinaceae). South Asia. where a variant of this species occurs. Cosmos caudatus Kunth. (Tiliaceae). sporadic distribution as a cultigen. Throughout India. Indonesia. Possibly being domesticated as a vegetable in home gardens. boiled and eaten. Leaves and flowers are edible.) DC. South Asia. introduced possibly in East Asia. also mixed with other local leafy types. Taiwan. Cynara cardunculus L. It is seen in markets in Malaysia and Thailand. Western peninsular region. Young shoots of rhizomes are used as a vegetable. Southeast Asia Thailand. China. Diversity and Use | 39 Corchorus trilocularis L. cultivated in Japan. Grown as a leafy vegetable. root as medicine. Mediterranean origin. ex D. eaten raw or cooked.Underutilized Species Chrysanthemum sinense Sabine Syn.Leaves are used as vegetables by Mikirs. (Zingiberaceae) . Cynotis tuberosa Roem. Throughout India. Kumaon & Khasi hills. Young leaves are used as a vegetable in Indonesia. Leaves & shoots are used as vegetables. northeast India. (Capparidaceae). Corchorus capsularis (L) (Tiliaceae). N o r t h Am e ric a n introduction. (Umbelliferae) Japanese hornwort. (Compositae). (Compositae) Artichoke thistle. Malay peninsula & Sumatra. Japan. Clerodendron indicum (L) Kuntze (Verbanaceae). as soup. East Asia mainly China. Leaves used as vegetables. Cr yptotaenia japonica Hassk. (Compositae). Leaves are boiled and eaten in soup. Occurs as a weed in Asia . grown as leafy vegetable in Japan. Cryptotaenia canadensis (L. Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp. in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. India. Locally grown in Southeast Asia in home gardens. Domesticated as a leafy vegetable in northeastern India-Arunachal Pradesh and other states and neighbouring region. cooked as vegetable with rice. consumed in cooked form. Cleome gynandra L. East Asia mainly. for chutney preparation. Pyrethrum sinense DC. or cooked with coconut sauce. Santhal tribes use it in fermentation of rice beer. Clerodendron serratum (L) Moon (Verbanaceae). Curcuma mangga Valeton & Zijp. Tropical Asia. Young leaves are eaten as a vegetable (fried roots are also eaten). eaten fresh or boiled. eastern India. Commelina obliqua Buch. Pakistan. It is occasionally grown as leafy vegetable. ( U m b e l l i fe ra e ) .Pacific. boiled and eaten. Malaysia. Western & Eastern . also in Indonesia. Korea. eaten raw. (Verbenaceae). Myanmar. Sri Lanka and Malay peninsula.Ham.Don (Commelinaceae). Enydra fluctuans Lour. (Umbelliferae). Its young shoots are fried as a vegetable.Japan. sporadically distributed in tropical Asia in wet habitats. Japan. Leaves used as pot herbs. grown as a leafy vegetable. Khasi hills. Sparingly grown in Southeast Asia. Indo-China. Southeast/ East Asia. South/Southeast Asia.) Raf. var. boiled and eaten with rice. Malaysia. India. South. Glochidion blancoi Lowe (Euphorbiaceae) . Much sold in local markets. Bambusa asper Schult.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Peninsular region. aurantiaca (Baker) Hotta. Indonesia. (Compositae) Pilewort. lower part of eastern Himalaya. .) DC. introduced elsewhere. Southeast Asia-Malaysia. Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro Syn. Thailand. (Compositae). also cooked as soup. introduced into Japan. (Cruciferae) Rocket. used as salad. eaten with rice. (Compositae) Sow thistle. Indo-Chinese origin. Wo n g (Gramineae). Leaves are edible. Philippines. Hemerocallis fulva L. East. Embelia nagushia D. eaten raw or stewed. East Asia-Japan. Sinocalamus latiflorus (Munro) McClure. also in Micronesia. Eruca sativa Mill.40 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Leaves and tender shoots are cooked and eaten. East Asia-cultivated in China as a leafy vegetable. China. China. The sprouts are boiled and eaten. (Gramineae) Sweet bamboo. also eaten raw as salad. Emilia sonchifolia (L. Indonesia and adjacent areas. D e n d ro c a l a m u s a s p e r ( S ch u l t. Southeast Asia: Indonesia-Java. Gynura bicolor DC. Leaves used as salad (seeds yield oil). (Liliaceae) Golden summer day-lily. NE Hills. Glechnia littoralis Schmidt. Dentella repens L. Young leaves/shoots used as a vegetable. G i g a n t o ch l o a t h o i K. Young shoots/leaves are cooked and eaten. cultivated in East Asia and the Philippines. Young leaves are boiled and eaten. Indo-China and Myanmar. Erigeron annuus Pers. Myanmar. Southeast Asia. European/West Asian introduction to northwestern India. Polynesia. Semi-domesticated/ p ro t e ct e d fo rm s o c cu r i n h o m e gardens or grown as a pot herb in northeast India. used as a vegetable. northeastern India. Grown as a leafy vegetable. East Asiasporadically grown as a leafy vegetable in home gardens. Southeast. Erechtites hieracifolia (L. ) Backer Syn. Taiwan. (Gramineae). crushed leaves applied to herpectic skin eruptions. (Compositae). East Asia . Leaves are cooked and used as a leafy vegetable. (Rubiaceae). ex Miq. (Compositae) Buffalo spinach. M . Relished raw. . ex DC.Don (Myrsinaceae). Gymnema syringaefolium (Decne) Constantin (Asclepiadaceae). East Asia-Korea. Indonesia. (Asclepiadaceae). Lactuca sativa L. also used as condiment. Syn. Philippines. Leaves and young shoots are edible. ) Va h l (Hydrophyllaceae). Myanmar. H y d r o l e a z e y l a n i c a ( L .Underutilized Species Hibiscus acetosella Welw. Hong Kong. Young leaves/shoots are eaten/cooked as a vegetable. acidic/sour in taste. Indonesia.Indo-China. Young leaves and shoots of green and pigmented red leaf types are consumed as vegetable. Leaves are eaten raw or boiled. Leaves eaten as vegetables. Indo-China. (Compositae). Malaysia. Thailand. and have subsequently spread to Southeast Asia.sporadically grown in Philippines. Leaves and young shoots are eaten raw. much variability occurs in China and Japan. Myanmar & China. Leaves are used as salad.. Bangladesh and in Sri Lanka. several forms of stem lettuce of Chinese origin have been developed. About five varieties including asparagus lettuce are grown. sporadically grown in Southeast/East Asia. (Cruciferae) Garden cress. Indo-China. Hygrophilia salcifolia Nees (Acanthanceae). North African introduction into temperate Asia. Korea. Vietnam and elsewhere in China and Japan. Much cultivated in Southeast/East in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. South/Southeast/East Asia-sporadically grown in India. introduced in South/Southeast/ East Asia and elsewhere as far as the Pacific. also boiled and consumed as soup (roots are also edible). Japan. Tropical Himalayas. (Convolvulaceae) Kangkong. saligna Lour. Taiwan and Japan where much diversity occurs. Lactuca denticulata Maxim. Philippines and Indonesia. also China and Sri Lanka. Indo-China. Japan. South/Southeast/East Asia . the leaves are eaten as vegetable. Tsi. different cultivar groups exhibit much leaf variation in button and curl types. China. Stem is also pickled. Leaves eaten as pot herb. cultivated in China.) Schum. East Asia-China. laciniata Makino. grown in the Philippines. (Malvaceae) Red leafed hibiscus. Tropical African. also grown in South Asianortheast India. L. Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Cultivated as a leafy vegetable. Lepidium sativum L. (Umbelliferae). Syn. (Saururaceae) Tri-okudami. Holostemma annularis (Roxb. South/Southeast Asia-Northeast India. Sri Lanka. I. Japan. Houttuynia cordata Thunb. L. (Compositae). Vietnam. Throughout India. Lactuca indica L.northeastern India. reptans (L.) Poir. Malaysia. Eu ro p e a n introduction. cultivated . also Java. European. Pepper grass. ex Hiern. Malaysia. Taiwan. Grown as a leafy vegetable. Thailand. Diversity and Use | 41 Asia . in India and elsewhere. Cultivated particularly in Indo-Chinese region and Thailand. South/Southeast/East Asia . (Compositae) Garden l e t t u c e. cultivated. A home garden cultigen. St e m l e t t u c e. Hydrocot yle sibthorpioides Lam. also Thailand. Leaves are edible. also used for garnishing. India (in Himalayan region). Sri Lanka. Chinese matrimony vine. Leucas lantana Benth. Plant used as pot herb. Melientha suavis Pierre (Opiliaceae).An Asia-Pacific Perspective sporadically as a leafy vegetable. upper Myanmar. (Primulaceae). Lysimachia candida Lindl. Subtropical to temperate Asia. Hills of Western Ghats. Asia-Himalayas. Korea. young shoots used for flavouring. grown in East Asia. Lycium chinense Mill. (Leguminosae). Myanmar. South China.in Sri Lanka. introduced into the Pacific. Myanmar. Southeast Asia – China. also pickled. (Malvaceae) . shoots are rich in protein and vit. also much relished in Thailand. East Asia -an old cultigen of Chinese origin introduced into Japan. A local market vegetable in Malaysia and Indonesia. its green leaves are cooked and dried leaves are eaten in soup preparations. also sparingly grown in South Asia. also Australia and elsewhere. A. and made into soup. Vietnam. Taiwan. Southeast Asia-native of Thailand. (Limnanthaceae) Sarawat lettuce. Leaves are cooked as vegetable. Possibly introduced from Europe. Herb eaten as vegetable by Manipur tribals in India. Malaysia. M e rre m i a e m a rg i n a t a H a l l f. Thailand. Drier parts of India. Possibly introduced to Southeast Asia and diversity in cultivated forms developed in Malaysia. Plant used as pot herbs. Indonesia. used as vegetable in Bihar (India). macrorrhizus Pers.42 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . consumed as a leafy vegetable. Grown as a leafy vegetable. (Leguminosae). Western Himalayas. More variability in China. northeast India. Leaves. (Convolvulaceae). China. Myanmar extending to China. Vietnam. Sparingly cultivated in Malaysia. Mollugo cerviana Seringe (Aizoaceae). Malva verticillata L. Philippines. Plant used as pot herb Malva sylnestis L. Pigmented. (Solanaceae) Chinese wolf berry. Indo-China and eastwards also in the Pacific Islands. Plant used as pot herb. Limnocharis flava (L.) Buch. Thailand. Malva parviflora L. North-western Himalayas. Peninsular India. East. Young shoots are eaten boiled. Nasturtium indicum DC. Japan & Java. Western Himalayas. Syn M. Indonesia. . (Malvaceae) Curled mallow. Medicago hispida Gaertn. (Cruciferae). Vietnam. red-leaved varieties also occur. (Labiatae). Leaves are boiled and eaten. var. Grown as a leafy vegetable. Japan. widely distributed. and Indo-China. Melilotus altissimus Thuill. crispa L. Eastern Himalayas. Tender shoots used in curry. Both green and pigmented types are grown as leafy vegetable. (Malvaceae). Oenanthe javanica DC. Nasturtium officinale R.) Hayek. cultivated. A leafy vegetable often occur as weed. Southeast Asia. Love & D. Bambusa aurea Carr. Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. Love. Native of India. Thailand. Widely cultivated in China and Japan for its edible young . A fleshy herb. (Pentaphragmaceae).) Britt. (Gramineae) Giant timber bamboo. (Gramineae) Yellow grove bamboo. East Asia – China. Distribution as of the above species. (Gramineae) Fish pole bamboo. Br. oleracea Lour.Underutilized Species Nasturtium microphyllum Boenn. (Cruciferae) Water cress. Indo-china to Malaya. Polynesia. (Compositae) Water cress. Spread from India to New Guinea. Japan and Java. Korea. N. Temperate Asia . Brunei. Syn. related to the above species. Cultivated for local consumption-northeast India. Syn. Fresh shoots ae boiled and eaten. occurs sporadically in South/Southeast. & Zucc. cooked as a leaf vegetable. in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Southeast AsiaMalaysia. Syn. China. Leaves used in curry. ex Rehb. ex Rehb) Hyl. Diversity and Use | 43 Parkia roxburghii G. Phyllostachys aurea Rivière & C. Long tender pods used as vegetable in Manipur. Syn. Used as a leafy vegetable. Rorippa nasturtium . (Araliaceae). East Asia. Neptunia prostrata (Lam. Nothopanax fruticosum Miq. Nothopanax pinnatum Miq.aquaticum (L. China or Japan. shoots/sprouts are edible. Indonesia. Pacific Islands. several other preparations also. Java to Pacific Islands. NE Himalayas. cooked as a vegetable. Perilla frutescens (L. Finds place in Thai culinary dishes. Nothopanax guilfoylei Merr. used here as a vegetable. (Labiatae). (Araliaceae). Cultivated mainly in East Asia-Japan. Rivièra. ex A. Philippines. East Asia mainly. Aquatic plant. (Araliaceae). Leaves are boiled into soup (roots are also edible).Don (Leguminosae).Indian subcontinent and elsewhere. Young shoots and leaves are eaten raw or cooked. Phyllostachys aureosulcata McClure.) Baill. cultivated as a vegetable in home gardens. Southeast Asia-Moluccas and as far as Papua New Guinea. (Umbelliferae). Parkia roxburghii (courtesy: KC Bhatt) Pentaphragma begoniaefolium Wall. Rorippa microphylla (Boenn. North-Africa/West Asia-introduced to temperate regions. Indonesia. Leafy stem-tips are eaten as salad or cooked as a vegetable. 44 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species - An Asia-Pacific Perspective sprouts/shoots; Castillon type produces small sweet culms. Phyllostachys dulcis McClure. (Gramineae) Sweet shoot bamboo, Vegetable bamboo. East Asia, mainly grown in Central China. Young shoots are edible. Phyllostachys makinoi Hayata (Gramineae). East Asia- Japan, Taiwancultivated. Young shoots are boiled and eaten. Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd. ex Lindl.) Munro, (Gramineae) Hainan bamboo. East Asia – South China, Japan. Young buds/shoots are consumed as vegetable. Phyllostachys praecox C.D. Chu & C.S. Chao (Gramineae). East Asia - mainly China, used as a vegetable. P. vivax McClure of Chinese origin is also grown as a vegetable. Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. (Phytolaccaceae). South/Southeast Asia, sporadically grown as a leafy vegetable in the Himalayan tract. P. americana is a north-American introduction, also sparingly grown. Phytolacca esculenta Van Houtte (Phytolaccaceae). East Asia. Occasionally cultivated in China and Japan; leaves are used as vegetable. Pilea melastomoides (Poir.) Wedd. Syn P. trinervia Wight (Urticaceae). South Asia-India, Sri Lanka; East Asia in Taiwan, Japan, Southeast Asia Philippines, Indonesia. Cold adaptable and locally grown in Indonesia-Java, and elsewhere more as a pot herb in home gardens. Its aromatic leaves are eaten raw or stewed and much relished. P. glaberrima (Blume) Blume grown for similar use in Java, for flavouring. Pisonia grandis R.Br. Syn. P. alba Span. (Nyctaginaceae) Lettuce tree. South/ Southeast Asia-sporadically grown as a leafy vegetable. Pisonia sylvestris Teijsm. and Binn (Moluccas, Indonesia) is related to P. alba. Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) Plantain ripple grass. Temperate AsiaHimalayas, naturalized. Cultivated in China as a leafy vegetable, largely eaten as salad. Plumbago zeylanica L. (Plumbaginaceae). Native eastern India. Delicious vegetable in Manipur. Polygonum hydropiper L. (Polygonaceae). East Asia – China, Japan; var. maximowiczii (P. maximowiczii) is eaten as a vegetable; leaves possess acrid taste. Phytolacca acinosa - leafy vegetable Po l yg o n u m m exi m owi c z ü R e g e l (Polygonaceae). Japan, cultivated there as vegetable. Underutilized Species Polygonum plebejum R.Br. (Polygonaceae). East Asia, India. Leave used as vegetables. Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae) Common purslane, Pursley. Tropical Asia, - naturalized/domesticated forms occur in var. sativa. Grown in western India, sporadic elsewhere; intermediate forms occur. A leafy vegetable of the arid/semi-arid habitats. Fleshy leaves, whole plant eaten cooked. Portulaca quadrifida L. (Portulacaceae). Tropical Asia, domesticated diversity with similar distribution as of P. oleracea. Fleshy leaves are cooked as a vegetable. Pouzolzia viminea Wedd. (Urticaceae). Western Himalayas, Malay Peninsula & adjecant Islands. Leaves eaten as vegetables. Premna latifolia Roxb. (Verbanaceae). Outer Himalayan ranges to Bhutan, India. Tender shoots used in curries. Pterococcus corniculata (Sm.) Pax & K. Hoffm. Syn. Plukenetia corniculata Sm. (Euphorbiaceae) Pina-pina. Southeast Asia - Malaysia, Indonesia; Young sweet leaves/sprouts are eaten cooked with milk. Pugionum cornutum Gaertn. (Cruciferae) Sagri. East Asia - China/Mongolia. Locally grown as a leafy vegetable. Rivia hypocrateriformis (Lamk.) Choisy (Convolvulaceae). Throughout India. Its leaves & young shoots boiled with salt & chillies, used as vegetables. in Asia-Pacific: Distribution, Diversity and Use | 45 Rorippa schlechteri (O.E. Schulz) P. Royen (Cruciferae). East Asian origin, sporadically grown in East-Southeast Asia, Myanmar and neighbouring areas as far as in Philippines for its leaves, eaten raw or cooked. Rumex acetosa L. (Polygonaceae) Garden sorrel. Mediterranean introduction, grown in temperate Asia; variety hortensis is cultivated. Leaves are eaten raw, or with spinach. Rumex vesicarius L. (Polygonaceae). Temperate Asia - Himalayas and elsewhere, Grown as a leafy vegetable, made into soup. Rungia klossii S. Moore (Acanthaceae). Pacific Islands-highlands of PNG, also in Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Grown as a pot herb; as a leafy vegetable; cooked with leaves of pit pit; sometimes eaten raw. A popular vegetable of the PNG highlands, cold adaptable, grown upto 2700 m. Saccharum edule Hassk. (Gramineae) Pit pit. Origin unknown; cultivated in Borneo, Java, more in the Pacific Islands - PNG in particular for its edible compact inflorescences which are covered in leaf sheaths; each of the size of banana. Traded in local market, also in Indonesia, New Guinea, Malacca, northern Melanesia. S a l s o l a fo e t id a D e l. ex Sp re n g. (Chenopodiaceae) India, Baluchistan, Afghanistan. Leaves used as vegetables. Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. Syn. S. albicans Blume (Euphorbiaceae) 46 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species - An Asia-Pacific Perspective Star gooseberry. Cultivated in South/ Southeast Asia-India, Sri Lanka, IndoChina. Indonesia, Malaysia; also in southern China; Grown as a hedge, a home garden cultigen. Leaves are also much used as a leafy vegetable in Java; eaten with rice or boiled into soup. Sesuvium portulacastrum L. (Aizoaceae) Sea purslane. Tropical Asia, mainly coastal areas; semi-domesticated/ protected and grown in home gardens. Fleshy leaves are eaten as a vegetable. Schefflera aromatica (Blume) Harms. (Araliaceae). Southeast Asia, native to Java, Indonesia. Young leaves are aromatic and eaten raw and as cooked vegetable. Grown as a hedge plant. Sinocalamus edulis (Odash.) Keng.f. (Gramineae). East Asia, mainly China. Tender shoots/sprouts are boiled and eaten. Sonchus oleraceus L (Compositae). North India throughout plains and hills. Leaves consumed raw or cooked as vegetables, popular in Kashmir. S p h e n o c l e a ze y l a n i c a G a e r t n . (Companulaceae). Native of Tropical Africa, distributed throughout South-east Asia. Young shoots bitter, eaten in Java & Thailand. S u a e d a m a ri t i m a ( L ) D u m o r t ie r (Chenopodiaceae). Originated in India. Leaves boiled and eaten as vegetable in India and Indonesia (Java). Talinum triangulare (Jacq) Willd. (Portulacaceae) Ceylon spinach. South Asia - Grown in south India, but mainly in Sri Lanka. As a leafy vegetable, domesticated and diversified in Sri Lanka. Taraxacum officinale Weber. (Compositae) Dandelion. Temperate Asia; sporadically grown elsewhere. Leaves are eaten as salad. Much variability occurs in West Asia. Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze Syn. T. expansa Murr. New Zealand spinach (Aizoaceae/ Tetragoniaceae). New Zealand, Australia, introduced elsewhere. Grown in Japan. Leaves are eaten like spinach. Trianthema portulacastrum L. Horse purslane (Aizoaceae). Tropical Asian weed; grown in Sri Lanka as a leafy vegetable, where several domesticated types occur, also in south India. Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Fenugreek (Leguminosae). East Europe/central Asian introduction to South Asia; grown in north India and much liked as a leafy vegetable (also medicinal for diabetes cure). Valerianella locusta (L.) Beteke Corn salad (Valerianaceae) . European introduction to Asia, occasionally cultivated. Introduced in PNG; used as salad. Needs to be popularized in temperate, cool region for cultivation. Ve ro n i c a a n a g a l l i s - a q u a t i c a L . (Scrophulariaceae). East Asia – Japan; mainly consumed as salad; more like lettuce. Underutilized Species Viola verecunda A. Gray. (Violaceae) East Asia - China. An old cultigen grown as a leafy vegetable. Vollaris solanacea (Roth.) O. Kuntze (Apocynaceae). India, Sri Lanka, also Myanmar. Flowers & fruits edible. Wolffia globosa (Roxb.) Hartog & Plas (Lemnaceae). South/Southeast Asia-Bangladesh, India and Myanmar; cultivated mainly in Indo-China, Laos and northern Thailand. A leafy (aquatic) nutritious vegetable, rich in protein. Zizania latifolia Turcz. ex Stapf. Water rice (Gramineae). Widely distributed; sporadically grown in South/ Southeast and east Asia-northeast India, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, China, Korea, Japan. Fleshy swollen basal shoots, infected and sweet, are eaten as a vegetable (also an obsolete cereal of North China). More grown for local consumption. Fruit types Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. Ladies finger, Okra (Malvaceae). Widely grown in South Asia and elsewhere in Southeast/ East Asia as far as the Pacific Islands. More diversity in India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, elsewhere grown in Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines. Cooked as a vegetable with diverse kind of preparations. A. manihot, occasionally used likewise. Abelmoschus moschatus Medikus (Malvaceae). Indo-China to Indonesia & SW Pacific Island to New Guinea & N. Australia.Grown for immature fruits used as vegetable. in Asia-Pacific: Distribution, Diversity and Use | 47 Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Ash gourd (Cucurbitaceae). South/Southeast Asia mainly. Both ridged, non-ridged smooth types occur. More popular as vegetable in northeast India, IndoChina, Myanmar, Thailand, sporadically elsewhere; also used for preparing sweets. From South/Southeast Asia, cultivation spread to East Asia-Japan, China. Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. Sword Bean. (Leguminosae) South/Southeast Asia - cultivated as a kitchen garden crop. Young pods are cooked as vegetable. Roasted seeds are edible. C. gladiata/Jack bean is also distributed/ grown likewise and has similar use. Canavalia cathartica Thouars Syn. C. polystachya (Forsk.) Schweinf. (Leguminosae). South/East Asia-China (Yunnan), India. Young pods are cooked as vegetable. Unripe seeds are eaten boiled. Cissus javana DC. Mirah (Vitaceae). Southeast Asia - Indonesia, Java, Sparingly cultivated for its sour leaves and fruit used as vegetable. Cissus repens Lamk. (Vitaceae). Occurs in India to Southern China including SE Asia. Young shoots and leaves eaten with other vegetables. Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Syn. C. indica Wight & Arn. (Cucurbitaceae). South Asia - mainly India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Pakistan extending to Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia. Fruits are often cooked and eaten as vegetable (also young shoots), often as a backyard cultigen. Ribbed gourd (Cucurbitaceae). across Pacific. sparingly grown. South/Southeast Asia. var. var.An Asia-Pacific Perspective roots & leaves used in folk medicine for diabetes and skin eruptions. Cantaloupe (Cucurbitaceae). South Asia. Luffa hermaphrodita Singh & Bhandari.) Jeffrey (Cucurbitaceae). Bitter gourd (Cucurbitaceae). India. Cyamopsis tetragonolaba (L) Talbert. Enhydra fluctuens Lour. Weedy field melon. it is more popular as a vegetable and much grown in central and north India. Indo-china. Mature pods used as vegetables. sikkimensis Hook. Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley. sporadic. East South Southeast Asia.) Sweet Syn.) Roxb. Nepal. grown more in South Asia-India. China. scarce elsewhere. Indo-China extending eastwards. Much variability in Eastern India. Origin is in vogue. Lablab purpureus (L. Momordica charantia L. acutangula. Cucumis sativus L. also made into soup. but with potential as grain legume. However. Sponge gourd (Cucurbitaceae). northeast India/IndoChina. India (Bihar and West Bengal). Several other varieties are also grownvar. also in Myanmar. bushy types developed for use as a pulse crop in South India on a minor scale. Myanmar and China. tender fruits are cooked and eaten. used as vegetable. Hyacinth bean (Leguminosae).48 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . used as vegetable. Tender bitter fruits are cooked and eaten. Bangladesh. South/ Southeast/East Asia. South/Southeast Asia . (Compositae). var. Tender fruits are cooked as a vegetable. Tropical Asia-South/ Southeast/East Asia. (Cucurbitaceae). conomon is pickled.Probable origin as cultigen in eastern. conomonmore diversity in western and northern India. cultivated in India & Java also. subsp. cylindrica (M. semi-domesticated/domesticated small and large fruit types occur in this region and have sporadically spread to . Fruits are eaten raw or cooked when ripe. Indo-Burmese region. Bhutan. Cucumis melo L. Indonesia. (Leguminosae). utilissimus. Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. Distribution under cultivation and use is similar to L. Largely grown as a vegetable. A water plant cultivated for its leaves. South/Southeast/East Asia. agrestis Pang. Bottle gourd (Cucurbitaceae). Fruits in clusters. Ridged gourd. momordica.) Spreng. Bangladesh. Satputiya (Cucurbitaceae). f. grown in south India. Young fruits and leaves eaten as vegetable.) Roem. Sweet gourd (Cucurbitaceae). widely grown as a vegetable. Diplocyclos palmatus (L. Sri Lanka. as far as the Pacific. Dolichos lablab L. Thailand. Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour. South/Southeast Asia. Occasionally cultivated in Indonesia and PNG. xishuagannensis is grown in Yunnan. as far as Pacific/Oceania region. they are of medicinal value in diabetes. Syn L. Luffa acutangula (L. Nepal. also occasionally used as preserves. var. M . Grown by tribals/locally. Indo-China. South/Southeast Asia-south and east India. Philippines. Stizolobium pachylobium Piper & Tracy. Velvet Bean (Leguminosae). utilis (courtesy: K Pradheep) . Young pods are cooked as a vegetable. also seeds roasted and eaten. pterygosperma Gaertn. grown mainly in home gardens as far as the Pacific. Indo-China. Mucuna pruriens (courtesy: KC Bhatt) Moringa oleifera (courtesy: K Pradheep) Mucuna capitata (Roxb. Young pods are cooked and eaten as a vegetable. also in Indonesia. South Asia . Fruits are cooked as a vegetable and pulp made into soup. Mucuna pruriens (L. M. May be conspecific with M. gruel form. nivea DC. utilis). (Leguminosae). in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Japan. Diversity and Use Mucuna pachylobia (Piper & Tracy) Rock. Syn. unripe fruits pickled and. South/Southeast Asia India.mainly south and east India. Young pods are cooked as a vegetable. Vietnam. fruits rich in vitamins. Tropical Asia. in sambar-like dishes in South India. more in South/Southeast Asia . complux (var. Syn.) DC.) Wight & Arn. and young leaves used as vegetable. utilis (Wall. | 49 Mucuna pruriens var. Cheval Syn. domesticated in this region. Malaysia.Underutilized Species other parts of Southeast Asia and East Asia. M o ri n g a o l ei fe ra L. (Leguminosae). widely distributed. Sri Lanka. In Sri Lanka and elsewhere. Horse radish tree (Moringaceae). An introduction to South/East Asia-eastern India. ex Wight) Baker ex Burck (Leguminosae). Ripe in fruits are used as a vegetable. An important multiusage tree. Indonesia-Java. also Micronesia. Thailand.India.) A. seeds also edible. Mucuna cochinchinensis (Lour. sporadically grown in hills for its immature pods. Curaba (Cucurbitaceae). seeds are very nutritious. Praecitrullus fistulosus (Stocks) Pang. (Euphorbiaceae). also in Myanmar. Casa banana. Parkia javanica Merr. Round gourd (Cucubitaceae). Quisqualis indica L. home garden diversity occurs for edible inflorescences which are fried. Tree bean (Leguminosae). acuminata and M. cooked as a vegetable. Cultivated in northern India. seeds are eaten raw. Mediterranean introduction to East Asia. cultivated as vegetables. Don. ornamental also. Common c a terpi l l a r p l a nt ( Le g u m i nosa e ) . and also made into soup-like preparation. Syn. (P. South. R & D efforts in Nepal led to build-up of introduced and local diversity from India. much sold in local markets. Scarlet runner bean (Leguminosae). medicinal purposes also Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L. used as vegetable. Prosopis cineraria (L) Druce (Leguminosae). Winged bean. cultivated as vegetable. Southeast Asia. grown for its tender fruits.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Young pods are used as vegetable (seeds also edible). Indonesia-Borneo. introduced into South Pacific. balbisiana. . Phaseolus coccineus L.) Swartz. (Musaceae). Syn. SE Asia. Young pods of this species and of S. cold adaptable.) DC. Goa bean (Leguminosae). roxburghii G. Central American introduction to sub-tropical/ temperate Asia.50 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . grown widely. popped or roasted. Scorpiurus vermiculatus L. native of northeastern India. muricatus are consumed as a vegetable. protein-rich. Musa spp. Young pods are cooked as a vegetable. Tree bears edible pods. Fruits are cooked as vegetable (roots are also consumed likewise). Dry and arid regions Sicana odorifera (Vell. of India. Nepal and adjacent regions and selections were made. Sporadically grown but spread widely under cultivation. boiled. boiled in different ways and consumed as a vegetable. Sauropus albicans Blume. eaten cooked as a vegetable (also seeds are boiled and eaten). timoriana have similar use (see under miscellaneous category). A popular vegetable. P. possess garlic-like flavour.) Naud. (Combrataceae). used as pulse. Sechium edule (Jacq. grown for edible tuberous roots in Myanmar. speciosa and P. Diversity region for several demesticated/protected native species is in South/Southeast Asia with wider distribution of M. mainly Japan. Central American introduction to temperate Asia. P. grown for its pods. Malaysia. Cho -cho (Cucurbitaceae) . Much variability in northeast India and Nepal all through the Himalayas. Immature pods used as vegetable. Both gathered and backyard. multiflorus Willd. more as a kitchen garden crop in Asia-Pacific region. SE Asia. Chayote. ex DC (Compositae). 5. Much variability in South India and Sri Lanka in China/Japan also in Indo-China and neighbouring areas. Solanum violaceum. East Asia. anguina Haines (Maxim. Berries used as vegetable (curry). Mainly South Asia.) Snake gourd (Cucurbitaceae).spiny (India) and non-spiny (Thailand. (Solanaceae). Sri Lanka.E Asia and New in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. ) M a xi m. South/Southeast Asia. Annonaceae. var. protected and grown locally and several domesticated forms occur . S.) Gandhi (Cucurbitaceae). China. also popular in northern India to prepare sweetmeats. Pacific Islands. Anacardiaceae. Fl a c o u r t i a c e a e. South East & East Asia. Bombacaceae. S. Grown in China and Japan. PNG) with much variation in taste. salad. Fruits The diversity in underutilized and lessknown edible fruit-types belongs to 45 families. Solanum ferox L. Solanum aviculare G. Malaysia and elewhere. possibly of east Indian origin where maximum diversity occurs in fruit size. roots. Kangaroo apple (Solanaceae). India. torvum. Throughout India. Solena amplexicaulis (Lamk. Unripe fruits are eaten as a vegetable and ripe fruits as preserve. Syn. Australia. Distributed in South. China. Malyasia. Malyasia. shape. Used as a cooked/fried vegetable. Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. (Cucurbitaceae). surface-smooth or striped. villosum. South east Asia but not Philippines. More prominent species belong to the Actinidiaceae. Cultivated as a vegetable or salad. Philippines. Cooked as vegetable. Fruits are cooked as a vegetable.India. nigrum. Pointed g o u rd ( C u cu r b i t a c e a e ) . S. Solanum torvum Swartz (Solanaceae). T. leaves medicinal. As vegetable. Several other species also occur in semidomesticated form and fruits are sold in local markets-spiny and non-spiny types viz. Indo-China. Eu p h o r b i a c e a e. tender shoots & leaves also as vegetable. Japanese Hard radish. cu cu m e ro i d e s ( S e r. . and also consumed raw. S. Solanum indicum L (Solanaceae). Wasabia japonica (Miq. South/ Southeast Asia. India.) ( Cruciferae). Fruits used as vegetable.Underutilized Species Tropical American introduction into Sri Lanka. Forst. fruits are eaten as vegetable. Spilanthes paniculata Wall. Japan. Diversity and Use | 51 Guinea. cultivated for its pungent rhizome. also in eastern peninsular India. S o u t h / Southeast/East Asia. also in the Pacific. Trichosanthes cucumerina L. Fruits are eaten cooked as vegetable. Sri Lanka. 106 genera and 261 species (Table 8). Young immature fruits used as vegetable Solanum verbascifolium L (Solanaceae). Tri c h o s a n t h e s ovi g e ra B l. Hancornia (1) Bombacaceae Durio (3). Hippophae (1) Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus (1).An Asia-Pacific Perspective Table 8. Emblica (1). . Muntingia (1) Ericaceae Vaccinium (1) Euphorbiaceae Antidesma (2). Chaerospondias (1). Spondias (3) Annonaceae Annona (7). Artocarpus (7). genera and number of plant species whose fruits are edible. Eugenia (3). Semecarpus (1). Syzygium (6) Oxalidaceae Averrhoa (2) Contd. Sorindeia (1). Sandoricum (1) Moraceae Allaenthus (1). Tamarindus (1) Malpighiaceae Malpighia (2) Meliaceae Lansium (1). Phyllanthus (2) Flacourtiaceae Dovyalis (1).52 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species .. Cecropia (1). Stelechocarpus (1) Apocynaceae Carissa (1). Mangifera (5). Families. Morus (3) Musaceae Musa (1) Myricaceae Myrica (2) Myrtaceae Acca/Feijoa (1). Pseudananas (1). Families Genera Actinidiaceae Actinidia (5) Anacardiaceae Bouea (2).. Rhodomyrtus (1). Flacourtia (4). Dracontomelon (1). (2). Psidium (1). Pereskia (1) Capparidaceae Capparis (2) Combretaceae Terminalia (2) Cornaceae Macrocarpium (2) Cunoniaceae Davidsonia (1) Dilleniaceae Dillenia (1) Ebenaceae Diospyros (5) Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus (3). Oncoba (1) Grossulariaceae Ribes (2) Guttiferae/Clusiaceae Garcinia (13) Lardizabalaceae Stauntonia (1) Lauraceae Litsea (3) Leguminosae Cynometra (1). Baccaurea (4). Pachira (1) Boraginaceae Cordia (2) Cactaceae Opuntia (2). Durio. Feronia/Limonia (2). Emblica. Lauraceae. Among these. Diospyros. Poncirus (1). Eremocitrus (1). more diversity occurs in species of the following genera: (a) La rg ely t ro pic a l / s ub . Elaeocarpus. Flacourtia. B a c c au re a. Ribes. Musaceae. Manilkara (1). Diversity and Use | 53 Families Genera Palmae/Arecaceae Phoenix (2). Salacca. Rhodomyrtus. Salacca (1) Pandanaceae Pandanus (1) Passifloraceae Adenia (1). Sapindaceae.I n d o n es ia n. Palmae. Spondias. Tiliaceae. Casimiroa (1). Aegle (1). Crataegus. Syzygium. Docynia (1). Crataegus (6). Hippophae. Vacciniaceae and Vitaceae (Arora. Hindustani/Indian and the ChineseJapanese regions with several prominent . Pyrus (9). Solanaceae. Passiflora (6) Punicaceae Punica (1) Rhamnaceae Hovenia (1). Eriobotrya (1). Garcinia. Pareek et al.Ch i n ese . Mespilus (1). 1985. Oxalidaceae. Manilkara. Rubus (6). Nephelium (2). Grewia. Fragaria. Sandoricum. Lansium. Sapotaceae. Elaeagnus. Duchesnea (2). Physalis. Grossulariaceae. Litchi. Madhuca (1). Phoenix. 1998). Cynomitra. Averrhoa. Morus. Fortunella. Rutaceae. Myricaceae. Myrica. Malus. This diversity is largely concentrated i n t h e I n d o . Rhamnaceae. Pometia (1) Sapotaceae Chrysophyllum (1).Underutilized Species in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Feroniella (1). Chaenomeles (3). Nephelium. Chrysophyllum. Prunus. Malus (11). Mangifera. Ziziphus (3) Rosaceae Armeniaca (1). Musa. Solanum (1) Tiliaceae Grewia (1) Vitaceae Vitis (2) Guttiferae. Sorbus (2) Rubiaceae Hamelia (1). Punica. Artocarpus. Moraceae.t ro pic a l : Annona. Rubus and Sorbus. Tamarindus and Ziziphus. Ficus. Malpighiaceae. Fortunella (5). Passifloraceae. Meliaceae. Salvadora. (b) Largely temperate/sub-temperate: Actinidia. Co rd ia. Pouteria (3) Solanaceae Cyphomandra (1). Myrtaceae. Morinda (1) Rutaceae Acronychia (1). Ca ri ssa. Physalis (1). Passiflora.. Clausena (1). Citrus (21). Prunus (11). Citrus. Litchi (1). Rosaceae. Triphasia (1) Salvadoraceae Salvadora (2) Sambucaceae Sambucus (2) Sapindaceae Dimocarpus (1). Pyrus. Chaerospondias axillaris. Carissa congesta. while several others are widely distributed in China. Emblica officinalis. Vitis amurensis with Malus halliana introduced in Japan and Diospyros lotus in the Himalayan region. the distribution of species exhibiting wide variation: 1. Korea.An Asia-Pacific Perspective camansi. Duchesnea filipendula. Citrus mitis (also in Japan). viz. macroptera. C. Overall distribution pattern of prominent fruit species diversity grown in Asia-Pacific is as follows: zz The Chinese-Japanese region holds rich diversity both in sub-tropical and temperate types. zz Both the Indo-Chinese-Indonesian and the Hindustani/Indian region of diversity hold rich wealth of fruit species. C. Dracontomelon edule. Comparatively very few species are confined/localized in the Philippines. C. Dovyalis hebecarpa. pyrifolia. C. Citrus junos.. Malus asiatica. Aegle marmelos. mediglobosa (also occurring in the Philippines) have been recognized (Tanaka. C. Fortunella crassifolia. viz. P. Passiflora. C. salicina. Ribes longeracemosum. C. A. Garcinia indica. A good number of species exhibit diversity both in China and Japan. Crataegus cuneata. and Syzygium cumini.Actinidia callosa. cerasifera. Poncirus trifol iata. species from the central and south American regions such as of Annona. Prunus mume.. Artocarpus 3. Citrus spp. lateriflora (also in Java) and Garcinia binucoa (introduced into the Pacific). this also is the case in Fortunella japonica and Stauntonia hexaphylla. The Chinese region is rich in temperate types besides several sub-tropical species. sinensis. C. 1976). Flacourtia ramontchii. Prunus mume. canaliculata. margarita. hassku. M. Crataegus cuneata. C. rubicaulis. Malus micromalus. Feronia limonia. Prunus salicina and Pyrus sinensis. Several tropical fruits were domesticated in south and southeast Asia. Overall distribution of diversity is as follows: 1. pentagyna. viz. glaberrima. pseudo-limon. Pyrus prunifolia. and Japan . with distinct id ent i t y ) o c cu rs i n J ap a n and several cultigens. P. Chaenomeles sinensis and Macrocarpium officinale. Citrus spp. F. A. lacucha/lakoocha. More diversity occurs in south Asia in Artocarpus heterophyllus. funadoko. leucocarpa. Pouteria and Physalis. F. hindsii. More diversity in Citrus (bred types/selections. gummi- . Citrus indica. iyo. 2. spectabilis. P.54 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Prunus cantabrigiensis. Rich diversity occurs in Actinidia callosa. Elaeocarpus floribundus. G. C. Chaenomeles speciosa. Species such as Crataegus pentagyna occur both in China and Korea. Garcinia dulcis and G. P. odoratissimus. A. flavour superior to kiwi fruit (frost resistant types used in breeding with A. S. A. Actinidia callosa Lindl. more diversity occurs in Artocarpus rigidus .Underutilized Species gutta. malaccense. Chev. Ziziphus and Mangifera.e. Artocarpus heterophyllus. Syzygium cumini. Durio oxleyanus. integer. grown in south/southeast/east Asia and the Pacific. 1992). bilimbi. 1985). Native of China. odorata. M.. Syn A. G a rci n ia c o ch i n ch i n e n s i s. Syzygium. viz. Peninsular India. A. Morus spp. which identifies several underutilised fruit species.) C. G. deliciosa). Baccaurea dulcis. In southeast Asia. East Asia . also . Liang & A. foetida. still others in the Philippines such as Dracontomelon edule and Syzygium cumini. M. on edible fruits and nuts is published by Plant Resources of South East AsiaPROSEA (Verheij and Coronel. Averrhoa carambola. B. N. Diospyros discolor. m a n g o s t a n a. Manilkara. Apart from the information synthesised specifically on underutilized fruits and nuts (Pareek et al. Fl a c o u r t ia ru ka m.R. Fruits edible. L a n s i u m domesticum. G. and some like Pometia pinnata and Triphasia aurantifolia. Overall. Japan and Korea. Kiwi fruit. Check-list of species Acronychia pedunculata Miq. pinnata. racemosa. Dimocarpus longan. zibethinus. arguta Planch. Nephelium lappaceum. 1998). Spondias oleoides.F. Chev. Garcinia dulcis. motleyana. and less known food plants (Arora. Juicy sour berries are eaten raw. Spondias dulcis. Fruits are edible. Syn. Bouea macrophylla. grown in temperate region mainly in China. rambutan-ake. several species in this region exhibit a relatively wider distribution within south and southeast Asia i. deliciosa A. Chinese gooseberry (Actinidiaceae). Salacca edulis. also used to prepare jam and brewed for wine. Rubus ellipticus and Ziziphus mauritiana. Feroniella l u cid a. sporadically grown eleswhere. Musa. Salvadora persica. chinensis Planch var. As compared to above some species have more diversity in the Indonesian region-Java. Syzygium aqueum and S. S. well synthesised information. sub Himalayan region. also occurring in the Pacific Islands. Actinidia deliciosa (A. Garcinia. Mangifera caesia. 2. and several species/varieties in in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Laka wood (Rutaceae). Manilkara hexandra. Litsea calophylla. (Actinidiaceae). A. Grewia subinaequalis. A. lateriflora. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. Stelecocarpus burahol. Ferguson Syn. used in salad and soup preparations. much cultivated in New Zealand. species-wise. laosensis. D. carambola.native of China. ex Miq.. and this has been included in this account. Diversity and Use | 55 Citrus. B. Citrus hystrix. laurifolia Blume. 3. grown in China. c. Kiwi fruit (Actinidia chinensis) morphology. grown in plains and submontane regions of south/ southeast Asia. sparingly grown in warmer humid parts of Asia. (Moraceae). (Passifloraceae).An Asia-Pacific Perspective Actinidia rubicaulis Dunn. Fruits are eaten fresh. East Asia-domesticated in west China and cultivated for its fruits. d. Actinidia polygama Miq. China.domesticated in north China. (Actinidiaceae). peduncle. Fruits are of good quality-pulpy. anther. (Actinidiaceae). callosa. Annona cherimola Mill. Tolerant to alkaline and saline soils. Korea and elsewhere. f. cooked. sweet. Himalayan foothills of India/IndoBurmese region to Indo-China. g. stigma. (C) Staminate flower: a. Fruits possess aromatic pulp. outer pericarp. may be conspecific with A. Bael (Rutaceae). ovules. Annona atemoya Host. b. Tropical American. Adenia heterophylla (Bl. style. induces precocity in citrus. ex Wester (Annonaceae). d. leaf petiole. petal. sporadically grown. (A) Cane: a. Juicy aril is edible. sweet to subacidic. Bengal quince. b. Philippines.) Maxim. Allaeanthus luzonieus F. (B) Flowering shoot. Actinidia kolomikta (Maxim. South American introduction into southeast Asia – Philippines. (D) Pistillate flower: a. dormant bud. India-Andamans. b. e. in south India. dried or preserved in salt. Vill. Native of north India. ovary. (E) Fruiting shoot: a. (Gene and Himelrick 1990). Kolomikta vine (Actinidiaceae). filament. sepal. sepals. hybrid types yield fruits that are pulpy. (F) Fruit cross section: a. Used as rootstock. Leaves boiled & eaten in Japan. h.56 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . rich in Vitamin A and C. c. of excellent quality and eaten raw. East Asia . fruit. eaten as such or processed as sherbet/squash. Cherimoya (Annonaceae). c.. core. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa. and prepared as a cool. Fruits are sweet and eaten raw when ripe. have medicinal value and cure chronic diarrhoea and dysentery.) Koord. rudimentary ovary. preserved and used in pies. and eaten raw. seed. & Rupr. b. refreshing drink in form of sherbet. . Korea & Japan. also northeastern Australia. leaf scar. (IBPGR 1980). Fruits possess sweet. Tropical American introduction. With similar distribution as A. Bullock’s heart (Annonaceae) . also in Pacific/Oceania . and with distinct aroma. Fruits are very tasty. grown mainly in home gardens. Red berries are eaten raw or used in syrups/brandy. Armeniaca dasycarpa (Erhr. meagrely grown in southeast Asia. Cultivated sparingly in Indo-China. Tropical American introduction into south/southeast/east Asia. Fruits used for making marmalade. sporadic cultivation. across Pacific Islands. of good flavour and eaten raw. edible. Chinese laurel (Euphorbiaceae/Stilaginaceae). South/southeast/east Asia. Annona squamosa L. Fruits are large.Underutilized Species Annona cherimola in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. more popular in Asia and with similar distribution as the above species. Several varieties are grown. Custard apple (Annonaceae) . . Annona muricata L. Central Asia. bunius (L.) Spreng. Soursop (Annonaceae). Central American origin. pulp with good flavour and are eaten raw and also preserved. A potential graft stock. east Asia. sporadic cultivation mainly in backyards. fruits of better quality . Alligator pear. Mountain soursop (Annonaceae). Central American introduction into tropical Asia. Alligator apple (Annonaceae).) Spreng.Australia. Diversity and Use | 57 (IPGRI 1998) Annona glabra L. Annona reticulata L. Fruits are eaten raw. Fruit of good quality. Central American introduction into south/southeast. eaten raw or occasionally preserved.good potential for improvement. also in Oceania.) Boikh (Rosaceae). introduced into Asia-Pacific. in eastern Taiwan. Vietnam and Malaysia. sweet Annona squamosa L. Black currant tree (Euphorbiaceae/ Stilaginaceae). Several selections/varieties are grown. also made into jellies. Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn. Antidesma bunius (L. A potential graft stock. Annona montana Macf. 58 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species .) Stokes. A. Single fruit. champeden (Lour. Fruits are eaten when ripe.) Spr. A. cultivated near Manila and elsewhere. Variability occurs in central and south India. Native of the Pacific Islands. more diversity in the Pacific and southeast Asia than in south Asia. 3. Ripe fruits are eaten raw. Fruits eaten raw or boiled.. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. Artocarpus integer (Thunb. Fruits are usually eaten after boiling. Kamansi (Moraceae).) Merr. more confined to the south Pacific. Fruits are rich in carbohydrates. Jackfruit (Moraceae). Antidesma bunius (L. Japan and China. eaten raw or cooked. Chumpedak (Moraceae). 1. altilis Philippines. communis Forst. & Zucc. A. India. Native of Western Ghats. Spike of fruits. Transverse section of fruit (FAO 1984). & Zucc. Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson ex. (IBPGR 1980). Armeniaca mume (Sieb. ex Curr. young fruits are boiled into soup like preparation. Myanmar. A. May be a form of A. Indo-China and western Malaysia. 4. Zom) Fosberg Syn. IndoChina extending eastwards. Syn. Sri Lanka. Southeast Asia.) Merr. Branchlet with leaves and axillary spikes of fruits. F. Southeast Asia. incisa L.f. 2. seeds are nutritious and are roasted and eaten. mainly in home gardens. Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Sieb. . much grown in south/southeast Asia. Flour is made from pulp. Breadfruit (Moraceae).A. Japanese apricot (Rosaceae).) Syn Prunus mume Sieb.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Artocarpus camansi Blanco. meriannensis is an allied species. grown in southeast Asia. but unripe ones are cooked as vegetable. possibly domesticated in sub-Himalayan-terai region. Averrhoa bilimbi L. Vietnam. (Euphorbiaceae) . syrup/drinks. Southeast Asia. Artocarpus rigidus (IPGRI 1998) Averrhoa bilimbi L. Artocarpus rigidus Bl. Monkey jack (Moraceae). also candied and pickled.-Arg. native of Indo-China. Marang. A. marmalade. and are eaten raw. Fruits are acidic with quincelike flavour. jelly. Fruits are smaller than those of jackfruit. sweet/subacidic and edible raw. Baccaurea dulcis (Jack) Muell. A lakoocha Roxb.Native of Sulu in southern Philippines. Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco Syn. Native of Indo-Chinese region. Southeast Asia . grown in Borneo. eaten raw or made into jam. Malaysia. Malaysia and Indonesia. Sweet types occur in China. domesticated types occur. Indo-China. tarap Becc. Malaysia and elsewhere. jelly and syrup. sporadic elsewhere.Indo-China. (IBPGR 1980). Syn. Carambola. Bilimbi. Cucumber tree (Oxalidaceae/Averrhoaceae). Kamrakh. Diversity and Use | 59 Artocarpus lacucha Buch. elsewhere introduced. Fruits are ovoid. fruit rind and roasted seeds also eaten. Thailand. (Moraceae). sporadically grown. . India. also pickled. Philippines.Underutilized Species in Asia-Pacific: Distribution.-Ham. much grown in northeastern India. China. Thailand. More diversity in humid tracts of peninsular India as a protected cultigen. also in Singapore and Australia. More variability is found in Indo-China. South/southeast Asia. sweet and juicy. Fruits are sweet and aromatic. Taiwan. also sliced and served as salad. Southeast Asia . Southeast Asia. occasionally cultivated in Myanmar. Star fruit (Oxalidaceae/ Averrhoaceae). Myanmar. Sour fruits are used for culinery purpose. Monkey jack (Moraceae). Averrhoa carambola L. Malaysia. rich source of Vitamin A and minerals. Malaysia. also in drinks. Good potential for improvement. Baccaurea motleyana Muell.Indo -China to Indonesia.-Arg. pulp also stewed and eaten. . Philippines. (IBPGR Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw. ex Blume) Muell. Malaysia.-Arg. Averrhoa carambola L. 1980). also served as table fruit. Fruits are normally sweet. (IBPGR 1980). Fruits are sweet or acidic.-Arg.60 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw. ex Bl.) Muell. (IBPGR 1980). Southeast Asia. Baccaurea dulcis (Jack) Muell.-Arg. Fruits are eaten fresh. Fruit has good potential for improvement. eaten fresh. Meteng (Euphorbiaceae). Southeast Asia. Rambai (Euphorbiaceae). eaten raw. cultivated in Vietnam.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Philippines and Indonesia. made into drinks or preserves. sometimes acidic. Bouea macrophylla Griff. immature flower buds and flowers used as vegetable.Underutilized Species Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. (Maheswari 1966). Dela Capparis decidua (Forsk. green. South/southeast Asia .) Edgew. are eaten raw or cooked. sporadic distribution in Asia-Pacific. Syn. South Asia .. Malaysia.drier tracts . Ganiaria (Anacardiaceae) . B. Bouea oppositifolia (Roxb. Deccan peninsula. Fruiting twig. Flowering twig. C. Southeast AsiaMyanmar. resembling plum. Plum mango.) Meisn.) Edgew. and for culinary purpose. Indonesia. semi-domesticated forms occur. immature. A. (Anacardiaceae). acidic fruits are used for pickle. Ker. Bouea macrophylla Griff. fruit pulp is edible. Syn. . Wider.mainly western India. Indo-China. (IBPGR 1980). Cap erb us h (Capparidaceae). Diversity and Use | 61 (Capparidaceae). Ripe red berries are eaten raw. Latka (Euphorbiaceae).-Arg. semi-domesticated/domesticated types occur. Fruits. Indo-China. fruits have similar use as of ker/dela. also pickled. burmanica Griff. Syn. Seed. Capparis decidua (Forsk. aphylla Roth. sapida Muell. and Indonesia.eastern India. C. also occurs in the Andamans. B. Green unripe fruits are rich in protein. sporadically grown. Fruit has good potential for improvement. Cap p a ri s spi nosa L. B. Large gooseberry-size fruits with arillate pulp are delicious and eaten raw. in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. microphylla Griff. B. Hassakues (Rutaceae). Karonda (Apocynaceae). East Asia .fruits (Arora and Pandey. with much diversity of domesticated types in Western Ghats. India. Dieruk lemon (Rutaceae).Java/Indonesia. introduced into Taiwan and Malaysia.) Burth ex Hill. Central American. introduced into southeast Asian countries. East Asia . Fruits have agreeable pulp and pleasant flavour.) Nakai. also made into liquor. Indo-China eastwards. Fruits are cooked or made into a beverage. Fruits are mainly used to flavour beverages. the latter product exported to Bangladesh. Mexican/central American origin. Carissa congesta . ex Spach. Cecropia peltata L. C. protected. also in eastern India. Southeast Asia . Juice mixed with ginger is used as beverage.Japan. carandas L. White sapote (Rutaceae).An Asia-Pacific Perspective Carissa congesta Wight Syn. Cultivated for its fruits.Nepal. Japan. more so in Japan. South Asia . Korea Japan. Citrus aurantifolia (Christm) Swing ( Ruta c e a e ) . cultivated sporadically.China. Chaenomeles sinensis (Thounin) Koehne. Cultivated for its fruits. Citrus grandis (L) Osbeck (Rutaceae). sporadically grown.China. Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk.62 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Japanese quince (Rosaceae). South Asia. Ripe fruits are edible.) Lindl. possess sweet pulp. Citrus hassaku Yu. also eaten raw. Iran etc. India. Fruits are eaten raw or preserved in syrup.) Ochse. Apple-sized fruits are eaten raw. SE Asia. localized/sparse cultivation. Chaenomeles speciosa (Sar. Native . Fruits are eaten raw. P ro b ab ly M a l ays ia n Archipelago or North India. Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb. Citrus medica L. and are eaten raw and used as preserves. Mainly confined to East Asia . Fruits are eaten raw. Chaerospondias axillaris (Roxb. Fruits are eaten raw. jams and chutneys. Syn. Lapsi (Anacardiaceae). Central/south American origin. Chinese quince (Rosaceae). native to humid tracts of western India. Star apple (Sapotaceae) . for tarts. also candied. Japanese quince (Rosaceae). Chrysophyllum cainito L. Fruits are eaten raw. 1996) Casimiroa edulis La Llave. West Bengal and Assam. Citrus cambara Rafin (Rutaceae). Grown mainly in home gardens. Snakewood tree (Myrtaceae). spread to China. Tanaka. used as preserves. IndoChina. introduced into southeast Asia. widely distributed in northeast India. fruits eaten raw. Indian sweet lime (Rutaceae).India. introduced in Japan. Citrus macroptera Montrouz. and used as rootstock. Citrus ichangensis Swingle (Rutaceae). sporadically grown. Melanesian papeda (Rutaceae). East/southeast Asia. Citrus latifolia Tanaka. W. Moore. with thin peel and loose skin resembling the tangerine. also in Pacific-Papua New Guinea. Fruit juice forms a refreshing drink. Rangpur lime. South/southeast Asia. Citrus limetta Risso. S y n . Indonesia-Java. Ci t rofor t u n el l a m i t i s ( B l a n c o ) J . Thailand. East Asia. Probably a hybrid between Citrus macroptera (courtesy: SK Malik and OP Dhariwal) promising species as rootstock and for breeding citrus varieties. an important citrus rootstock. Yuzu (Rutaceae). Citrus limettioides Tanaka. Citrus limonia Osbeck. Philippines. Malaysia. frost resistant. Taiwan. most Citrus junos Siebold ex Tanaka. Probably of east Asian origin. Marmalade orange (Rutaceae). C i t r u s m a d u r e n s i s L o u r. Indo-China. immune to wither tip and resistant to canker. grown in China. sporadically grown. Citrus hystrix DC. juice adds sour taste to dishes. Domesticated/protected types occur. cultivated for fruits in China and Japan. New Caledonia and Polynesia. Diversity and Use | 63 of Japan and a popular orange among the Japanese. Philippines. Myanmar. (Rutaceae). Philippines.tropical mountain zone. with slightly lemon flavour and made into drinks. only cultivated. sub. nipple size and rind thickness. Indo-China. South/southeast Asia . also in cooked dishes. crossed with cultivated Citrus species. mandarin and a lemon-like species. South Asia. C. Variation occurs in shape. Philippines. Fruits are edible. Valued for highly acidic juice processed . native of north India. Fruits are sour and pickled. Calomondin (Rutaceae). Fruits eaten as raw. Very vigorous. Indo-China. Fruits are bright orange. grown in central and northern India. South/southeast/east Asia . acidic in taste. Citrus mitis Blanco (Rutaceae). central and southwestern China. Sweet lemon (Rutaceae). Fruits are mandarinlike. edible. Fruit are acidic and used in salad. m i t i s B l a n c o. South Asia. in the Himalayan foothills. I n g r a m & H.E. Tahiti lime (Rutaceae). Fruits are sweet but insipid. Southeast Asia – Myanmar.Underutilized Species in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. ) Merr. also in Sri Lanka. East Asia. locally called mikan. Citrus pseudolimon Tanaka. Cultivated for its fruits. Japanese mandarin. also grown in Taiwan. Thailand. Hill lemon (Rutaceae). Large orange-size berries have juicy. but not very fleshy. resistant to gummosis. nematodes and highly tolerant to calcareous soils.) Merr. Philippines. Thailand. Native of Malaysia and/ Citrus medica L. Citrus medica L. C. northeastern hills. which is made into marmalade and preserves. The small fruit is seedless. Japan. Used as rootstock for citrus.) Osbeck (IBPGR 1980). easily peeled and eaten fresh. Cultivated in north/northeastern India. or Polynesia. Myanmar and adjoining regions. Jiaogan (Rutaceae). East Asia-native of China. Citrus tankan Hayata.64 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Citrus reticulata Blanco. Citrus unshiu Marc. Native of India in lower Himalayas. Satsuma mandarin (Rutaceae). South Asia . Shaddock (Rutaceae).An Asia-Pacific Perspective as concentrate. commercially cultivated. Pulp is processed. Citrus maxima (Burm. Developed in Japan. Nepal. (IBPGR 1980). C. Fruit are very large. canned and bottled as frozen juice. grandis Osbeck Pummelo. and south China. South/southeast Asia. Citron (Rutaceae). grown in India. Philippines.native of India. and Japan. Citrus maxima (Burm. acidic pulp. . juice is acidic and used for making pickle. Fresh juicy pulp vesicles are edible and used in fruit salad. syn. grandis (L. Cultivated for edible fruits in China and Taiwan. Mandarin (Rutaceae). sporadically elsewhere. Syn. Korea. is also grown in northwest India.Underutilized Species in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. one producing sweet fruits and the other sour. Diversity and Use | 65 Clausena lansium (Lour. Sebesten (Boraginaceae).) Ehrenb. and introduced into Japan. & Kit. Indonesia. Crataegus pentagyna Waldst. and Schult. Crataegus hupehensis Wils (Rosaceae). A za ro l e. very juicy. Cordia gharaf (Forst. and Asch. sporadic eleswhere. The fruits are edible. Nippon hawthorn (Rosaceae). Br.China and Korea. Cordia dichotoma G. C. sub-sweetish and eaten fresh. there are two cultivars. Syn. myxa L. China. Fruits are eaten raw. Fruits have a refreshing aroma and subacidic flavour and are eaten fresh or used for marmalade. (Maheswari 1966) C ra t a e g us aza ro l us L. Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge var. Domesticated in northwestern semi-dry parts of India. Grown in southern China and elsewhere. major N.f. China. sparingly grown for edible fruits. sparingly cultivated for edible fruits. Mainly south Asia/ India. as far as the Pacific. Fruits are consumed stewed/candied and as preserves.E. Crataegus wattiana Hemsl. Both are equally important and much relished. pickled) and asinan (pickled vegetables or fruits in brine or vinegar). East/southeast Asia-native of China. ex Asch. & Zucc.) Skeels Syn. made into preserves. fragrant. East Asia-north China. Unripe fruits are used as vegetable and also pickled. & Lace (Rosaceae) . also cooked/stewed. Ripe yellowish brown fruits with mucilaginous sweet pulp are edible. Syn. In Sulawesi. Wampi (Rutaceae). Crataegus cuneata Sieb. Temperate Asia and elsewhere. rothii Roem. East Asia . wampi (Blanco) Oliver. The fruit pulp is commonly used locally for rujak (a fruit salad with spicy sauce. and cultivated in China. Fruits are olive brown. sporadically elsewhere. Introduction from West Asia and Cynometra cauliflora L. syn. gharaf Ehrenb. . C. Chinese hawthorn (Rosaceae). C. C. much grown in northwestern plains and in the central region. (Rosaceae). East Asia-Korea. Southeast Asia . C. Forst. Mediterranean medlar (Rosaceae). Nam-nam (Leguminosae). pinnatifida Bunge. More variability in Uzbekistan.grown in Malaysia and Indonesia. Fruits eaten as raw. Indian cherry. The variety-kohola is more cold tolerant than litchi. Sri Lanka and elsewhere. Fruits are eaten raw. Australia. E. longana Lam. Other species are D.66 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . juicy aril is eaten fresh or dried. DC. (Ebenaceae). Euphoria longan Steud. introduced to Asia. Fruits eaten raw. Large fruits are with sweet/sub-sweetish pulp. . mainly in mountain regions as in the eastern Himalayas and also in tropical hills in India. jersceyena and D.) Sendtn. Tree tomato (Solanaceae) . Muell. and sporadic elsewhere. Indonesia. johansonii. Fruits are eaten raw and as preserves. D. Vietnam. IndoChina. introduced in South Asia.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Dimocarpus longan Lour. Syn. Mainly occur in east India.) Gurke (Ebenaceae). discolor Willd. Longan (Sapindaceae).. (IBPGR 1980). Syn. and Indo-China in home gardens/backyards. Malaysia. Philippines. Diospyros discolor Willd. Cyphomandra betacea (Cav. Southeast Asia Malaysia. Malaysia. Dimocarpus longan (IPGRI 1998). Davidsonia plum (Cunoniaceae). Philippines. South/southeast Asia. A minor underutilized edible fruit. Sweet. East/southeast Asia-cultivated in south China.. Davidsonia pruriens F. eaten raw. philippensis (Desr. Chalta (Dilleniaceae). also canned or frozen. South-east Asia. Thailand. D. Diospyros blancoi A. Cynometra cauliflora L. South American origin. Dillenia indica L. D.native of China. . Japanese persimmon. sparingly grown. Kaki (Ebenaceae). Central American introduction into Indonesia. mainly cultivated in China. sporadically grown in the western Himalaya/Hindu Kush Himalayan region including China. Temperate Asia.1. Diversity and Use | 67 Diospyros ebenaster Retz. Fruit. (IBPGR 1980). Caucasian persimmon (Ebenaceae). Pulp is eaten fresh.Underutilized Species in Asia-Pacific: Distribution.1. 2 1992). Branch with female flowers. dried fruit also eaten as dessert in Japan. Flowering branch. good source of Vitamin A. Diospyros discolor Willd. 2. East Asia .f. . Diospyros kaki L. Korea and Japan (national fruit of Japan).f. (PROSEA No. Black sapote (Ebenaceae). syn. digyna Jacq. 2. preserved. (PROSEA No. & 3. Fruits are eaten raw or as preserves and in beverages. Diospyros ebenaster Retz. Himalayas. Diospyros lotus L. dried. Diospyros kaki Linn. Branchlet with fruit. Fruits are eaten raw. introduced in India in western Himalayas and elsewhere. . 2 1992). cultivated in Sri Lanka and South India. Durio kutejensis (Hassk. and adjoining hilly tracts. Japan. Pyrus indica Wall. Duchesnea chrysantha Miq.) Becc. and Rolfe. D. sporadically grown. Syn. Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. (IBPGR 1980). South Asia-more diversity in north eastern India. Durio kutejensis (Hassk. Branch. extending eastwards to the Philippines. also in Malaysia. (Rosaceae). caffra Warb (Kei apple). Fruits have quince-like flavour and are eaten raw. Flowers and Fruits. made into jam. Syn. Southeast Asia. D. 1. South Asia. (FAO 1984).China. an African introduction grown in south India is also used likewise.Borneo. & Rolfe Syn. Dao (Anacardiaceae) . mangiferum (Blume) Blume. India. East Asia – China. Fruits are like strawberries and eaten raw. 2. Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardn. flowers and leaves are used as vegetable. made into excellent jelly.) Warb. Duchesnea filipendula (Hemsl. . The yellowish plum-sized fruits are eaten raw. Korea. Fragaria filipendula Hemsl. Round brownish purple berries are edible. Southeast Asia . Lahia kutejensis Hassk. (Rosaceae). also in south Asia in Andaman Islands. Ceylon gooseberry (Flacourtiaceae).) Becc. juice is red coloured and used as beverage/drink. Fruits are eaten raw. Sekawi (Bombacaceae). occasionally Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. D.) Focke Syn. East Asia . edule (Blanco) Skeels. Indian crab apple (Rosaceae).An Asia-Pacific Perspective Docynia indica Decne.68 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . pulp possesses pungent smell. West Asian/Himalayan origin. Southeast Asia . Phyllanthus emblica L. Durian (Bombacaceae). Durio zibethinus L. fruit pulp is edible and also used for pickles and preserves. Philippines. .Himalayan region. Fruits are with sweetish pulp. Bastard oleaster (Elaeagnaceae). as also in southern China. China and Japan. (Bombacaceae). grandiflorus. sporadic elsewhere. Fruits are eaten raw. Diversity Use | 69 . Fruits are pickled. Emblica officinalis G aer tn. locally much relished. and used for making tarts and jellies. Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume. Myanmar. Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Fruit are eaten fresh. but not very juicy. Syn. D. (Elaeagnaceae). Jalpai (Elaeocarpaceae). graveolens in this region of diversity and distribution of Durio species. Fruits are eaten raw. sporadic elsewhere in southeast Asia and the Pacific. and fat.more variability occurs in northeastern India.native of peninsular India. sub-acidic flavour. East Asia-northern China and Japan.native of Malaysia. Oleaster. Aonla (Euphorbiaceae). Introduced in Sri Lanka and India. also fried and processed into chips. Large fruits with edible aril. Durio oxleyanus Griff. (IPGRI 1998). South Asia . Southeast Asia-Malaysia. Thailand. Indian gooseberry. Elaeagnus latifolia L. mainly cultivated in Malaysia. Grown sparingly in India. Indonesia. Semidomesticated forms occur such as in D. Bangladesh and Indonesia-Java. is rich in carbohydrates Durio zibethinus in Asia-Pacific: Distribution.Underutilized Species cultivated in low hilly areas. South/southeast Asia and Emblica officinalis (IPGRI 1998). South/southeast Asia . IndonesiaBorneo. dulcis. Jerusalem willow (Elaeagnaceae). Fruits are eaten raw. introduced. where several varieties are grown. Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. Protected semidomesticated forms occur in home gardens. Cultivated sporadically. D. domesticated in south India and Sri Lanka where much diversity occurs.sporadically grown. Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb. grown in Japan. occasionally grown in Asia in hilly regions/Himalayas. particularly confined to central and southern Queensland. Feijoa (Myrtaceae). Philippines. Feronia limonia (L. Korea. . widely used for its medicinal properties in indigenous system of medicine in India. Feroniella lucida Swingle.) Swingle Syn. Sub-temperate/sub-tropical south/southeast/east Asia . eaten raw. Australian desert lime. Eugenia uniflora L. made into jams. Fruits are small. Wood apple. also in India. E. like lime and occasionally used for making jams and drinks. Fruits are eaten raw. can serve as rootstock for sour orange and other Citrus species. Borneo. juicy.70 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Fruits eaten raw. etc. Tropical American introduction into Asia. F. Eremocitrus glauca (Lindl. (Myrtaceae). Fruits are sweetish. also made into drinks. michelli Lam. chutneys. jellies. also stewed. Pitanga (Myrtaceae). Eugenia curranii CBR (Myrtaceae). South/southeast AsiaIndian subcontinent mainly.An Asia-Pacific Perspective made into syrups. it can withstand severe drought and hot dry winds. jellies and preserves. northern New South Wales. Japan. Fruits are with sweet aromatic pulp and eaten fresh. jams. delicious. Indo-China. Fruits acidic. Syn. Acca sellowiana (Berg. juicy. also tolerant to high salinity and boron. Pacific/Oceanianative of Australia. preserves. Southeast Asia mainly. Elephant apple (Rutaceae). Eugenia polycephala Miq. also in Sri Lanka. South American introduction. Fruits are eaten raw. sporadic cultivation elsewhere. cold adaptable.) Burret. occasionally made into jams. diverse medicinal uses as diuretic and laxative and in dried form in diarrhoea and dysentery. Syn. Fruits are sub-acidic and eaten raw. Taiwan. Eugenia uniflora L. elephantum Correa. Java feroniella (Rutaceae). A xerophytic species. also made into jellies.) Swingle. Loquat (Rosaceae). grown in Australia. Feijoa sellowiana Berg. (IBPGR 1980). Brazil cherry. Australian desert kumquat (Rutaceae). Malaysia and Indonesia. South Asia. thin skinned and pleasantly acidic.) Lindl. More diversity in eastern China. Myanmar. Ramon-tchi (Flacourtiaceae). Diversity and Use | 71 Flacourtia indica (Burm.1. eastern India extending to southeast Asia. F. Malaya & Medagascar (Flacourtiaceae).sub-Himalayan region. South Asia-eastern and western India. Fruits are with edible pulp.). f. Ficus carica L. 2. Ripe sub-acidic fruits are eaten fresh or made into rujak (a fruit salad with spicy sauce. a. F. Fruit in cross-section. Fruit. Cross section of fruit. Syn. marmalades and preserves. Fruits are sweet. preserved and also made into syrup/drinks. South/southeast Asia under sporadic Flacourtia jangomas (Lour. West Asian introduction in subtropical tracts of Asia. Seeds. (PROSEA No. Raeuschel Syn. & Mor. Gular (Moraceae). . eaten raw. Feronia limonia (L. Southeast Asia-mainly grown in Malaysia and the Philippines. Paiala. ex Miq. F. Rukam (Flacourtiaceae). c. Fruits possess a tarty flavour. northeastern hills. ramontchi L. Cultivated for its fruits. sparingly grown in Maharashtra and Karnataka in India.) Merril. Young fruits are also used as medicine. Fruits are eaten raw or made into jams and preserves. cultivation. Common fig (Moraceae). (Maheswari 1966). Flowering branch. rich in iron/minerals. Indian prune. cataphracta Roxb. dried. Ficus auriculata Lour. Indian subcontinent . b. delicious. Assam and adjoining tracts. pickled). Flacourtia rukam Zoll.Underutilized Species in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Flacourtia indica (Burm.) Swingle . 3. Fruiting branchlet. f. grown in backyards or as border hedge.) Merr. roxburghii Wall. 2 1992). eaten raw but more in use locally for jams. Butoko plum. These are nutritive and medicinal. Syn. Flacourtia ramontchi L’Her. ex Willd. Medagascar Plum. Indian plum (Flacourtiaceae). Southeast Asia-Philippines. The plum-size fruits are eaten raw. Fruits are eaten raw. Garcinia dulcis (Roxb. Taiwan and Vietnam.) Swingle.) Kurz. Garcinia cochinchinensis (Lour. excellent for making jelly. also used for jams. East/southeast Asia-China. jellies and preserves. jellies and preserves. Binukau (Guttiferae). Japan. Citrus japonica Thunb. Hong Kong wild kumquat (Rutaceae). (IBPGR 1980). South/southeast Asia -mainly grown in Malaysia. Garcinia dulcis (Roxb. Southeast China. South/southeast Asia -Indo -China. Garcinia binucoa Choisy. Fruits are eaten raw. East AsiaChina and Japan. cultivated.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Fortunella obovata Tanaka. Long life kumquat (Rutaceae). East Asia-China and Japan. Fruits are sour and taken with sugar. Fruits are eaten raw. . Malaysia. Philippines and Java. East Asia . Fortunella hindsii Swingle. Flacourtia rukam Zoll and Mor. Fruits with sour taste are eaten raw. dried and boiled into soup. (IBPGR 1980). Gourka (Guttiferae).) Kurz.72 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Garcinia atroviridis Griff. introduced elsewhere. Fruits are eaten raw. Fortunella japonica (Thunb. East Asia-South China and Japan. Kumquat (Rutaceae). also stewed. Wagami kumquat (Rutaceae). Masumi kumquat (Rutaceae). Indonesia.) Swingle Syn. Baiti. Fortunella margarita (Lour. (Guttiferae). and Fortunella crassifolia Swingle.Japan. Fruits are eaten raw. also used for jams.) Choisy (Guttiferae). Garcinia multiflora Champ. also used to prepare vinegar. consumed fresh and also Garcinia mangostana L. Fruits are acidic and eaten raw or made into drinks. G. Malabar tamarind (Guttiferae). The mandarin-shaped plumsize fruits are eaten raw. where domesticated forms occur in home gardens/backyards. pulpy aril possessing good flavour. More diversity in south India. Introduced into south Asia. south Vietnam. grown in home gardens. much relished locally. Fleshy ripe purple fruits are sub-sweetish to acidic and made into a drink. Fruits are acidic and used as a substitute for lemon. Fruits are subacidic. India in lower slopes of the Nilgiris. cherrylike and edible. (IBPGR 1980).Underutilized Species in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Southeast Asia. Vietnam and Myanmar. South/southeast Asia-eastern Himalaya and northeastern hills of India/Myanmar. locally eaten raw and used to prepare jams and for flavouring food. . It is the national fruit of Thailand. Fruits mainly purple. ‘Jole’ is a large fruited variety. Diversity and Use | 73 also in southern India.) Robs. sporadic elsewhere. Cultivated on a commercial scale in orchards and in home gardens mainly in southeast Asia . G arcinia gummi-gut ta (L. Southeast AsiaIndonesia. Djawura (Guttiferae). Indonesia. and grown in Sri Lanka. Indonesia where its allied species G. malaccensis occur. or made into preserves. Mangosteen (Guttiferae) . Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. G a rci n ia i n d ic a Ch oi sy. Garcinia paniculata Roxb. Garcinia mangostana L. Dried fruit/pulp is used in curries as a substitute for tamarind. Tikul (Guttiferae). also in Philippines. delicious. Fruit are large. North east India and Bangladesh. Mainly cultivated in Western Ghats. Native of Malaysia. Indo -China. Sochopatenga (Guttiferae). more variability in north Vietnam. cooked. Thailand.Malaysia. Syn. South Asia-India. hombroniana. Dried fruits are acidic and used for culinery purposes and for flavouring curries. Bira tai (Guttiferae). tonkinensis Vesque. Ko ka m (Guttiferae). sometimes yellow. Kariis. Philippines. Indo-China. G. Garcinia lateriflora Blume. rich in citric acid. Litchi (Sapindaceae) . (IBPGR 1980). Fruit are acidic. Hamelia patens Jacq. G. (Apocynaceae) . Hancornia speciosa Gomei. cold arid/temperate tracts. India and Malaya. Anderson Syn. Fruits are eaten raw. Seabuckthorn (Elaeagnaceae). asiatica L.s p a ri n g ly g rown i n I n d i a.) Sonn. Phalsa (Tiliaceae). Grewia subinaequalis DC. Garcinia xanthochymus H. Hovenia dulcis Thunb. tinctoria Dunn. Duku (Meliaceae). South Asia .) Dunn. Fruits are small. Don is allied to this and distributed in the Himalayas and used likewise. Fruits are eaten raw and made into preserves. sub-sweetish/acidic pulp. South/east Asia Hindu Kush Himalayan region. South American introduction into tropical Asia. also candied.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Garcinia tinctoria (DC) W. Ffruits are eaten raw. H.India.mainly in semi-arid western India. Litchi chinensis (Gaertn. Hippophae rhamnoides L. South American introduction into south Asia .F. made into preserves and jams. and in the northeastern hills of India and adjoining areas. jelly. (Rubiaceae). The sub-acidic fruits are eaten in China and Japan. eaten raw or made into drinks and also processed as jam. Gamboge tree (Guttiferae) . South/southeast A s i a . IndoChina. South/east Asia Himalayas. Wight (Gut tiferae) .in Java and Sumatra. Andamans.f. orange coloured with edible. G. Lansium domesticum Corr. Japanese raisin tree (Rhamnaceae). edible. ex T. Fruits are eaten raw. Southeast Asia mainly in Malaysia. Syn. tinctoria (DC. Limonia acidissima L Syn Feronia elephantum L Elephant apple (Rutaceae).74 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Langsat. Lansium domesticum Correa Syn. eastern Himalayas. or used as beverages. G. salicifolia D. Malaysia and Indonesia. Malaysia and Thailand. rounded. Philippines and Indonesia . Fruit aril is eaten fresh or in preserved form in syrup. many diverse uses in China. Peninsular India. domesticated in western and eastern Himalayas and adjoining Chinese region. also in Japan. South/southeast/ . Aglaia domestica (Correa) Pellegrin. Cultivated for its fruits. also in Myanmar. Malus asiatica Nakai (Rosaceae).Korea. Pyrus baccata L. L. Japan. Cornelian cherry (Cornaceae). Syn. Syn. Diversity and Use | 75 Madhuca indica Gmelin Mahua (Sapotaceae). etc. edible. though sour. L.) Schneid.Underutilized Species east Asia. East Asia . L. jams. introduced into Japan. Macrocarpium mas Nakai. sporadic cultivation in Myanmar. (Lauraceae). mandshurica (Max. European introduction to West Asia and Japan. var. M. sporadic elsewhere. Central/south American introduction into India. Vidal. occasionally grown. East Asia . Frequently cultivated in Bangkok. citrata Blume (Lauraceae). also canned. eaten raw. punicifolia auct. Fruits are eaten raw.Malaysia. tetracantha Mirb. also eaten raw. sebifera Bl. East Asia . Fruits are eaten raw.north China. Fruits also yield an essential oil which is a source of citral. M a cro c a r p i u m o f fi ci n a l e N a ka i (Cornaceae) . Scented young fruits are used as sambal (chilli-based sauce used as condiment) in Java. (Lauraceae).) Pers.) Mansf. India. IndoChina. Sparingly cultivated. sweet. West Tienshan. (Malpighiaceae). Fruits are eaten raw. Taiwan. M a l us b a c c a t a ( L. Indonesia and elsewhere. Malus halliana Koehne (Rosaceae). often preserved by drying. Fruits are hard. Southeast Asia . juicy and delicious. species resistant to frost. aromaticused to make jelly. tender fruits used as vegetables also. West Indian cherry (Malpighiaceae). Grown for edible fruits. also in China. Malus kirghizorum Al. Fruits are edible. Litsea garciae S. va r. Thailand. Litsea cubeba (Lour.mainly grown in Indonesia-Java. and Philippines. and are rich in Vitamin C. . East Asia. Fruits are edible. & Feb.China. Southeast Asia-Malaysia. ) B o rk h. Thailand and Indonesia. they have a spicy taste and are used for flavouring goat meat. Siberian crab apple (Rosaceae). sauces. baccata. fruits are edible.) Borkh. China. Tropical American introduction into Asia. Malpighia emarginata DC. Thailand and Indonesia. Syn. in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. foothills of the Western Himalayas and in the eastern region. Vietnam and India. (Rosaceae). Cultivated for its flowers and fruits. Malpighia coccigera L. Fruits are with fleshy aril. Manchurian crab apple (Rosaceae). boiled and stewed. Barbados cherry. Fruits are edible. northeast India. East Asia . East/southeast Asia . Litsea calophylla (Miq. also introduced into Australia. often dried and preserved. grown in southern China.. Fruits are subacidic and used for making tarts. It is resistant to frost and used as a rootstock for apple. Malus baccata (L. The fruits possess juicy acidic pulp and are eaten raw or used in jelly and preserves. Syn.northern China and neighbouring tracts. Malus pumila Mill. Malaysia and Indonesia. Kuwini (Anacardiaceae) . probably a parent of M. Mangifera foetida Lour. ) B o r k h.Indo-Burma. half-ripe fruits are often used in making rujak or asinan. cultivated in Indonesia. preserved in sugar. used as a parent for developing several improved cultivars. Southeast Asiam a i n ly g rown i n M a l ays ia a n d Indonesia. sylvestris with which it hybridizes. Malaysia and Indonesia. Chinese apple (Rosaceae). M a l u s s p e c t a b i l i s ( Ai t. Kemang (Anacardiaceae) . Fruits are eaten raw. Mangifera casturi Kosterm. Central China. Mangifera caesia Jack. var. Chinese flowering apple (Rosaceae). viaki with sub-sweetish fruits is localized to northwestern China. (IBPGR 1980). Mangifera odorata Griff. Southeast Asiasparingly grown in Indo-China. Fruits are edible. Indo-China. also in East Asia . Malus platycarpa Rehd.China and Japan. M. East Asia-China. prunifolia var. Fruits are dried. ornamental. Fruits are edible. Malus prunifolia (Willd. West Tien Shan & Altai hills. hoopesii Rehd.) Borkh. micromalus. Kalimantan mango (Anacardiaceae). introduced elsewhere. Ripe fruits are eaten fresh. with much variability in Java. Native of Europe and south west Asia. Fruits are edible. Malus sieversii (Leleb) N Roem. Mangifera caesia Jack.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Malus micromalus Makino (Rosaceae). conspecific with M. Sweet fruited types exist locally. Southeast Asia. much variability occurs in Indonesia/ Java in natural and domesticated types. Southeast Asia . primarily used as preserves.76 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Ripe fruits are eaten raw or . (Rosaceae). Bachang mango (Anacardiaceae). East Asia .China and Japan. Syn. (Rosaceae). (Rosaceae). resistant to drought and frost.Borneo. Fruit is edible. Fruits are edible. Binjai. Fruits are edible. East Asia-China and Japan. Pyrus prunifolia Willd. (IBPGR 1980). (IBPGR 1980). Khirni (Sapotaceae). unripe fruits used for making rujak (spicy sauce) and asinan. Edible Manilkara elengii (L) Chev. Malaysian Archepelago. Fruits are fleshy.) Dub. Diversity and Use | 77 fruit is considered the best within the Mangifera genepool. sweet/sub-acidic. mainly India. esteemed much as a fruit. jams and sweets. Mangifera pajang Kosterm. kaki with similar distribution is also used likewise. . M.Underutilized Species in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Southeast Asia Borneo in Sabah. Good varieties can be developed by seedling selection. 1996). Fruits are large with thick rind which can be peeled off like banana.fruits Mangifera odorata Griff. (Sapotaceae). Manilkara hexandra (Roxb. Improved varieties can be developed. South/southeast Asia. Manilkara hexandra . central tracts and Deccan plateau to northeastern region. endemic cultigen. Mangifera foetida Lour. Fruits are eaten raw. several local selections of native types grown in Malaysia. Mimusops hexandra Roxb. and Indo-China. Syn. olive like. edible pulp is yellowish white. (Arora and Pandey. made into syrup. small. in north-western. yellow. very sweet and eaten raw. indica. Bambangan (Anacardiaceae). Sarawak and Brunei. after M. nagi Hook. Syn. Morus indica L. Used as fruits. South/ east Asia-Hindu Kush Himalayas. pulp is cooked and eaten. Syn. Don Syn. Box myrtle (Myricaceae). Morus multicaulis Perr. Well adapted to coastal habitats and sporadically grown all through. edible. West/south/southeast Asia. much variation in fruit colour (yellow and white). also Tahiti. Fruit is starchy.78 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Tropical American introduction into south/ southeast/east Asia as far as the Pacific. Musa troglodytarum L. M. very sweet and juicy. Myrica esculenta (Arora & Pandey 1996). and in subtropical/warm temperate tracts. West A s ia . M. Morinda citrifolia L (Rubiaceae). M. M o rus n ig ra L.An Asia-Pacific Perspective M e s p i l u s g e r m a n i c a L. widely occurring in Assam. Féi banana (Musaceae). B l a ck mu l b e rr y (Moraceae). Indian mulberry (Moraceae). ex D. Malaysia. M.sp o ra d ic distribution as cultivated type. Syn. Bay berry. sweet and eaten raw. Andamans. It crosses with Sorbus aucuparia in its region of distribution and much variation occurs. India. . New Caledonia. ex Vieill. Grown/domesticated at relatively high altitude in West Asia and also in the Himalayan tracts. M. cuspidata Bureau. cuspidata Wall. Berries are eaten raw. Kaphal. taste and sweetness occurs.Flowering and fruiting branch. latifolia Poir. Fruits has multi purpose use. Fruits are pickled also. South India. (Moraceae). Panama berry. alba var.. East Asia-Japan and China. Fruits are edible. introduced elsewhere. Myrica esculenta Buch. . non Thunb.-Ham. M e d l a r ( Ros a c e a e ) . fehi Bert. (PROSEA No. Fruits are eaten raw. Musa acuminata Colla (Musaceae). f. South Pacific Islands. Muntingia calabura L. Muntingia calabura L. 2 1992). fruits are dark black. Capulin (Elaeocarpaceae). hypoleucu m Kurz. Thailand and Indonesia.) Gilg. stewed or canned. Opuntia ficus-indica (L. mutabile Blume. Fruits are eaten raw. N. Syn. Fruits eaten raw.Underutilized Species East/ south Asia . . Seed kernel contains 37-43 per cent edible. Fruits are larger than that of rambutan with thick pericarp.) Leenhi. Java and Borneo. Vietnam. also in the Philippines and in Taiwan in home gardens. Ram butan (Sapindaceae). China. Nephelium mutabile Bl. orchards. Aril is eaten fresh as dessert. much variability in Sub-Himalayan tract. Fruits are eaten raw. O. Sri Lanka. and with good flavour. Syn. also made into a refreshing drink or liquor. (Myrtaceae). in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. N e p h e l i u m l a p p a c e u m L . also cooked and made into jams. Southeast Asia mainly. Pulasan (Sapindaceae). Tropical African introduction into Sri Lanka and India. Mexican introduction to southwest Asia. Caloncoba echinata (Oliv.. Both fresh fruit and processed products have high export demand. Indian fig (Cactaceae). Nephelium rambutan-ake (Labill. less juicy but sweet. Fruits are sub-sweetish and eaten raw. IndoChina. (IBPGR 1980). Oncob (Flacourtiaceae).) Miller. with distribution as of rambutan. Oncoba spinosa Forsk. Southeast Asia. N. echinata Oliv. elsewhere sporadic. much grown in Malaysia. Sub-tropical Asia. Nephelium lappaceum (IPGRI 1998). Rich variation reported in seedling and budded forms. also in Australiacultivated sporadically in southeast/ south Asia. Kernel is also edible. Edible aril is white and juicy. & Zucc. introduced in the Nilgiris in south India.China and Japan and Himalayan tract to northeastern India. Diversity and Use | 79 solid fat which can be used for making soaps and candles. much cultivated in Malaysia. and consumed fresh. Sy n . Myrica rubra Sieb. East/south/ southeast Asia. South American introduction into east Asia and the Pacific Islands. Rose cactus (Cactaceae). Banana passion fruit (Passifloraceae). across Pacific. South American introduction into tropical Asia. Water lemon. more popular in southeast/east Asia -Thailand.80 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Pa s s i f l o ra l i g u l a ri s J u s s . elsewhere sporadic. also grown in south India and in Sri Lanka. Pachira macrocarpa (Schlecht & Cham. ( Pa n d a n a c e a e ) . Cayenne nut (Bombacaceae). Syn. (Cactaceae). this is oily in P. Yellow granadilla (Passifloraceae). more popular than other species grown in tropics/sub-tropics. also made into juice. Fruits are eaten raw. Swe e t granadilla (Passifloraceae). The fleshy pericarp is edible. Tropical American introduction into Japan. Fruits are eaten raw. Pa n d a n u s s p p.) Walp. P. South American introduction into Asia. Fruits are eaten raw. made into beverage. Passiflora caerulea L. Blue-crown passion flower (Passifloraceae). brosimos. Passiflora laurifolia L. Passiflora antioquiensis H. Other species are P. lerum with wider distribution and P. South American introduction into New Zealand. and the Pacific. . Passion fruit (Passifloraceae) . Philippines. China and Japan. tectorius. South American introduction into Asia and the Pacific/ Oceania region. Giant granadilla (Passifloraceae). Passiflora edulis Sims. Passiflora edulis Sims (IBPGR 1980). cooked. tasty and eaten raw. processed. Fruits are eaten fresh. Fruits are acidic and eaten raw. extending to the Pacific.) Triano & Planch. Fruits are sweet.f. Fruit pulp is eaten locally by native islanders.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Opuntia tuna Mill. Mexican introduction into Japan. Passiflora quadrangularis L. vanuxemii (Lam. Fruits are eaten raw and also made into drinks. Fruits are eaten raw/fresh. Karst. Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. Central American/Mexican introduction into Taiwan. Pereskia grandiflora Haw. more confined to PNG. Fruits are sub-acidic and eaten raw. conoideus and rich in carbohydrates in P. Date palm (Palmae). Khajur (Palmae). 4. C. eaten raw. Papua New Guinea. sweet. sub-sweetish/ sweetish. across Pacific Islands. made into beverages.R. seeds are also edible. (FAO 1983). rich in Vit. pulpy fruits are very nutritious. P. . West and south Asia . (Euphorbiaceae). and eaten raw. distichus (L.) Muell.R. Branchlet with leaves and fruits. Pacific Islands. nutritious.) Roxb. Cultivated for its fruits.India. 3. South Asia . Fruits are sweet and much relished. Tropical Asia-India. Taun (Sapindaceae). and eaten fresh/raw or dried/preserved. Phyllanthus acidus (L. Diversity and Use | 81 Physalis peruviana L. Syn. Tropical Asia-India and Malaysia. semi-arid north western plains. Phoenix sylvestris (L. Phyllanthus emblica L (Euphorbiaceae). Phoenix dactylifera L. Forst. Tropical American introduction into south/ southeast/ east Asia. Pometia pinnata J. Forst. Transverse cross section of fruit. Fruit.semi-arid tracts. Fruits are eaten raw/boiled. 1. Sporadically grown in Malaysia.Underutilized Species in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Wild date palm.-Arg. and G. Cape gooseberry (Solanaceae) . Fruits (berries) are juicy. used for pickles and preserves. Indonesia. Passiflora quadrangularis L. Philippines. Inflorescence. the Thar desert and northwestern plains of India. Pometia pinnata J. (IPBGR 1980).) Skeels. Tasty. sporadically grown. Fruits are acidic. Southeast Asia. Forst & G. 2. also used as preserves. Green sapota (Sapotaceae) . Lucuma caimito Roem. Pouteria caimito Radlk. Pouteria compechiana (Kunth) Bochni Syn. Fruits are eaten raw. Sweet-pulp varieties are widely grown and cold adaptable. 2 1992). dried. Nuts are also edible. also for disease resistance. used for marmalades and drinks. very delicious with sweet and juicy pulp. Prunus cantabrigiensis Stapf. East Asia mainly. (Rutaceae).82 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . pulp is used for preparing sherbet/local drinks. Fruits are eaten raw. West/central Asia-Hindu Kush Himalayas are the regions of domestication and diversity.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Poncirus trifoliata Rafin. Afghanistan & West Tien Shan. Nuts are edible. Fruits are occasionally eaten. Syn. Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni (PROSEA No. elsewhere introduced. Abui (Sapotaceae). Central American introduction into south Asia-Sri Lanka. Calocarpum viride Pitt. also used as preserves and for preparing jams. (IBPGR 1980). Pouteria viridis (Pittier) Cronquist Syn. Central American introduction to southeast Asia. DC. Ripe fruits possess agreeable flavour and are eaten fresh. Apricot (Rosaceae). Lucuma nervosa A. Almond (Rosaceae). Cold resistant types are used in breeding. Canistel (Sapotaceae) . Cultivated for fruits that are acidic in taste and eaten raw. East AsiaChina. South American introduction to southeast Asia. nutritious like almond. processed into jams. Prunus armeniaca L. Fruits are eaten fresh. . occasionally grown. Passiflora edulis Sims Prunus amygdalus L. Chinese sour cherry (Rosaceae). south/southeast Asia. salicina var. Ussurian Plum (Rosaceae). insititia (L. . P. East Asia . salicina x Amygdalus persica (Plum peach). cooked or as preserves. Strawberry guava. Syn. east Russia. Prunus ferganica Lincz. an old cultigen. salicina x Armeniaca vulgaris (Plumcot). Damson plum (Rosaceae). Japan. subsp. Syn. P. Much variability occurs in east Asia of domesticated and improved types with high yield. Fruits are eaten raw or in in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. (Chinese cherry) (courtesy : IPGRI East Asia Office) Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Armeniaca mume (Sieb. The sweet. littorale Raddi. Salted and dried fruits are popular in Japan. Prunus salicina Lindl.K. cultivated more in Japan. A new stone fruit ‘cherry plum’ has been derived from crossing the wild P. Chinese plum. Sparingly grown in Japan. South American introduction into east. Prunus domestica L. P. and in the Himalayas. Prunus tomentosa Thunb. Prunus sargentü Rehd. cerasifera. Japanese apricot. barbanki. Diversity and Use | 83 cooked form. Pseudananas macrodontes (Harms. Korea. East Asia-region of diversity in north China. Fruits are edible. Fruits are edible. Apricot plum (Rosaceae). Fruits occasionally eaten. Cherry plum (Rosaceae).Underutilized Species Prunus sp. Manchuria. & Zucc. is a hybrid between Amygdalus communis and P. early maturity and wider adaptability (good rootstock for grafting plum cultivars). littorale (Raddi) Fosberg Syn. Cultivated in Polynesian/Melanesian Islands for its edible fruits. triflora Roxb.China. and used to flavour candies. East Asia-China and Japan. Mountain Cherry (Rosaceae). Fruits are edible. cerasifera with P. Japanese plum (Rosaceae). South American introduction to the Pacific region. usually pickled. North China & Japan. rarely in the far east of Russia. European introduction into east Asia. Green and yellow/reddish fruited frost resistant types occur. Manchur cherry (Rosaceae). juicy fruits are eaten raw. Several crosses have been developed i. Japan. fruits are edible. Manchuria.) C. East Asia-north China mainly. Chinese almond (Rosaceae). Japan. Prunus simontii Carr. Fruits tasty and eaten raw. Schneid. ex Curr. P. Fruits are eaten raw. Nanking cherry. used for jelly preparation. Cattley guava (Myrtaceae). which is winter hardy. & Kost. (Myrtaceae).) Murr. Taiwan. & Zucc. sparingly grown and naturalized. for liquor and vinegar. Fruits are eaten raw. introduced elsewhere.e. Psidium cat tleianum Sabine var. Prunus ussuriensis Kov.) Sieb. or preserved as jam. Prunus mume Sieb. Centre of diversity in West Asian and much natural diversity occurs in the Himalayan foothills. unripe ones are acidic. in south AsiaIndia. Russia. Japan. China. in India. Yellow Himalayan raspberry (Rosaceae). crosses with P. Sri Lanka. Pakistan. Fruits are eaten raw or as preserves.highlands of north. Pop. Altai. also in Japan. Pyrus sagdiana S. Fruits edible. Pyrus regelü Rehd. Pyrus sinensis Spreng. Ribes acicularis Smith (Grossulariaceae). Rubus albescens Roxb. (Rosaceae). Siberian mountain. Malaya and Indonesia. serotina var. East Asia. southeast Asia. Russia. pyrifolia is the progenitor of oriental pear.) Nakai var. much grown in south Asia. mainly Himalayan ranges and in peninsular hills . Fruits eaten raw or as preserves. Fruits are eaten raw or as preserve. South Asia. (Rosaceae). Var. Chinese pear. Fruits are eaten locally. Fruits are eaten. used for preparing jams and jelly-like preparations. P.) Borkh. (Rosaceae). Rubus ellipticus Smith. Chinese varieties have high preservation quality and drought resistance. also China. Central Asia. East Asia . communis. processed into nectar and preserved. communis. Sand pear. Pamir-Altai. Chinese Pear (Rosaceae). types resistant to drought and frost occur. Malus prunifolia (Willd. Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. Japanese pear (Rosaceae). Sand pear (Rosaceae). dried and used in various ways in dishes. East Asia-west China. Russia.highlands of China. Fruits eaten raw/ boiled. with high preservation quality and drought resistance. Fruits edible. Chinese apple (Rosaceae).An Asia-Pacific Perspective Punica granatum L. in humid tropics-subtropics as a protected/semidomesticated type as in the Nilgiri hills of south India. and also for medicinal use. Pyrus vavilovü M. Fruits are eaten raw.Kudr. West Tienshan. China (Colder Region). Taiwan and in the Himalayas. Hill guava (Myrtaceae). South/southeast/east Asia-India and Malaysia. (Rosaceae). Rehd. Ri b es l on g era c em os u m Fren ch (Grossulariaceae). Thailand under sporadic cultivation. introduced into east. very variable. In China. highlands of north and central China. Syn. Pyrus syriaca Boiss. Pyrus prunifolia Willd. culta Syn. Fruits with sweet pulp are edible. (Rosaceae). Tajikistan in Asia. East Asia. central and south China. Mountains of India. also canned. Fruits eaten raw. R h o d o myr t u s t o m e n t o s a ( Ai t o n ) Hassk. Fruits eaten raw/boiled. several cultivars have been developed by crossing with P. culta.84 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Pyrus chinensis Lindl. Fruits edible. A popular dessert fruit. Downy rose myrtle. Pyrus bucharica Litv. (Rosaceae). West Tien Shan. Pomegranate (Punicaceae). ) Voos syn. and eaten raw. Ceylon raspberry (Rosaceae).native of Moluccas in tidal habitats. possibly a cross between R. eaten raw. Bali. and in the Philippines. Mysore raspberr y. ellipticus x R. Seeds are also eaten. Rubus rosaefolius Smith. sporadic elsewhere Salacca zalacca (Gaertn. Suitable for wasteland development. of India. eaten raw. Zalacca edulis Reinw. Fruits are eaten fresh or used in making asinan (pickled fruits) and rujak (a delicacy made of sliced unripe fruits into vegetables) and eaten with prawn or fish paste. as far as the Pacific. Diversity and Use | 85 (Arora & Pandey 1996). introduced elsewhere. introduced elsewhere. where the species got domesticated and has multipurpose use. Malaysia and Indonesia. leaves are used as fodder. Fruits are sweet and eaten raw. also stewed or pickled. Sumatra. Salak (Palmae). Queensland raspberry (Rosaceae) . Syn. grown in mountains of India. variability in protected types occurs in drier regions of India and Pakistan. edible and also used as preserves. Rubus niveus Thunb. Fruits are eaten raw. Ripe fruits are used to make refreshing drink. (IBPGR 1980). is another potential fruit species from Indo-Chinese/Malaysian region. S. . edulis Reinw. Tropical/ south Asia. Wine raspberry (Rosaceae). wallichiana C.) Voss Syn. pulpy and large. S. Pilu (Salvadoraceae). Rubus probus Bailey.. Salacca edulis Reinw. Java. Fruits are sweet.Underutilized Species Rubus ellipticus in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Raw fruits are sweet. Tooth-brush tree. Sri Lanka. Salacca zalacca (Gaertn. Salvadora oleoides Decne. rosifolius. Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. albescens Roxb. Temperate Asia. Fruits are sweet. Oceania Australia. Mauritius raspberry (Rosaceae). cultivated in Indonesia north Sulawesi. South/southeast Asia. Cultivated for its sweet fruits. R. where rich diversity occurs. Southeast Asia . Mart. East Asia-north China and Japan. eaten locally. American elder. pulpy and edible. Fruits are preserved and also made into wine (alcohol-free beverage). North American origin. Fruits are small. Syn.86 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . dried. European elder ( S a m b u c a c e a e / C a p ri f o l i a c e a e ) . Southeast Asia. Fruits are eaten fresh. S a n d o r i c u m ko e t j a p e ( B u r m . grown in Indo-China. (IBPGR 1980). Santol (Meliaceae). Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. Salvadora persica L. providing good potential for wider cultivation of superior selections. A tree with similar distribution and use as the above species.) Merr. European introduction to East/southeast Asia. sweet. introduced into Japan. the Philippines. Salvadora persica (courtesy : O. S e m i c a r p u s c a s s u vi a n u m Rox b. Malaysia Salvadora oleoides (courtesy : SK Malik and OP Dhariwal). S. Much variability occurs in domesticated types. Malaysia. f. f. and Indonesia. Sambucus canadensis L. candied or cooked with fish. Pareek).P. Fruits are eaten in pies and as preserves. Pilu (Salvadoraceae). indicum Cav. ) Merr. Seedless types occur. . Sweet elder (Sambucaceae/ Caprifoliaceae).An Asia-Pacific Perspective Sambucus nigra L. also fermented into a drink. Freshy receptacles. (Anacardiaceae). Syn. Diversity occurs in south Pacific Islands and also in southeast Asia. Uvaria burahol Bl.) Crantz. many local forms occur. Stauntonia hexaphylla Decne. sweet and pulpy. Fruits are locally relished. Southeast AsiaMalaysia.) non Gamble. Much cultivated in Java. India and other parts. acuminata (Roxb. introduced in S. Ripe fruits are eaten as dessert. Sorindeia madagascariensis DC. S. Asia. South American introduction to Asia. Several local types occur. squash and jam. Spondias dulcis Soland. . Grape mango (Anacardiaceae). S. marmalades and other preserves. Spondias pinnata (L. much relished. mangifera Willd. Indo-China and grown elsewhere in humid regions. Spondias dulcis Soland ex Park syn S. Fruits are eaten raw. Sparingly grown in Malaysia. Great hog plum.) Hook. New Zealand and elsewhere. torminalis (L. also as preserves and used for making juice. Fruits are eaten fresh. Fruits eaten raw. also made into jams. Southeast Asia. Indonesia. ex Park. Makopa (Anacardiaceae). Service tree (Rosaceae). has similar distribution and use. Sorb us aucup a ria L.f. cytherea Sonn. Ambarella. Fruits are used in making jellies and other preserves. Mauritius. Pepino (Solanaceae) . Syn. Amra (Anacardiaceae). Fruits are sweet and locally eaten. Syn. Mespilus aucuparia All. Ambarella. European mountain ash (Rosaceae). South/ southeast Asia-Indian subcontinent. Much variability occurs. chutney. young/ fruits cooked as a vegetable. with much variation in bearing and fruit size. introduced in South Asia-Sri Lanka. Spondias laosensis Pierre (Anacardiaceae). Fruits are eaten raw. cytherea Sonn. East Asia-Japan semi-domesticate. Rowan tree. endemic to this tract. & Thoms. Pyrus aucuparia Gaertn. Stelechocarpus burahol (BI. Burahol (Annonaceae). f. Tonkin.f.f. Golden apple.northern China and adjoining region. Japanese staunton vine (Lardizabalaceae). Fruits are with flavour like that of mango or pineapple.) Kurz Syn. there is scope for improvement. West Asia and in the Himalayas.Underutilized Species in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. East Asia . S. (IBPGR 1980). Diversity and Use | 87 Solanum muricatum Aiton. Sorbus domestica L. S. eaten raw. elsewhere sporadic. extending to southeast Asia .R. Southeast Asia-Philippines. Sy n . Bangladesh.B.B. Syzygium aqueum (Burm. Much diversity in south Asia. Native of Indian subcontinent. Jambolan (Myrtaceae). Eugenia cumini (L. (IBPGR Syzygium jambos (L. South/southeast Asia. E. E u g e n i a a q u e a B u r m .Myanmar. jambolana Lam. Robinson) Merrill Syn. Nepal. Indo-China. Syzygium cumini (courtesy : SK Malik and OP Dhariwal) used to prepare juice. Watery rose -apple (Myrtaceae).) Skeels Syn.sporadically grown. Fruits are eaten raw. Lipoti (Myrtaceae). Fruits are acidic and eaten raw. occasionally cultivated. f. Jambos . Several varieties/selections are grown. also made into a syrup. Jamun.) Alston. Rose apple.) Druce. jelly. across Pacific . f. & Th. Syzygium aqueum (Burm. f. Eugenia jambos L. Syzygium curranii (C. much grown in south Asia .) Alston Syn. f.88 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species .) Hook. Fruits are eaten raw or Stelechocarpus burahol (Bl. Syzygium cumini (L. made into jelly and also wine-like drinks.) Alston 1980).An Asia-Pacific Perspective Water apple. Eugenia curranii C.India. wine and vinegar. and Malaysia. northwestern India in size of fruits and pulpiness. (IBPGR 1980). Ta m a ri n d u s i n d ic a L.P. and the Pacific Islands. domestica Bailey. Southeast Asia.) Merr. concentrates. across the Pacific Islands. Wax jambu.IndoMalayan region. Diversity and Use | 89 Miq. also diversity occurs in Thailand and Indonesia. Indonesia and Philippines. juicy and refreshing. Eugenia javanica Lam. Fruit are eaten raw. used in salad. also in the Andaman islands. & Perry Syn. Syzygium malaccense (L. introduced into India. Ta m a ri n d (Leguminosae). edible. Indonesia and Philippines. south India. also in Thailand. E. Eugenia malaccensis L. Southeast Asia .. introduced into Japan. pulp made into chutneys. & Perry (IBPGR 1980). Thailand.) Merr.Underutilized Species (Myrtaceae). also preserved. pickled. are sweet. are sweet with a rose-like aroma. javanicum Tamarindus indica (courtesy : O. used locally for culinary purposes. Sub-acidic fruits are much relished. Syzygium malaccense (L. Fruits are eaten fresh.. An excellent tree for semi-arid and sub-humid tracts. South/ southeast Asia. Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. diverse products traded. S. introduced into south Asia . Sri Lanka. jellies. Malay apple (Myrtaceae). also used for making jams. marketed. & Perry Syn.Sri Lanka. elsewhere sporadic. pickles and syrups. Southeast Asia . Mountain apple. Fruits are large. much grown in India. selections developed in India for sweet pulp types. These are much demand. for cocktails.Malaysia. and Sri Lanka. Java rose apple (Myrtaceae). in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. and also used for preparing jam and syrup. Pareek) . An Asia-Pacific Perspective Terminalia edulis Blanco. Jherberi (Rhamnaceae). Dried fruits are roasted or fried. Other edible fruit species are V.) Foexspring Vitis (Vitaceae). Chinese jujube. often grown as a hedge for multipurpose use. cultivated in Japan. Philippines.grown in Indonesia. Ziziphus jujuba Mill. eaten raw. Beach almond (Combretaceae). Pareek).northeast China. also made into jelly.Indian subcontinent. Fruits are eaten raw. non Mill. Fruits are eaten raw. vinifera. Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. B l u e berry (Ericaceae). Mainly in coastal habitats. also canned. Native of east Indian Archipelago. Z. South Asia. fruits are eaten raw. South Asia- Triphasia trifolia (Burm. upto . withstands very low temperatures.90 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Indian jujube (Rhamnaceae). source of winter hardiness for V. East Asia-China. jujube Lam. Korea and China. and used for medicine. Fruits are eaten raw. Ber. and in Philippines. vitis-idaea L.P. Va c ci n i u m c o r ym b o s u m L. Grown in home gardens. dried/semidried fruits also are eaten. Himalayas and elsewhere. vulgaris Lam. sun dried and eaten. used as preserves. Vitis amurensis Ruprt. Dark red fruits are fleshy and with edible pulp. Timor Islands. Fruits are eaten fresh. adaptable to drier tracts. East Asia - Ziziphus mauritiana (courtesy : O.f. Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. also dried or cooked in honey. f.) Wilson (Rutaceae). made into candy-like products. Syn. rotundifolia Lam. . cooked or preserved. non Lam. oxycoccos L. Syn. and V. Southeast Asia . Temperate Asia. and can be preserved by drying. Vitis dardii (Rom. Fruits are sweet/subsweetish. Terminalia microcarpa Decne. Malaysia and Indonesia. Z. Syn. also boiled and cooked with sugar. Fruits eaten raw. elsewhere introduced as far as the Pacific. Amur grape (Vitaceae). mainly in western semi-arid tracts. West China. Common jujube (Rhamnaceae). Kalumpit (Combretaceae). Z.40°C.) Wight & Arn. East Asia . sometimes made into sweetmeats. Brownish red fruits are sweet and edible. Diversity and Use | 91 diversity in Castanea. Overall.Underutilized Species 6. genera and number of plant species whose nuts/kernels are edible Families Genera Anacardiaceae Pistacia (1). Buchanania (2) Barringtoniaceae Barringtonia (3) Burseraceae Canarium (5) Caryocaraceae Caryocar (2) Combretaceae Terminalia (2) Corylaceae/Betulaceae Corylus (3) Fagaceae Castanea (2) Gnetaceae Gnetum (1) Juglandaceae Juglans (4) Lecythidaceae Lecythis (1) Leguminosae/Fabaceae Inocarpus (1) Olacaceae Anacolosa (1) Pinaceae Pinus (3) Proteaceae Macadamia (2) Rosaceae Prunus/Amygdalus (1) For other fleshy nuts/kernels-Euryale. Verheij and Coronel. Corylaceae. Pistacia and Terminalia. Among these much variability occurs in the Anacardiaceae. Burseraceae. Table 9. Pareek et al. and in humid tropical types in Indo -Chinese. Castanea mollissima. Combretaceae. Trapa. see under miscellaneous category . the genetic wealth in this group belongs to 15 families. Corylus. The distribution of species diversity for different regions (Arora. this diversity is more confined to the Hindustani/ Indian region for both sub-tropical and temperate types. Fagaceae. Lecythidaceae. Nuts The Asia-Pacific region is a centre of domestication for several indigenous nutritious nuts and also holds rich diversity in such species introduced in distant past from different geographical areas. 1985. Presently. Pinus. Macadamia. Juglans. sieboldiana and Juglans ailantifolia. Corylus chinensis. 1992. In the Chinese-Japanese region more diversity occurs in China for Prunus/ Amygdalus tangutica. C. Castanea. Nelumbo. Genetic in Asia-Pacific: Distribution.Indonesian and the Australian Pacific region. Corylus. 1998) is as follows : 1. Families. south and east Asia. Buchanania. Pinaceae and Rosaceae. Proteaceae. Juglandaceae. 16 genera and 34 species (Table 9). This diversity is well represented in native species of the genera Amygdalus.. Caryocar. Pinus and Pistacia is mainly concentrated in cold/temperate regions of west. Juglans. Canarium. Nelumbo nucifera and Trapa natans and other species. 4. Also diversity occurs in okari nut . Check-list of species Anacolosa frutescens (Blume) Blume Syn. Seeds yield starch. . Diversity in Indo-Chinese-Indonesian region is represented by Terminalia spp. multipurpose agroforestry species. Galo nut (Olacaceae). A. nuts are edible. C. In the Indian region. which also holds rich diversity in Juglans regia (walnut). fruit pulp also edible. occurring in China. In the Australian region.Inocarpus fagifer. mainly grown in northern Luzon to Mindanao. is widely grown and now introduced elsewhere. The Pacific region also holds rich endemic wealth of nuts. luzoniensis Merr. a native domesticated nut. Kunth. Melanesia. Anacolosa frutescens galonut. Native to the Philippines. diversity is more in Euryale/makhana nut in eastern India. 3. useful is agroforestry. and in Gnetum gnemon melinjo. for Buchanania lanzan in central India.. eaten raw or made into different preparations. much native diversity occurs in Terminalia catappa in south India. taste like a mixture of sweet corn and chestnut. Buchanania laciolata Wt. gnemon in the Indonesian region. B a rri n g ton ia p ro c era ( Miers ) R. used as food. In Papua New Guinea/South Pacific Islands several species of domesticated Canarium provide several selections. Limited diversity also occurs in Barringtonia spp. Kernals are eaten. grown in PNG for its edible nuts. Among the exotic types is the paradise nut – Lecythis zabucajo. Solomon Is. a domesticate of this region possesses much native diversity. both in India and China and sporadic elsewhere (see under miscellaneous category). Also. ovatum was domesticated in the Philippines and G. A distinct category is of fleshynuts. (Lecythidaceae). and in Pinus gerardiana (providing the chilgoza nut) in the western Himalayas. The species Macadamia ternifolia is more promising and grown commercially. West coast India. Cutnut (Barringtoniaceae/ L e c y t h i d a c e a e ) .Terminalia kaernbachii. Macadamia.92 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . mainly confined to high altitudes in Pangi valley and neighbouring tracts. S o u t h Pa c i f i c . A multipurpose tree grown in home gardens. Japan and Korea such as Corylus heterophylla. Fiji. Barringtonia edulis Saem. the Polynesian nut. Nuts edible. kernels of which are equally delicious.An Asia-Pacific Perspective A few species exhibit still wider distribution. and for others. 5. 2. Barringtonia racemosa Roxb. a tropical American introduction. (Barringtoniaceae/Lecythidaceae) Pacific Islands. and Canarium ovatum pili nut. Western peninsular India. These include aquatic types such as Euryale ferox. (Anacardiaceae). Chironji. Nuts are nutritious. Cuddapah almond (Anacardiaceae). Thailand and Malaysia.1. Seeds edible. . Tropical American introduction in humid tropical tracts. 2 1992). with good diversity in Polynesia. diversity high in Philippines. Java Almond (Burseraceae). cultivated in Papua New Guinea. New Guinea. contains 72 per cent fat (oil). Kernel is superior to almond. and south Pacific. Tropical American introduction into Malaysia. Kernals edible. Guiana nut (Caryocaraceae). Canarium indicum L. rich in edible fat. Philippines. south Pacific islands and northern Australia. distributed in the subhumid tracts. used in confectionery/ bakery products and for flavouring ice cream. Southeast Asia-Moluccas. and Malaysia. cultivated in Malaysia for its edible kernel/nuts. Malaysia. Philippine nut (Burseraceae). Mainly grown in the Bicol Lumon. Canarium commune L. Diversity Canarium ovatum and Use | 93 (IPGRI 1998). Nuts are eaten and nutritious. . latifolia Roxb. Native of subtropical India. Indo-China. (PROSEA No. also in Myanmar. Kernels/nuts are edible and nutritious. used as dry fruit and in confectionery preparations.Underutilized Species Buchanania lanzan Spreng. Pacific islands. Canarium ovatum Engl. Pilinut. Caryocar villosum (Aubl. Asia. Canarium ovatum Engl. and New Guinea. (Burseraceae). Canarium vulgare Leen Syn. B. Kernel is small. cultivated in Malaysia. and the Pacific in west Polynesia. Syn. Canarium moluccanum Bl (Burseraceae). Piequi (Caryocaraceae). Fruiting branch. 2. Native of southeast Asia (Moluccas). Butter nut. Several varieties/selections are available. Laos. Java almond. commune auct. Caryocar nuciferum L. Dark coloured ripe fruits are also eaten. Canary nut (Burseraceae). Fruit. Native of southeast in Asia-Pacific: Distribution.) Pers. Indonesia. edible and with good flavour. C. 2. Nuts are eaten raw. The inflorescences. Siberian filbert (Corylaceae/Betulaceae). Seeds/nuts are rich in protein and eaten boiled. East Asia. Roasted seeds/nuts are nutritious. Forst.R. Manchurian hazel nut (Corylaceae/Betulaceae).China. Branch with fruits. and of good quality.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Castanea crenata Sieb. var. chinensis ( Fra n ch o t ) B u rk i l l ( Co r yl a c e a e / Betulaceae). Corylus heterophylla Fisch. Melinjo (Gnetaceae). Malaysia. Tahitian chestnut ( Le g u m i nosa e ) . . young leaves and ripe fruits are cooked as vegetable. (PROSEA No. sliced and fried like potato wafers. Grown for its edible nuts. I. East Asia-native of northwestern China. 2 1992). Pa ci fic i s l a n d s Polynesia. much relished and popular as snacks. Castanea mollissima Blume. much cultivated in China. Corylus mandshurica Maxim. introduced into southeast and east/Asia-Taiwan. 3. I n o c a rp us fa g i fe r ( Pa rk i n so n ex Zollinger) Fosb. and high in carbohydrates (32-42 per cent).G. Hindu Kush Himalayas . mainly cultivated in Indonesia -Java and Sumatra. Otaheite chestnut. eaten fresh. Nuts are eaten raw. and elsewhere. also grown in Papua New Guinea. Large brown nuts are starchy and oily. introduced elsewhere. edulis J. Native of southeast Asia. Gnetum gnemon L. Temperate Asia. . Yunnan. Branch with female inflorescences. Japanese chestnut (Fagaceae).1. ex Trauter.fruits (IPGRI 1998). north-west China and Eurasia sparingly grown. Polynesian chestnut. Chinese chestnut (Fagaceae). baked or grated for making puddings. Male inflorescence. Gnetum gnemon . Gnetum gnemon L. & F. sold in local markets. Forst.94 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . West and east Asia. Syn.China. Japan. Corylus colurna L. East Asia . Nuts are edible. & Zuce. selections var y in yield/qualit y. . and edible. sporadic cultivation in the Himalayan tract. Pacific Islands/ Oceania.Underutilized Species in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Kernels/nuts are rich in fat and protein. Cali Colombia). sieboldiana Maxim. Nuts are superior to Brazil nut. Introduced elsewhere. also young buds and peduncles are boiled and eaten. very tasty. Infructescence. Lecythis zabucajo (courtesy : IPGRI Regional Office for the Americas. Macadamia nut. Nuts eaten raw. and nutritious Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche 1. Juglans mandschurica Maxim. West Asian origin. (PROSEA No. cultivated in China. Much diversity available. Queensland-much grown for commercial production. introduced into Pacific Islands. 2. Temperate Asia. Monkey pot. Nuts are edible. soaked or used in confectionery. Tropical American. Manchurian walnut (Juglandaceae) East Asia . Sapucaja nut (Lecythidaceae). Nuts are eaten raw. Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche. Giant walnut (Juglandaceae). Diversity and Use | 95 Juglans ailantifolia Carr. J. var. East Asia . and there is much scope for further improvement.Korea. 2 1992). 3. Bertholletia excelsa.Japan. Queensland nut (Proteaceae). Japanese walnut. Juglans duclouxiana Dode (Juglandaceae) . Australia. also a source of edible oil. Branch with leaves. Lecythis zabucajo Aubl. Hard and soft shelled types occur. Paradise nut. Diversity offers scope for further improvement. Inflorescence. Walnut (Juglandaceae). cordiformis (Makino) Rehden Syn. varietal diversity occurs in Hawaiian and Australian types. Juglans regia L. China. nuts nutritious. quality. & Zucc. sparingly grown. (Rosaceae).S. as dessert. India. Indian almond (Combretaceae). icecream and bakery products. 2. also as ingredient in sweetmeats. Narrow range of diversity/represented in small area of its cultivation. Prunus tangutica (Batalin) Koehne Syn. Loc al ize d to western Himalayas. domesticated here and is cultivated for its very tasty. and eaten like walnut. production.grown in the Hindu Kush Himalayas in cold arid belt.China. Japan. White. Terminalia catappa L. Kernel with 55 per cent oil is nutritious and eaten raw. T. nutritious nuts.T. Korean pine (Pinaceae). West Asia. Amygdalus tangutica Korsh. confectionery and icecreams. Pi s t a cio nu t (Anacardiaceae). Kernel rich in protein is eaten fresh or roasted. eaten raw or roasted. East Asia . 2. Macadamia tetraphylla L. Pinus gerardiana Wall. Chilgoza. cultivated. Nuts are very tasty. cocktails or used in confectionery. Taiwan. in high altitudes of Pakistan. tasty and esteemed as a delicacy. Oceania and east Australia. South/ southeast Asia widely grown in coastal region as far as the Pacific islands. Flowering branch. South Pacific islands/ Papua New Guinea. highly priced.96 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Nuts are edible. Kernels are nutritious and eaten fresh or roasted. East Asia . East Asia . Okari nut (Combretaceae).An Asia-Pacific Perspective kernels eaten raw and in desserts. Branch with fruits. much scope for improvement/selection. Chinese white pine (Pinaceae). Syn. etc. Nuts are oily.Korea. Johnson. (PROSEA No. Terminalia kaernbachii Warburg 1. in chocolates. used to flavour food. Pinus koraiensis Sieb. 1992) . Rough shelled macadamia (Proteaceae). Kernel is eaten raw. one of the costliest edible nuts. Pi s t a cia ve ra L. N eoza ( Pinac e ae ) . Pinus armandii Franch. cultivated.western China.A. okari C. Pacific Islands. Terminalia kaernbachii Warb. Sesbania (1) Trigonella (2). masticatories. Wasabia/Eutrema (1) Cucurbitaceae Hodgsonia (1). or for other indirect food usages viz. Miscellaneous The diversity in underutilized species are largely used as spices and condiments. Spilanthus (1) Cruciferae/ Brassicaceae Armoracia (1). Sinapis (1). condiments.. Stachys (1). Fimbristylis (1). Diversity and Use | 97 as beverages/masticatories/cooking oil. beverages. Others are a source of industrially or potentially important products. More Table 10a. Pueraria (1). Pithecellobium (3).Underutilized Species 7.. Lupinus (1). 106 genera and 148 species (Table 10a) . Plectranthus/Coleus (1). Thymus (1) Laminariaceae Laminaria (1) Lauraceae Cinnamomum (3). etc. Dipteryx (1). Families Genera* Alismataceae Saggitaria (1) Anacardiaceae Rhus (1). Vicia (1). Enhydra (1). Vigna (1) . Perilla (2). Semecarpus (1) Araliaceae Polyscias (1). Lepidium (1). Pluchea (1). Parkia (2). Quercus (1) Flacourtiaceae Hydnocarpus (3) Graminae Coix (3). Nothopanax (2). Panax (2) Balsaminaceae Impatiens (1) Boraginaceae Lithospermum (1) Companulaceae Platycodon (1) Compositae/ Asteraceae Cichorium (1). Gigantochloa (1) Hydrophyllaceae Hydrolia (1) Illiciaceae Illicium (1) Labiatae/ Lamiaceae Elsholtzia (1).. Bauhinia (1). genera and number of plant species of multipurpose use as spices. Mentha (1).. Scirtodendron (1) Euphorbiaceae Glochidium (1).. Plukenetia (1) Euryaleaceae Euryale (1) Fagaceae Castanea (1). F amilies. Laurus (1) Leguminosae/ Fabaceae Archidendron (1). source of sugar/sweetening agents/ in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Multipurpose types belong to 44 families.. Trichosanthes (1) Cyperaceae Carex (1). etc.. Ceratonia (1). Peltophorum (1). Bunium (1). Zingiber (3) *(No. Amomum (6). Osmanthus (1). Rheum (1) Ranunculaceae Aconitum (1).An Asia-Pacific Perspective Families Genera* Liliaceae Fritillaria (1). Lilium (6). Labiatae. Trachyspermum (1) Zingiberaceae Alpinia (5). Metroxylon (1). Piperaceae. This information is largely synthesized from Arora (1985). Anthriscus (1). Curcuma (5). Ligusticum (1).98 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Salaca (1) Pandanaceae Pandanus (2) Pentaphragmaceae Pentaphragma (1) Piperaceae Piper (5) Polygonaceae Polygonum (1). Sandoricum (1) Myrtaceae Leptospermum (1) Nyctaginaceae Pisonia (1) Nymphaeaceae Nelumbo/Nelumbium (1) Oleaceae Jasminum (1). The Indo-Chinese. Indonesian region and the Hindustani/Indian region hold more diversity in species used . Leguminosae. Boesenbergia (1). Coptis (1) Rhamnaceae Hovenia (1) Rubiaceae Gardenia (1) Rutaceae Murraya (1). Caryota (1). Etlingera/Phaeomeria (1). Borassus (1). species diversity in this group is distributed as follows: 1. Euterpe (1). Angelica (3). Kaempferia (1). Umbelliferae and Zingiberaceae (particularly well represented in the last three families). Ophiopogon (1) Magnoliaceae Michelia (1) Malvaceae Hibiscus (1) Meliaceae Lansium (1). of species in each genera is given in parenthesis) important genetic wealth belongs to the Compositae. Nypa (1). and broadly. Zanthoxylum (2) Sapotaceae Madhuca (1) Scrophulariaceae Veronia (1) Themadaceae Daphne (1) Trapaceae Trapa (2) Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Anethum (1). Palmae. Palmae/Arecaceae Arenga (1). Underutilized Species as spices. Zingiber and Piper.f. Amomum. Diversity and Use | 99 consumption. condiments.Indo-China. Boesenbergia rotunda. More confined to south Asian region are Amomum xanthioides. (Zingiberaceae). .) Rosc. Southeast Asia . 3. P. also in northeastern India. taste and flavour of rhizomes. More confined to China are Amomum globosum and Zanthoxylum simulans. purgency. (Zingiberaceae). Rhizome is used in chinese medicine. Malaysia. west Asia. dark brown rhizomes are a source of galangal. maximum. The Chinese-Japanese region holds much diversity. retrofractum. with its cu l t iva t i o n / d i s t ri b u t i o n m o re confined to home gardens for local in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. More variability in southeast Asia . Rhizomes are used as condiment. Alpinia conchigera Griff. 4. leaves for fibre. Flowers are eaten raw. Curcuma pierreana and Polygonum odoratum. South/southeast Asia . in Japan more variability occurs in Gardenia jasminoides. k rava n h. Piper longum. Indonesia. P. Murraya koenigii. rhizomes are used for flavouring curries. China. Alpinia galanga (L. in both China and Japan of Fritillaria thunbergii and Perilla arguta. officinarum. (Zingiberaceae). introduced elsewhere. Malaysia. zerumbet. dry rhizomes are used for flavoring dishes as a condiment. South/southeast. commercial demand is growing. Cinnamomum burmani. white. Alpinia chinensis Rosc. particularly species of Alpinia. Cultivated as medicinal plants. reddish). East/southeast Asia. saigonense and Polyscias fruticosa.much variation in flesh colour (yellowish. Check-list of species A c o n i t u m c a r m i ch a e l i D e b e a ux (Ranunculaceae). Amomum c o m p a c t u m. Wasabia japonica is grown in Japan. A . Lesser galangal (Zingiberaceae). Greater galangal (Zingiberaceae). Kaempferia galanga. Alpinia conchigera. Anethum sowa. 2. Wider distribution is of species such as Amomum aromaticum. Piper methysticum got domesticated in the Pacific region. R e l a t i v e l y n a r ro w r a n g e o f distribution and diversity occurs in Piper cubeba. Trachyspermum roxburghianum.Indo-China. Alpinia officinarum Hance. A. Japan and Korea possess more variability in Allium grayi and Panax ginseng/ ginseng. dry rhizomes are used as condiment. Zingiber mioga/ Japanese ginger. Eltingera elatior. China and Indo-china. 5. A . Grown in home gardens. Alpinia malaccensis (Burm. Rhizomes are a source of galangal.) Willd. and to southeast Asia. Plectranthus amboinicus. Curcuma. Zingiber purpureum and Z. 03 per cent). also in northeast India. The roots yield oil used for flavouring liquors. (Umbelliferae). Nepal cardamom (Zingiberaceae). The aromatic petioles/leaf stalks are candied. A. the Philippines. Siamese cardamom (Zingiberaceae) . (Umbelliferae). Grown in home gardens. Syn. himalaica (C. White fruit amomum (Zingiberaceae). Nielson Syn. Seeds are used as condiment.Myanmar. Indo-China.Australia and New Zealand. Clarke) Krishna & Badhwar. Native of southeast Asia. Angelica archangelica L. Fruits are edible. An old chinese vegetable. Indo-China. and also in India. cultivated. The male spadix is tapped for palm sugar and palm wine. Angelica (Umbelliferae). Angelica kiusiana Maxim. Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. Fruits are used for flavouring foods and pickling. ex DC. Anethum sowa (Sowa) grown in India/tropical Asia. Java. Anthriscus cerefolium (L. used in Malaysia as a local condiment.Malaysia. J a va cardamom (Zingiberaceae). also in east Asia. Himalayas. . Roxb. A. European introduction to Oceania . Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I. Borneo and Philippines. Amomum globosum Lour. Southeast Asia. Amomum compactum Soland ex Maton. Garden chervil (Umbelliferae). northeastern India.China. Indonesia. A m o m u m m a xi m u m Rox b. Southeast Asia-Indonesia. saccharifera Lab. and leaves are used as condiments. sausages and drinks. semi-domesticated. grown more in Malaysia. the fleshy kernels of young fruits are cooked and eaten.Cambodia. grown in Java as home garden cultigen. China.B. is also used likewise.Nepal. cultivated in Java for its edible seeds. kepulaga Sprague & Burkill. Amomum kravanh Pierre. Angelica polymorpha Maxim. Bengal cardamom. Dill (Umbelliferae). Amomum xanthioides Wall.100 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Sugar palm (Palmae). Leaves are used for flavouring dishes. Fruits are used as condiment to flavour curries. Southeast Asia . Myanmar and Indonesia. Chinese cardamom (Zingiberaceae). South/ southeast Asia .C. European introduction to east/southeast/ south Asia.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Amomum aromaticum. Temperate Asia. and are rich in crude protein (10. Southeast Asia . Fruits are used as spice/condiment. Rhizomes are used as a condiment and the flowering shoots in preparing curries. leaves used for garnishing. East Asia . China. Anethum graveolens L. Round cardamom (Zingiberaceae).) Hoffm. Cultivated i n h o m e g a rd e n s a n d use d as condiment. Jering (Leguminosae). backyard cultigen. var. or made into sweets. Syn. Nepal.Southeast Asia . Cultivated as medicinal crop. Pithecellobium jiringa Prain.Malaysia. aromatic seeds are used in flavouring dishes as a condiment. Cultivated in rice field. Japanese chestnut (Fagaceae). Indonesia in Java. more confined to coastal areas. Syn. Roots are used as condiment. Cultivated for its nuts.. Taiwan. Possibly of north Africa on Mediterranean origin. Indo-China and eastwards. south India and also in northeast. Horse radish (Cruciferae). Gaertn. (Cyperaceae). Kaempferia pandurata Roxb. Cichorium endivia L. intybus L. introduced into south/southeast Asia. Malaysia. The male tree sap is sweeter and used for sugar production. A multipurpose tree with wide distribution. Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Fedts. leaves are used as salad. . Borassus flabellifer L. Mey. (Umbelliferae). Blumea balsamifera (L) DC. leaves also used for flavouring dishes.Pacific region as a backyard cultigen. the curled leaved ones for garnishing salad. Malaya. & Scherb. Syn. Inflorescences yield a syrup when cut at bud stage. Endive (Compositae). high priced and tried as a commercial crop. young shoots and tender seeds used as vegetable. broad leaved varieties are used for stews. Caryota urens L. lapathifolia Gilib. Native of peninsular India. Carob tree. juice from the trunk is fermented to make an alcoholic beverage. Amli (Leguminosae). European/west Asian introduction. purpurea are also used as vegetable. roots are also boiled and eaten. Indo-China. East/southeast Asia Malaysia. (chicory) are a substitute for coffee. Diversity and Use | 101 Bunium persicum (Boiss. Sri Lanka. Stem is a source of starch/ sago. Temperate Asia. sporadically grown. India. (Zingiberaceae). Roasted seeds of C. China. East Europe/West Asia-elsewhere sporadic in Asia . South Asia-mainly a backyard cultigen in Western Ghats.). also in Myanmar. Japan. (Compositae). variegata and B. sporadically grown in backyards/home gardens.mainly India. Blumea myriocephala DC.Underutilized Species Armoracia rusticana P. Palmyra palm (Palma. Leaves and flower buds of B. A. leaves used to make hats. elsewhere sporadic. The rhizomes are used as a condiment like ginger. Ceratonia siliqua L. Tubers are boiled and consumed as a vegetable. in sauces and vinegar. & Zucc. Cultivated in Java as medicinal crop. Fish-tail palm (Palmae). South/southeast Asia . Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Pericarp and young kernel edible. sporadically grown in temperate Himalayas and elsewhere. Locust tree (Leguminosae). Vietnam. Indonesia. An obsolete cultigen. Cultivated as medicinal crop. S. Pods with sugary pulp. Alcoholic drink locally called “toddy” is prepared from the sap. in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Castanea crenata Sieb. (Compositae). Japan. Sri Lanka sporadic elsewhere.) Mansl. Tender leaves. ex Usteri. B. mainly in the Himalayas. Carex dispalata Boott. Himalaya India. C. obtusifolium Nees var. Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. Camphor tree (Lauraceae). Grown in home gardens. also young flowers are used for flavouring dishes. Java. (Labiatae). Clausena lansium (Lour. yield starch. Tropical American introduction into southeast Asia and Malaysia.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Cinnamomum burmanii Bl. Daphne odora Thunb. Southeast Asia-Malaysia. Syn. South China. Northeast India. Cinnamomum cassia Bl. Leaves/young . Bark is used as spice. Southeast Asia-Java. (Ranunculaceae). introduced into Pacific Islands. southern China. east Indian arrowroot (Zingiberaceae). The rhizomes are a source of starch. A herb. Cultivated as cereal and eated by tribals. Himalayan region. India. Indo-China. aromaticum Nees. Cultivated for its tubers.102 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . (Lauraceae). China. Curcuma pierreana Gagnep. (Zingiberaceae). Malaysia. (Araceae). Merr. China. Small fruit tree of S. Coix lacryma jobi L Job’s tear (Graminae). South Asia. East Asia. South Asia. South/Southeast Asia . and are used as a vanilla-substitute for flavouring. NE India & SE Asia. Rhizomes -locally called tikur. Indonesia.Himalayas. Indonesia. southern/northeast to Indo- China. Cinnamomus camphora (L) Nees & Eberm. Coix aquatica Roxb. Cu rcu m a xa nt horrh iza Rox b. Syn. cultivated for fragrant flowers. immature fruits also used for flavouring dishes. (Graminae). Cultivated as fodder. Seeds yield coumarin. cassia Perrot & Ebern. Southeast AsiaMalaysia. Batavia cinnamon (Lauraceae). central.) Skeels (Rutaceae). cultivated as medicinal plant. Indo-Malaysian area. Zedoary (Zingiberaceae). (Thymedaaceae).) Willd. Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. China. Tonka bean (Leguminosae). Bark is used as spice. Mango ginger (Zingiberaceae). Indo-China and Sri Lanka. Coptis chinensis Franch. The starchy rhizomes are boiled and eaten. (Graminae). False arrowroot (Zingiberaceae). South/southeast Asianortheast India. Coix gigantea Koenig et Roxb. Seed used as poultry feed. South Asia-eastern. Japan. Vietnam in home gardens. Bark used as spice. Japan. Dried rhizomes are used as condiment and as source of starch. Elsholtzia cristata Willd. Curcuma amada Roxb. May be conspecific with C. Cryptosperma chamissonis (Schott). boiled and eaten. A shrub. Dipteryx odorata (Aubl. Taiwan. Rhizomes have an odour of raw mangoes and are used as spice and condiment. Coumarouna odorata Aubl. & Thoms. Malaya. China. nutritious.widely distributed as far as the Pacific. Makhana (Euryaleaceae). heteroclita Hk. Etlingera elatior (Jack. thunbergii Baker. Cultivated for mat making. Euryale ferox (courtesy : K Pradheep) Euterpe edulis C. flower buds/petals.e. Syn. Seeds are boiled and eaten. verticillata Willd.) R. Grown as a protected cultigen in backyards in Yunnan. also in adjoining areas i. bulbs are fried and eaten. Assai palm (Palmae/Arecaceae). Shoots are eaten. India. The fleshy calyces have acidic taste and eaten as chutney.Japan. Mart. Hibiscus sabdariffa L.M. India and Sri Lanka. f. Thailand. an aquatic plant. much grown in eastern region. A s ia. are used as pot herbs. Grape Jasmine (Apocyanaceae). (Zingiberaceae) . mainly grown as a backyard cultigen. Gorgon nut. A water plant cultivated in Cambodia and Malaya for its leaves. Fimbristylis globulosa (Retz. also fried. Cultivated for young leaves and shoots. and mixed in vegetable preparations. Sm. Flowers are used for flavouring tea. (Compositae). Fritillaria thunbergii Miq.) Cogn. Ellis Syn. Cape jasmine (Rubiaceae). Fruits are used to make beverages. northeast India. Euryale ferox Salisb. Diversity and Use | 103 inflorescences are dried and used as condiment and for flavouring dishes. Chinese lard fruit (Cucurbitaceae).India. G.) Kunth ( Cyp e ra c e a e ) . augusta Merr. stem tips are cooked as a vegetable. Southeast Asia Malaysia. Gigantochloa ligulata Gamble (Graminae).Underutilized Species in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Taiwan and elsewhere. China. P. (Liliaceae). leaves and shoots as used as vegetable. H. South/southeast/east Asia . seed-oil is used for cooking. Jamaica sorrel (Malvaceae). Philippines. Indo-china. Syn. Glochidion blancoi Lowe (Euphorbiaceae). Enhydra fluctuans Lour. East Asia. India. Malaysia. Gardenia jasminoides J. China and Indonesia. Cultivated there for various purposes. Malaya peninsula and Thailand. Hodgsonia macrocarpa (BI. Young plants. Ervatamia coronaria Stapf. also a fermented beverage is made from the juice. var. Phaeomeria magnifica Schum. Syn. Southeast/east Asia-cultivated in Japan. Tropical American introduction into Malaysia. East Asia. Roselle. S ri La n ka. used as tumber also. . Seeds are roasted and eaten. Indo-China. East/south Asia . Flowering shoots are used for seasoning food and in curries. Temperate zone. Kaempferia galanga (courtesy : E Roshini Nayar) Laminaria japonica Aresch. I m p a t ie n s b a l s a m i n a L. Indo-Malaya. Hydnocarpus kurzü (King) Warb. Malaysian Archipelago and Indo-china. Japanese resin tree (Rhamnaceae). Rhizomes known as galanga are used as condiment. Philippines. Vietnam. Grown for flowers. (Flacourtiaceae). Hydnocarpus anthelminthicus Pierre ex Lanessan (Flacourtiaceae). Hydnocarpus alcalae C. B a l s u m (Bolasaminaceae). True bay. Mediterranean introduction into Japan and elsewhere. Cultivated in Java for its young leaves. Star anise (Illiciaceae). Lansium domesticum Jack.cultivated in northeastern India. Indo-China and Thailand. Arabian jasmine (Oleaceae). Illicium verum Hook.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Jasminum sambac Ait. Cultivated as food plant. Hovenia dulcis Thunb.IndonesiaJava. Chinese anise. Cultivated in east Asia up to India for its edible inflorescence and as ornamentals. Cultivated there for its fruits. Thailand. Sweet bay (Lauraceae). China. Southeast Asia . Korea. Indo-China. Seed-source of oil to cure leprosy. China. Japan. Seed. Langsat. Cultivated in China as cosmetic plant and elsewhere as ornamental. Garden cress (Cruciferae). Lepidium sativum L. South/southeast Asia . used for flavouring tea. Hodgsonia heteroclita (courtesy : K Pradheep) Kaempferia galanga L. China. Myanmar. Malaysia and elsewhere in home gardens. (Zingiberaceae). Haidai (Laminariaceae). Laurel. Seed used to cure leprosy. Hyd ro l e a zeyl a n ic a Va h l.source of oil to cure leprosy. Asia. (Hydrophyllaceae). (Meliaceae). Laurus nobilis L. f. Seed oil is used in flavouring dishes. Sporadically grown in east/southeast Asia.104 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Leaves are used as condiment.DC. (Flacourtiaceae). introduced . Leaves are used in curries for flavouring. cultivated as food crop. (Sapotaceae). indica Gmel. Pacific/Oceania region. Syn. M.China and Vietnam. Leptospermum scoparium J. also in L. Cultivated in Japan. L. also as a plantation crop in Malaysia. Lilium tigrium Ker. Widely distributed in Southeast Asia. pumilum. Cultivated for its starchy roots. A home garden cultigen widely grown in humid regions. Kari patta. .F. Broom tea tree (Myrtaceae).introduced from Europe into China. Northopanax pinnatum Miq. Gaml. Cultivated for its scanted flowers. Cultivated there for its large bulbs.) Spr. ALlium maximowiczii Regel (Leliaceae). East Asia . South/southeast/east Asia. also medicinally important. East Asia – Japan. (Rutaceae). China. occasionally cultivated. much valued regionally. Seeds yield edible oil and leaves are eaten as salad. Syn. sativus Gaertn. China.R. sporadic elsewhere. latifolia Macbr. Philippines. Lilium cordifolium Thunb. Forst. (Liliaceae). (Umbelliferae). and for industrial purposes. Seeds are used for flavouring. Stem marrow yields starch for use as food. Japan. maximowiczii and L. Mentha arvensis L Japanese mint (Labiatae). Murraya koenigii (L. Brazil. South/southeast Asia . an ornamental plant. M. cultivars in China and Japan for its bulb.) Spreng. Ligusticum monnieri Calest.Underutilized Species elsewhere. L. Syn. seeds are a source of edible oil. Asia and New Guinea. L. (Liliaceae). Flowers are eaten fresh or dried. Indo-China. White lupine (Leguminosae). Main source of menthol. Tiger Lily (Liliaceae). Lilium auratum Lindl. (Araliaceae). Its R&D potential as an industrial/commercial crop needs to be fully exploited. Diversity and Use | 105 Madhuca longifolia (L. Syn. Leaves are used as condiment. East and southeast Asia . peninsular tracts of India. Leaves are used locally as a substitute for tea. Northopanax fruiticosum Miq. Sago palm (Palmae). Forst & G. M. (Magnoliaceae). (Liliaceae). rumphii Mart. Japan. Cultivated in Java for its roots and leaves. Syn. Cultivated for bulbs. Borneo. lancifolium. Used for red dye. China. used for preparing a local beer. also roasted and eaten. Japan. used as food (leaves are cooked as vegetable). in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Metroxylon sagu Rot tb. coastal belt of Indonesia. Lilium lancifolium Thunb. Lupinus albus L.Malaysia. Grown in Australia and New Zealand. (Araliaceae). Macbr. China and Japan. N. Lithospermum officinale L (Boraginaceae). Cultivated for its leaves. South east Asia and Polynesia. Selinium monnieri L. Michelia figo (Lour.) J. more diversity and the Pacific Islands Papua New Guinea. davidii. Asiatic Ginseng (Araliaceae). Ripe fruits Ophiopogon spicatus Kunth. Korea. mashed. Roots are used in preparing liquor. The leaves are used to flavour tea in China.An Asia-Pacific Perspective N e l u m b o nu ci fe ra G a e r t n. Nicobar breadfruit (Pandanaceae). Rhizomes are eaten as vegetable (boiled. Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Sri Lanka. Pandanus leram Jones . Japan. (PROSEA No. Osmanthus fragrans Lour. Myanmar. Immature fruits are boiled with sugar and used as preserves. Pa n d a n u s f a s ci cu l a r i s L a m . South/southeast Asia. South Asia . Fruit is used as source of flour. southeast Asia/east Asia. Indonesia. South. 2 1992). (Pandanaceae). in India in tidal swamps of Sunderbans in West Bengal and in Andaman Islands. (Liliaceae). East/southeast Asia . lower portion of fleshy fruit also made into flour for making bread by the locals. Kamal (Nymphaeaceae). are boiled. (Pandanaceae).106 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . pulp edible. also in Australia. Inflorescences are a source of sugar sap made into vinegar and alcohol. Panax pseudoginseng Wall. as far as the Pacific. Variety aurantiacus Makina is a source of essential oil in Japan. Vietnam. Several species are grown for leaves used as condiment and protected in backyards/home gardens (also see under fruits). Australia and . China.J. East Asia grown in south China. Indian lotus. East Asia northern China. Nipa palm (Palmae). nutritious and eaten raw.Coastal region. notoginseng (Burkill) G. Widely distributed in coastal areas throughout Asia-Pacific. The oblong glossy kernels (twice as large as peas) are sweet. Nypa fruticans Wurmb. China. also in Australia.habit of fruiting plant. (Oleaceae). Syn.A. Seeds are used for sweetmeats. also northeastern India. var. Tseng (Araliaceae). Cultivated as medicinal plant.Malaysia. and made into marmalade -like preparation. fruits are edible. Meg. and the Pacific Islands . very tasty. Pandanus leram Jones. Nelumbium speciosum Willd. fried and pickled).Japan. also for preparing tea. Panax ginseng C. South/southeast Asia as far as the Pacific. Pandanus spp. Hor & C. Forst. made into chutney. ocymoides L. pods/seeds fried or cooked as vegetable. Myanmar. cosmetics. Leaves used for flavouring food. resembles P. Spadices yield ittar (a perfume) used for scenting clothes. South/southeast Asia Northeastern India. Southeast Asia. P. northeastern hills. Southeast Asia . Parkia roxburghii with wider distribution in northeast India. Myanmar and from eastwards Indo-China is grown in home gardens and is used locally in the same way.a source of brown dye. Kava pepper (Piperaceae). The green-leaved form is mainly used as a vegetable. hair oils and incence sticks. Cultivated in India and Sri Lanka. also in southeast Asia . Immature seeds. Sataw (Leguminosae). Indo- Perilla frutescens (Courtesy: K Pradheep) China. much diversity developed in Japan. grown in home gardens.f. Cultivated in Java for its bark. Shisho (Labiatae) Japan. Cultivated as vegetable. lotions. Pentaphragma begoniaefolium Wall. P. Korea. oil is used for flavouring food. Much diversity exists based on usage. Parkia speciosa Hassk. Peltophorum pterocarpum Backer (Leguminosae). Large and small seeded forms with much variation in pod size are reported in Thailand. bouquets. leaves as a vegetable. Diversity and Use | 107 Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Fruits are used as a spice.Underutilized Species in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. Fruits are used as a spice and condiment.) Britt. longum. Fruits are used as condiment especially in curries and pickles. Roots/ rhizomes are used as spice. Pi p e r l o n g u m L . varying in taste and flavour. widely grown. Piper retrofractum Vahl. Pacific islands. . Piper methysticum G. L o n g p e p p e r (Piperaceae). Perilla arguta Benth.. arguta Benth. Cubeb (Piperaceae). Asia to Australia. Petai. Singapore. Javanese long pepper (Piperaceae). young leaves and flower stalks are eaten raw. and east Asia in China. South Asia . A popular kitchen/ home garden cultigen and partly also commercially cultivated.Malaysia. Indonesia-Borneo. (Pentaphragmaceae). Lower part of fruits and seeds are eaten. China. Japan. Indonesia-Java. tastes like garlic and used as a condiment for flavouring dishes with rice. Perilla frutescens (L. Syn. Parkia (Labiatae) . Malaysia.eastern Himalayas. soaps. Piper cubeba L. Seeds yield oil.native of Malaysia. Southeast AsiaIndo-China.Indonesia. Malaya. (Alismataceae). IndoChina. South/southeast Asia – northeastern India. Polygonum odoratum Lour. Kudzu (Leguminosae). Japan. Indonesia. Rauram (Polygonaceae). (Leguminosae). Pi t h e c e l l o bi u m j i ri n g a P ra i n. Japan. SE Asia.108 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Salaca edulis Rienw. Malaysian Archipelago. It is a source of varnish. Cultivated in Java for its edible fruits. Rhus vernicifera DC Varnish tree (Anacardiaceae). Japan. Sagittaria sagittifolia L. Myanmar. Southeast Asia. (Palmae). Pueraria thunbergiana (Sieb. Cultivated as vegetable. Temperate Himalayas. A home garden cultigen.) Benth. Plukenetia corniculata Smith (Euphorbiaceae). Asia. Southeast Asia . Quercus aliena Blume (Fagaceae). C. The aromatic leaves and roots are used as condiment. Cultivated in Java for edible seed.) Spr. flowers and fruits are eaten as vegetable. Po l y s c i a s f r u t i c o s a ( L . Young leaves eaten as vegetable. as juice or drink. & Zucc. Leaves used as vegetables. Malaysia & Philippines. rhaponticum auct. Cultivated as food. Let tuce tree (Nyctaginaceae). Syn. The leaves. endemic and closely related to P. Malaysia and Indonesia. Vietnam.. as tuber crop also. lohot (Tonkin region).) Lolo (Piperaceae). cultivated as a vegetable. . ) H a r m s Syn.Java. Cultivated as medicinal crop. Pluchea indica Less. much cultivated in Java. Malaya. Pithecellobium bigeminum Mar t. Nothopanax fruticosus Miq. Indian borage (Labiatae). East and southeast Asia. or made into wine. Japanese Lacquer. R. Locally used as condiment. China. IndoChina. Pisonia alba Span. (Araliaceae). China. A herb cultivated in China and Japan for its edible corms. aromaticus Benth. also used to prepare medicinal tea. Vietnam. Related to R. cultivated in Indonesia-Java for its edible seeds. The fruits are locally used as condiment. Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour. Indonesia. Korea. used in pies. D C. (Compositae). (Leguminosae). Southeast Asia-native of Indonesia. China & Japan. (Leguminosae). grown in Malaysia and also in India for its aromatic leaves used for flavouring dishes. Garden rhubarb (Polygonaceae). Plat ycodon grandiflorum DC (Companulaceae). Cultivated for green manure. Indo-China. Coleus amboinicus Lour. palmatum.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Piper saigonense (C. stewed leaf stalks/ stems are eaten. Pi t h e c e l l o b i u m l o b a t u m B e n t h . Rheum × hybridum Murray Syn. China. East Asia. Diversity and Use | 109 Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. Young fruits. Chinese artichoke (Labiatae). Cultivated as vegetable or salad. also dried to make flour. preserved with honey as a delicacy.) Merrill (Meliaceae). also made into starch.grown in Japan.) Ser. Trapa natans (courtesy : Anuradha Agrawal) Trichosanthes cucumeroides Max (Cucurbitaceae). Stachys sieboldii Miq. Ex DC (Compositae). Dried leaves are used as condiment for flavouring dishes.grown in China. sold in local markets. leaves.) Boiss. Tetrapanex papyriferum (Roxb.f. also introduced into Australia. Trapa natans L. Singhara nut (Trapaceae). Asia.Japan.f. Japan. Cultivated and used as marking by washerman. Samoa. Kernels are used in various food preparations. Roots used for starch.Underutilized Species in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. sparingly grown for its aromatic leaves. S. East Asia. also grown in southeast Asia. China. var. Tropical Asia as far as the Pacific Islands in humid tracts. Taiwan. Cultivated as ornamentals.) Pers. . Bangladesh. bispinosa (Roxb. Cultivated in Sumatra for mat making. Young seedlings are used as salad. Seeds are used for flavouring. bispinosa Roxb. Scirpodendron ghaeri (Gaertn. also medicinal. Water chestnut. (Cyperaceae). Cultivated for its fruits.India. East Asia . used for flavouring soups and for making tea. (Umbelliferae). East Asia . White mustard (Cruciferae). Japan and China. Semecarpus anacardium L. Trigonella coerulea (L.) Koch. Trachyspermum roxburghianum Craib. Thymus vulgaris L. SE Asia & New Guinea. Seeds are eaten raw or cooked. Sinapis alba L. grown for its tubers Spilanthes paniculata Wall.) Merr. Brassica alba (L. and south Asia in the Hindu Kush Himalayas. Mediterranean introduction into east Asia . seeds are used as condiment. Thyme (Labiatae). Sweet trefoil (Leguminosae). flowers are used as a vegetable. Malaysia & Indo-china. Mediterranean introduction into Asia. Syn. Rice paper plant (Araliaceae). Domesticated in China. mainly grown in home gardens.) Makino Syn. Cashew marking nut tree. Sesbania grandiflora (L. Trapa bicornis Osbeck (Trapaceae). (Anacardiaceae). sporadic and grown in home gardens. elsewhere in south Asia . Agati (Leguminosae). Tropical Asia and Australia. T. Industrial crops Vigna dalzelliana (courtesy : KV Bhat) Wasabia japonica (Miq. Cambodia. Grains are eaten occasionally. South/southeast AsiaIndia. Mioga ginger. Two-leaved vetch (Leguminosae). health products. Japan. popular vegetable in northern India (see under vegetable category). tea. ) S m i t h . East Asia . Zi n g i b e r m i o g a ( Th u n b. Eutrema wasabi (Sieb. Zerumbet ginger (Zingiberaceae) . mainly grown for forage. East A s ia . Philippines. edible oil belong to 18 families. Zi n g i b e r ze r u m b e t ( L . Z. Fabaceae. Vigna dalzelliana (O. Diversity in families. Zanthoxylum simulans Hance Syn. East Asia . Rhizomes are used as condiment. Roots. cassumunar Roxb. Among the important families Asteraceae. also boiled and made into soups. Zingiber purpureum Rosc. rubber yielding plants.Ch i n a. Cultivated in Japan as lettuce. elsewhere sporadic. Cambodia. Rhizomes are a source of Japanese ginger. Se e d s a re use d as condiment. Syn. Thailand. biofuel.cultivated in Indo-China. East Asia-cultivated in Japan. (Leguminosae). Seeds are used as condiment. Cassumunar berut ginger (Zingiberaceae). mioga). Fenugreek (Leguminosae). 23 genera and 25 species (Table 10b). Vietnam. Veronica anagallis L. medicinal. Pedaliaceae. Braun. Japan. (Scrophulariaceae). genera and number of plant . Martinique ginger.110 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species .) Matsum Syn. agroforestry. Myoga (Zingiberaceae). possess great medicinal value as a cure in diabetes. 8. Kuntze) Verdc. Simmondsiaceae. Indonesia. ) Ro s c . A minor pulse crop used like green gram.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Tngonella foenum-graecum L. seed oil for industrial use. Malaysia. and sporadically elsewhere. Seeds are used as condiment. flowers.Japan. and Santalaceae have contributed in this group of industrial under-utilized species. much like the Japanese ginger (Z. Rhizomes are used as condiment. Japanese pepper (Rutaceae). East Asia-China and Japan. Vicia unijuga A. Japanese ginger. Diversity in this group is largely of industrial use as fibres. fruits and shoots are eaten locally. also used as fodder. Zanthoxylum piperitum (L. (Cruciferae). twigs and petioles are used as condiment. Z. Southeast Asia .) DC. West Asian spice. bungei Planch (Rutaceae).) Maxim.eastern Manchuria/China. Southeast Asia cultivated in Indo-China. Malvaceae. Diversity occurs in Boehmeria nivea (L. Pongamia (1) Graminae Sinocalamus (1). Tropical areas of African region hold diversity in Citrullus colocynthis and Hibiscus cannabinus. enormous diversity occurs in Cyamopsis tetragonoloba in India. Schizostachyus (1) Lamiaceae Perilla (1) Liliaceae Taetsia (1) Malvaceae Hibiscus (2) Musaceae Musa (1) Palmae/ Arecaceae Metroxylon (1). Korea. east Asia. 2. with more diversity in cultivation in south/ southeast. 3. extending to Pacific islands. wide distribution in South Asia. Guizolia abyssinica of Ethopian origin and Sesamum indicum with centre of diversity in India. Japan. genera and number of plant species of industrial use Families Genera Asteraceae Carthamus (1). Santalum . Carthamus tinctorius with diversity build-up in south Asia and Indo-Chinese region.Underutilized Species in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. 1. Families. Nypa (1) Pedaliaceae Pedalium/ Sesamum (1) Rubiaceae Morinda (1) Santalaceae Santalum (2) Simaroubaceae Simarouba (1) Simmondsiaceae/Buxaceae Simmondsia (1) Theaceae Camelia (2) Urticaceae Boehmeria (1) species of industrial use are discussed below: Asia in Indo-Burmese/Indo-China. Parthenium (1) Compositae Vernonia (1) Cucurbitaceae Citrullus (1) Euphorbiaceae Jatropha (1) Fabaceae Cyamopsis (1). Diversity and Use | 111 Table 10b. Domesticated/cultivated type Musa textilis in Philippines.) and Perilla frutescens in east 4. Guizotia (1). P h i l i p p i n e s . Morinda citrifolia L. Pa ci f i c Islands for Metroxylon sagu. Wider distribution in southeast Asian coastal belt. IndonesiaB o r n e o. India for Pongamia pinnata. Pacific Islands have more diversity. Camelia oleifera Abel. Jatropha curcas L. Metroxylon sagu Rottb. also sporadically in Myanmar/southeast/east Asia. Seed oil is processed for industrial use. (Theaceae). Simarouba glauca.) Gaud. Japan.India and Nepal.) Schrad. for preparing tea. Nepal. Much grown in China.var. Philippines.) Taub. southeast Asia . tenacissima .112 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . 5. south Asia . south Asia. Malaysia and Vietnam. Niger (Compositae). Ethiopian origin. several varieties have been developed for edible pod as food (vegetable). Ramie. Purging nut (Euphorbiaceae).f. Grown for seed-oil. spread to SE China.) Cass. Mexican origin. Physic nut. Check-list of species Boehmeria nivea (L. with centre of diversity in India. Widely distributed in southeast Asian coastal belt. Seeds yield oil of excellent quality. Guizotia abyssinica (L. J a t ro p h a cu rc a s and Simmondsia chinensis are introductions into south/southeast asia regions. medicinal and other diverse plant uses in China. Deccan peninsular region. H i b i s c u s c a n n a b i n u s L . southeast/east Asia. NE India. and considered of great potential. white ramie is grown. cultivated for fibre in east Asia . Colocynth (Cucurbitaceae).China. the broad leaved type . China. Mountanis of China. Philippines. Kunt ze (Theaceae). enormous variability occurs. used as biofuel plant in industry. sporadically elsewhere. Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L. introduced into Asia. China. Carthamus tinctorius L. Fibre is of industrial use.green ramie is also reported. acuminatum mainly in Pacific/Oceania. much valued. Chinese origin where more diversity occurs. Tr o p i c a l A m e r i c a n s p e c i e s . nivea. India. Camelia s i nensis ( L ) O. India. West Asia eastwards.India. in India and elsewhere in Philippines. Ke n a f ( M a l v a c e a e ) . Thailand. Leaves are used to make tea. Guar (Leguminosae). Cluster bean. Rhea (Urticaceae). Cultivated there and Indo-china to yield “Tea Oil”. Sri Lanka. for food and industrial use. H. Grown in India. Possibly of tropical African origin. Indonesia-Borneo. Grown for its oil. China. fodder and as industrial crop for seed gum.Malaysia. Grown in south Asia . . Mainly var. Citrullus colocynthis (L. Tr o p i c a l A f r i c a n introduction into south. in northwestern semi-arid plains of India. Philippines. as also Papua New Guinea. Indo-China. much grown in India. African origin. Sago palm (Palmae).An Asia-Pacific Perspective spicatum and S. Parthenium a rg e n t a t u m . Safflower (Compositae). Grown in south Asia. diversity region-India. China. sabdariffa (roselle) is also being grown on a small scale for a similiar purpose. sporadically elsewhere. Br. Diversity and Use | 113 introduced as a rubber-yielding plant. A good substitute to sandalwood. (Palmae). has possible potential for industry. cultivated in Australia. pulp and paper manufacture and in the fibre craft industry with diversified uses particularly in the Philippines. (Santalaceae). Malaysia. Santalum acuminatum (R. P. glabra Vent. for commercial exploitation. improvement needed to exploit its full potential.an agroforestry species. used in diverse ways in industry. Korea (more in Japan). Much grown in India. introduced in Malaysia.grown in China. in Asia-Pacific: Distribution. P. widely distributed particularly in south Asia. large plantations taken up for industrial use for oil and wood. ocymoides L. grown more in in gold fields region of western Australia. lanceolatum and S. The tree yields sandalwood oil of commercial value. Plantations have been established in Andaman Islands and peninsular India in Western Ghats. Indonesia. Pongamia pinnata Pierre Syn. Fibre is of industrial use for cordage. Par thenium argentatum A. Br. Mainly distributed in Pacific-Oceania. Several varieties have been developed.) DC. Manila hemp. Indo -China. India is engaged in its R&D aspects and has developed several health-welfare products. also a useful medicinal plant. Gray. Semi-arid tracts of Australia. Distributed sporadically in India. Cultivated in Sumatra for its leaves and for wine production. Santalum spicatum (R. Myanmar. Tro pic a l Am e ric a n / M exic a n i n t ro d u ct io n. Pacific-Oceania. World Noni Research Foundation based in Chennai.a fatty oil. Musa textilis Nèe. mainly in Q ueensland. Perilla (Labiatae). Thailand and across Pacific. Important crop of the Pacific islands and in south/southeast Asia. grown sporadically. Indigenous to the Philippines where rich diversity occurs in domesticated/cultivated types. Seeds are locally used in making chutney-like preparations. Karanj. Noni (Rubiaceae). Other useful species are S. Japan. Sri Lanka. Nypa fruiticans Wurmb. Stem marrow yields starch for use as food in diverse preparations and for industrial purpose. Pongam oil tree. East Asia . Seeds yield pongam oil of commerce . Indian mulberry. SE Asia up to Australia. several varieties commercially grown for fibre. G u ay u l e ( Co mp os i t a e ) .) A. much variability in seed-oil quality and yield of great potential value to industry. Abaca (Musaceae). as also in East Asia-Thailand. much valued regionally. austro-caledonium. Morinda citrifolia L. and in other parts. Australian sandal wood (Santalaceae).Underutilized Species also a plantation crop in Malaysia. tried in India. also medicinal. A multi-purpose tree. the latter in Vanuatu/ south Pacific . The tree has diverse medicinal uses. Perilla frutescens Brit ton Syn. also grown in Indo-Burmese/Indo-China tract in home gardens. (Leguminosae). DC. . The National Oilseeds and Vegetable Oil Development Board (NOVOB). Seeds yield good quality oil for food and industry. Phillippines. Taiwan and Philippines. Sinocalamus latifolius (Munro) McClure (Graminae). In India. Paradise tree (Simaroubaceae). Indo-China. Grown in south/southeast. glauca as a tree bearing oilseed (TBO). Simarouba glauca DC. Nepal. (Graminae). Ministry of Agriculture has identified S. Thailand. Central American introduction into south/southeast Asia. yields jojoba oil of commercial use. . The leaves are used for clothes. young shoots are eaten. Thailand. Used in paper industry. Source of epoxy fatty acids. Myanmar. Philippines. Japan.114 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . and found to be promising. China. Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneid. Kinka oil (Compositae). tried as an oil crop for industrial purposes. Tropical Asia. Sesamum indicum L. Sesame (Pedaliaceae). Pacific islands and Malaya. tried successfully in western India and in less humid peninsular region for its great potential as an industrial oil crop. Jojoba (Simmondsiaceae/Buxaceae) Tropical American/Mexican/ Californian introduction to Asia. Vernonia anthelmintica Willd.India. Korea. canned also. Myanmar. Taetsia fruiticosa (L) Merr. (Liliaceae). also grown as agroforestry tree.An Asia-Pacific Perspective S c h izo s t a c hy u s l u l a m p a o M e r r. Its stem are used as building material. east Asia . Tropical African origin. with India as a secondary centre of diversity. vis-`a-vis rural development. zz Overall R&D efforts are well directed involving diverse expertise/ emphasising wider participation. in national and regional context. . characterized and evaluated as an on-going activity. poverty alleviation. zz Market outlets/channels exist – linking farmers to markets. zz Germplasm diversity has been and is being collected. The following criteria will serve well in ascertaining the choice of such species: zz Seed multiplication and supply system is in place. particularly the needs of the national programmes and wider development role of such species at sub-regional and regional levels (Williams and Haq.. poor farming communities. as also infrastructure for the supply of planting material. diversification and value addition is duly recognized and technology available. efforts are being streamlined for farmers′ benefit. research agenda are well set with focus on meeting the millennium develoment goals. zz National programmes recognize species/crops of importance and are committed to promote their research and development. zz Focus on product development. Arora et al. zz Enormous scope for exploiting utilization-potential of identified/ priority species exists. P riority Species for Research and Development The choice/ identity of priority species for research and development would vary depending on several factors. Development efforts on the importance of underutilized species address food security. zz zz Plant improvement research focuses on and leads to identification and development of promising selections varieties suited to diverse agroclimates/ecosystems. zz Potential diversity areas having desirable genes are to be re-visited for collection of genetic material. zz I n c re a s e d c o n s u m p t i o n a n d production is well addressed for need-based species. malnutrition and income generation. zz Post-harvest technology application is feasible/available to meet R&D needs. particularly for rural. 2006).III. 2002. much of their hidden potential lies in identification and use for specific traits in crop improvement (such as root stocks in fruits for disease resistance/ stress tolerance. Category B is of species equally important but more so at subregional and national level. as per their distribution and category C. many of these species occupy ecologically specific niches. semi-domesticated. Category A includes underutilized species important in national. but these have very local use by the native communities which grow them as protected. Unlike the priority species listed in Table 11. like the category C in Table 11.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Based on the overall existing knowledge as presented on the diversity of underutilized species enumerated in the foregoing chapter. . such as extremely hot and extremely cold arid regions. The species are placed into three categories on the basis of their relative importance as per the criteria listed above. and more so in backyards and home gardens. East Asia and in the Pacific/Oceania region. these species have not been collected within the native areas of their distribution/cultivation and thus information on their diversityassessment is not available. sub-regional and regional development. Apart from their minor use as edible species. These species are more important locally and their potential is not well known. Table 11 provides the list of suggested priority species arranged according to their use. they have high conservation and use value. Also. and evaluated. includes species that need more research focus. saline habitats. These are grown by native farming communities under subsistence/ traditional farming systems. stress prone habitats. utilization and more so. Diversity in this category of underutilized species of less known genetic resources is listed in Table 12 indicating their distribution in South Asia. domesticated types in marginal habitats. The use and conservation of this diversity by and large is thus wanting. germplasm enhancement/improvement. coastal regions. there are several endemic species . conservation of diversity. water logged and tidal. So. as for many of these species germplasm diversity is narrower or wanting and has not been characterized.116 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . and with a relatively wider distribution. Southeast Asia. They assume importance for research.both with a very narrow range of distribution as cultigens. acidic soils etc. Grain legumes/Pulses Vigna mungo. Buchanania lanzan. Salacca zalacca. Sandoricum koetjape. Artocarpus heterophyllus. Vegetables (a) Leafy types Abelmoschus manihot. Canarium ovatum. Emblica officinalis. Sesbania grandiflora.Priority Species for Research and Development | 117 Table 11. Vicia faba. Momordica charantia. Dimocarpus longan. Crytosperma chamissonis. Panicum miliaceum. Clausena lanceum. V. Setaria italica Coix lacryma-jobi var. Grewia subinequalis. Gnetum gnemon. Nasturtium indicum Lactuca sativa. Annona spp. Litchi chinensis. Roots/Tubers Alocasia spp. Carissa congesta. Castanea mollissima Barringtonia edulis... Amorphophallus paeoniifolius. Limonia acidissima. bamboos (b) Fruit types Abelmoschus esculentus. Z. Momordica dioica. Tamarindus indicus.. Sauropus androgynus. Brassica spp. Chaerospondias axillaris Artocarpus odoratissimus. Syzygium cuminii. Lablab purpureus. Nuts Inocarpus fagifer. umbellata 3.. mauritiana. Lansium domesticum. Moringa oleifera 5. Colocasia esculenta. Fagopyrum esculentum Fagopyrum tataricum. Eleusine coracana. Mangifera pajang. Manilkara hexandra. Trichosanthes spp. Trigonella foenum-graecum Praecitrullus fistulosus. aconitifolia Lathyrus sativus Xanthosoma spp. Artocarpus altilis. Lepidium sativum. V. Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Artocarpus integer. Pinus gerardiana. Durio zibethinus. Santalum acuminatum. Ziziphus jujuba. Averrhoa carambola Cynomitra cauliflora. Panicum sumatrense Macrotyloma uniflorum. Punica granatum. Pistacia vera . Paspalum scrobiculatum. Garcinia mangostana 6. Stelechocarpus burahol Anaclosa frutescens. Fortunella kumquat. Nephelium lappaceum. Phoenix sylvestris. mayuen. Rungia klossii. Luffa aaegyptiaca. Basella alba. Mangifera odorata Nephelium rambutan-ake Aegle marmelos. Spondias dulcis. Maranta arundinacea Amaranthus spp. Pseudocereals and Millets Amaranthus spp.. Dioscorea alata 4. Hippophae rhamnoides. Echinochloa spp. Vigna angularis. Fruits Actinidia deliciosa. Chenopodium album. Terminalia kaernbacchii 2. Diospyros kaki. Ipomoea aquatica. Priority underutilized species for research and development in Asia-Pacific region Priority categories suggested A B C 1. Dovyalis hebecarpa. - - - Northeast India. oleracea Northern India Alternanthera sessilis South India. E ndemic underutilized and less known species and their distribution as cultigens in Asia-Pacific region Species Distribution South Asia Southeast Asia East Asia Pacific. esculenta Echinochloa cruspavonis 2. Meghalaya - - - - - China. Meghalaya - - - Pueraria montana - - - Pacific. PNG 4.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Table 12. PNG Allium ladebourianum - - Japan - Allium ramosum - - North China - Allium stracheyi India. Tamil Nadu. Vegetables Angelica kiusiana . Grain legumes/Pulses Vigna trilobata 3. Yunnan - Panicum sumatrense Peninsular India - - - Urochloa panicoides South India - - - Setaria glauca South India - - - South India - - - Amorphophallus hermandii - Indo-China. Roots/Tubers Pacific. Tonkin - - Calystegia sepium - - China - Dioscorea papuana - - Moghania vestita Northeastern India. Western Himalayas - - - Amaranthus blitum var. Sri Lanka - - - - - China - 1. Oceania South India.118 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Pseudocereals and Millets Brachiaria racemosa Digitaria cruciata var. Sri Lanka - - - Clerodendrum colebrookianum Northeastern India Indo-China - - Glechnia littoralis - - China - Gymnema reticulata - Malaysia - - Nothopanax guilfoylei - - - Pacific. PNG Pugionum cornutum - - North China - Rorippa schlechteri - - - Pacific. Sri Lanka - - - Veronica anagallis - - Japan - Viola verecunda - - China - Actinidia rubicaulis - - West/North China - Artocarpus camansi - Philippines - - Bouea microphylla - Indo-China Indonesia - Carissa congesta Western Ghats. PNG Sechium edule - - - Pacific. Oceania - - Japan - Centella asiatica South India. India - - - - - Japan - Nepal - - - Aralia cordata Talinum triangulare Trianthema portulacastrum 5. PNG Sri Lanka - - - South India. PNG Rungia klossii - - - Pacific. Fruits Chaemomeles japonica Chaerospondias axillaris .Priority Species Species for Research and Development | 119 Distribution South Asia Southeast Asia East Asia Pacific. PNG Pentaphragma begoniaefolium - Malaysia - - Polyscias restoralis - - - Pacific. An Asia-Pacific Perspective Species Distribution South Asia Southeast Asia East Asia Pacific.120 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Australia Fortunella japonica - - Japan - Garcinia binucao - Philippines - - Docynia indica Dovyalis hebecarpa Garcinia gummi-gutta South India Grewia subinaequalis Northwestern India - - - Malus halliana - - China - Malus micromalus - - China. Japan - Pyrus chinensis - - China - Pyrus prunifolia - - China - Pyrus syriaca - - North China - . Japan - Malus platycarpa - - China - Malus spectabilis - - China - Mangifera pajang - Borneo - - Musa troglodytarum - - - South Pacific Prunus cantabrigiensis - - China - Prunus salicina - - North China. Oceania Citrus hassaku - - Japan - Clausena lansium - - China - Cordia dichotoma Northwestern India - - - Cynometra cauliflora - Malaysia/ Indonesia - - Davidsonia pruriens - - - - Northeastern India - - - Sri Lanka - - Australia Duchesnia filipendula - - China - Eremocitrus glauca - - - Oceania. Nilgiri hills Malaysia - - Ribes longiracemosum - - West China - Rubus phoenicolasius - - North China. PNG Buchanania lanzan Peninsular/ central India - - - Juglans atlantifolia - - Japan - Macadamia tetraphylla - - - Australia Pinus armandii - - Japan - Pinus gerardiana Northwestern Himalayas - - - Prunus tangutica - - Western China - Terminalia kaernbachii - - - Pacific. Nuts . PNG Rhodomyrtus tomentosa 6.Priority Species Species for Research and Development | 121 Distribution South Asia Southeast Asia East Asia Pacific. Oceania South India. IndoChina - - Stauntonia hexaphylla - - Japan - Syzygium curranii - Philippines - - Vitis amurensis - - North China - Barringtonia edulis - - - Pacific Barringtonia procera - - - Pacific. Japan - Salacca zalacca - Indonesia - - Salvadora oleoides Northwestern India - - - Spondias laosensis - Laos. foxtail millet and buckwheat). 2007 on underutilized and underexploited horticultural crops. grain amaranths and buckwheat). high in Job’s tears and buckwheat). Relative importance of some of these species for their specific nutritional properties vis-a-vis their importance is discussed below.. there is need for providing further thrust to underutilized fruits and protein-rich nuts. vit. buckwheat and foxtail millet. 2007. vit. for vegetables.IV. neglected and other less known plant species is the role of their food/ nutritional value in alleviating malnutrition particularly in the marginal. Even some of the multipurpose species used as spices. and many of the vegetables and tuber crops). fibre (high in barnyard millet and buckwheat and grain amaranths). Peter. barnyard millet). condiments deserve this attention. Compared to rice. folin and niacin (MSSRF. finger millet followed by barnyard millet. fat (relatively high in Job’s tears and grain amaranths). Pseudocereals and Millets The composition of some important underutilized pseudocereals and millets is given in Table 13 which points out to their richness in carbohydrates. It is a good source of methionine. barnyard millet: relatively low in finger millet). and niacin (higher in barnyard millet and proso millet than in Job’s tears. Annexures I and II provide some data on the nutritional/food value of some selected species (Pareek et al. iron (high in foxtail millet. finger millet grain is eight times richer in calcium. 2002). Gopalakrishnan. In a similar context. followed by proso millet. for information on fruits and nuts. four times in minerals and two times in phosphorus-protein components and has a well-balanced amino-acid profile. B 2 (high in grain amaranths. subsistence farming systems where these are grown (such as pseudocereals and grain legumes. Job’s tears and buckwheat followed by finger millet. Nutritional Aspects One of the major concerns addressed by promoting the use of underutilized. cystine. and is also rich in important vitamins such as thiamin. Further. riboflavine. Radha and Mathew. protein (high in Job’s tears and grain amaranths. buckwheat. 2007 for fruits). calcium (very high in grain amaranths. studies on buckwheat pointed out that essential amino acid . 1998. and lysine. B 1 (high in foxtail millet. foxtail millet). 2 mg) zz Finger millet : Protein (7. fibre (0. B2 (0.) Moisture (%) Protein (g) Fat (g) Total carbohydrates (g) Calcium (mg) Iron (mg) Phosphorus (mg) Food grain Buckwheat 355 11.15 mg). Also both grain amaranths and buckwheat compared to other food grains (per 100 g) possess more protein. Vit.3 2.5 mg) zz Job’s tears : Protein (14. B 2 (0.41 mg).43 mg). A (0.37 mg). fat (7. niacin (2. Fe (5. fibre (8.4).3 mg) Grain amaranth (whole grains) : Protein (14.9 73. fat (8. Composition of buckwheat (per 100 g) compared with other food grains Food energy (cal.0 g).9 114 13.1 63.11 mg). fibre (7.0 12.7 20 3. carbohydrates (81.1 1.11 mg).8 mg). zz zz Buckwheat (whole plant) : Protein (11. Fe (6. composition of buckwheat compared to other cereals was relatively high as a percentage of protein (IPGRI 19982000. carbohydrates (88.28). fat (2. Tables 13 & 14). Ca (282 mg).1 g). Fe (0.20 mg).6 g).9 g).7 g). Vit.0 71. 1996. calcium.3 376 Whole wheat flour 333 12.3 7.48 mg).4 g). Vit B 2 (0. Vit B1 (0. energy (1640 kj). fat (6.4 g).5 256 Rye grain 334 11.1 490 22. Agricultural Handbook No. IPGRI (1998). Ca (50 mg).8 g).5 372 Source: USDA Composition of Food.2 g).4 38 5.0 13. energy (2006 kj).2 282 Amaranth 391 9.7 73.0 g). B1 (0.4 mg).1 g). Ca (96 mg).7 g). Fe (3. B1 (0. Vit. B2 (4. Vit.5 mg) zz Barnyard millet : Protein (11. niacin (1.4 g). 8.9 g).4 453 Corn meal 335 12. energy (1611 kj). carbohydrates (83. Vit B1 (0. carbohydrates (88.6g).0 12. Tables 14 & 15) for lysine and leucine (comparable to amaranths) and low in methionine. fibre (4.36 mg). niacin (2. Ca (54 mg). naicin (1.3 mg). Vit.10 mg). carbohydrates (76. Vit.0 41 10. fibre (7. Ca (128 mg). energy (1573 kj).0 7. energy (1586 kj). g). Fe (3.6 g). carbohydrates (74. total carbodytrates.4 g). fat (16. B1 (0.1 mg) zz Quinoa (whole grain) : Protein (13.0 9. Vit.8 mg). Vit B2 (0. fat (4.16 mg).3 g). Vit B2 (0.7 mg) . B 1 (0.9 g). iron and phosphorus (Grubben and Soetjipto.78).4 72. niacin (1.2 g). energy (150 kj).3 15.0 mg). Vit. fibre (1.36 mg).Nutritional Aspects | 123 Table 13.2 3. 6 1.0 8.5 8.0 78. .2 6. IPGRI (2000).6 3.6 13.0 5.0 FAO/WHO recommendation 5.1 - Lysine 6.6 - Cysteine 1.5 3.3 5.4 1.6 3.7 1.0 72.0 4.0 Lipids (%) 7.4 - Amino acids (g/100 g protein) Source: Partap and Kapoor (1987).8 3.0 12.2 6.0 8.5 1.8 3.3 Minerals (%) 3.0 Source: Proceedings of Second Amaranth Conference (1979).1 3.2 9.2 6.7 Energy (Kcal/100 g) 395 391 376 341 336 345 328 328 Leucine 5.0 2.6 2.9 2.0 6.9 3.3 Carbohydrates (%) 66.0 - Isoleucine 3.0 3.5 3.2 3.5 2.2 2.2 8.1 4. IPGRI (1998) Parameter Himalayan chenopods Quinoa Amaranth Wheat Barley Rice Maize Finger millet Table 15.2 Maize 1.7 3.9 2.0 3. USA.7 Wheat 2.5 4.6 4.0 3.8 3.0 5.8 - Methionine 2.8 11.9 - Histidine 1.6 3.0 3.0 2.7 1.9 6.3 0.7 5.7 1.5 4.4 - Phenylalanine 4.0 3.6 1.7 6.1 3.4 5.0 69.4 - Threonine 4.0 11.4 8. E ssential amino acid composition of buckwheat compared with other cereals (as percentage of protein).2 3. Food grain Lysine Methionine Tryptophane Leucine Buckwheat 5.8 2.0 68.0 3.0 1.0 16.8 3.6 - Tyrosine 3.0 6.9 1.7 6.0 15.2 4.8 Amaranth 5.2 8.9 3.0 1.4 4.2 0.2 1.1 7.2 0.0 66.0 3.9 2.7 2.2 3.4 4.8 7.0 3.7 6.6 3.9 - Arginine 6.0 69.5 4.5 1.0 2.0 3.3 4.3 Rice 3.8 2.2 3.5 13.9 1.4 6.6 8.7 - Valine 4.0 7. Comparison of the food value of Himalayan chenopods and other crops Proteins (%) 16.0 62.124 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species .5 1.0 4.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Table 14.7 3.7 5.7 1.6 3. Grain legumes/Pulses Table 16. .48 mg). faba bean and grass pea/Lathyrus sativus.4 g).17 mg). Ca (13 mg). I p o m o e a a q u a t ic a (kangkong). B 2 (0. fat (3. and many others. Basella alba (Ceylon spinach). Chadha et al. Less known species often recorded high values of some nutrients. but more as a vegetable (similar is the case of lablab bean). are rich sources of vitamin A and vitamin C. some less known species viz.. Table 16 provides the comparsion of the food value of Himalayan chenopods with other cereal grain crops.4 g). Vit.7 g). B 2 (0. Vit. 2007. Alternanthera sessilis (ponnanganni greens in South India). ( a m a ra n t h s ) . phosphorus.. Fe (2. fat (1. Saurupus androgynus (chekkurmanis in South India). Additional information abstracted from PROSEA . provides the average composition of legume seeds (van der Maesan and Somaatmadjo. and sodium. the tree lettuce also falls in this category more as a protected. Pisonia grandis. Many indigenous vegetables. zz Foxtail millet : Protein (10. Nutritional values of some of these vegetables are given (per 100 g edible portion) (Gopalakrishnan. similarly values of vitamins and minerals too were high (as compared to reference values in Annexures 1A & 1B). carbohydrates (84. energy (1720 kj). though it is not used as a pulse. energy (1736 kj). Sesbania grandiflora (agathi in South and east India) are gaining popularity. The Himalayan chenopod grains are nutritionally rich (Table 16) and contain a whole set of essential amino acids. Ca (37 mg).14 mg). Moringa oleifera (drumstick).9 g).2 mg).4 mg) Vegetables Much research on chenopods was carried out by Partap and Kapoor (1987) and this information has been well synthesized in a monograph on promoting the use and conservation of underutilized crops (IPGRI. niacin (2. Apart from the widely grown species such as Amaranthus spp.5 mg) grain.Vegetables (1990) is as follows. backyard cultigen. Vit. niacin (3.06 mg). Winged bean appears to be promising as dry Vegetables are the best source for over coming micronutrient deficiencies. Vit. 2000). semi-domesticated. Winged bean has high protein content. fibre (0. and also cystine and threonine.8 g). B1 (0.7 g). fibre (1. Nutritional values varied among the species and depending on the part used.3 g). potassium.. Centella asiatica (Indian pennywort in South India and Sri Lanka). Brassica spp. Fe (6.Nutritional Aspects | 125 zz Proso millet : Protein (12. all values as per 100 g of edible portion. 1991). Other protein rich pulse crops are Vigna spp. B1 (0. especially the leafy vegetables.1 mg). they are not only protein-rich but also of good quality. carbohydrates (84. and minerals like calcium.3 g). 9 0.9 23.3 Vicia faba Vigna aconitifolia Vigna angularis Vigna mungo Vigna umbellata 20.5 1 0.7 tetragonolobus Psophocarpus 9. .1 1 1. 9.2 ash 769 90 110 - 44 7.8 20.8 0.4 fibre 4.8 10 13.6 water protein Lablab purpureus Pulse/Legume crop 1373 1455 1411 - 1450 1697 1420 1400 1231 1403 Energy (kJ) Table 16.8 10.6 1.9 62.4 56.2 3.2 4.5 3 3.3 3.9 22 19.9 7. and Somatmadja (1991) Met = Methionine.5 7 5 4.8 5 1.1 carbohydrates Mass fraction 4.10 10 12.5 3.4 3 3 3. Cys = Cystine.data not available.5 1. Val = Valine.8 4.9 1 0.5 Lathyrus sativus Macrotyloma uniflorum Phaseolus coccineus 10 10.5 - 106 24 56 Met 44 60 70 - 50 100 - 62 - - 294 230 240 - 210 270 - - 150 263 Thr - - 60 - 6C 25 - Try 394 370 340 - 280 300 - 356 290 325 Val Limiting amino acids Cys Source: van der Maesen.An Asia-Pacific Perspective .5 59 32 62 61 61 60.7 1.8 fat 64. U nderutilized pulses-composition of legume seeds (per 100 g edible portion) as mass fraction (g/100 g) or for limiting amino acid in total nitrogen (mg/g N) and energy value 126 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species .9 64. Thr = Threonine.8 0.3 22 25 24. Try = Tryptophan.6 26 32. 19 g minerals. 2007). Ceylon spinach): It contains per 100 g edible portion: 1. 51 mg P.08 g fibre. 96 mg Cu.6 mg niacin. zz zz zz zz Sauropus androgynus (chekkurmanis): I t i s c om m on ly k nown as a multivitamin and multimineral packed leafy vegetable. and 102 mg vit. 1.48 mg thiamine. 2. 5706 µg carotene.8 g fibre. 7. 17 mg Vit. xanthophylls and traces of taraxanthin. 50. Bull.42 mg Ca.4 g minerals. C. C.2 mg niacin. 1.48 mg P and 5.8 mg niacin.9 g fat.3 g protein. 11.39 g fat. 1. 31 K.7 g fat. 0.2 g fibre. poi): Both green and red leafy types occur. It contains per 100 g edible portion : 6. 2. 13. Basella alba (Ceylon spinach. 11. with high nutritive value.9 mg Fe.18 mg P. 6. zz Talinum triangulare (water leaf. 120 mg Ca and 0. 0. 4007 µg carotene. lysine.2 g fat. 31 g carbohydrates. C. 4: 64). values for South Asian vegetables are given by Ghosh and Kalloo (2000.19 g fat.14 mg riboflavin. zz Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek. threonine and tryptophan. 20..5 g minerals and 510 mg Ca. 0. zz Sesbania grandiflora (agathi): It is nutritionally valued for its leaves and .4 g fibre. 3. 0. 2.9 g protein.63 g soluble carbohydrates. 0. the latter contain per 100 g edible portion: 1.8 g minerals. 0. 1. malabar spinach. 46 mg P. 2. 4. The essential amino acids present include arginine. methi): The leaves contain per 100 g edible portion: 4.33 mg Fe.32 mg riboflavin.3 g fat.4 g protein.9 g fibre.8 mg Mg. 1. The leaves are a good source of minerals and vitamins especially carotene. The carotenoids include β carotene. 0. C. 1980 | 127 µg β carotene and 37 mg vitamins.8 g protein. 4.04 mg vit.9 mg Fe.93 mg Fe. Flavanoids like taemferol are reported in fenugreek leaves. 33. 1. 0.69 g oxalate and 0. 3.55 g fibre. C. 229 mg Mn. Ipomoea aquatica (water convolvulus): It contains per 100 g edible portion: 2.16 mg Fe and 113 mg vit. 76 mg Na. 400 mg Mo and 358 mg Zn. 110 mg Ca. 0.1 g fibre.32 g nitrate (Maya in Chadha et al.6 g carbohydrates. 395 mg Ca. 247 mg vit. isoleucine. leucine. 1. 0. 0. and 3. 200 mg P and 28 mg Fe. C. 2340 µg carotene. 1. 0. 0.46 g protein. 127 mg vit.6 g carbohydrates. B1. 570 mg Ca.85 mg Ca. Alternanthera sessilis (ponnanganni greens): It is of good nutritional value.31 mg vit.0 g carbohydrates. 1926 µg carotene. The greens contain per 100 g edible portion: 5 g protein. B2. 52 mg vit.5 g minerals. The tender leaves and shoots are used as vegetable in several delicious preparations.Nutritional Aspects 2007). 60 mg P.6 mg Fe. 1. 6.12 g soluble carbohydrates. zz Centella asiatica (Indian pennywort): The edible leaves contain per 100 g edible portion: 2. Tech.2 g protein. fat (0.2 g carbohydrates. 11. 0. pisonia): The nutrient content varies with maturity of leaves.7 g).6 mg Fe.7 mg).1 g).4 g). B2 (0. Vit.2 mg). Ca (24 mg).09 mg vit. The leaves and flowers are rich in minerals and vitamins. B1 (0. zz Abelmoschus manihot (abika) : Protein (4. zz Pisonia grandis/P. Vit. carbohydrates (7 g). Mg (14-20 mg).15 mg).9 mg in Talinum triangulare (water leaf) to 34.9 mg Fe. B2 and 1. The carotene content of leafy vegetables varies from 1926 mg in Alternanthera sessilis (ponnanganni greens) to over 10.8 g carbohydrates.1 g minerals. energy (92 kj) zz Asperagus officinalis (asparagus) shoots : Protein (2. 10.09 g ) . Vit A (240 UI). Vit. B (0. B1. 80 mg P and 2.4 g). P (52 mg).4 g protein. C. oxalates and nitrates are present in traces in a few of these minor crops.6 g protein. carbohydrates (1. 1130 mg Ca. naicin (0. Fa (1.4. fat (0.3 mg) zz Cichorium endivia (endive) : Protein (1. The leaves contain per 100 g edible portion 8.7 g). as also Sauropus (5706 mg). fat (0. 0.5 g). 3. B1 (0. Vit. 2.6 mg Fe. carbohydrates (4 g).128 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . 3. energy (150 kj). fat (35 g).6 mg).8 mg in Ipomoea aequatica (water convolvulus) per 100g edible portion. Vit.2 g). Vit. carbohydrates (2. Vit.8 g). B1 (5. Vit. A (40 IU).7 g). fibre (1. fa t (0. niacin (2.5 mg) zz Limnocharis flava (Yellow Sawah lettuce) : Protein (1 g). Ca (2.8 0 m g ) . 170 mg Ca.15 mg).2 g carbohydrates. energy (160 kj) zz Chrysathemum coronarium : Protein (1. 5400 µg carotene. Vit. Vit. C a ( 2 0 . Vit. Ca (580 mg).1 mg).1 g protein.6 g fat. alba (lettuce tree. C (17-45 mg).000 mg in Colocasia leaf.72 mg).21 mg vit. P (25 mg). 80 mg P and 3. The mature leaves contain per 100g edible portion: 5. C (20 mg). agathi and amaranths are also rich in carotenes (5400-5500 mg). The tender leaves contain 3. E (48 mg). 0. A (5000 IU). Vit. Fe (0.5 g). fat (0. Vit A (900 IU). carbohydrates (0. energy (113 kj) zz Canavalia gladiata (sword bean)/ pods : Protein (2.30 mg). 2. Vit.2-2. fibre (1 g). Ca (5. Fe (0.2 mg).An Asia-Pacific Perspective flowers (white and red flowered types occur).7 mg) .23 mg). Vit.2 g fibre. K (300 mg).2 g).2 g fat. fat (0.3 g) carbohydrates (0. 2. B2 (0. 2. Fe (2. Vit C (118 mg). A (980 IU). 60 mg P and 3.2 g). The antinutrient factors.500). Fe (3 mg). A (300 mg). P ( 2 0 -70 mg). C from 17 (ponnanganni greens) to 247 mg in Sauropus androgynus (chekkurmanis) and iron from 0.4 g fat. drumstick (6780 mg) and curry leaf (7. 1. zz Archidendron jiringa (jiringa)/ p o d s : P ro t ei n ( 3.5 mg).1 g).2 mg niacin.1 g).5). vit.7.2 g minerals. 320 mg Ca. 169 mg vit.6 g minerals. A (1600-3200 IU).4-0. Vit. Vit.9 g).4 g) . Vit.Nutritional Aspects zz zz zz zz zz zz Ly c i u m c h i n e n s e ( C h i n e s e wolfberry) : Protein (3.0 g). Vit. energy (825 kj/100 g) Rorippa heterophylla (a medicinal plants) : Protein (1.2 mg).1 g). Vit. Vit.4 g). Vit. Ca (2. C (45-50 mg).0 mg). Vit B 2 (0.4 -0.4 g). C (31 mg). Fe (4. The proximate principles in vegetables viz. fibre (1.0 mg). carbohydrates (6.03-0. energy (300 kj/1 mg) Neptunia prostrata : Protein (6.8 mg). energy (70-118 kj/100 g) zz Rungia klossii : Protein (25-5 g). Ca (58-180 mg). A (5155 IU). Vit. carbohydrates (3-5 g).3 g). C (1.2 g).6). C (21 mg).2 mg). Vit. A (2550 IU).5-3. C (8 mg). B2 (0.6 g).4 g). C (115 mg). Vit. Fe (5. Ca (103 mg). Vit B 1 (0. fibre (cellulose 1.4 g). carbohydrates (11 g). C (2. fat (0.1 g). B 2 (0.6 mg). A (234 IU). B1 (0. Vit.27 mg). Ca (272 mg).5 mg). B 2 (1. P (39 mg).9-2. Fe (2. Annexures 1a & b). carbohydrates (3. fat (0. Vit. Ca (142 mg). B 1 (0.. Fe (1.7 g) . B1 (0. energy (138 kj/100 g) zz Sechium edule (pitpit.1 mg). C (25 mg). carbohydrates (4.9 g) . fat (0. Am a ra n t hus a n d ch e n o p o d s . carbohydrates (3. . carbohydrates (30-40 mg). energy (134 kj/100 g) Parkia speciosa (seeds) : Protein (5 g). Information synthesised is as follows (all values given are per 100 g of edible portion. Vit. carbohydrates (10. zz Zizania latifolia : Protein (1.08 | 129 mg).6 mg). C (2550 mg). Vit.4 g) . fat (0.5 mg).2 g).12 mg).1-0. P (27-46 mg).30 mg).7 g). Ca (64-182 mg). B1 (0. Ca (90 mg).7-209 g). Fe (0.3 g). niacin (3. A (2420 IU).08 mg). Fe (1. Vit. energy (143-160 kj/100 g) zz Talinum triangulare : Protein (1. energy (109 kj/100 g).7 -7. Vit. Vit. niacin (0.1 mg).6-1. Vit.8-1.8 mg). energy (105 kj/100 g) zz Tetragonia tetragonoides (New Zealand spinach) : Protein (1-2 g). niacin (184 mg).4-2.2-2. Vit. fat (8 g). Fe (3. niacin (1 mg). Fe (5. B 1 (0. fibre (0. Ca (20 mg). P (7 mg). enerngy (130 kj/100 g) Portulaca oleracea (purslane): Protein (1. B2 (0.3 mg). chow-chow) : Protein (3. Vit.20 mg). fibre (0.2-4.87 mg). P (83 mg).5 mg).1 g). fat (0.03 mg). zz Rich in protein (g) : Leafy types S e s b a n i a g ra n d i f l o ra ( 8 .8-4. fibre (0. c (6 mg). Vit. vitamin contents also vary much among vegetable species. energy (80 kj/100 g). Vit. Vit. Vit.01 mg).08 mg). K (498 mg). Ca (90-135 mg). P (80 mg). carbohydrates (3.8 mg).2 mg).22-0. 4 ) .8 g).9 g). Vit. P (41 mg).8 mg).3 mg).8-5. B1 (0. Ca (2. B2 (0.8 g). fibre (1.7 g). energy (158 kj/1 mg) Melianthus suavis : Protein (8.0 g). fibre (3. carbohydrates (0. Ca (2. niacin (0.9 g). fat (0. Fe (1 mg).14 mg).6 mg). Moringa oleifera (12. Momordica charantia (1. Alternanthera sessilis (60). zz Ri ch i n fi b re ( g ) : S e s b a n i a grandiflora (2.2) . garden cress (380). Colocasia leaves (6. faba bean/ lablab (6. Abelmoschus esculentus (56).7). Murraya koenigii (57).1).2). Chenopodium album (80). Rich in minerals (g) : Chenopodium album (2. Trigonella foenum-graecum (1.An Asia-Pacific Perspective fenugreek and brassica (3. Murraya koenigii (6.4). Phaseolus coccineus (1. Allium leaves (70).2).8.6). Trigonella foenum-graecum (0. Moringa oleifera leaves (6.5). Pisonia (60).8). 8.6). Ipomoea aquatica (40). Amaranthus sp. celery (2.0-5. Mananthakali leaves (2. garden cress (8. Murraya koenigii (4.9). Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (1.2).0-8. Moringa oleifera (2. fruit types.5).9). Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (57). mananthakali (70). broad bean (2.4). . fruit- types: Phaseolus coccineus (1.1). lettuce tree (2.6). Colocasia leaves (2.8.7). Colocasia leaves (black 2. Moringa oleifera (70). garden cress (110). Sauropus androgynus (3. M o m o rd i c a ch a ra n t i a ( 1 . Sauropus androgynus (6.5).2).1). fruit-types: guar (10. green 1.0).8). (2.7). Sesbania grandiflora (3. mananthakali (8. Sauropus androgynus (200). garden cress (5. Murraya keonigii (1.2).4).7-7. Amaranthus spp.9).0).5). (200-800). Phaseolus coccineus (29. in fruit-types. mananthakali/Solanum leaves (0.6). zz Rich in phosphorus (mg): Sesbania grandiflora (80) .1). Sauropus androgynus (570). Momordica charantia (1.5. Alternanthera sessilis (11.9-1.0).130 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species .0). Alternanthera sessilis (510).1) Alternanthera sessilis (2.6). 4 ) . Murraya koenigii (18.2). field bean (3. garden cress (1. Vicia faba (4. mananthakali/Solanum leaves (5.0).7). Colocasia leaves (480).8). fruit-types: Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (3.8). green 2. Moringa oleifera (110).0) .4).9). Pisonia (2. Phaseolus coccineus (1. Rich in carbohydrates (g): Sesbania grandiflora (11. zz zz zz Rich in fats (g): Sesbania grandiflora (1.4). Moringa oleifera (4.5).1). mananthakali leaves (410). (1. Colocasia leaves (125). M omord ic a charantia (70).9). Amaranthus spp. garden cress (2.2). Sauropus androgynus (11. fruit types: Phaseolus c o c ci n eus (160) .6). Vicia faba (64).0). Colocasia leaves (black 2.7).2). Trigonella foenum-graecum (51). Murraya koenigii (830). Abelmoschus esculentus (6. Amaranthus gangeticus (83). Sauropus androgynus (1.2).5-6. cluster bean (3. Moringa oleifera (2. Trigonella foenum-graecum (395).9). Moringa oleifera (440). Moringa oleifera (1.2). Sauropus androgynus (3.1).8). (7.8). zz Rich in calcium (mg): Sesbania grandiflora (1130) .5) . Alternanthera sessilis (2. Ipomoea aquatica (2.Phaseolus coccineus (7.8). Amaranthus sp.8-3.3).4). Murraya koenigii (6. g a rd e n c re s s (67).3 4 0 ) . drumstick (leaves 200: fruit 120). Allium leaves (0. S a u r o p u s a n d r o g y n u s (103). Alternanthera sessilis (1. A.926). zz Rich in thiamine (mg): Sauropus androgynus (0. S a u ro p u s a n d ro gyn u s (247 ) .t ypes: Phaseolus c o c ci n e u s (2. 6 ) . total . broad bean/ field bean (48).9). mananthakali leaves (68). Abelmoschus escusentus (25. M o m o rd i c a charantia (2.22).21). Moringa oleifera (6.620). 6 ) . Momordica charantia (60). relatively low in Sesbania grandiflora. fruit .3). garden cress (28.9). Alternanthera sessilis (1. zz Rich in niacin (mg): Sauropus a n d ro gynus (2. Col o c as ia leaves (1. zz Rich in proline (mg): Amaranthus gangeticus (31). Brassica/mustard (2. C (mg): Sesbania grandiflora (169). Brassica spp. Murraya koenigii | 131 Fruits and Nuts Underutilized fruits and nuts are rich sources of protein. Some promising species with specific properties/ nutritive values (per 100 g) are dealt with below. Rich source of vitamins (values per 100 g of edible portion) zz Rich in Vit. Amaranthus gangeticus (5. zz Rich in protein (g): galo nut (10. Sauropus androgynus (5. jackfruit (51). Alternanthera sessilis (73).0). 278).0).706). Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (50. zz Rich in folic acid (mg): freeAmaranthus gangeticus (41. Sauropus androgynus (28.980). Momordica charantia (96). Moringa oleifera (50). (8.0).A.2)./ mustard leaves (16. relatively low in Trigonella foenum-graecum ( 2.Nutritional Aspects zz zz Rich i n i ron ( m g ) : Sesb a n ia grandiflora (3.0).520) . Annexure II lists selected species for Asia and the Pacific region (abstracted from Pareek et al.59).1). Murraya koenigii (7. mananthakali leaves (20.6). 1998). M. Colocasia leaves (54. carbohydrates. Colocasia leaves (77).5). For botanical names refer Chapter II and Annexure II.560). Phaseolus coccineus (0. I p o m o e a a q u a t i c a (1.0). Amaranthus gangeticus. gangeticus (99).34). Energy (K cal) Sesbania grandiflora ( 93 ) . Sesbania grandiflora (0.5). minerals and vitamins.25- . Colocasia leaves (0.2).. gangeticus (149. Amaranthus sp.9).3) . green 10. Moringa o l e i f e ra ( 92 ) .400).3).0).780). Colocasia leaves (10. (2. Amaranthus viridis (179). fat.7-38. fruits type: Phaseolus coccineus (158).000. Ipomoea aquatica (3. Colocasia leaves (black 12.0). koenigii (93. Murraya koenigii (23. zz Rich in carotene (µg): Sesbania grandiflora (5.5). Chenopodium album (4.7). Murraya koenigii (108). Lactuca sativa (178). breadfruit seed (5.48) . seeds 26. pili nut (12.1). longan dry (95). gular (8. passion fruit (700). seeds 27.34). canestal (550-2000). hazelnut (201209).80-4.3-3.2-76. pili nut (2.1-8. wood apple (pulp 7. tahiti chestnut (6.6).4) .7).4). chironji (528). khirni (675). zz Vit. zz Rich in calcium (mg): bael (85).2). pilu (167).8). zz Rich in carbohydrates (g): galo nut (765). date palm (39.32). longan dry (196). bael (50). wood apple (pulp 1.6). chinese chestnut (11.0).5. kumquat (2550). tamarind (pulp 99. zapote (75-1108). water chestnut (4. Lecythis (16-20). unripe-900). hazelnut (3.0).0.9).0).0).28-1. seabuckthorn (6833) kuwini (600).20).8-8. chinese chestnut (168). chempadak seed (10-13). pilu (8. chironji (19.2).5).7).8). hazelnut (337-462). longan dry (5. tahiti chestnut (4.4). macadamia nut (161). madhuca kernel (51.2-75. seed 110). seed 3. lotus seeds (70. melingo (50.1).6).8). pistachio (20.10.9). Lecythis (8).4-1.09). ker (60).5-2. breadfruit (0. lotus (139-330). chilgoza pine nut (15.0). tahiti chestnut (82. Indian almond (52-56). chironji (2791). carob tree (352).5). gorgan nut (76.052.9). lotus seeds (16.0-21. zz Rich in fat (g): galo nut (7.0). gorgan nut (9. ker/unripe (12. monkey jack (58). durian (2. pili nut (71-591). Ceylon gooseberry (0.0). chilgoza pine nut (3.132 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . hazelnut (54-62. chironji (38).0). karonda .0).0).59-29. tamarind (pulp 98. chilgoza pine nut (90.9).7).6-24.47. macadamia nut (71.78-6-7) chironji (8. pili nut (130-180). Pouteria (1500). ker (71) chinese hazelnut (832).8). zz Rich in iron (mg): custard apple (0. chilgoza pine nut (49.An Asia-Pacific Perspective 5. chilgoza pine nut (929). mangosteen (392 µg carotene).5-3. pili nut (73. jackfruit (100-540). chinese chestnut (3.7). pistachio (14. pistachio (100240).2).8). carol tree (80.8). melingo (10.8).9-11. pilu (630).0). hazelnut (12. Indian almond (1. Indian almond (950). madhuca kernel (8. chironji (59.7). khirni (83).9). tamarind (10. ker (210-360). zz Rich in fibre (g): galo nut (7. carob tree (7. ker (500.215. zz Rich in phosphorus (mg): kiwi fruit (64).4-4. soursop (180).18). A (IU): kiwi fruit (175). water apple (253). seed. Indian almond (19.9).8). Indian almond (up to 957).1) tamarind (pulp -3.6-30). macadamia nut (20). breadfruit seeds (2. rose apple (235). seed 170).7). breadfruit (52-88).2-3.4). lotus (7.9). macadamia nut (7.5). kumquat (266). pili nut (3. wood apple (5. pistachio (54. pistachio (140). sweet chestnut (42.81-1.0).4). carambola (upto 920). 4. zz Rich in vitamins: durian (208-593).1). durian (2.4). chempadak (84-87).9-4. Iongan (dried. gorgan nut (90).9). Indian almond (9. breadfruit (280).2). Lecythis (62.1-25. tamarind (61.1) . chempadak (3-4). zapote/ sapota (258). tamarind (fruit 0. custard apple (0. banana passion fruit (2. Chinese chestnut (194).26). tree tomato (150-540).88). breadfruit (0. . monkey jack (182).25-0. longan dry (286). chironji (654). lotus seed (318-390).1. custard apple (80-101). ker (119-233). kumquat (151). zz Thiamin (mg): cherimoya (0. chironji (1. ascorbic acid (mg): kiwi fruit (105). ambarella/ Spondias (95-157. zz Vit. tamarind (115-214). seabuckthorn (750). canistel (3.14).2).5-1. chinese chestnut (360). chilgoza pine nut (615).95-1. durian (144) .5). date palm (144). pistachio (626).19-1.8. hazelnut (620632). sour sop (0. malabar tamarind (138) jujube (76). jujube (105). macadamia nut (691). custard apple (0. jackfruit seed (0.7-1. chilgoza pine nut (3. sour lime (308).1).2). breadfruit (112160).9-2. tree tomato (110-1.72). breadfruit (0.8).14. seed 33).39).17). Indian gooseberry (500-625). zz Niacin (mg): bael (1.04). camino star | 133 zz Calories (K cal): bael (137).5). lotus (1.38). zz Riboflavin (mg): bael (1. jackfruit (72-94). tahiti chestnut (246). longan (dry 45).8-1.10-0. Indian almond (574607).Nutritional Aspects apple (0.6). (1618).3).130. Japanese persimmon (2000-2710).11-0. marang (63-122).5). C. pili nut (699-714). Chinese chestnut (403). sweet chestnut (174). wood apple (97-174) . dealt with . Many of such little known food plants present cases of folk domestication and a large percentage of such species occurs in areas rich in endemic plant wealth and are grown by native inhabitants. Barry. fruits and nuts. genetic diversity exploited differs in different regions. this diversity may exhibit a sporadic and discontinuous distribution. to suit specific agroeco-climates. grain. and ICUC in particular (William and Haq. The potential of some selected species is further hightlighted in chapter IV with emphasis on their food/ nutrition value. 2007. 2006. D iversity distribution/ assessment The plant diversity of underutilized species. many of these plants as cultigen are still confined to home garders/backyards. etc. Padulosi et al.. depending upon native richness of useful food plant resources. Often. An overview is presented in this chapter. 2006. Also several of these are still under domestication within the narrow range of their distribution. roots/tubers. Dawson et al. 2002. 2006. based on plant-part used i. leaves. depending on the need of the society utilising such food plants. 2002.. Abeyrathne et al. Danieys et al. 1. awaiting exploitation and chapter II and III provide a broad perspective of assessment of diversity of such species with emphasis on their and distribution utilization and developmental aspect. This chapter highlights the associated emerging concerns in promoting these underutilized plant species which have been receiving due emphasis by Bioversity International. Jaenicke et al. comparatively better known and introduced from one region to another. Dawson and Jaenicke.V. In a distinct category is represented by species. 2007). much selection have taken place consciously or otherwise.e. Emerging Concerns The account presented provides a synthesis of available information on the plant genetic wealth of underutilized and less known cultivated food plants for different geographical regions of crop plant diversity within the AsiaPacific region. By and large. Thus. 2006... local/ native edible types still constitute a rich reservoir of underutilized diversity. 2007. The widely grown category is of species with local selections well adapted to diverse habitats... Dhaeranath et al. minor crops. It is evident from this account that only limited diversity is widely grown. Emerging Concerns in chapter II, recording 588 species, mainly exhibits the following distribution patterns: (a) Species that have narrow range of distribution as cultigens within their distributional range. (b) The geographical range is wide and the species are grown within this range exhibiting continuous or sporadic distribution. (c) The exotic species after introduction mostly got adapted to regions away from their place of origin, but in similar agroclimates (chapter II). In the region of introduction, depending on their acceptability and local needs, the cultigens either got diversified increasing their agro-ecological range vis`a-vis distribution or gradually shrank in their distributional range remaining localized to their initial area of introduction, with sporadic distributional range. The analysis of distribution for each catagory of underutilized species is given in chapter II (pseudocereals and millets, grain legumes/pulses, roots and tubers, vegetables, fruits, nuts and those used as spices and condiments). However, assessment of diversity both for widely grown and sparsely cultivated types by and large is still not well documented. This information is important and constitutes a pre-requisite for planning futher collecting and prioritization/identity of future priority species for R&D needs in national and regional context. | 135 Also, this documentation assumes concern for the rare, less grown species as listed in Table 12. The diversity in these is not well assessed and if national programmes are not taking care of such species, these may be under threat. Safeguarding/conserving such diversity in national seed/field genebank is of prime importance. 2. Biotechnology applications The wider application of biotechnology can provide ample scope to realize the full potential of underutilized s p e ci e s i n a ch i evi n g i n cre a s e d yield and production, better quality, improve disease/pest resistance and improvement for desirable traits/ components including nutritional a s p e c t s , i m p rov e d p o s t - h a r v e s t technology and shelf-life, storage of produce and products, and in underutilized species of commercial value and meeting market needs. However, the initial major role of biotechnology is to: (i) enhance availability of material for use through tissue culture and micropropagation and (ii) through molecular marker studies to characterize genetic diversity. Some of these concerns have been highlighted by Dawson and Jaenicke (2006): zz Tissue culture and micropropagation: This study assumes importance in the above context in addessing the application of biotechnology. Activities have been undertaken on a number of underutilised species, including in vitro propagation 136 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species - An Asia-Pacific Perspective (normally via microcuttings, somatic embryogenesis) of Abelmoschus manihot (abika), Aegle marmelos (bael), Lablab purpureus (hyacinth bean) , Plectranthus esculentus and Sesamum indicum (sesame). Distribution of virus-free planting materials has been achieved as for example in taro, and cryopreservation techniques have been applied such as in jackfruit. zz Characterizing genetic diversity: Another application of biotechnology that would need focus is genetic diversity studies, and some such examples are of: Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit; isozyme study, among accessions), Diospyros kaki (persimmon; SSR development), Eleusine coracana (finger millet; a wide variety of techniques, including isozymes, ISSRs, RAPDs and RFLPs, among accessions and related species; EST-SSR and EST-SNP development), Metroxylon sagu (sago palm; AFLPs, among accessions, and population combined with morphological analysis; Sesamum indicum (sesame; AFCP, among accessions; SSR development). to take care of their multiplicationconservation needs through diverse biotechnologies. Also, vegetatively propagated species of tuber crops, fruits, bamboos, etc. would need special focus. Overall, practical applications of biotechnology are to be given high priority, taking farmers’ needs for greater access to selected material of underutilized species of proven potential, and to fit into suitable agricultural diversification systems to enhance food and agriculatural production. Greater focus on biotechnology will thus include: (i) new methods for collecting and storing genetic materials as seed and tissue culture, (ii) detection and elimination of diseases/pests, (iii) identification of useful promising genes, (iv) improved techniques for long-term storage, and (v) safe and more efficient distribution of gremplasm to users. In achieving these objectives, both the approaches – application of conventional technology and the modern biotechnological tools, as required need to be promoted (Dawson and Jaenicke, 2006). 3. Documenting indigenous Biotechnology is a rapidly developing knowledge/Ethnobotanical field and possibly the applications of information available techniques is to be carefully conceived for specific priority species on one hand to achieve the above goals, and, on the other differently applied to rare and endangered, less known underutilized species and narrow endemic-taxa as listed in Table 12, It is a known fact that native, rural, traditional communities have been and still are, the custodian of indigenous knowledge (IK) on the biodiversity maintained by them for their livelihood. Farmers have managed diverse plant Emerging Concerns species under subsistence agriculture for their multifarious needs, including nutritional and social needs- as food preferences and customs of plant use are deeply embedded in their culture. The immense diversity of traditional farming systems is the product of human innovation, more based on local experimentation. This includes their farming techniques, harvesting and using plant diversity and also conserving this diversity. In their ‘use’ efforts, there are different local preparations and oral knowledge about all these aspects that reflects value additions as well, and this knowledge has been passed on from generation to generation and is held by the communities and/or elderly individuals and these needs to be recorded. Some efforts have been done on this aspect. Overall, this accumulated indigenous knowledge on underutilized plant species needs to be tapped and well documented and scientifically authenticated for its wider application and use by society. For generations, under subsistence agriculture, farmers have been selecting and gathering plants from the wild/ semi-wild habitats that have long been accepted as ‘food’, and protecting these. At least 1000 million people are estimated to use such traditional plants to meet their daily needs. These are essential to the rural households (FAO, 1993). In centres of diversity of crop plants in particular, semi-domesticated and gathered diversity from natural habitats still helps support honsehold food security and also healthcare through use of indigenous/herbal medicines. | 137 However, this local knowledge on use of species over past generations has fast eroded vis-à-vis information on traditional use of such diversity of locally grown underutilized species in centres of diversity of crop plants. In locating and assessing such diversity, more focus needs to be given to the wider role of ethnobotany (Barrau, 1989; Jain, 1996; Arora, 1996; 1997). The role of ethnobotany/application of ethnobotany in conservation of native plant genetic diversity and use, and in community development has been highlighted by Martin (2007) by focusing on the ways the local cultures classify, manage and use plant genetic resources or locating new and more valued use of these resources. Ethnobotany is directly linked to promote the role of local people in the management of agribiodiversity through more participatory approaches in ethnobotanical studies. Wider applications of ethnobotany in human welfare have been well addressed by Jain (1996). 4. Ecological security/ habitat protection Human destruction of natural habitats, whether exploited for commercial growing needs or subsistence cultivation, is presently one of the major ecological threats. As a result, there has been pressure on natural/wild vegetation sites and due to ecological imbalance the original habitats are lost, and so also the native plant diversity occurring here. In each of such habitats, several underutilized, minor, less known species 138 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species - An Asia-Pacific Perspective occur (see chapter II) and these need to be collected and conserved, and studied for their use to meet social and economic needs of the rural poor. Many of these species are well-adapted to wastelands, non-agricultural land, thus adding to local village/state development needs in a cost-effective manner as these can be grown under local low input conditions. Also, new crops, with good economic returns need to be identified for such habitats e.g. Jatropha crop for industrial oil use. 5. Utilization and conservation aspects Use as food In the enumeration of underutilized species (chapter II), about 100 species are such for which one or more plant- parts are used as food. This is particularly so in case of root/ tuber and vegetable crops. The native communities helped to assess/ identify the edible kinds which initially got into the folk domestication process and gradually spread. Eventually, some of these were accepted by the urban society as well and put to more than one use depending on their need/food habit. Thus, the cultivation-utilization linked trend that evolved through overall choice of plant diversity by the native, rural, and urban communities has gradually increased diversity within species and different species for the specific kind of material required to be grown, but the initial need was for multipurpose use. Among the root/tuber/bulbous types, several Allium species apart from their bulbs, are used as vegetable i.e., Allium fistulosum, A. ascalonicum, A. tuberosum. In Calystegia sepium and Tragopogon spp., young shoots are cooked into vegetable; in Nelumbo nucifera, apart from rhizome, cooked as vegetable and also pickled, leaves are cooked as vegetable and in Sagittaria sagittifolia, young sprouts are utilised. Even in the more acceptable types like taros and Xanthosoma, several locally improved types are grown where besides tubers; leaves are also cooked as vegetable. Dual purpose types occur in Amaranthus spp., where apart from edible grains, leaves and young shoots are cooked as vegetable. In others though primary use is as leafy vegetable, roots etc. are also consumed i.e. Cryptotaenia canadensis and Houttuynia cordata. In several species both young pods/fruits and roots are used, as in Mucuna spp., Phaseolus coccineus, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus and Sechium edule. In others, young pods are cooked as vegetable i.e. Canavalia ensiformis. Further, some types are put to multipurpose usages i.e. A. grayi, where leaves are used as a pot herb and for flavouring as condiments, A. kurrat shoots are used in soups and salad, in Asparagus officinalis leaves are used as vegetable and shoot/stem is eaten boiled and also/pickled. Several vegetablesLepidium, Lactuca, Brassica spp. are consumed as salad. Among fruits, apart from the sweet pulp, seed/kernel is eaten raw i.e. Prunus armeniaca, P. mume or roasted-Artocarpus camansi, Chapter IV on nutritional aspects amply supports the need to exploit underutilized species as these are nutritionally rich and this concern is of national/regional and international interest. 1997). Another concern is on healthcare. Averrhoa spp. are also pickled i. These are. nutritional analysis composition for which varying figures have been repeated. and the commercial sector focus on these to exploit their potential. (2002). Artocarpus odoratissimus.e. these provide useful germplasm for introducing tolerance to drought and cold. Chrysophyllum cainito.e. Carissa congesta. and underutilized crops are often presented as new crops (Vietmeyer. Nutrition and healthcare: Quality of produce The underutilized species provide rich nutritional foods and need to be promoted. In some species. 1990). Casimiroa edulis. These species are related to other cultivated types and can be crossed. Aegle marmelos. in recognition of their role in | 139 combating diet imbalances. when interest of researchers. or is only edible when ripe in Eugenia. and in some. vitamins and other micronutrients. leaves are used as vegetable i. However. Feronia limonia. Many species possess good quality fruits/nuts and after selection directly or through breeding can be improved for full exploitation. Capparis.. and are also made into preserves i. eaten raw and made into jelly/preserves. . Citrus spp. and in others apart from being eaten raw. being adapted to diverse eco-climates/ extreme climatic stress. 1996. Artocarpus.. for use in healthcare/medicine. Arora. Promising as breeding material Several of these less known food plants possess specific/ desirable attributes of utility in breeding programmes.. The berries of Crataegus pentagyna are eaten raw. much work is required towards standardization of produce/products. Cordia. As pointed out by Padulosi et al. Mangifera. Fruits of many species apart from being eaten raw. such plant genetic wealth belongs to the following categories: 1. fruits of Emblica officinalis are both pickled and preserved. of Dovyalis spp. for instance.e. made into beverage/ sharbat/drinks i. Salvadora persica. Garcinia indica.e. a change in attitude has been noticed over the last 5-10 years among policy makers and the public with regard to the quality of life as related to the quality of food as well as diverse sources of food.Emerging Concerns jackfruit and other Artocarpus spp. In this context much focus is also on emerging indigenous underutilized species as crops (Considine. Particularly. stewed and also preserved. Fortunella and /or is used in salad in Averrhoa carambola. Carissa. Broadly. the fruit is used for pickles as in Elaeocapus floribundus. apart from fruit.. Bouea. are tolerant to pests and diseases and possess promising yield and quality traits. much more than in the past. Grewia subinaequalis and Chaenomeles speciosa. being searched for in crops and plant species with greater emphasis. (2002). More improtant are species which can be crossed with others and utilised as breeding material viz. caerulea). Prunus cerasifera (for grafting plum cultivars). Thus this aspect . 4. Citrus ichangensis (frost hardy type). P. Nephelium rambutan-Ake. As pointed out by Padulose et. Som e sp e cies provide useful rootstocks i. 3. Spondias spp. these provide sources of resistance to drought and cold/frost such as Pyrus communis and P.. and such protected diversity maintained by native farmers. characters of 12 Japanese and Chinese wild types of citrus have been utilized in Zuzu (Tanaka. A.. Nephelium rambutanake fruits have excellent flavour. where by introgression. Sandoricum koetjape.140 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Buchanania lanzan. Besides several of such species possess specific traits and act as donors for introducing such useful attributes.. In several of these. As many of these species occur in diverse and harsh climates and under ecological stress. and in Vitis amurensis can be utilized for such specific traits. gummi-gutta. Malus baccata (withstands -40°C) and extreme cold tolerance.. multiflorus. Passiflora spp. G. frost resistance in Actinidia callosa. mandschurica. Pyrus pyrifolia with other related taxa/species and species within the Mangifera genepool with M. Among other promising material..e. Several types exhibit disease resistance-mildew resistant types in Ribes spp. deliciosa. junos (frost resistance). Conservation aspects A holistic appronch to conservation of undertutilized species needs to be effectively planned following both the ex situ and in situ techniques and complementary conservation stratagies. Resistance to Phylloxera occurs in Vitis spp. and Terminalia catappa are some of the species that deserve prominence. Juglans ailantifolia. sweet and juicy. drought and/ or heat resistance in Pyrus prunifolia. C. Garcinia indica.. and aphid resistant and rust resistant types in Rubus spp. often in backyards/home gardens and marginal lands. locally improved types also occur. Mespilus germanica with Prunus spp. 5. This amply points out to the importance of less known. 1976). a very meagre collection of these species is currently held in genebanks worldwide. Actinidia callosa crosses with A. Citrus junos deserves special mention. Pouteria spp. minor species grown sparingly. Dimocarpus longan. (P. pyrifolia. Syzygium spp. al.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Dovyalis caffra. Gnetum gnemon. Artocarpus odoratissimus fruits are small. 2. Prunus salicina has been much used in improving fruit quality by crossing with other Prunus spp. Malus sylvestris (winter hardy).. Malpighia spp. indica complex).. ICRISAT can help provide funding support and expertise. Vietnam and in PNG etc. maintenance and conservation of the germplasm held by them. and national programmes can also be directly given such support by GCDT | 141 for regeneration. . being largely vegetatively propagated. Capacity building in this sector is much needed and training aspects at regional levels need more focus. special focus is to be given to conserve priority species/underutilized diversity as already stressed in chapter III/ see tables 11 & 12. Indonesia. diverse in vitro. and sub-regional workshops be organized and working groups identified to assess needs. Good field genebanks exist in the above countries/institutes and can share responsibilities to safeguard such diversity of the sub-region/ region. more information is now available on newer areas of distribution of such plants and on new/less known plant resources. Also. Benefits and constraints The above synthesis amply brings out that man’s exploitation of economic plants to provide him with food has extended to different geographical areas and in this continuing effort. collaborative mode to prioritise diverse conservation approaches for effective implementation in the regional context. international organisations such as Bioversity International. South Korea East Asia/ PNG. ICUC. this responsibility needs to be shared collectively by well established national programmes a n d re g io n a l a n d i n t e rn a t io n a l organizations. AVRDC. In the last few decades good work has been carried out in India. Nepal (South Asia). As these crops are difficult to maintain. Indonesia (southeast China. Malaysia. Such areas which hold rich reservoir of diverse genepools of underutilized species need to be explored for their eventual utility visà-vis conservation for posterity. P h i l i p p i n e s. A regional frame work can be developed for crops.Emerging Concerns assumes global concern and for the Asia-Pacific region. particularly roots/ tubers. fruits and nuts. the national programmes of these countries have laid due priority on R&D. particularly the underexplored regions of diversity of crop plants. Vi e t n a m. Japan. also to take care of some important underutilized crops as per national needs. Some of the countries such as India have a separate coordinated programme on underutilized crops involving several species and a separate Indian Institute for Vegetable Research (IIVR) and Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR) among so many others. participating organizations invited in a networking. Philippines. cryopreservation techniques are to be followed in India and China. Specific crop institutes and PGR-related institutes exist in Thailand. Th a i l a n d. 6. and Vanuatu in the South Pacific and also in Australia. regions and countries/ national programmes involved. The number of such exploitable kinds will obviously increase as more areas are tapped for germplasm collection and utilization. The workshop on underutilized species organized by ICUC (Jaenicke et al. maintaining biodiversity. The international workshop on underutilized species and poverty alleviation by Capacity Building International (Gundel et al.142 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . alleviating poverty. zz Use of underutilized species is hampered by: Poor information on production. capacity building. zz Underutilized species contribute to: Household livelihoods. lack of attractive traits and above all national policy and legislation. more effective utilization of species’ use. poor commercialization demand/limitations. The workshop identified range of strategic measures for the promotion and subtainable utilization of underutilized plant species. namely. diverse use. lack of improved production technologies leading to low yields. information generation and management and inter-sectoral interventions. lack of knowledge on genetic diversity assessment and use.. 2003) discussed specific concerns on (i) promotion and development of underutilized plant species vis-à-vis their contribution to food security and healthcare. lack of propagation techniques. (2002) also pointed o u t t o m a ny o f t h e s e d i v e r s e constraints that are linked to the promotion of underutilized species: low competitiveness. sustaining the environment. unsupportive extension services. lack of marketing channels. maintaining social structures.. lack of market. Padulosi et al. better management and marketing system. 2006). low income generation. (ii) income generation and local economies. few improved planting materials. Further. policy and legislation. and (iv) biodiversity and environmental services. they also stressed for greater emphasis on R&D to generate technologies.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Williams and Haq (2002) point out to the following major benefits of underutilized species and constraints in their use. and effective partnership/coordination/ linkage. (iii) non-material benefits. marketing. conservation. p o s t harvest handling and processing. consumption patterns and use. post-harvest and transport losses. awareness creation. maintaining traditional subsistence farming systems. less knowledge on cultural practices. saving lives during calamities. i m p rove m e n t a n d a c c e s s . discouraging national policies. poor information on economic benefits and market opportunities. nutritional value. loss of traditional knowledge. poor credit and investment services. generating income and strengthening local economies. production-consumption aspects. in the above context pointed to the following key areas for providing thrust to promote development and utilization of underutilized species visà-vis their sustainability (rearranged here) : . storage and conservation. 2003. This effort is well linked to maintenance of diversity vis-à-vis . 2006).Emerging Concerns (i) Management concerns: such as greater awarencess. many of which have been. 2007) also. educating farmers and involving them in promoting participatory plant breeding activities (Padulosi et al. keeping interests of the poor farmers and meeting their needs. Networking and partnership Th e t wo l e a d i n g o rg a n iza t i o n s engaged in this activity for promoting underutilized species are Bioversity International (formerly IPGRI) and International Centre for Underutilized Crops (ICUC). ICAR system also has been instrumental in reaching to farmers a great deal through its National Agriculture Innovation Project recently. policy/legal framework. farmers. strengthening seed supply system. marketing. better interaction and collaboration. increase in production and local consumption. to some extent. (v) Other benefits: greater opportunities of income generation with more product development. resources. s t ro n g n a t io n a l c o m m i t m e n t. coordination. underutilized species contributing significantly to the national agricultural GDP. to food security and poverty reduction. Still ample promotional activities are needed. Taking an overall view. underutilized species used for food and also for medicine. apart from others. Efforts are required to address constraints through -networking and coordination. ICUC. regional and international levels. and consumers. 2002). strong policy support. (iv) Diversifying use: value chains well established. more focussed research and development activities to promote underutilized species and funding for greater coordination with stakeholders. Significant progress has been achieved by IPGRI managed networks/ coordinated programmes (see expert consultation proceedings APAARI. (ii) Research thrust: par ticipator y approaches.. some of the common major constraints for underutilized species development in achieving desired goals pertain to: lack of awareness. R&D thrust needed at national. addressed by the national programmes. underutilized species available in mainstream commercial sector. knowledge and information. There is thus need for development of sustainable linkages between organizations. | 143 7. evaluation of material with farmers and local NGOs. Participatory research should be actively pursued among stakeholders in areas such as constraint analysis/production to consumption. and their efforts over the past two decades have been successful particularly in addressing/ providing thrust on conservation. supporting livelihoods. and use of underutilized tropical fruits (IPGRI. (iii) Operational mechanism in place: institutional vehicles established. cosmetics and supplements. knowledge sharing strengthened. increase in processing and marketing. policy-level aspects (IPGRI. Income and Sustainable Development”. zz Identify. ecosystem health and farm productivity. zz Implement and document economic and market studies of different aspects of value chains for underutilized plants. 1. ADD final project report on tropical fruits). A good monitoring system has to be in place for assessing the impact of such improvement/promotion process through appropriately addressing conservation and utilization aspects. zz Involve communities and research scientists in conservation and crop improvement. nutritive values. species. 8. in Arusha. and pilot a number of global marketing initiatives in public-private partnerships. and the ongoing programme of ICUC/UTFANET in the Asia-Pacific region. 2002. including information gathering. Nutrition. further action/ collaboration is required as follows (information taken from GFU note). Tanzania from 3-7 March 2008. nutritional and developmental needs of future . and its follow through on electronic discussion forum mainly focussed on four themes: Create awareness on undertilized plant species contribution to local nutrition. Market access: Underutilized plant species for diversification of farm income 4. zz Pursue funding for research and development of underutilized plant species. knowledge sharing and dissemination. zz Create and manage a bibliography and database of underutilized plant Working together across the full spectrum of disciplines. from crop breeding to socio-political policy. publish and disseminate case studies illustrating successful approaches in sustainable use of such species to improve rural health and economies. zz Develop guidelines of best practices for sustainable use of underutilized plant species.144 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . resilience to climate change and information on genetics. zz Implement a global breeding initiative for a selected set of underutilized crops. Nutrition: Underutilized plant species to improve nutrition and health 3. successful and unsuccessful case studies. it is believed that underutilized plant species can contribute to the food. Climate change: Potential of underutilized plant species as risk buffers in times of climate change 2. agronomic aspects. Further thrust zz The International Symposium on “Underutilized Plants for Food.An Asia-Pacific Perspective use and strengthening sustainability of production. Agrobiodiversity: Underutilized plant species for diversification of agricultural systems To i n cre ase t h e c ont ri b ut ion of underutilized plant species. income. icuciwmi. But worldwide. have done much to stimulate and feed this interest. Mozamique.htm (Bioversity International. provisionally called ‘Crops for the Future’. But GFU and ICUC believe that there is enormous value in creating a single champion.Emerging Concerns communities in the face of economic instability. In the last couple of decades it has become abundantly clear that there is a great deal of interest scattered around the globe in underutilized | 145 species. Crops for the future: New global initiative New developments: global efforts to strengthen R & D in underutilized species Global Facilitation Unit for Underutilized Species (GFU) and International Centre for Underutilized Crops (ICUC) join hands to promote underutilized crops A new global body.000 plant species have been grown or collected for food. For more information visit at http://www. climate change and food insecurity (ICUC brief article by Hannah Jaenicke: Bioversity International APO Newsletter No. ‘Crops for the Future’ will focus on the following five key areas of this strategy: (i) Information and communication. more recent development pertain to the launching of the above programme (ICUC News 80). Over 7. the Global Facilitation Unit for Underutilized species (GFU) and the International Centre for Underutilized Crops (ICUC). contribute to more secure livelihoods.maize. or which were grown traditionally but have fallen into disuse. Around the world. the launching having taken place on 30 November 2008 at a specially organized seminar during the CGIAR Annual General Meeting in Maputo. 9. 52. Africa. Underutilized crops are crops for the future. 52. Report from the Crops for the Future official launch event. ‘Crops for the Future’. especially for use by the poor. A strategic plan (2009-2013) has been developed produced/(for more details see ICUC website). Two organizations. . species that are little used. 2008).supply half of the daily proteins and calories. Considerable thought and widespread consultation has already gone into formulating a global strategy for underutilized crops. less than 150 have been commercialized and just three crops . (iii) Policy research (iv) Public awareness and (v) Capacity building. Further to this. so. and many groups and individuals. (ii) Market analysis and market research. APO Newsletter No. 2008). There is growing recognition that they diversify systems and. will spearheads the drive to bring underutilized crops into the mainstream. wheat and rice . are being revived.org/Our Future. roots. Chinese-Japanese. A thoughtprovoking need-based focus is also given for the use of other disciplines in meeting the growing need to promote and assess this diversity: use of biotechnology. underutilized species offer a great potential to provide better livelihoods. Being culturally. . Australian/Pacific and Indian region are located in this region. condiments. vegetables. therefore. Also information has been added to provide relative analysis of food/nutritional values of selected underutilized species. namely. nuts. It is a centre of diversification and domestication of crop plants. IndochineseIndonesian. The greater need for partnership/networking at national. Malaysia. eight out of the 17 megabiodiversity countries namely Indonesia. tubers. it is considered important to widen this foodbase to serve the growing population. The choice for the priority species for R&D needs has been suggested/discussed and the role of native/ endemic diversity dealt with. PNG. diverse uses and conservation of such species. Also. Mankind depends on a narrow range of crop diversity to meet its food and other needs. China. Epilogue The Asia-Pacific region holds rich biodiversity in underutilized plant species. In this context. fruits. regional and international level for realizing the full potential of underutilized species has been stressed to address the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs). Information presented h a s b e e n cl a ss i fie d u n d e r use based categories such as cereals/ pseudocereals. Th i s p ub l ic a t ion d e a l s wi t h t h e e nu m e ra t io n of 778 sp e cies of underutilized and less known minor food plants grown in different regions of Asia-Pacific. This information d o cu m e nt a t io n. Four regions of diversity.VI. and globally. India. several underutilized species are grown here and maintained by native farmers under subsistent agriculture. Philippines and Thailand are in this region. assumes high importance. ethnobotany and documenting indigenous knowledge. Australia. and those providing spices. d i st ri b ut io n a n d assessment of diversity. ethnically and ecologically very diverse. and of multi-purpose use including agroforestry species and environment friendly species. grain legumes/pulses. to merge ICUC and Global Facilitation Unit (GFU)/Bioversity programmes into one setup.Epilogue In view of the developments in global content. presently named as ‘Crops for the Future’ this publication will be found very useful | 147 to the national/regional programmes. It is felt that APAARI member-NARS and other members including concerned CG centres will find this well documented/ synthesised information both useful and rewarding. . 2007.H. Bhatt and J. Indian Natn. No. 2007..K. Deep Publications. 2006. 1996. 2008. Plant Genetic Resources in the Pacific: Towards Regional Coopration in Conservation and Management. Thailand. R. Arora. NBPGR Sci.S. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources.D. 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University of Wisconsion. Vol. 1988. and N. Aleppo. (ed. 1989. and P. Indonesia. Padulosi. Danton. Abaidan. Underutilized Tropical Plant Genetic Resources. Quah. R. N.K.P. 1. G. and Bhag Mal. 1997 (eds. Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement of Vegetable Crops in the Tropics. Conservation and Utilization. Nigeria. 2007. Vol. Pareek. | 153 Prem Nath. Life support species: diversity and conservation. Ecosystem and Environment. Indianapolis. N.1 Pulses. PROSEA Foundation. Coronel (eds). L.. Day) Southampton.G.J. Vavilov. 1982. Y. Netherlands. In: Advances in New Crops. Wickens. Indiana. Economic (eds. Hoff. Underutilized Crops: Pulses and Vegetables. E. Verheij. London. Haq. Co. East Asia. 247 p. ICUC. Indonesia. Southampton.). Oregon.) 1991. UK.T. Leon.J. variation. N. Edible Fruits and Nuts. J. 1992. London. In: Williams. 1999. Netherlands. A. Oxford University Press. Development. J. Haq. and J. E. 1951. Research. Williams. 2002. Wageningen.W. Portland. Bogor.C. de Wet. 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Cyclopedia of Edible Plants of the World.T. Stechert-Hafner Service Agency. 1992.I. J. Somatmadja (eds. J. and B. Williams.C.H. Cramer. van der Maesen. and S. Keigata Publ. UK. 46 p. .T.). London.E. 1993. Wilson. Domestication of Plants in the Old World (2nd edn. 254 p. No. Zohar y. 2. and R. 22 October. 1995. 1968. Chron. J. New York. Von Maydell H. (ed. 1992. Janick and J. 1989. Pudoc. Lehre. and N. 13: 364 p. and M.T. Wageningen. Ecol. Arora Dr. Arora RK. Proc. KPS Chandel and BS Joshi. India. Soc. India 2: 22-23. Soc. Trop. 289-309. Proc. Indian For. 1960.. Arora RK. internal. Adlay (Coix) Crop in Meghalaya. Arora has published over 200 articles in National and International journals.K. Jour. Ecology of Xylia xylocarpa Taub. 1964. Some selected publications are listed below: Arora RK. Morphological diversity in Phaseolus suhlobatus Roxb. 1960. . Mem.a correlation of factors for North Kanara forests. Nat.K. 1973. India. Ecological notes on the vegetation of Coorg district. Arora RK. 86(9): 609-616. New plant records from North Kanara. 1960-64. Successional trends in North Kanara Forests. Curr. RK. 1966. Indian Bot. Nat. m. On the biological spectrum of North Kanara flora. 43(2): 220-228. R. 91: 732-742. 2: 36-37. India 35B:182-190. Vegetation in relation to climate and soil . 1965.an analysis of Indian vegetation. besides making several presentations in conferences and seminars. 1964. Arora RK. Arora. Arora RK. pt. India 30B Pt. Western Ghats. 1960. Sci. 11 ibid34B. Ecological notes on Hopea parviflora Bedd. 1960. Arora RK. 1973. 1965. 92: 85-88. 1964. IV. Arora RK. Acad. Indian For. 86(5): 306-13. Arora RK. Arora RK. The botany of Coorg forests. 3: 26-31. Pt. Bull. Distribution patterns of plants from the humid tropics of Western Ghats. Research papers Arora RK. Indian For. Sci. R. Nat. Sci. 1960. 361-368. 100-12. Arora RK. Bot. Indian Bot. Phytogeographical notes on humid tropics flora of India. I. 52: 95-98. Wind dispersed species in the humid tropics . Soc.Selected Research Papers & Other Publications of Dr. Acad. Indian For. Indian Bot. Soc. 4(2&3): 102-108. Sci. Surv. Bull. 11. 34B. The flora of North Kanara. 42(10): 359-361. Proc. Acad. Soc. Arora RK. Indian For. I. Arora RK and KL Mehra. 1982. Trop. 1978. 1980.tears (Coix lacryma -jobi) . India. Diversity and Collection of wild Vigna species in India. Ethnobotany 7: 125-136. (cereals and pulses). Collecting local wheat germplasm from Central India. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 46: 20-24. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 44: 26-32. Arora RK. Indian Farming (February issue).a minor food-cum-fodder crop of North-Eastern India. Chandel and R Gupta. KL Mehra and MW Hardas. BS Joshi and KC Pant. Bot 34(2): 175-180. Annals Arid Zone 20: 145-154. Arora RK. Arora RK and KL Mehta. KPS. conservation and uses. 1981. Vegetation depredation under shifting cultivation in humid tropical areas. 1995. 42(1): 29. Sci. R. 1979. Arora RK and KPS Chandel 1972. 1: 11-22.a little known aromatic plant of Lahaul valley. Curr. Arora. 1985. 1980.. Arora RK. 1981. Econ. ML Maheshwari.3: 175-186. 1981. Exploration in north-east India. Ethnobotanical studies on plant genetic resources: National efforts and concern. 1973. Arora. Botanical source areas of wild herbage legumes in India. Baileya 19(2): 90. B 63. 31(3): 358-366. KPS Chandel. Arora RK. domestication trends. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 34: 4-8.156 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . Acad. Arora RK. Mono (Inula recemosa) . Arora RK. Forage Res. 12(1): 15-20. Genetic resources of wild and cultivated tuber and root crops in India. Bot. 1977. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 47: 28-30.a tribal pulse of eastern India. Arora RK and MN Koppar. Sci. 34(3): 260-263. their diversity and collection. Collecting in the Sikkim Himalayas. Arora RK and HB Singh. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 51: 27-30. Rice-bean . Genetic diversity in cold arid Western Himalayas. Arora RK. No. Arora RK. Job’s . Occurrence of Malabar gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia Bouche) in Khasi hills. The Indian Gene Centre prospects for exploration and collection of herbage grasses. Econ. Proc. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 63: 26-33. Arora RK. 1975. Collecting local wheat germplasm from Western India. esculentus (Malvaceae). 1997. Crop collecting in Malawi and Zambia. Plant genetic resources of arid and semi arid lands of India. India. Plant genetic resources of Northeastern region: Diversity. Abelmoschus tuberculatus and its relation to A. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 38: 18-19. Arora RK and KL Mehta. RK. 1980. 1973. KPS Chandel and MN Koppar. 1980. 1977.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Arora RK. . Grasslands 6(3): 213-221. Arora RK and HB Singh. Bot. 1981. SABRO Jour. Econ. Indian Natn. Monogr. Econ. 34A: 37-51.Selected Research Papers & Other Publications Arora RK. 74(3): 568-569. 1973. 87: 179-83. Paroda RS and RK Arora. Collection conservation and exchange of gene pools in Asia & Oceania. 1976. Intensive Agriculture October-November: 22-29. BS Joshi. Bot. IARI PG School Journal (invited article). 73(2): 423-24. Vigna capensis Walp. Bull. Conservation of wild relatives of crop plants in India. Singh HB. Malva verticillata .B.. Winged bean.Minor millet of the Khasi hills. gilo in north-eastern hills. Soc. Sci. Diversity 12(3): 17-18. 73(1): 251-52. India.an edible root legume.a less known economic plant. MW Hardas and RK Arora. 1979. Proc. Hist. 1996. 1975. Arora RK and MW Hardas 1977. Bull Bot Sur. Arora RK and R Prashad. 1960. Some medicinal forms from Western India. 1983. Curr.A new . No. KL Mehta and KRoshini Nayar. Occurrence of Solanum integrifolium and S. . B 63(3): 175-186. Soc. Arora RK 1996. 1962. Allahabad Farmer 35(1): 17-31. Hist. Sohphlong. A note on Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. 41: 537. Soc. 1961. 26(4): 376-380. Hodgsonia heteroclita . 41(6)3: 194-208. Puri GS and RK Arora. The continuum of plant genetic resources. 1972. 1997. Sci. Paroda RS and RK Arora. Indian region provides treasure house of wild plant genetic resources. 1978. Singh. 74(3): 559-561. Chandel KPS. 1985. 1974. Chandel KPS. Collaboration with IPGRI advances sustainable development in South Asia. Chandel KPS. Singh HB and RK Arora. Arora R K a nd JP Horr y. 1972. . Occurrence of strophiolate seeds in Cajanus. and RK Arora. 6: 14 p. RK Arora and KC Pant. Hist. Raishan. domestication trends. J Bombay Nat. 1964. Rice bean . Plant genetic resources of Northeastern region. RK Arora and BS Joshi. Surv. conservation and uses. RK Arora and MW Hardas. Bot.an oil rich cucurbit. a legume for better nutrition. Puri GS and RK Arora. Untapped Plant Resources. Conserving for posterity. Arora RK. Some dye and tanin yielding plants from Western India. 1987. H. NBPGR Sci.K. Indian Natn. Arora RK and MW Hardas. India 8: 391. Digitaria sp. J Bombay Nat. Acad. Indian Nat. Diversity. From wild plants to present day crop varieties. R. Acad. 1978. Singh HB. 27(3): 322-332. BS Joshi. A note on Heliotropium cornutum Johnst. Indian For. Indian J Genet. Econ. Arora RK. Arora RK and S Banerjee. a leguminous root crop of India. Soc. Moghania vestita. Diversity 12(3): 55-57. Hist. Arora | 157 Arora RK. Bot. of Dr. Sci. RK Arora and KC Pant. Indian Horticulture (April-June issue). India 6: s95. J Bombay Nat. 1978. J Bombay Nat. Indian Farming (December issue). NBPGR Sci. pp 25-54. Plant genetic resources conservation and management. India. New Delhi. Arora RK. New Delhi.An Asia-Pacific Perspective pulse with high agricultural potential. Arora RK. In: Ethnobiology in Human Welfare. Jain (ed. 7. IPGRI Office for South and Southeast Asia. 9. IBPGR Regional Office for South and Southeast Asia. Arora RK and A Pandey. Wild edible plants of India: diversity. Books/ Book chapters Arora RK and ER Nayar. Genetic resources of less known cultivated food plants. . In: Plant Genetic Resources RS Paroda and RK Arora (eds). New Delhi.) 1991. 1991. 126 p.K. RS Paroda and RK Arora (eds). Arora RK.) pp 287-296. In: Plant Genetic Resources Conservation and Management. 1984. Arora RK. S. IPGRI Office for South and Southeast Asia. Proceedings of IVth International Congress of Ethnobiology. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources. Plant exploration and germplasm collection. India. 90 p. 1991. 17-21 Nov. Paroda RS and RK Arora (eds.158 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . 1996. India. Role of ethnobotany in the conser vation and use of plant genetic resources of India. 1985. Monogr. 1994. Plant diversity in the Indian Gene Centre. pp 55-93. Monogr. New Delhi. conservation and use. Wild relatives of crop plants in India. NBPGR Sci. 1996. Lucknow. (green variety) Murraya koenigii (Curry) Moringa oleifera (Drumstick) Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) Lepidium sativum (Garden cress) Moisture (g) Sesbania grandiflora (Agathi) Leafy vegetables Species Protein (N × 6.8 3.25) (g) 5.8 4.2 3.6 0.0 0.0 2.8 2.7 1.1 Fibre (g) - 1.9 3.2 2.6 1.4 Fat (g) 1.9 Annexures | 159 .6 37 2.2 8.9 6.9 0.5 2.8 Carbohydrates (g) Proximate principles in vegetables (per 100 g of edible portion) 67 49 92 108 56 103 230 30 38 24 93 Energy (Kcal) Calcium (mg) 360 395 440 830 227 570 140 150 330 200 1130 Annexure-I (1) Phosphorus (mg) 110 51 70 57 82 200 63 80 52 40 80 Iron (mg) 28.0 11.1 3.4 0.2 3.6 2.8 6.3 3.5 3.4 1.9 1.1 90.1 0.9 1.1 0.6 88.6 82.3 0.7 6.4 6.1 1.8 6.4 1.0 28.0 12.5 18.8 89.4 2.8 75.0 81.0 8.9 10.0 4.7 63.7 - 3.73.2 18.3 3.0 73.8 11.3 Amaranthus caudatus Amaranthus viridis Chenopodium album (Bathua) Apium graveolens (Celery) Sauropus androgynus (Chekkurmanis) Colocasia spp.7 5.7 6.4 2.2 1.9 86.0 2.9 0.4 Minerals (g) 2.9 6.3 4.0 1.1 82.7 6.7 1. 3 20.An Asia-Pacific Perspective .9 0.4 0.6 2.2 1.2 4.5 1.0 .9 Protein (N × 6.6 0.8 - 1.1 0.4 1.6 0.6 2.4 0.8 1.2 0.9 96.6 1.2 1.0 0.1 Fibre (g) 4.6 7.8 2.2 2.6 2.2 2.5 3.6 2.5 4.6 3.9 3.2 Carbohydrates (g) 3.2 1.4 3.25) (g) Fruit and flowers used as vegetables 90.5 0.4 11.2 29.4 96.2 2.1 1.5 3.9 3.7 10.2 8.8 1.2 2.4 Minerals (g) 2.4 0.4 Lactuca sativa (Lettuce) Pisonia grandis (Lettuce tree) Solanum nigrum (Manathakali) Brassica spp.9 160 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species .8 1.2 1.0 86.4 0.5 3.8 3.4 81.1 0.1 85.8 0.93.1 0.6 16.9 4.5 7.9 Sesbania graneliflora Benincasa hispida (Ash gourd) Phaseotus coccineus (Scarlet runner beans) Momordica charantia (Bitter gourd) Lagenaria siceraria (Bottle gourd) Vicia faba (Broad bean) Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (Cluster bean) Moringa oleifera (Drumstick) 2.6 0.4 2.5 58.0 5.1 2.8 0.3 0.8 0.1 0.4 90.8 - 0.3 92.3 0.0 4.1 Energy (Kcal) 26 16 48 12 25 158 10 26 73 34 68 29 21 28 Calcium (mg) 30 130 50 20 20 50 30 9 510 155 410 170 50 110 Phosphorus (mg) 110 57 64 10 70 160 20 5 60 26 70 60 28 46 Iron (mg) 0.3 Moisture (g) Ipomoea aquatica Species Fat (g) 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.2 82.1 89.5 1.54 0.8 77.7 0.6 0. (Mustard) Alternanthera sessilis (Ponnanganni greens) 92.2 2.0 5. 84.0 89.6 95.2 94.6 87.2 93.5 Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit tender roots) Abelmoschus escutentus (Ladies finger/okra) Luffa (Ridged gourd) Trichosanthes anguina (Snake gourd) Canavalia (Sword bean) Praecitrullus (Tinda, round gourd) 16.2 73.1 78.7 69.9 Maranta arundinacea (Arrowroot) Colocasia esculenta (Taro) Amorphophallus (Elephant foot yam) Dioscorea (Yam) 1.4 1.2 3.0 0.2 3.6 1.4 2.7 0.5 0.5 1.9 2.6 3.8 Protein (N × 6.25) (g) Source: Gopalan et al. (2000); Gopalakrishnan (2007) 77.3 Arctium (Artichoke) Roots and tubers 86.1 Moisture (g) Lablab purpureus (Field bean) Species Fat (g) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.7 Minerals (g) 1.6 0.8 1.7 0.1 1.8 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.9 Fibre (g) 1.0 0.8 1.0 - 1.2 1.0 1.5 0.8 0.5 1.2 .8 1.8 Carbohydrates (g) 26.0 18.4 21.1 83.1 16.0 3.4 7.8 3.3 3.4 6.4 9.4 6.7 Energy (Kcal) 111 79 97 334 79 21 44 18 17 35 51 48 Calcium (mg) 35 50 40 10 20 25 60 26 18 66 30 210 Phosphorus (mg) 20 34 140 20 100 24 40 20 26 56 40 68 Iron (mg) 1.2 0.6 0.4 1.0 2.3 0.9 2.0 1.5 0.4 0.4 1.7 0.8 Annexures | 161 85.7 89.6 86.1 89.6 92.0 96.7 92.4 96.1 93.2 95.2 Chenopodium album Trigonolla foenum graecym (Fenugreek) Abelmosolu esculentus (Okra) Trichosanthes dioica (Pointed gourd) Benincasa hispida (Ash gourd) Monordica charantia (Bitter gourd) Lagebaria siceraria (Bottle gourd) Luffa aegyptiaca Luffa acutangula Moisture (%) Amaranthus spp. (Amaranth) Vegetable Carbohydrate (%) 3.4 2.9 2.5 4.2 1.9 2.2 6.4 6.0 2.9 6.1 Protein (g) 0.5 1.2 0.2 1.6 0.4 2.0 1.9 4.4 3.7 4.4 Fat (g) 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.9 0.4 0.5 Beta carotene µg 33 120 0 126 0 153 52 2340 1740 5520 - 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.01 0.09 0.01 0-.06 0.10 0.31 0.14 0.30 Thiamine Riboflavin Vitamin B (mg) Nutritive value of some indigenous vegetables of South Asia C 5 0 0 88 1 29 13 52 35 99 Vitamin (mg) Annexure-I (2) 18 36 20 20 30 30 66 395 150 0.5 1.1 0.7 1.8 0.8 1.7 1.5 16.5 4.2 25.5 Minerals Ca Fe (mg) 395 Calories kcl (mg) 17 18 12 25 10 20 35 49 30 45 162 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species - An Asia-Pacific Perspective 84.1 90.4 93.5 86.1 Momordica dioica Momordica cochinchinensis Coccinia grandis (Ivy gourd) Lablab purpureus (Field bean) Source: Ghosh and Kalloo (2000). 94.6 Moisture (%) Trichosanthese angina (Snake gourd) Carbohydrate (%) 6.7 3.4 6.4 7.7 3.3 Protein (g) 3.8 1.4 0.6 3.1 0.5 Fat (g) 0.7 0.2 0.1 1.0 0.3 Beta carotene µg 187 13 - 1620 96 Vitamin B (mg) 0.10 0.04 - 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.08 - 0.18 0.06 Thiamine Riboflavin C 9 18 - - 0 Vitamin (mg) Vegetable 1.7 0.9 0 4.6 0.03 Minerals Ca Fe (mg) 210 25 27 33 26 Calories kcl (mg) 48 21 29 52 18 Annexures | 163 66 137 Actinidia chinensis Planch (Kiwifruit) Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (Bael) 1.8-2.62 0.79 4 Protein (Kcal) - - 82 53.1-93 80-101 88-96 Kernal Pulp Annona cherimola (Cherimoya) Annona muricata L. (Sour sop) Annona reticulata. (Custard apple) Annona squamosa L. (Sugar apple) 1.532.38 1.172.47 1.0 1.1-1.9 9.5 10.7 4.5 7.5 0.20.39 0.07 5 Fat(g) 14.6322 18.221.3 70.8 75.5 28.131.8 17.5 6 Carbohydrates (g) 0.261.10 19-25 0.5-0.6 20-25.2 0.40.97 0.1-0.2 Anacolosa frutescens (Blume) Blume (Galo nut) 3 Calories (g) 1 Fibre (g) 1.142.50 - 0.791.1 1.9-2.0 7.2 3.7 2.9 - 7 Calcium (mg) 19.444.7 17.6-27 10.3-25 21.7-34 - - 85 16 8 Phosphorus (mg) 23.655.3 14.732.1 27.7-28 35-37 - - 50 64 9 Iron (mg) 0.281.34 0.421.14 0.50.64 0.5-0.6 - - 0.6 0.51 10 Vitamin A (IU) 5-7 11-30 180 0 - - 91.6 175 11 Thiamine (mg) 0.10.13 0.080.12 0.100.11 0.090.10 - - 0.13 0.02 12 Riboflavin (mg) 0.110.17 0.090.18 0.050.08 0.130.14 - - 1.191.2 0.05 13 Niacin (mg) 0.650.93 0.5-1.2 0.81.28 0.9-1.0 - - 1.1 0.50 14 34-42 15.044.4 29.6-30 5.0-17 - - 8-60 105 15 Ascorbic acid (mg) Food value of some promising underutilized fruits and nuts (per 100 g edible portion) Annexure II 164 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species - An Asia-Pacific Perspective 5 4.54 1.321.55 0-0.0 35 - - 0.0-1.06 15.3-2.04-88 23-35 1.65 2.1 3.0-1.5-1.100.1-0.5 14 Ascorbic acid (mg) 26.0 2.3-2.01 0.521.Calories (g) 3 4 Protein (Kcal) - - Pulp (ZMB) Seed (ZMB) Artocarpus integer (Thumb.4 4-6 5-6 - 1.341.0 17 - - 0.1 0.5 0.3-1.38 - - - - 0.11-66 0.025.35-32 143151 16.14 12 Riboflavin (mg) 0. (Chempedak) 10-13 3.10.09 0.4-4 0.05-33 0.2 0.22 0.0 2627.4 Fat(g) 5 Calcium (mg) Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.5929.) Merr.290.7 1.03 - - - - 0.13 - 0.1 30 - - - 10-17 8-10 20 16-33 15 Annexures | 165 .612.4 1.4-6.050.053.02-25 Seed (fresh) 0.88 0-10 0.83.7 7 Pulp 434 Seed 1.4 Seed (dried) 6.05 0. (Breadfruit) 1 Iron (mg) 0.06 0.0330.2 0.3-2.786.5 0.531.82 1.030.030.86 Carbohydrates (g) 6 Fibre (g) 20-37 113 Pulp 1.080.54 80-126 18-38 0.5 0.5 9 Phosphorus (mg) 0.180.030.5-1.082.5-7 - 0.6 1.08 13 Niacin (mg) 0.5 0.0 0.06 0.4 10 Vitamin A (IU) 5-920 - - - - 25 150540 280 mg ßcarotene 0 26-40 11 Thiamine (mg) 0.1 - - 0.310.4 21.511.5 0.250.1 8 72-98 5.4 30-44 1. (Jackfruit) 105109 Raw Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosb.2515.5-2 - 77-81 84-87 - 38.04 - - - - 0.020. 04 0.3 5 Carbohydrates (g) 14.600 ug 9000 (ZMB) 35000 1619 43-58 8.60.8 71-591 528 9 Iron (mg) 2.7 119 9-11 0.0 (ZMB) 73. Pulp 1 Fat(g) 71.38 32. (Chironji) 9.2 2.7 Averrhoa carambola L.58 1.8 8.4 - 2.0 (ZMB) 12.6 19.070.88 (ZMB) 17.440.0 3.81 20.4 - Unripe Carissa congesta Wight (Karonda) - 699714 Ripe Capparis decidua (Forsk.32 (ZMB) 1.2-0.215.600 µg 43-58 - 11 Thiamine (mg) 0.9 0.47 3 Protein (Kcal) Artocarpus odoratissimus 63-122 Blanco (Marang).) K.8 0.275.6 - - - 0.0 15 166 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species .41 (ZMB) 71 (ZMB) 6.08 0.440.13 0. (Carambola) 4 0.04 - 0.0 2.75 35.5 10 Vitamin A (IU) 130 1619 8.8 2.04 - - - 0.13 - 0.0 (ZMB) - 2.13 0.86 0.1 9.87 12.69 12 Riboflavin (mg) 0.3-3.) Edgew (Ker) Seed (ZMB) Canarium ovatum Engler (Pili nut) 656 Buchanania lanzan Spreng.9-4.23 59. (Pecan) 687 42-59.58 133 25 5.81.512.43 (ZMB) 5.4 6 Fibre (g) - 0.751.021.04 0.9 0.6 0.07 - - - 0.071.574.An Asia-Pacific Perspective .8 90 (ZMB) 210 (ZMB) 21 130180 153.9 59.0-10.9 1.9-4. Koch.04 - 0. 12.1 0.77 7 Calcium (mg) 73 21 153.53 13 Niacin (mg) 0.7-0.8 130180 279 8 Phosphorus (mg) 289 28 50.63 5.Calories (g) 70 Fruit Carya illinoensis (Wangh.6 0.07 0.2 0.5 3.6 0.621.1 100 14.8 779 (ZMB) 360 (ZMB) 28 71-591 50.0 (ZMB) 2.391.9 7.070.751.5 14 Ascorbic acid (mg) 9-11 133 120.5 (ZMB) 6.380. 4-17.015.190.5 0.30 - 0.333.7 3.2 6.56 0.82 0.4 - 0.68 10 Iron (mg) 52.5 (with seeds) 13.137 0.2 - - 65 3.0-22.22 0.9 0-2.3 9.44 0.4-4.81.061.81.010.50.9 Corylus avellana L. Hazelnut.0 8 Vitamin A (IU) 150540 18 - 20-49 7-65 - - 360 7-65 11 Thiamine (mg) 0. Cob nut) 65 180 Ceratonia siliqua L.) Osbeck (Pummelo) Protein (Kcal) 1.4 0.9 11.722.200.3-0.048 0.44 - 0.2 25-58 Chrysophyllum cainito L.(Tree tomato) 1.4-17.200.5 0. f.08 - 0. (Spanish Carob) Cordia dichotoma Forsk.22 0.3-5.0380.553.5 2.7 - 7 Calcium (mg) 9 Phosphorus (mg) 81 88 168 3.67.040.0 0.) Sendt.4 80.0 352 27 36 7.4 6 Carbohydrates (g) 9-10.7 42.08 12 Riboflavin (mg) 0.3 201209 40 21.5 2.3 0.5 60 20-27 7.34 - 0.565.04 13 Niacin (mg) 1.33 4.010.722.7 5 12.94 337-462 3.0 0.4 14.312.07 0.04 - 0.2 620634 46-49 Seed Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.28 12.911.46 - 0.010.6 1.9-5.101.9 4 Fat(g) 1.8 0.74 0.01 (without seeds) 0.29 0.0-22. (European Filbert.1 (without seeds) 0.6-20 54-62.8-2.68 - 1.34 14 Ascorbic acid (mg) 23.010.38 (with seeds) 1.2 - 30-44 3.6-1.02 0.3 16.4 1.2 15 Annexures | 167 .015.0350.2 2.9 0.30 7.6517. Star apple (Caimito) Citrus grandis (L.32 0.30. (Lasora) 194 403 3 Calories (g) Castanea sativa Mill (Sweet chestnut) Castanea mollissima Blume (Ch inese chestnut) (ZMB) 1 Fibre (g) 1.6 1.660.200.3-0.3 9.1 83.4-4. 5 11-20 28.4 2.9 1.4 0.4-0.An Asia-Pacific Perspective .2 6 Fibre (g) 1.) Warburg (Kitembilla.334.526.7-1. (Aonla.5 0.2 15-21.4 12.6 7 - 7.07 13 Niacin (mg) - - 0.613.07-0.5-3.03 - 0.5-2.6 14 Ascorbic acid (mg) - - 500625 - 23-57 91.4 4 Protein (Kcal) Feronia limonia (L. (Gorgan nut) Kernel Pulp 97-134 Fat(g) 0.6 1.180.4 0.2 10 Vitamin A (IU) - trace 17 - 20-30 208593 20002710 - 28 11 Thiamine (mg) - - 0.825.20 0.911.5 1.02 - 0.480.9 0.8 26 196 6-42 9 Iron (mg) 0.8 1.05 - 0. Emblic) Euryale ferox Salisb.41 0. (Durian) 61 Fresh Dimocarpus longan Lour.030.7 4.170.3 6-10 45 2-10 8 Calcium (mg) 9.0 - 37.17 20 0.7-1.1-0.2 - 0.5 5 Carbohydrates (g) 19.6-20 12.240.1-0.1 76.070.200.7102.5-0. Murr.03 - 0.32 0.9 5.9 1.1-8.080.4 0.29 0.02 0.5 - 0.35 0.0 - 0. Kaki) 144 286 Dried Durio zibethinus J.) Swingle (Wood apple) - - Dovyalis hebecarpa (G.0-1.0-8 15 168 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species .11 90 26.6 74.47 0.020.70 0.3 Calories (g) 65 - Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Gardn.0 0.7 7.1 - 18-19.130.453. (Longam) 1 Phosphorus (mg) 0.4-1.8 0.680.1-0.8-63 24.0 1.2 2.2 - 0.3-0.04 0.9-3.7 1.0 0.3-1.5 28.f.4 0.5-20 0. (Japanese persimmon.4518.4 5.641.7 2. Ceylon goosberry) Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume (Jalpai) 73-77 Diospyros kaki L.04 12 Riboflavin (mg) 170.0 - 0.0 15.02 0-0.260.0 6.1 7. 7 0.319.18 274 60-63 253. (Rukam) 3 Calories (g) 1 Carbohydrates (g) 5.0 5 Fat(g) 1.4 Fortunella sp.78 50.0 (ZMB) 27.8 1.7 10.701.77 0.0 (ZMB) 26.03 10 Vitamin A (IU) 5500 12833 800 - 14 2530 - - 11 Thiamine (mg) - - - - 0.0 (ZMB) 0.2915 72 (ZMB) 35.17 (total sugar) 14.43 9 Iron (mg) - - 3.1-0.0217. (Seabuckthorn) 82. (Kumquat) Garcinia mangostana L.3 2.5-72.901.01-11 - 3.31.58 19.82 10.21.40 - - 13 Niacin (mg) - - 0.3-5.8 Pulp 4 Protein (Kcal) Flacourtia rukam Zoll.3 - - - - - 14 Ascorbic acid (mg) 149. (Melinjo).- - Seed Ficus glomerata Roxb. et Mor. (Phalsa) - - Pulp Seed 0.052.0 (ZMB) - 7 Phosphorus (mg) - - 39 - 0.90 1.0 97 - 195 (ZMB) 1.58 8 Calcium (mg) - - 1.6 0.1 11.8 5.6-1.9 14.0 780.9 - - 129 - 0.0-66 151 - - 15 Annexures | 169 .84 (total sugar) 7.3 72.1 - 0.200. (Mangosteen) Gnetum gnemon L.9-11 1.35 - - 12 Riboflavin (mg) - - - - - 0.9 22 - 1.7 - 19.1 0.9-3.500. Kernel Grewia subinaequalis DC.4 1.49 6 Fibre (g) 266 - 784 (ZMB) 1.05 (oil) 0.60 0.4 8.36 (oil) 2.2-1.72 Hippophae rhamnoides L.03 0.6 0. (Gular) 8. 3 - Fruit Mangifera odorata Griff.) Dubard (Khirni) - Kernel 69.61 0.8 - 691 Lansium domesticum Correa (Langsat.0 - - 8 Phosphorus (mg) 17 - - 22 140 161 - 30.4-0.11 - 0. Gmel.3 4.0 6.8 - - 10.9 8.09 0.0 - - 9 Iron (mg) 0.5 (including fibre) - 22.9 27.514.An Asia-Pacific Perspective . Otaheite chestnut) 3 Calories (g) 1 Calcium (mg) 83 - - 45 140 48 - 19-20.06 - - 0.04 - - 0. Forst (Tahiti chestnut. 426 Seed (ZMB) 0.7 - - 5.2 4 Fat(g) 2.8-1.4 Inocarpus edulis J.1 15 20 - - - - 10 Vitamin A (IU) 675 600 -- 512 39 - - 13.7 16-20 0.69 - 15-16 - 9.1 (fatty oil) 1.8-2.34 - 0.42 0. and G.7 2. Monkey pot) Macadamia integrifolia Maiden et Betche (Macadamia nut) - Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.5-42 3 - - 1.080.077 0. (Kuwini) - Flower Maduca indica J.071.66 0.4-6.5 8 0.R.F.3 - - - - 14 Ascorbic acid (mg) 15.7 2.0 1. Duku) Lecythis usitata Mires (Sapucaia.37 4.92 - - 1.0 15 170 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species .2 1.29 6 - 7 Fibre (g) 56.20 (oil) 5 Carbohydrates (g) 6.5 71.4 7.48 0.1 51.67 13 - 40.0 4 741.07 0.74 18.6 62 - 7.03 0.12 - - 13 Niacin (mg) 0.3 - 1.46 - 12 Riboflavin (mg) 0.0 - 12166 11 Thiamine (mg) 0.2 82.8-8.87 0.- Fruit Protein (Kcal) 1. 4-3.0 15.624.5 - - - 1.3 3.9 1.25 0.9 0.6-29 39.9 294 14.0 12.1 2.5 6 Fibre (g) 2.9 17.2 14 Ascorbic acid (mg) 0 0 - 70 20-30 - 20.03 0.26 0.2 16.13 - - - 0.010. (Rambutan) - - Moringa oleifera Lam.0 0.0 2.7 0.05 10.1 110 9 Vitamin A (IU) 100240 - - - 20-700 - 4 - 58 184 11 Thiamine (mg) 0.4 1.0 2.2-2. (Pistachio) 90.1-7.32 - 0.05 12 Riboflavin (mg) 0.8 7 Calcium (mg) 140 90.4 0.276.5 1.03020 0.2 2.6 - 2.2 3.75 0.6-20 196 139330 30 8 Phosphorus (mg) 5.2 3. (Wild date palm) Pinus gerardiana Wall.3 0.5 3.86 14-16 66.6 0.3 298-731 6.180.) Bailey (Banana passion-fruit) - 63-64 Nephelium mutabile Blume (Phulasan) Nephelium lappaceum L.241.9-7.1 5 Carbohydrates (g) 15-16 21.92 Passiflora edulis Sims (Passion fruit) Passiflora mollissima (H.0-2.55 0.7 0.7-8.82 0.6 - 0.1 4.8 6.0-1.0 49.6 70.07 13 Niacin (mg) 1.650.4-1.4531 trace 0-44 120 15 Annexures | 171 .1 - 2. (Lotus) Seeds (ZMB) 25 144 615 626 Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.4 - 20 64-78 - 12.100.4 1.02 1.5 4 Fat(g) 54.318390 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.5 0. (Drumstick) Seeds (FWB) 3 Calories (g) 1 Protein (Kcal) 20. (Chilgoza nut) Pistacia vera L.K.70 0-32 - - 0 - - - 0.14 0.2 12.8 - 4 10-13 0.3 16-21.9-3.8 0.7-2.6 2.3 10 Iron (mg) - 92.1 0.B.513.460. 2 25 36.5 10 Vitamin A (IU) - 5 - - trace 751108 1500 5332000 25 11 Thiamine (mg) - 0.120.10-7.2 8.01 0.6 14 Ascorbic acid (mg) - 14-86 2.5 5 Carbohydrates (g) 1.7 14.03 0.2 0.6939 18.2 0. eggfruit) Pouteria obovata Baehni (Lucuma) 78.0 - 0.010.051. Native peach) Fruit - Salvadora oleoides Decne (Pilu) 63-77 Punica granatum L.17 0.7-1.2 0.3 1.) Merr.0 2.522.933. (Santol) Santalum acuminatum R.020.5 2-3.53.6 Calcium (mg) 13 8 42 9 Phosphorus (mg) 42 4.24 12 Riboflavin (mg) - 0.) Baehni (Canistel.41-32 1.2 7 Fibre (g) 1.1 76 10.5 0.3 1.519.Br.7 0.421.6 0.3 4 Fat(g) 0.7 1.180.6 0.2-5.4 82.090.1 - 0.3 - 11-13.1-1.1 138 15 172 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species .130.An Asia-Pacific Perspective .62 4.8150 Pouteria campechiana (Kunth.6 0.8 3 Calories (g) Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.5 26.7 0.6 6 Iron (mg) - 0.74 - - 0.5-40 30-37.6 0.) Moore Stearn (Mamey sapote.05 - - 0.3-11 630 - 3-12 20121.010.03 0.04 0.8 6.219.02 0.5125 Pouteria sapota (Jacq.020.72 0.03 - - 0.0120.101.58 - 2.3 2. Sapote) Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk.0 5.46-65.f.5 0. (Pomegranate) 47 114.5 1.1 13 Niacin (mg) - 0.0 0.2-3.4-20 167 - 8-37 22.03 0.181.1 19.0 - 4-8 8.4 Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.8-40 5 43-58.14 0.0 0.1-0.68-2.020.572.6 0.4-0.) Benth (Manila tamarind)) Aril 1 Protein (Kcal) 1.1-1.9 0. (Hill gooseberry) - 138.921.0 16 - 17.1 0. (Quandong. 9 0.9 10-45.3 0.150.080.6 - 1.160.451.767.08 0.19 0.320.8 5 Vitamin A (IU) - - 15 - 123-235 80 253 50 - 11 Thiamine (mg) 0.917.03 trace 0.6 2.9-5.3 0 0.62 56 Syzygium cumini (L. jamun) Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston (Rose apple) 115214 - Pulp Seed Seed 574-607 4 Protein (Kcal) 19.7-18 0.3 Spondias cytherea Sonn.10 1.3-0. Otaheite apple) Syzygium aqueum Alston (Water apple) 154.2 - 35-170 34-94 0.7 - 0.7 0.2-0.33.8 Terminalia catappa L.6-0.9 23 24.4-9.0 - 14 Ascorbic acid (mg) 0 - 0.0 44 3-37 5.7-1.9 - 54-110 34-78 - 1.814.5 7 Calcium (mg) 8-15 - 20 - 8 15-16.2 11.4 41.2-0.125. (Tamarind) 19 95157.5-1.22 0.010.04 - 13 Niacin (mg) 0.3 9.01 trace 0.8 0.4 1.9 1.6 14.28 - 0.4 6 Fibre (g) 0.1 40 16 15 Annexures | 173 .71 - 0.281.2 - - - 9 Phosphorus (mg) 52-56 5.29 - 1.20.2 59 56.3 0.010. (Ambarella.6-3.2 0.10 2-3 0.3 3 Calories (g) Santalum lanceolatum R.05 0.310.5 0.1 0. (Indian almond) - Fruit Tamarindus indica L.4 20 2.2 1.10 - 12 Riboflavin (mg) 0.1 0.) Skeels (Jambolan.0 0.030.0 0.33 0.9 0.21.2 - 10 Iron (mg) 32-497 789-957 2. (Bush plum) Fruit 1 Fat(g) Carbohydrates (g) 14-16 3.61.Br.7-30 0.161.7-14.5-0.79 4.62 - 1.7-3.0 4.6 2. 8 0.7 1.6 - 0.) Wight and Arn.6 29 20 8 Phosphorus (mg) 120 26.0 0.020.8 10 Vitamin A (IU) - 34-35 40 20 11 Thiamine (mg) - 0.An Asia-Pacific Perspective .9 0.8 1.020.04 0.6 23.6 14 Ascorbic acid (mg) 88 65-76 69 9 15 174 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species .8-1.3 93 14-17 27. (1988) 105 - Ziziphus jujuba Mill. bispinosa (Roxb.07 0. (Chinese jujube) Kernel 2. f.3 Trapa natans L. (Indian jujube) Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.6 7 Calcium (mg) 60 25.7 0.0 0. var.8 37 150 9 Iron (mg) 7.Calories (g) 3 Protein (Kcal) 4 Fat(g) 5 6 Carbohydrates (g) 63 - Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.0 0.) Makino (Water chestnut) 1 Fibre (g) 2.2 0.0 0.04 0.02 0.7-0.8-1.07 13 Niacin (mg) - 0.2 4.02 0.05 12 Riboflavin (mg) - 0.9 0. (Jharber Soruce: Pareek et al. South America Hindu Kush Himalayas Asparagus officinalis Europe. central India. more in Japan Canna edulis Tropical America Sporadic all through Asia-Pacific/ Oceania Cyrtosperma chamissonis Tropical Africa Sporadic-Southeast/ East Asia.Annexures | 175 Annexure-III Promising introductions of underutilized species in AsiaPacific region Species Centre of origin Region of introduction/spread • Pseudo-cereals and millets Amaranthus cruentus Central America Hindu Kush Himalayas. Lepidium sativum Europe Temperate Asia • Grain legumes/Pulses • Vegetables Leafy type Trigonella foenum-graecum West Asia South Asia. Nepal. Lactuca sativa Europe East/Southeast Asia. South Asia. North/Central India plains • Roots/Tubers Arctium lappa West Africa East/Southeast Asia. Japan. Mediterranean Hindu Kush Himalayas. Hindu Kush Himalayas. Northwestern cold/mid Himalayas in India. Philipphines Hibiscus acetosella Tropical Africa South/Southeast/East Asia. Australia Amaranthus caudatus. Philippines. Bangladesh. mid-mountains Lathyrus sativus West Asia South Asia. South Asia. other spp. East Asia. China. South/ Southeast Asia-Thailand. sporadic in Southeast Asia. . also Australia Vicia faba West Asia Hindu Kush Himalayas. Malaysia Pacific Is. Vietnam. East Asia Chenopodium quinoa South America Hindu Kush Himalayas Eleusine coracana Tropical Africa Peninsular India. Pacific Is. 176 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species - An Asia-Pacific Perspective Species Centre of origin Region of introduction/spread Cryptotaenia canadensis North America East Asia, Japan Maranta arundinacea Tropical America South/Southeast Asia, Pacific Is.coastal region Pachyrhizus erosus, P. tuberosus Tropical America South/Southeast Asia-Pacific Is. Pastinaca sativa Tropical America Temperate Asia, Oceania/ Australia, New Zealand Xanthosoma atrovirens/ South America South/Southeast/East Asia; Pacific X. sagittifolium, X. violaceum Oceania-littoral coastal region. • Fruit types Abelmoschus esculentus Tropical Africa South Asia; sporadic elsewhereSoutheast/East Asia; Pacific Is. Cyclanthera pedata South America Hindu Kush Himalayas Phaseolus coccineus Central America Hindu Kush Himalayas Sechium edule Central America Central Himalayas (Northeast India/ Nepal sub-montone tropical hills Annona atemoya South America Southeast Asia-Phillippines Annona cherimoya Tropical America Southeast Asia, sporadic Annona montana Central America South/Southeast Asia-Pacific Annona squamosa Tropical America - as above-; India, Thailand Casimiroa edulis Central America Southeast Asia, sporadic Chrysophyllum cainito Central America Southeast Asia Cyphomandra betacea South America Central Himalayas, Temperate/subtropical Asia; South/Southeast/East Asia sporadic Eriobotrya japonica Europe - as above - Feijoa sellowiana South America South Asia -Himalaya region sporadic Ficus carica West Asia Sub-tropical/south Asia-Western India Macrocarpium mas Europe East Asia, Japan Malpighia coccigera, M. punicifolia Central America South/southeast Asia, humid region Mespilus germanica West Asia Temperate Asia Muntingia calabura Tropical America Humid parts of Asia-Pacific, sporadic • Fruits Annexures | 177 Species Centre of origin Region of introduction/spread Opuntia ficus-indica, O. tuna Central America Tropical /Sub-tropical South/Southeast Asia; O. tuna-Japan Passiflora antigaensis South/America New Zealand, eleswhere sporadic Passiflora edulis; other species South America South/Southest East Asia; Pacific Is. Phoenix dactylifera West Asia, North Africa Semi-arid South Asia Physalis peruviana Tropical America East/South/Southeast Asia sporadic Pouteria lucuma; other species South Central America Southeast Asia Psidium cattleianum South America Tropical sub-humid South/Southeast Asia; India, Thailand Tamarindus indica Tropical America East/South/Southeast Asia; India, Indonesia, Thailand Caryocar nuciferum, C. villosum Tropical America Southeast Asia Lecythis zabucajo Tropical America Pacific Is. Pistacia vera West/Central Asia India, Hindu Kush Himalayas cold arid tract Carthamus tinctorius West Asia South/east Asia Citrullus colocynthis Tropical America South Asia, semi-arid India Cyamopsis tetragonolobus Tropical America South Asia, north-western India Guizotia abyssinica East Africa/Ethiopia South Asia-India, Nepal Hibiscus cannabinus Tropical Africa • Nuts • Industrial East/ South/Southeast Asia • Condiments, spices, flavouring-types Anethum graveolens Europe Sporadic all through Armoracia rusticana West Asia, Eurasia Sporadic all through Cichorium intybus Europe Sporadic, Hindu Kush Himalayas Dipteryx odorata Tropical America Malaysia Pereskia bleo South America Australia Jatropha curcas Central America South/Southeast Asia Parthenium argentatum Central America South Asia-India 178 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species - An Asia-Pacific Perspective Species Centre of origin Region of introduction/spread Seasmum indicum Tropical Africa East/South/Southeast Asia Simmarouba glauca Central America South Asia-India Simmondsia chinensis Central America South Asia, Western India-drier tracts Index Abaca 113 Abelmoschus 31, 32, 33, 47, 128, 130, 131, 136, 161, 176 - esculentus 47, 130, 131, 136, 162 - manihot 33, 128, 136 - chinensis var. deliciosa 55, 117, 140 - kolomikta 56 - polygama 32, 34, 56 - rubicaulis 54, 56, 119 - ampeloprasum 35 - ascalonicum 34, 138 - bakeri 34 - chinense 32, 42, 129 - fistulosum 33, 34, 138 - grayi 34, 99, 138 - moschatus 47 Adenia heterophylla 56 Abika 33,129,136 Adlay 14, 16, 155 - ledebourianum 34 Abui 82 Adzuki bean 18, 20 Acca sellowiana 70 Aegle marmelos 54, 56, 117, 136, 139, 164 - maximowiczii 44, 105 Achira arrowroot 24 Acmella oleracea 34 Aconitum carmichaeli 99 Acronychia 53, 55 - laurifolia 55, 80 - pedunculata 55, 73 Actinidia 20, 32, 34, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 117, 119, 140, 164 - arguta 55, 99, 107 - callosa 54, 55, 56, 140 Aerva lanata (L). Juss. 34 Agati 109 Aglaia domestica 74 - kurrat 33, 138 - nipponicum 34 - odorum 32, 35 - porrum 33, 34 - ramosum 35, 118 - schoenoprasum 35 - stracheyi 35, 118 Air potato 25 - tuberosum 35, 138 Akarkara 34 Almond 82, 83, 90, 93, 96, 132, 133, 173 Allaeanthus luzonieus 56 Alligator apple 57 Alligator pear 57 Allium 21, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 99, 105, 118, 131, 138 Alocasia 21, 22, 23 - cucullata 22, 23 - indica 18, 23, 24, 32, 33, 47, 50, 54, 66, 68, 71, 73, 75, 77, 78, 79, 89, 105, 124. 15. 131 Alpinia 98. 139. 176 - harmandii 22. 37. 130. 32. 176. 125. 159. 102. 100 - kepulaga 100 - kravanh 99. 22. himalaica 100 - maximum 99. 100. 164 - konjac 22. 131. 23. 39. 55. 100.An Asia-Pacific Perspective 108. 118. 138. 35. 177 - sowa 100 Angelica 31. 113. 96 - communis 58. 118. 173. 128. 125. var. 130. 175 - angustifolius 15 - blitum 35. 153. 35 - tangutica 91. 32. 113 . 117. 57. 30. 131. 120. 100 - globosum 99. 160 - philoxerodes 35 - sessilis 35. 16. 130. 139 - tricolor 34. 131. 162. 118. 163. 164. 159 Anacolosa 91. 35. 92. 100 - kiusiana 32. 99. 118 - xanthioides 99. 35. 114. 127. 123. 83. 140. 99 - officinarum 99 Alternanthera 30. 91. 117 Anethum 98. 74. 94. 140 - spinosus 35 - persica 55. 54. 35. 99. 56. 99. 133. 159. 102 - compactum 17. 16. 117. 159. 160 Amaranth 4. 29. 99 - graecizans 35 - chinensis 27. 16. 100. 35. 82. 100 - aromaticum 99. 164 Ambarella 87. 177 - dubius 34. 127. 130. 100. 175 - cruentus 15. 159 Amaranthus 14. 35 - macrorrhiza 23 - gangeticus 15. 178 - hybridus 16 - conchigera 99 - galanga 99 - malaccensis 73. 99. 96 - viridis 34. 69. 23 - cherimola 56. 100 - polymorpha 100 Amorphophallus 21. 23. 164. 91. 15. 83. 170. 35. 118. 35. 83. 89. 173 American elder 86 Amli 101 Amomum 98. 107 - luzoniensis 111. oleracea 118 - caudatus 15. 118 - archangelica L. 161 Annona 53. 23 - glabra 57. 33. 181 - companulatus 23 - atemoya 56. 84. 125. 131. 38. 120. 100. 100 - frutescens 43. 118 - blitum var. 117 - graveolens 33.180 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . 117 - rivieri 23 Amra 87 Amur grape 90 Amygdalus 82. 98. 35. 86. 175 - hypochondriacus 16 - leucocarpus 16 - paniculatus 35 - polygonoides 35 - powellii 16 - paeoniifolius 22. 112. 92. 164 - vulgaris 36. 136. 117. 176 - mume 54. 54. 55. 165. 118 - ramiflora 61 Archidendron jiringa 33. 164. 119. 165 - muricata 57. 40. 83 Apricot plum 83 Arabian jasmine 104 Aralia cordata 32. 60. 32. 35. 87. 98 - odoratissimus 54. 87.161. 58. 53. 139. 140. 159 Apricot 58. 136. 92. 59 - bilimbi 55. 165 Arctium lappa 23 - meriannensis 58 Arenga 100. 58. 140. 59. 162 Bambara groundnut 20 Asiatic Ginseng 106 Bambusa 30. 36. 177 - squamosa 57. 84. 97. 58. 136. 107 Artichoke thistle 39 Artocarpus 52. 136. 83. 118. 139. 55. 74. 138. 138. 119 Armoracia 101.Index | 181 - montana 23. 117 - camansi 58 - champeden 58 - communis 58. 60. 82. 164 - rigidus 55. 59. 72. 104 - motleyana 54. 59. 83. 52 Arracha 24 - bunius 57 - ghaesembilla 57 Aonla 69. 25. 166 - altilis 58. 32. 83. 59 - carambola 55. 55. 53 - dasycarpa 57 - lakoocha 54. 59 Balsum 104. 165. 166 Bael 56. 118 - rusticana 101. 82. 176 - lapathifolia 101 Anthriscus cerefolium 100 Arracacia xanthorrhiza 24 Antidesma 57. 132. 90. 58. 166 Baccaurea 53. 59 Asiatic yam 25 - sapida 61 Bachang mango 76 . 36. 140 - heterophyllus 54. 83. 64. 55. - tarap 59 Bambangan 77 Ash gourd 47. 133. 111. 59. 128 - integer 55. 109 Assai palm 103 - reticulata 57. 44. 54. 139. 55. 69. 133. 55. 100. 43 - pinnata 55. 81. 59. 58. 113 - saccharifera 100 Armeniaca 57. 60 - racemosa 55. 138 Asparagus officinalis 36. 61 - dulcis 22. 165 - incisa 58 Atriplex hortensis 36 Australian desert kumquat 70 Australian desert lime 70 Australian sandal wood 113 Averrhoa 53. 168 Apio 24 Apium graveolens 33. 138. 27. 57. 79 - tulda 36 Boerhaavia diffusa 37 Boesenbergia rotunda 99. 123 Bitter gourd 33. 37. 92. 79 Black malanga 28 Bastard oleaster 69 Black mulberry 78 Black gram 18. 103. 160. 48. 61. 20 Bottle gourd 33. 61. 90. 55. 83. 36. 61. 128 Black currant tree 57 - rubra 36. 55. 32. 162 - alba 32. 97 Blue berry 90 - beecheyana 32. 160. 160. 119. 17. 38. 108. 37. 125. 33. 118 Binukau 72 Bira tai 73 Bitter buckwheat 17 Basella 29. 138. 62.An Asia-Pacific Perspective - asper 40 Batavia cinnamon 102 Black sapote 67 - aurea 43 Bauhinia 101. 139 Bilimbi 55.182 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . 36. 48. 109 Belosynapsis moluccana 37 Boehmeria nivea 111. 162 Barbarea varum 36 Ber 90 Barnyard millet 14. 160 . 30. 60. 119 - procera 92. 127. 133 Bengal quince 56 - multiplex 32. 139 Bertholletia excelsa 95 - burmanica 61 Barringtonia 91. 131. 109. 108. 59 Binjai 76 - microphylla 43. 101 Borassus flabellifer 101 Barbados cherry 75 Benincasa hispida 33. 94. 36 - spinosa 36. 46. 90. 121 - racemosa 55. 44. 78. 112 Banana flower 33 Bengal cardamom 100 Banana passion fruit 88. 80. 27. 16. 121 Beteke Corn salad 46 - macrophylla 55. 36 - malabarica 101 - blumeana 36 - purpurea 101 Blue-crown passion flower 80 - cornuta 36 - variegata 101 Blumea 101 Bay berry 78 - balsamifera 101 Beach almond 90 - myriocephala 101 - tuldoides 36 Beechey bamboo 36 - vulgaris 36. 33. 61 - edulis 24. 122 Bermuda 26 Bouea 52. 130. 32. 109. 85. 32. 92. 47. 162 - oppositifolia 61 Box myrtle 78 Brachiaria ramosa 16 Brahmi 38 Brasenia 30. 37 - peltata 62 - schreberi 37 Brassica 29. 33. 92. perviridis 38 Camelia 111. 106. 47 - rapa 33. 30. 122. 112 Brazil cherry 70 - sinensis 112 Breadfruit 58. 140. multiceps 37 - juncea var. 105. 121. 165 Camphor tree 102 - juncea var.Index - alba 32. 38 - juncea var. 69. chinensis 38 Calocarpum viride 82 Cape gooseberry 81 Calomondin 63 Cape jasmine 103 Caloncoba echinata 79 Caperbush 61 Calystegia sepium 24. 34. 112 Butoko plum 71 - edulis 24. 139. 38 Burahot Canna 21. 130 Buffalo spinach 40 Bullock’s heart 57 - cathartica 47 - gladiata 128 - polystachya 47 Canistel 84. 111. 93. 17. 138 Capparis 52. 38 - perviridis 38 - rapa subsp. 140. parachinensis 38 . 35. 127 | 183 - rapa var. botrytis 37 Broom tea tree 105 Brussels sprouts 37 Brynopsis laciniosa 38 - oleifera 112 - commune 93 - indicum 93 - moluccanum 93 Buchanania 91. 93. 108. 138. 125. 123. 78. alboglabra 37 - oleracea var. 44. 175 Butter nut 93 - indica 24. 166 - ovatum 92. 129 Canavalia 29. 117. 118. 63. 36. 166 - pekinensis 32. pekinensis 38 - rapa var. 166 - alboglabra 32. 33. 37 Broad bean 133. 47. 166 Canary nut 93 - latifolia 45. 121. 93. 166 - laciolata 92 - vulgare 63 - lanzan 92. 75. 24. 92. japonica 37 Broccoli 33. 93. 128. 61. 37 Canarium 91. 161 Buckwheat 14. 109. 47. 37 - chinensis 37. gemmifera 37 - oleracea var. 38 Cajanus cajan 38 Cantaloupe 48 - rapa subsp. tumida 37 - napobrassica 32 - narinosa 37 - oleracea 33. italica 37 - oleracea var. 132 Camino Star apple 133 - juncea 33. 92. 133. 174 - oleracea-broccoli 33 Bunium persicum 101 - parachinensis 32. 93. 37 - oleracea var. 124 - ensiformis 47. 159. 54. 101 Chalta 66 Chinese chestnut 94. 117. 132. 46. 130. 132 Caryocar 91. 125. 119. 62. 29. 32 Cashew marking nut 109 - sinensis 39 Casimiroa edulis 62. 117. 30. 54. 175 Cherimoya 56. 59. 162 - quinoa 16. 131 - album 16. 54. 130. 94. 38 Chinese cardamom 100 Chinese celery 35 Castanea 91. 94 Chaerospondias axillaris 24. 127 Cephalostachyum 29 Carob tree 101. 127 - villosum 93. 16. 139. 132. 53. 128. 176 - speciosa 54. 167 Carol tree 132 Ceropegia bulbosa 38 Carthamus tinctorius 111. 139 - japonica 24. 75.An Asia-Pacific Perspective - aphylla 61 Caucasian persimmon 67 - decidua 61. 139 Cassumunar berut ginger 110 Chaerophyllum bulbosum 24 Chenopodium 14. 96 Chilgoza pine nut 132. 171 Chayote 50 Chinese chive 35 Chekkurmanis 125. 127. 93. 125. 139. 177 Ceylon gooseberry 68. 62. 176 Cherry 65. 133 Chimonobambusa quadrangularis 34. 139. 166 Cauliflower 37 - spinosa 61 Capulin 78 Carambola 55. 177 Caryota urens 101 Casa banana 50 Chaenomeles 53. 164. 62. 159 Chinese dwarf bamboo 36 Cattley guava 83 . 133. 166 Cayenne nut 80 Cayota 33 Cecropia peltata 62 Celery 35. 177 Ceylon raspberry 85 - nuciferum 93 Ceylon spinach 36. 112. 131. 119. 123. 119. 38 Chinese almond 83 Chinese anise 104 Chinese apple 84 Chinese arrowhead 27 Chinese artichoke 27. 161 Carex dispalata 101 Carissa 52. 117 - crenata 94. 73.184 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . 166 - carandas 64 - congesta 62. 38. 130. 83 Cherry plum 83 Chervis 27 Chicory 101 Chilgoza 92. 38. 132 Ceratonia siliqua 101. 139. 159 Celosia argentia 38 Centella asiatica 38. 62. 109 Chinese cabbage 37. 133 - mollissima 91. 177 - japonica 24. 72 - endivia 101.Index | 185 Chinese flowering apple 76 - coronarium 32. 101. 102 . 177 - leucocarpa 54 - limetta 63 Chinese potato 25 Cinnamomum 97. 102 - limonia 63 Chinese scallion 34 - burmanii 102 - macroptera 63 - cassia 102 - madurensis 63 - camphora 102 - maxima 64 - obtusifolium var. 99. 102. cassia 102 - medica 62. 128 - latifolia 63 - intybus 101. 140 - junos 54. 120 - ichangensis 63. 167. 47 - mitis 54. 54. 33. 38 - aurantifolia 62 - glaberrima 54 - grandis 47. 176 - hystrix 55. 128. 139. 163 Chulai 35 - indica 54 Chumpedak 58 - iyo 54 Cichorium 97. 55. 133. 50 Citrullus colocynthis 111. 167 Chinese jujube 90. 134. 177 Clausena 53. 63 Chinese yam 25 - javana 47 - pseudolimon 64 - repens 47 - reticulata 64 Citrofortunella mitis 63 - tankan 64 Chinese lard fruit 103 Chinese laurel 57 Chinese leek 35 Chinese matrimony vine 42 Chinese pear 84 Chinese plum 83 Chinese sour cherry 82 Chinese taro 23 Chironji 93. 62. 38. 166 - hassaku 62. 128 - amblycarpa 62 Chinese gooseberry 55 - coronarium var. 39 Chinese kale 37 Chrysophyllum cainito 62. 33. 140 - limettioides 63 - mediglobosa 54 - unshiu 64 Chives 35 Citron 64 Cho-cho/Chow-chow 33. 174 - sinense 32. 112. spaticosum 38 - cambara 62 Chinese hawthorn 65 Chinese hazelnut 132 - morifolium 32 - segetum 32. 120 Chrysanthemum 29. 63. 64. 29. 65. 62 - wampi 65 - lansium 65. 32. 64 Chinese white pine 96 Chinese wolf berry 42 Cissus 31. 38. 102 Chinese quince 62 - aromaticum 99. 56. 39 Citrus 53. 99 - antiquorum 24 - amada 25. 102 - edule 24 Cryptotaenia 22. 97. 24. 97. 22. 32. agrestis 48 - sativus var. 65. 102 - aquatica 102 - gigantea 102 - lacryma jobi 14. 108 Colocynth 112 - cuneata 54. 39. 22. 23. 39 Clerodendron 39 - indicum 39 - serratum 39 Clerodendrum colebrookianum 39. 139 Common fig 71 - pinnatifida var. 47. 48 - melo subsp. 39. major 65 Common jujube 90 - wattiana 65 Common purslane 45 Cryptosperma 22. 39. 65. 167 - aromaticus 108 - colurna var. 65. 25. mayuen 16 Coleus 21. 102. 24. 39 - capsularis 39 - trilocularis 39 Cordia 52. 94 - sativus var. sikkimensis 48 - forskohlii 24 - mandshurica 94 Cuddapah almond 93 - parviflorus 23 Cosmos caudatus 39 Curaba 50 Colocasia 21. 176 - japonica 32. 167 - dichotoma 65. 16. 94. 24 Crataegus 53. xishuagannensis 48 - heterophylla 93. chinensis 96 - chamissonis 24. 163 - indica 47 Coix 14. 160 Coccinia 29.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Cleome gynandra 33. 102 - lacryma-jobi var. 24. 131 Coumarouna odorata 102 Curcuma 21.186 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . 39 Cubeb 107 Cucumber tree 59 Cucumis 29. 53. 102 - gigantea 24 - azarolus 65 - caesia 25 - barbatus 24 - dysentericus 24 . 196 - canadensis 39. 131. 23. 54. 119 Cluster bean 112. 31. 31. 22. 138. 139. 102 - esculenta 23. 93. 163 - grandis 47. 139 - angustifolia 25. 102 Common vetch 20 Constantin 40 Coptis chinensis 102 Corchorus 4. 130. 138. 130. 30. 128. 167 - myxa 65 Cornelian cherry 75 - amboinicus 108 Corylus 91. 65 Commelina obliqua 39 - hupehensis 65 Common caterpillar plant 50 - pentagyna 54. 120 Dill 100 - biflorus 19 - uniflorus 19 Cynomitra 53 Dillenia indica 66 Dovyalis 52. 139. 55 - esculenta 25 - mangiferum 68 Daphne odora 102 - hispida 25 Duchesnea 54. 176 Cynara cardunculus 39 Cynometra cauliflora 65. 132. 136. 30. esculenta 115. 133 - jersceyene 66 - johansonii 66 - pruriens 66. 102 - xanthorrhiza 102 - zedoaria 25. 102 Curled mallow 44 Custard apple 57. 140. 54. 161 - alata 23. 168 Cynotis tuberosa 39 Dimocarpus longan 55. 55.Index - domestica 25 Davidsonia plum 66 - mangga 39 Davidsonia 52. 66. 24. 120 | 187 Diospyros 52. 120 - pierreana 99. 118. 25 - chrysantha 68 Date palm 81. 29. 136. 133. 48 Digitaria sanguinalis 16 - lablab 48 Cyanotis mollucana 37 Cyclanthera pedata 33. 120 Downy rose myrtle 84 - batatas 25 Dracontomelon 54. 53 Dasheen 24 - japonica 22. 168 - caffra 140 Cyphomandra betacea 66. 170 Damson plum 83 Dandelion 46 Dao 68 . 120 Digitaria cruciata var. 25. 171 - papuana 25 - filipendula 54. 68. 120. 118 Dolichos 19. 168 - blancoi 66 - discolor 55. 66. 168 Dela 61 - lotus 54. 54. 30. 175 Dioscorea 21. 25 - hebecarpa 54. 176 Cyrtosperma chamissonis 23. 68. 68. 66. 167. 117. 67. 25. 68 - bulbifera 25 - dao 68 - divaricata 25 - edule 54. 55. 117. 118 Duku 74. 197 Dentella repens 40 Djawura 73 Dieruk lemon 62 Docynia indica 68. 23. 40 - philippensis 66 Diplocyclos palmatus 48 Cutnut 92 - asper 40 Cyamopsis tetragonolaba 48 - latiflorus 40 Dipteryx odorata 102. 53. 66 - ebenaster 67 - kaki 67. 67 Dendrocalamus 29. 68 - pentaphylla 25. 140. 132. 108 Enhydra fluctuans 32. 88. 130. 132. 70. 74.88 Feroniella lucida 55. 70.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Durian 69. 168 - curranii 88 - elephantum 74 Elaeocarpus floribundus 54. 17 East Indian Lotus 26 Erigeron annuus 40 - tataricum 17 Echinochloa 14. 69. 17. 102 Eremocitrus glauca 70. 159. 25 - jambos. 69 - angustifolia 69 - latifolia 69 - pungens 69 Eleusine coracana 17. 139. 40 Euryale nut 92 - kutejensis 68 Endive 101. 54. 70 - dulcis 22. 53. 89. 69. 71. 168 Emilia sonchifolia 32. 120 Fagopyrum 14. 70. 176 Eugenia 52. 176 - roxburghii 71 Fimbristylis globulosa 103 . 133 Elsholtzia cristata 102 European elder 86 Durio 52. 139 Fenugreek 46. 168 Embelia nagushia 40 European mountain ash 87 - dulcis 69 - grandiflorus 69 Emblica officinalis 54. 139.188 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . 136. 168 Eleocharis 22. 69 - domestica 89 - jambolana 88 - limonia 54. 68. 16. 139. 162 - aquea 88 - cumini 88 Feronia 53. 53. 118 - frumentacea 17 Elaeagnus 52. 176 False arrowroot 102 - colona 16 Eruca sativa 40 - crus-galli 16 Ervatamia coronaria 103 - graveolens 69 Faba bean 20. 55. 25 - javanica 89 - tuberosa 25 - malaccensis 89 Ficus 53. 110. 69 Eutrema wasabi 110 - zibethinus 69. 118 Eriobotrya japonica 70. 128 Euterpe edulis 103 - oxleyanus 55. 103 Earth Chestnut 26 Erechtites hieracifolia 40 East Indian arrowroot 27. 175 - uniflora 70 Euphoria longana 66 - auriculata 71 - carica 71. 168 Euryale ferox 92. 74 - michelli 70 Elephant foot yam 23 - polycephala 70 - crus-pavonis 17. 79. 127. 129 - esculentum 17 Feathery bamboo 36 Féi banana 78 Etlingera elatior 103 Feijoa sellowiana 70. 176 Elephant apple 70. 125. 131. 55. 119 Glochidion blancoi 40. 164 Gamboge tree 74 Ganiaria 61 - lateriflora 73 - malaccensis 73 - mangostana 73 - multiflora 73 - paniculata 73 - pedunculata 73 - tinctoria 74 - tonkinensis 74 - xanthochymus 74 Garden asparagus 36 Giant walnut 95 - ligulata 103 - thoi 40 Glechnia littoralis 40. 55. 120 | 189 - jasminoides 99. 131. 54. 72.Index Finger millet 14. 159 Gorgon nut 103 Garden lettuce 41 Garden mustard 37 Garden rhubarb 108 Garden sorrel 45 Gardenia 99. 140 Flemingia 21 Foexspring Vitis 90 Fortunella 53. 55. 97. 72. 54. 169 - atroviridis 72 - binucoa 54. 74. 98 - augusta 103 Gotukola 38 Gourka 72 Grape Jasmine 103 Grape mango 87 Grass pea 18. 104. 148. 71 - indica 52. 122. 50 Gobo 23 Golden apple 87 Garden chervil 100 Golden summer day-lily 40 Garden cress 41. 103 Gnetum gnemon 92. 130. 19 125 Great hog plum 87 . 94. 122. 17. 72 - hindsii 72 - japonica 54. 72. 40. 103 Giant alocasia 23 Giant granadilla 80 Giant taro 23 Giant timber bamboo 73 - cataphracta 54 - cochinchinensis 55. 124. 132. 123. 136 Garcinia 53. 18. 72. 103 Galo nut 92. 103. 169 Goa bean 19. 120 - margarita 72 - obovata 72 Foxtail millet 14. 73. 103 - rukam 55. 169 - crassifolia 54. 72 - indica 71 - dulcis 54. 71 - hombroniana 73 Gigantochloa 30. 54. 75. 72 Giant/ Chinese taro 23 - jangomas 71 - gummi-gutta 73 - ramontchi 54. 131. 71. 125 Fragaria filipendula 68 Fragrant onion 35 Fritillaria thunbergii 99. 139. 120 Fish pole bamboo 43 - asiatica 74 Fish-tail palm 101 Flacourtia 53. 54. 15. 102 Indian borage 108 Indian Ceylon spinach 36 Indian cherry 65. 120. 104 Helianthus tuberosus 26 - alcalae 104 Hemerocallis fulva var. 110 Green sapota 82 Grewia subinaequalis 74. 170 - fagifer 92. 41 - sabdariffa 103 Hydrolea zeylanica 32. 174 Indian lotus 26. 101 Horse radish tree 49 Indian crab apple Indian jujube 90. 127 Indian plum 71 Indian prune 71 - edulis 94. 103. 37. 112. 41. 136 Hazel nut 94 Hydnocarpus 97. 38 41 Inocarpus 91. 177 - sibthorpioides 33. 175 Hydrocotyle 31. 139. 94. 170 - acetosella 41 - asiatica 38 Indian mulberry 113 Indian pennywort 38. 106 Hamelia patens 74 Houttuynia cordata 32. 177 Gular 71. 92. 104 Hill guava 89 Hygrophilia salcifolia 41 Hill Lemon 64 Illicium verum 104 Hippophae 152. 133 Gynura bicolor 40 Haidai 104 Hainan bamboo 44 Horse radish 49. 173 Indian arrowroot 26.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Greater burdock 23 Greater galangal 99 Greater yam 25 Green gram 20. 94. 117. 130 Guayule 113 Guiana nut 93 Guizotia abyssinica 112. 98. aurantiaca 40 - anthelminthicus 104 Indian sweet lime 63 - kurzii 104 Hibiscus 41. 111. 169 - salicifolia 74 Hodgsonia 97 - heteroclita 157 - macrocarpa 103 Holostemma annularis 41 Indian almond 96.190 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . 117 . 138 Hancornia speciosa 74 Hovenia dulcis 74. 104 Hassakues 62 Hyacinth bean 48. 27. 41. 117. 132 - cannabinus 111. 117 Impatious balsamina 104 - rhamnoides 74. 132. 53. 133. 125. 75 Gurke 66 Hong Kong wild kumquat 72 Gymnema syringaefolium 40 Horse gram 19 Indian fig 79 Horse purslane 46 Indian gooseberry 69. 169 Guar 112. 112. 102. cordiformis 95 Japanese quince 62 - duclouxiana 95 Japanese raisin tree 74 Japanese staunton vine 87 Japanese walnut 95 Jalpai 69. 128. 99. 92. 160 Japanese mint 105 Jole 73 Japanese pear 84 - aquatica 32. 168 Japanese plum 83 - ailantifolia var. 133. 160 Japanese pepper 110 Juglans 91. 104 - pandurata 101 Kaki 67. 121. 168 Jasminum sambac 104 Jamaica sorrel 103 Jatropha curcas 112. 130. 136. 140 Java almond 93 Java cardamom 100 Java feroniella 70 Java rose apple 89 Japanese artichoke 27 Javanese long pepper 107 Japanese barnyard millet 14. 101 Jerusalem willow 69 Jerusalem artichoke 26 Japanese ginger 99. 33. 177 Jambolan 88. 59. 108. 139. 130. 133. 173 Japanese apricot 83 - ailantifolia 91 121. 125. 132. 125 Kaphal 78 Karanj 113 Kari patta 105 Kariis 73 . 131. 133. 101 Jherberi 90 Japanese hornwort 39 Jiringa 100. 173 Jambos 88. 33. 127. 128. 122. 89 Jamun 88. 123 Japanese mandarin 64 Jojoba 114 Jiaogan 64 - mandschurica 95 - regia 92. 26. 95 - sieboldiana 95 Jujube 90. 166 Kalihaldi 25 Kalimantan mango 76 Kalumpit 90 Kamal 106 Kamansi 58 Kamrakh 59 Kangaroo apple 51 Kangkong 41. 32. 16. 161. 95. 101. 128 Japanese leaf mustard 37 Job’s tear 14. 131. 127. 140 - mammosa 26 - reptans 41 Italian millet 18 Jack bean 47 Jackfruit 58. 174 Junsai 37 Kaempferia 93. 104 - galanga 99. 173 Jambu 35. 165 Japanese persimmon 67. 17 Jering 100 Japanese chestnut 94. 125.Index | 191 Ipomoea 21. 74 Korean pine 96 - sativus 18. 160. 132. 75 Kungangal 38 Kuwini 79. 21. 42.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Karonda 62. 104. 105 - cordifolium 26. 126. 22 Lilium 22. 170 Kokam 73 Kolomikta vine 56 Konjaku flour 23 Konjaku powder 23 Lapsi 62 Large gooseberry 61 Lathyrus 18. 160 Khajur 81 Lahia kutejensis 68 Khirni 77. 170 Laka wood 55 Kinka oil 114 Lamb’s quarters 16. 32. 33. 126. 170 - pumilum 105 Kohola 66 Lansium domesticum 55. 166 - laciniata 41 Lesser galangal 99 Kava pepper 107 - saligna 41 Lettuce tree 44. 95. 136. 163 Lactuca 30. 131. 130. 132. 133 Lagenaria siceraria 32. 160 Kei apple 68 Kemang 76 Kenaf 112 - sativa 32. 128. 132. 175 Leptospermum scoparium 105 Litchi chinensis 74 - citrata 75 - cubeba 75 - garciae 75 - sebifera 75 - tetracantha 75 Little millet 15. 104. 133 Laminaria japonica 104 - maximowiczii 26 Kodo millet 15. 48. 105 - davidii 105 - tigrium 105 Limnocharis flava 33. 17 Locust tree 101 . 33. 72. 38 - lancifolium 105 Kiwi fruit 55. 161 Leucas lantana 42 Ligusticum monnieri 105 Ker 61. 98 - auratum 26. 108. 19. 175 Ladies finger 47. 128 Limonia acidissima L. 132. 74 Lipoti 88 Litchi 53. 41. 133 Laurel 104 Litsea 54 Laurus nobilis 104 - calophylla 55. 159. 104. 138 - denticulata 32. 125. 132. 41 Leaf celery 35 Lecythis zabucajo 92. 19. 177 Lepidium sativum 41. 18 Langsat 74. 161.192 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . 122. 74. 175 Kudzu 108 - tuberosus 26 Kudzu vine 27 Latka 61 Lithospermum officinale 105 Kumquat 70. 170 Lablab purpureus 48. 41 - indica 32. 133 Luffa 29. 166 . 120 Mango ginger 25. 120 - micromalus 54. 170 - sylvestris 140 Marang 59. 105 - albus 105 - sativus 105 Lycium chinense 32. 84 Manilkara 53. 105. 55. 121 - kirghizorum 75 - pajang 77. 152 - caesia 55. 102 - cylindrica 48 - hermaphrodita 48 Lupinus 97. 76 - casturi 76 - foetida 76 Macadamia 90. 169 Manila hemp 113 - prunifolia 76.Index | 193 Lolo 108 Madhuca 53 Malva 31. 120 - hexandra 55. 30. 33 - acutangula 33. 170 Macrocarpium officinale 54. 126 - platycarpa var. 92 - baccata var. 131. 75 - baccata var. 120 - indica 77. 132. 68. 170 Macrocarpium mas 75. 76. 48. 75. 73 - punicifolia 75. 64. 77. 140 - integrifolia 95. 170 - tetraphylla 92. 42. 75 Macrotyloma uniflorum 19. 91. 140 Mangifera 7. 120 - odorata 76. crispa 42 Long pepper 107 Longan 66. 102 - aegyptiaca 48. 170 - halliana 54. 132. hoopesii 76. 102 Lysimachia candida 12 Macadamia nut 95. 103 - caimito 84 Makopa 87 - nervosa 82 Malabar tamarind 73. 105 - sylnestis 42 - longifolia 105 - verticillata 32 Mahua 75 - verticillata var. 139. 129 Malanga balanca 28 Malay apple 89 Malpighia 54. baccata 75. 32 Long life kumquat 72 - indica 75 - parviflora 42 - latifolia 78. 176 Malus 53 - asiatica 54. 55 - pumila 76 - elengii 77 - sieversii 76 - spectabilis 76. 53. 133 Loquat 70 Lucuma 122 Makhana 92. 140 Mananthakali 130. 133. 160 Manchur cherry 83 Manchurian crab apple 75 Manchurian hazel nut 94 - cocciyera 75. 176 Manchurian walnut 95 - emarginata 75 Mandarin 63. 140 Mangosteen 132. mandshurica 75. 96. 26. 159. 111 Morinda citrifolia 78. 105 Mysore raspberry 85 - multicaulis 78 Nanking cherry 83 - nigra 78 Nasturtium 30. 163 Muntingia calabura 78. 176 Monkey jack 59. 138 - capitala 49 - cochinchinensis 79 - nivea 49 - pachylobia 49 - pruriens var. 50. 117. 117.194 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species .An Asia-Pacific Perspective Maranta arundinacea 26. 111. 132. 43 . cuspidata 78 Mespilus 53 Metroxylon 98. 111 - rumphii 105 - sagu 111. 48 - charantia 48. 30. 176 Mimusops 77 Moth bean 20 - hexandra 77 Marmalade orange 63 Mountain apple 89 - kaki 77 Martinique ginger 110 Mioga ginger 110 Masumi kumquat 72 Moghania vestita 21. 136 Michelia figo 105 Mikan 64 - cuspidata 78 - indica 78 - troglodytarum 78. 163 Mountain Cherry 83 Mountain soursop 57 Mountain spinach 36 Mucuna 29. 130. 118 Mauritius raspberry 85 Medagascar Plum 71 Medicago hispida 42 Mediterranean medlar 65 Melanesian papeda 63 Melientha suavis 42 Melilotus 50 - altissimus 42 - macrorrhizus 42 Melingo 132 Mentha arvensis 105 Merremia emarginata 42 Mollugo cerviana 42 Momordica 29. 133 Murraya koenigii 99. 52. 131. 130 - cochinchinensis 48. 105. 161. utilis 49 - dioica 32. 120 Myoga 110 Myrica 52. 131 Monkey pot 95. 171 - textilis 111 - germanica 78. 53. 22. 55. 140. 160. 55 Methi 127 - alba var. 49 Meteng 60 Morus 53. 170 Musa 31. 176 - pterygosperma 33. 54. 113 - acuminata 78 - balbisiana 50 Moringa 31 - fehi 78 - aucuparia 87 - oleifera 125. 130. 112. 53 - esculenta 78 - nagi 78 - rubra 78 - latifolia 78. 106 - officinale 43 - pinnatum 43 Nelumbium speciosum 26. 138. 106 Okari nut 92. 170 Pachira macrocarpa 80 Pachyrhizus 21. 117 - echinata 79 - mutabile 79. 79. 50. 174 Northopanax Pak-choi 38 - roxburghii 43. 107 - leram 80. 17. 118 - rambutan-ake 79. 117. 80. 171 Ophiopogon spicatus 106 - atrosanguineum 17 Neptunia 30 Opuntia ficus-indica 79. 106 - tectorius 80 - hypoleucum 79 Oncoba 52 - lappaceum 55. 26. 129 Nicobar breadfruit 106 Niger 112 Nipa palm 106 - spinosa 79 Osmanthus fragrans 106 Otaheite chestnut 94. 177 - miliaceum 17 - oleracea 33 Opuntia tuna 80 - psilopodium 17 Oriental pear 84 - sumatrense 15. notoginseng 106 Nelumbo nucifera 26. 98. 161. 140 - prostrata 43. 92. 162 - conoideus 80 Oleaster 69 Oncob 79 - fascicularis 80. 106. 107 - fruiticosum 105 Palmyra palm 101 - timoriana 50 - pinnatum 105 Panama berry 78 Parsnip 24. 96 - brosimos 80 Okra 47.Index | 195 - indicum 32 - fruticosum 43 Panax 97 - microphyllum 43 - guilfoylei 43. 27 - speciosa 107. 171 Neoza 96 Nepal cardamom 100 Nephelium 53 Oenanthe javanica 43 Pandanus 53. 95 Paradise tree 114 Parkia 107 - angulatus 26 Parkia 30. 119 - ginseng 99. 22 - vanuxemii 80 Panicum 14 - antidotale 17 - javanicum 18 - miliare 17 Para cress 34 Paradise nut 92. 129 . 176 - javanica 50 Noni 113 - tuberosus 26. 129 New cocoyam 28 New Zealand spinach 46. 106 Nypa fruticans 106 - pseudoginseng var. 97 Nippon hawthorn 65 - erosus 21. 86. 128. 126.196 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . 113. 81 - koraiensis 96 Pepino 87 Phyllostachys 29. 132. 130. 98. 169 - americana 44 - distichum 17 Phaseolus 19. 176 - sylvestris 81. 176 - multiflorus 50 - acinosa 32. 138. 30 Piper 49. 97. 107 - retrofractum 99. 171 - emblica 69. 133 Phoenix 53 Pilu 85. 171 Pina-pina 45 Peltophorum pterocarpum 107 Phyllanthus 52 Pentaphragma begoniaefolium 32. 98. 54. 107 - laurifolia 80 - ligularis 80 - acidus 81 Pepper grass 41 - aureosulcata 32. 131. 43 Perilla 31. 172 - dactylifera 81. 128 Physalis peruviana 81. 31 Paspalum 14 Phalsa 74. 131 - alba 32. 107. 171. 121. 43. 107. 177 - grandis 44. 107 - saigonense 99. 44 - glaberrima 44 - melastomoides 44 - trinervia 44 - lunatus 19 Pilewort 40 - trilobus 21 Pilinut 93 - quadrangularis 80 Philippine nut 93 Pillepesara 19 Passion fruit 80.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Parthenium argentatum 112. 140 - angularis 201 Pilea 31 - antioquiensis 80. 99 - aurea 43 - cubeba 99. 119 - distichus 81 - gerardiana 92. 96. 127 - longum 99. 107 - frutescens 43. 177 - coccineus 50. 201 - esculenta 44 - scrobiculatum 18 - aconitifolius 201 Piequi 93 Passiflora 53. 107 - methysticum 99. 111. 108. 177 Phaeomeria magnifica 103 Phytolacca 29. 30. 43 Pereskia grandiflora 80 - bambusoides 32. 113 - arguta 99. 113 - ocymoides 107 Petai 107 Pe-tsai 38 - dulcis 44 - makinoi 44 - nigra 44 - praecox 44 - pubescens 32 Pinus 91 - armandii 96. 130. 177 Pastinaca sativa 27. 108 Pisonia 29. 160 Physic nut 112 - sylvestris 44 . 111. 177 - calcaratus 21 - caerulea 80 - edulis 80. 171. 81 Pithecellobium 97. 120 - domestica subsp. 113 Ponnanganni 35. 108 - cantabrigiensis 54. 140 Pueraria 22. 82 Pistacia vera 96. 140 Plectranthus 22. insititia 83 - ferganica 83 - mume 54. 17. 138 Pistacio nut 96 Polyscias fruticosa 99. 108 Plukenetia corniculata 45. 83 - salicina 54. littorale 83. 58. 125 - cerasifera 54. 97 - amygdalus 82 - montana 23. 124 - quadrifida 45 - tomentosa 83 - rotundifolius 27 Potato yam 25 - triflora 83 Pluchea indica 108 Pouteria 53. 136 - amboinicus 99. 125 - tetragonolobus 19. 50. 177 - bigeminum 108 - jiringa 108 - lobatum 108 Plantago major 44 Plantain ripple grass 44 Platycodon grandiflorum 108 Pongam oil tree 113 Pongamia 111 - glabra 113 - pinnata 111.Index | 197 Polynesian nut 92 - armeniaca 82. 177 Pouzolzia viminea 45 Praecitrullus fistulosus 50 - littorale 83 Premna latifolia 45 Psophocarpus 20. 132. 120. barbanki 83 - sargentü 83 Portulaca 29. 98 - hydropiper 44 - meximowiczü 44 - odoratum 99. 31 - simontü 83 - oleracea 45. 129 - tangutica 96. 108 Poncirus trifoliata 54. 172 Pitanga 70 Pometia pinnata 55. 118 . 138 Prosopis cineraria 50 Pterococcus corniculata 45 Prunus 53. 108 - plebejum 45 Polynesian chestnut 94 - ussuriensis 83 - caimito 82 Pseudananas macrodontes 83 - compechiana 82 Psidium 52 - viridis 82 - cattleianum var. 140 - salicina var. 82. 108 Plum mango 61 Plum peach 83 Plumbago zeylanica 44 Plumcot 83 Pointed gourd 51. 82. 54. 162 Polygonum 29. 91. 122. 120 Pit pit 45 Pomegranate 84. 97. 58. 138 Primrose malanga 28 - grandiflora 20 Proso millet 14. 50. 119 Rose apple 88. 84 - thunbergiana 20.198 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . 124 Quisqualis indica 50 Ragi 17 Purging nut 112 Raishan 15. 120 - communis 84. 84. 167 Punica granatum 84. 129. 110 - communis var. 121. 84. lobata 27 Queensland arrowroot 24 - longeracemosum 54. 119 Pulasan 79 Pummelo 64. 171 Pyrus 53 Ramie 112 - aucuparia 87 Ramon-tchi 71 - baccata 75 Rangpur lime 63 - bucharica 84 - chinensis 84. 121 Ribes 53. 173 Rose cactus 80 Roselle 103. 140 - indica 68 - prunifolia 54. 84 Ribbed gourd 48 - phoenicolasius 85. 129 Rakkyo 34 Pursley 45 Rambai 60 Pyrethrum sinense 39 Rambutan 79. 161 Rivia hypocrateriformis 45 Rocket 40 Root celery 36 Rorippa 33 - microphylla 43 - nasturtium-aquaticum 43 - schlechteri 45. 85 - ellipticus 55. 16 Purslane 38. 108 Queensland nut 95 Rice bean 18. 140 Rauram 108 Ridged gourd 48. 120 - vavilovii 84 - acicularis 84 - albescens 84. 172 Quercus aliena 108 Quinoa 16. 89. 21 Queensland raspberry 85 Rice paper plant 109 Pugionum cornutum 45. 132. 84 - niveus 85 - rosaefolius 85 . 27. 140. 161 Rheum 98 Rowan tree 87 - palmatum 108 Rubus 53. 140 - probus 85 - syriaca 84. 172 - serotina var. 140 - pyrifolia var. culta 84 Rhus vernicifera 108 - sinensis 54. 76. pyrifolia 84. 112 Red leafed hibiscus 41 Rough shelled macadamia 96 Rhea 112 Round cardamom 100 Rheum × hybridum 108 Round gourd 50. culta 84 - haponticum 108 - regelii 84 - sagdiana 84 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa 55. 123.An Asia-Pacific Perspective - montana var. 45. 118 Shaddock 64 Schefflera aromatica 46 Shallot 34 Schizostachyus lulampao 114 Shama 16 Shisho 107 . 30 - muricatus 50 - acetosa 45 - koetjape 86. 98.Index Rujak 65. 62. 33. 159 Sesuvium portulacastrum 32. 114 Sekawi 68 Santol 86. 132 Salvadora 53 Sawan millet 16 - oleoides 85. 172 Selinium monnieri 105 Sapota 53. 121. 113. 71. 169 Saccharum edule 38. 131. 159 - albicans 50 Salsola foetida 45 - androgynus 32. 85 Rukam 71. 50 Sebesten 65 - lanceolatum 173 Sechium edule 29. 76. 129. 114. 46 Setaria glauca 15. 129. 53. 138 - wallichiana 85 - zalacca 85. 119. 33. 31 - nigra 86 Sand pear 84 Sandoricum 52. 117. 176 - spicatum 112. 172 - vesicarius 45 Santalum 111 Sea purslane 46 Rungia klossii 33. 97 Sapucaja nut 95 - cassuvianum 86 Sarawat lettuce 42 Service tree 87 Sagri 45 Sataw 107 Sesame 114 Salaca 98 Satputiya 48 - edulis 109 Satsuma mandarin 64 Sesamum indicum 112. 117. 45. 132. 117. 98 | 199 Scirpodendron ghaeri 109 Scorpiurus 29. 45 - austro-caledonium 114 - vermiculatus 33. 110. 77. 129. 105 Semecarpus 52. 117. 109 - trifolia var. 50. 196 - acuminatum 114. 117. 169 Rumex 29. edulis 27 Sago palm 105. 160 - persica 55. 109. 45. 77. 138 Safflower 112 Sagittaria 22 - sagittifolia 22. 137. 130. 86. 172 Seabuckthorn 74. 140. 127. 82. 172 Scarlet runner bean 50. 131. 130. 141. 18. 140 Sambucus 53 - canadensis 86 - anacardium 109 Sesbania grandiflora 109. 129. 128. 140 - sagittifolia subsp. leucopetala 27. 121 Salak 85 Sauropus 117. 75. 53. 135. 117 Stem lettuce 41 Sweet bamboo 40 Sweet bay 105 Sweet chestnut 167 Sweet elder 86 Sweet gourd 48 Sweet granadilla 80 Sweet lemon 63 - mangifera 87 Sweet shoot bamboo 44 - oleoides 55 Sweet trefoil 110 - pinnata 87 - muricatum 87 Sponge gourd 48 Sweet/Common buckwheat 17 - nigrum 160 Stachys 21. 114 Simmondsia chinensis 112. fusca 34 Swamp taro 24 - beecheyanus 36 Skirret 27 - paniculata 51. 97 Siberian crab apple 75 - verbascifolium 51 - sieboldii 109 - violaceum 51 Star anise 104 Solena amplexicaulis 51 Star apple 62. 87. 161. 88. 30. 111 Sow thistle 40 Stizolobium pachylobium 49 Sowa 100 Strawberry guava 88 - edulis 32. 109 Slim amaranth 16 Spinach mustard 38 Snake gourd 51.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Siamese cardamom 100 - torvum 33. 87 - domestica 87 - torminalis 87 Stauntonia hexaphylla 54. 46 Sphenoclea zeylanica 46 Suaeda maritima 46 - latiflorus 40. 51 - affinis 22. 22 Sword Bean 47 - indicum 51 . 117 Sinapis alba 109 Sorindeia madagascariensis 87 Singhara nut 110 Soursop 57 Sinocalamus 29. 167 Sonchus oleraceus 46 Star fruit 59 Sorbus 53 Star gooseberry 46 Siberian filbert 94 Sicana odorifera 50 Silver vine 34 Simarouba glauca 112.200 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . 178 - aucuparia 78. 141 Snakewood tree 62 - acuminata 87 Sochopa-tenga 73 - cytherea 173 Solanum 29. 115 Spilanthes 30 Sugar palm 100 Sium sisarum 27 - oleracea var. 27. 87. 58. 121 - aviculare 51 - ferox 51 - dulcis 55. 115. 131 - laosensis 87. 163 Spondias 52. 121 Stelechocarpus burahol 87. 31. 117. 173. 18. 173 - curranii 121 - jambos 88 - javanicum 89 - malaccense 89 - samarangens 89 Tacca 21. 55. 110 - natans var. 53. 175 Tri-okudami 41 True bay 105 Tsi 41 Turmeric 25 Turnip-root chervil 24 Two-leaved vetch 110 Udo 36 Ulluco 28 Ullucus 21. 173 Tragopogon porrifolius 28 Tamarindus indica 53. 173 Tree tomato 66. 91. 161 Trapa 91. 131. 161 - cucumerina 33 - cucumeroides 110 - dioica 51. 121 - cucumerina var. 128. 97 - coerulea 110 - foenum-graecum 46. 173 - cumini 54. 119. 141. 141 - aqueum 55. 98 Taun 81 - edulis 90 | 201 Trianthema portulacastrum 46. 97 Urochloa panicoides 15. 162 - ovigera 51 Trigonella 30. 22 - bicornis 109 Ullucus tuberosus 28 - bispinosa 110 - natans 92. 130 Tetrapanex papyriferum 109 Thyme 109 - leontopetala 27 Thymus vulgaris 109 - pinnatifida 27 Tiger Lily 105 Taetsia fruiticosa 115 Tikul 73 Tahiti lime 63 Tonka bean 103 Tahitian chestnut 94 Tooth-brush tree 85 Talinum triangulare 32. 46. 128. 88. 130 Trachyspermum roxburghianum 99. 177 Tania 28 Taraxacum officinale 46 Taro 24.Index Syzygium 52. 169. 132. 89. 55. bispinosa 174 Terminalia 52. 119 Trichosanthes 29. anguina 51. 92 Tree bean 50 - catappa 92. 46 - expansa 46 - tetragonioides 46. 88. 96. 167 - kaernbachii 92. 129. 118 Ussurian Plum 83 Uvaria burahol 87 Vaccinium 52 - corymbosum 90 - oxycoccos 90 - vitis-idaea 90 Valerianella locusta 46 . 30. 89. 22 - microcarpa 90 Tetragona tetragonoides 32 Tetragonia 29. 96. 109 Tamarind 52. 126 Watershield 37 Yellow granadilla 80 - dalzelliana 110 Watery rose-apple 88 Yellow grove bamboo 43 - aconitifolia 18. 50. 126 Wax jambu 89 Weedy field melon 48 Welsh onion 34 West Asian spice 110 - vexillata 28 West Indian arrowroot 26 Vine spinach 36 West Indian cherry 75 Viola verecunda 47. 97 - faba 19. 132. 118 - umbellata 21. 110 . 142 White mustard 109 Vegetable oyster 28 - dardii 90 White sapote 62 Velvet bean 49 - vinifera 90 White yam 25 Verdant bamboo 36 Voandzeia subterranea 20 Wild date palm 81.202 | Diversity in Underutilized Plant Species . 99 Water apple 88. 22. 126 - radiata 20 - subterranea 19. 175 - sativa 20 - unijuga 110 Vigna 18. 173 Water chestnut 25. 46 Vicia 18. 23. 117. 174 Water cress 43 Wine raspberry 85 Winter cress 36 Wisteria branchybotrys 21 Wolffia globosa 32. 168 Xanthosoma 21. 176 - nigrum 28 - sagittifolium 18 Water lemon 80 - violaceum 28 Water rice 47 Yellow foxtail millet 18 - angularis 117.An Asia-Pacific Perspective Varnish tree 109 Vitis 53. 127. 110. 22. 157 Vernonia anthelmintica 115 Veronica 31 - anagallis 110. 97. 21. 126. 20. 126 - mungo 20. 131. 127. 140. 47 Wood apple 70. 142 White lupine 105 Vegetable bamboo 44 - amurensis 54. 20 - trilobata 19. 117. 119 - anagallis-aquatica 32. 20. 171 Vollaris solanacea 47 Winged bean 19. 90. 29. 119 White fruit amomum 100 Yellow Himalayan raspberry 84 Yuzu 63 Zalacca edulis 85 Zanthoxylum 98 - bungei 110 - piperitum 110 - simulans 99. 156 Wagami kumquat 72 Walnut 95 Wampi 65 Wasabia japonica 51. 160. 98. 174 | 203 - mauritiana 55. 55 - mioga 99. 174 - rotundifolia 90 - vulgaris 90 . 110 Zerumbet ginger 111 - zerumbet 111 Zingiber 21. 130 - cassumunar 110 Ziziphus 53. 110 - jujube 90. 174 - nummularia 90.Index Zedoary 102 - purpureum 99. 90. 99 Zizania latifolia 47.