Distributed Wireless SensorMeasurements Mircea Stremtan Technical Consultant&Sales Manager National Instruments Romania Wireless Is Everywhere Environmental Monitoring Resource Monitoring Industrial Measurements 2 The Benefits of Wireless Measurements Reduce Costs • Reduce installation costs and time • Reduce maintenance costs Increase Efficiency • Optimize measurement processes • Access data almost anywhere and anytime • Decrease downtime Monitor Anywhere • Overcome power and infrastructure limitations • Solve new and previously challenging applications 3 Motivation for Wireless Measurements • • • Cost reduction WAS the driving force behind industrial in the first part of the decade Flexibility and agility are growing in importance Moving forward. it will be about both 2008 VDC research study: 2012 numbers are projections 4 . or alongside existing wired monitoring solutions – not replacing them Factory and plant managers are approaching wireless networking suppliers – not necessarily automation experts – for advice and counsel Control is added most often as a 2nd/ 3rd phase project 2008 VDC research study: 2012 numbers are projections 5 .Monitoring or Control? Worldwide Shipment Shares of Industrial Wireless Products (Share of Shipments) • • • Wireless monitoring is often layered in on top of. we showed 58 additional points added to the wireless network at a savings of 80% per point would provide additional savings of $192.cfm?Section=Article_Index1&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.org/InTechTemplate.808 on the initial capital investment of the PA replacement.Reduced Installation Costs • Eliminates need for laying wired infrastructure • Reduced material and labor costs • Appealing to today’s market and economy “Using this information and based on the savings of $400.isa.cfm&ContentID=73003 6 .400” http://www. climate change Structural Health Monitoring Bridge infrastructure. power monitoring Environmental Monitoring CO2 emission.Application Areas Energy Efficiency Smart grid. building monitoring Industrial Measurements Machine monitoring. hazardous area measurements 7 . Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) Defined as a wireless network that consists of spatially distributed devices that use sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions Applications include: • Environmental monitoring • Structural monitoring • Industrial machine monitoring • Power quality and consumption • Building and home automation • Health care • Asset monitoring 8 . Wireless Sensor Network 9 . Frequency Spectrum 10 . Protocols & Comparison Wi-Fi™ Bluetooth™ Wireless USB ZigBee™ Enterprise. home/building automation. 2.000 Battery Life Hours Days Hours/Days Years Set-Up/Usability Better Good Better Good Best 2.000 7 127 65.4 GHz.15. multimedia Sensors.11 Family Applications Range Data Rate Frequency Security 802. 5 GHz 2.1 11 & 802. cable replacement.4 GHz Best Good Best/Good Better 802. networking (internet) PC peripherals. cable replacement PC peripherals.15.4 GHz 3 – 10 GHz 900 MHz.4 . toys 50 m 10 – 100 m 3 – 10 m 50 – 100 m 54 Mbps (540Mbps) 750 kbps 110 – 480Mbps 250 kbps Nodes per Network > 1. 11n and Zigbee are expected to capture material share IEEE 802.15. 802.4 12 .11 a/b/g/n IEEE 802.Industrial Wireless Market Protocols Wireless HART. Wireless Standards Power Consumption.11 Wi-Fi Transmission Distance Long WPAN Bluetooth Medium Short Low (Battery) ZigBee IEEE 802. and Complexity High Cellular WLAN IEEE 802. Cost.4 100 k 1M 10 M 100 M Data Rate (b/s) 13 .15. MIMO a/b/g/n data rates Host Layers Application Layer Network process to application Presentation Layer Data representation and encryption Session Layer Inter-host communication Transport Layer End-to-end connections & reliability Media Layers • Application and Network adds: Packetizing data (TCP) Addressing (IP) Data protocols (HTTP.IEEE 802. FTP. RF properties/definitions IEEE 802.11 • IEEE 802.11defines: 2. etc) Network Layer Path determination & logical addressing Data Link Layer Physical addressing Physical Layer Radio. CCK.4 GHz / 5 GHz radios OFDM.11 Wi-Fi or Host App 14 . IEEE 802.4 GHz Channels.5 MHz Up to 14 channels (1-14). 1-11 most common Channel Width – 22 MHz Channel Spacing – 5 MHz apart 15 .11 2400-2483.11 • IEEE 802.2. IEEE 802. and Security Medium-Access Control Layer Physical Layer 868 MHz/915 MHz/2. or end device Application Framework User Profiles Network Layer Routing. 2.4 GHz radios Up to 250 kb/s Low-power communication • ZigBee adds: Device coordination Network topologies Interoperability with other wireless products • NI-WSN Sits on top Makes protocol proprietary Other ZigBee devices CANNOT join the NIWSN network NI-WSN Sits on top – makes protocol proprietary Application Layer Application Support Data service and management ZigBee Device Objects Device coordination: gateway. Network Topologies.15.15.4 defines: 868. 915 MHz.4/ZigBee • Popular for WSN devices • IEEE 802.4 16 ZigBee . router.15.4 GHz IEEE 802. and heartbeats 1 gateway per wireless channel X 14 wireless channels X 36 nodes per gateway X 4 analog channels per node = 17 2. re-joining.4 • • • • • Channels 11-24 Defines joining.Reliable NI-WSN.016 analog channels in a single environment! . acquisition intervals. Based on IEEE 802.15. mesh routing Ensures data integrity Performs device authentication Manages node sleep times. 5 MHz Up to 16 channels (11-26) • NI-WSN supports 11-24 Channel Width – 2 MHz Channel Spacing – 5 MHz apart IEEE 802.15.15.4 2400-2483.4 Channel Center Frequency (MHz) 18 .4 GHz Channels.4 IEEE 802.2. IEEE 802.15. Wi-Fi and NI-WSN Co-existence 19 . Create spatial distance between systems with same channel ie. separate NI-WSN networks on channel 15 by >300m 20 .Ways to Ensure Co-Existence 1. separate Wi-Fi APs on channel 1 by >30 m ie. Set Wi-Fi Access Points and NI-WSN channels to avoid overlap 2. Avoid Overlap: Example # 1 21 . Avoid Overlap: Example # 2 IEEE 802.15.4 Channel Center Frequency (MHz) 22 . Wireless Sensor Network • Open Discussion 23 . Data Flow 24 . Single Point Acquisition 25 . Single Point Acquisition 26 . NI-WSN Protocol: Acquisition Loops Node Sample Interval (User Configurable) Gateway Host 200 ms Host VI Loop Rate (User Configurable) 27 . Waveform Acquisition (NEW!) Waveform Interval (s) Data to GW Msg Check Waveform Sample Rate (Hz) 28 . Data Correlation and Node Timestamping 29 . Node Timestamping Node … … … … Data Msg Check Gateway T All nodes remain within 1 second of gateway 30 . Wireless Sensor Network 31 . Network Topologies WSN and WiFi DAQ WSN and WiFi DAQ Star WSN Only! Mesh Cluster/Tree Distance Reliability Complexity Latency Gateway Router Node End Node 32 . NI WSN Topology 1: 8 WSN Nodes N G Gateway R1 Router N End Node N X G N N N N N N X= Distance Gateway and 8 End Nodes 33 . NI WSN Topology Example: One Hop R1 N N ER2 Gateway R1 Router N End Node R3 x8 x8 G G N x8 N x8 R4 Gateway + 4 Routers + 32 End Nodes 34 . NI WSN Topology 3: Two Hops R4 N x7 R3 N x7 R1 R2 R5 G G Gateway R1 Router N End Node R6 N x7 R7 R8 N x7 Gateway + 8 Routers + 28 End Nodes 35 . NI-WSN Protocol: Joining Connect Request Power On Scan Channel Connection Confirmed Configure Node Connection Denied Sample Go to next channel 36 . NI-WSN Protocol: Rejoining Connect Request Power On Connection Confirmed Configure Node Scan Channel No Network Found Connection Denied Sample 37 . CHOOSING A WIRELESS MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FROM NI 38 . 15.Choosing the Right Wireless Technology Throughput IEEE 802.11 NI Wi-Fi DAQ IEEE 802.4 NI WSN Up to 250 kS/s < 10 S/s 39 . 11 NI Wi-Fi DAQ IEEE 802.4 NI WSN Up to 250 kS/s < 10 S/s Up to 100 m Up to 300 m 40 .15.Choosing the Right Wireless Technology Throughput Range IEEE 802. Determining Range • Wireless range – depends on YOUR environment Spec’d distances are “typical” Vendors provide indoor and outdoor ranges • Factors that impact range Indoor • Building construction (i. offices) Outdoor (line of sight) • Lack of line of sight • Trees or other objects 41 . metal vs.e. glass) • Office configurations (cubes vs. wood vs. 15. Tree. Mesh 42 . Tree Star.11 NI Wi-Fi DAQ IEEE 802.4 NI WSN Up to 250 kS/s < 10 S/s Up to 100 m Up to 300 m Star.Choosing the Right Wireless Technology Throughput Range Topology IEEE 802. Tree.11 NI Wi-Fi DAQ IEEE 802.Choosing the Right Wireless Technology Throughput Range Topology Power IEEE 802.15. Tree Star. Mesh Line / Wall-Powered Up to 3 years battery power 43 .4 NI WSN Up to 250 kS/s < 10 S/s Up to 100 m Up to 300 m Star. Choosing the Right Wireless Technology IEEE 802. Mesh Power Line / Wall-Powered Up to 3 years battery power Security WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) Gateway Authentication (NO Encryption) Throughput Range Topology 44 .11 NI Wi-Fi DAQ IEEE 802.15. Tree. Tree Star.4 NI WSN Up to 250 kS/s < 10 S/s Up to 100 m Up to 300 m Star. NI Wireless Sensor Network 45 . router node.Key Vocabulary • Gateway • Node. “mote” • Mesh Gateway Router Node End Node • ZigBee • LabVIEW WSN. end node. “VI on the node” 46 . User messages and timebase are sent/received Will occur even if sample interval is >61 seconds • Sensor Power Appx 12 volts (see datasheet/specifications for tolerance range) Power sourced from NI voltage nodes (3202 and 3226) to drive external sensors 47 .Key NI-WSN Terminology • Sample Interval Time between measurements (in sample per minute or seconds) User configurable – can be set programatically using LabVIEW WSN • Heartbeat Interval ( = 61s) Time between periodic handshake between Gateway and Nodes. What Is a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)? . What Is a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)? Mesh Router End Nodes Mesh Router . 3 Ethernet Microcontroller Analog Circuit WSN Gateway Sensor Interface Voltage 50 .WSN System Architecture Example WSN Measurement Nodes Host Controller OR Temperature Dissolved Oxygen Radio Battery IEEE 802. WSN System Architecture: Software LabVIEW LabVIEW Real-Time WSN Gateways LabVIEW for Windows Database Servers Worldwide Web Wireless Enabled Smart Objects • NI-WSN: Network config. drag-and-drop programming WSN Measurement Nodes • LabVIEW Web Services • LabVIEW DSC: Database and SCADA • LabVIEW WSN: Node-level programming 51 . NI 9792 WSN Architecture Example 52 . 15.4) 2 to 3 years 54 Mbit/s 250 kbit/s 100 m 300 m IEEE 802.Choosing the Right Wireless Measurement Platform Battery Lifetime Max.11i (WPA2 Enterprise) Gateway Association 53 .11g) 1 to 2 days NI WSN (IEEE 802. Bit Rate Range Security NI Wi-Fi DAQ (IEEE 802. Simple. Secure. NI Wi-Fi Data Acquisition. Simple: NI C Series modules with direct sensor connectivity and NI-DAQmx driver software Secure: Highest commercially available data encryption and authentication (WPA2) Wi-Fi: Streaming waveform measurements over 802.11g or Ethernet network infrastructure 54 Wireless and Ethernet C Series Module Support Measurement Analog Input Thermocouple Universal Module Signal # Chan Rate NI WLS-9205 ±10 V analog input, 16 bits 32 250 kS/s NI WLS-9206 600 VDC isolated, 16 bits 16 250 kS/s NI WLS-9215 Simultaneous sampling, 16 bits 4 100 kS/s/ch NI WLS-9211 Thermocouple, 24 bits 4 14 S/s NI WLS-9213 Thermocouple, 24 bits 16 75 S/s/ch NI WLS-9219 Universal (11 modes) 4 100 S/s/ch IEPE (accelerometer), 24 bits 4 51.2 kS/s/ch NI WLS-9237 Bridge completion, 24 bits 4 50 kS/s/ch NI WLS-9421 11 to 30 VDC sinking digital input 8 Software timed NI WLS-9472 6 to 30 VDC sourcing digital output 8 Software timed NI WLS-9481 60 VDC, 250 Vrms relay 4 Software timed Sound/Vibration NI WLS-9234 Bridge Digital I/O 55 Low-Power. Reliable. Wireless Sensor Networks. • Low-Power Up to 3-year lifetime with 4 AA batteries • Reliable NI WSN protocol and mesh routing • Wireless Sensor Networks Remote wireless measurements 56 NI WSN-9791 Wireless Sensor Network Ethernet Gateway Features • 2. IEEE 802.4 radio • 10/100 Ethernet • Connect up to 36 measurement nodes • Outdoor range up to 300 m • 9 to 30 VDC power input Specifications • 2U compact form factor • Panel or DIN rail mounting • Industrial ratings • Operating temperature -30 to 70 ºC • 50 grms shock 5 g vibration • Status LEDs 57 .15.4 GHz. ±2 V.15. B. T.4 radio • Outdoor range up to 300 m • Up to 3-year battery life with 4 AA batteries • Optional 9 to 30 VDC power input • Configurable as a mesh router • Four bidirectional digital I/O lines • Industrial ratings • Operating temperature -40 to 70 ºC • 50 grms shock 5 g vibration Analog Input Digita l I/O Sample Interval (seconds) Sample Rate (samples/ minute) Resolution (bits) Features NI WSN-3202 Analog Input Node 4 4 1 60 16 Sensor power: 20 mA at 12 V Input Ranges: ±10 V. K. E Node 58 . N. S.5 V NI WSN-3212 Thermocouple Input Node 4 4 2 30 24 Supports types J.NI WSN-3202 and NI WSN-3212 Wireless Sensor Network Measurement Nodes 2. ±0.4 GHz IEEE 802. R. ±5 V. Goal: develop and field-test wireless system to reduce the cost of inspecting and monitoring highway bridges 59 . Equipment Civil Engineers. and WJE Assoc. UT Civil Engineering.WSN-3214: Strain/Bridge Completion Node WFM data • Perfect Solution for Wireless SHM Bridges. High resolution modes • 2 DIO channels NIST Research Project for NI Wireless Strain Joint venture: NI. Full/Half/Quarter bridge Internal excitation High speed. Maintenance technicians. Tunnels. Oil/Gas/Energy • 4 Channels. Buildings. Construction. Dams. WSN-3230 (RS-232) & WSN-3231 (RS-485) To GW/Host • Wireless interface to serial sensors and instruments “Programmable Sensor/Instrument Control” Adds support for thousands of devices • Many different applications Command / Query Respond / Parse Environmental monitoring Control board interface Solar inverter monitoring • Programmable ONLY Showcases key feature of WSN platform “Any Sensor” 60 . NI WSN Accessories and Starter Kit • Outdoor Enclosure IP rating pending I/O glands for wire feedthrough External antenna NI WSN-3291 • NI WSN Starter Kit NI WSN Starter Kit WSN-9791 Ethernet Gateway 2 programmable nodes Sensors and power accessories LabVIEW Evaluation Software Getting Started Guide 61 . Energy Harvesting & NI WSN 62 . Example Node 1 Node 2 … Node n 63 . Wireless Application Areas Resource Monitoring Environmental Monitoring Air/ Climate Water/ Soil Indoor Monitoring Power Monitoring Solar Monitoring Industrial Measurements Wind Farm Monitoring Structural Health Monitoring 64 Machine Condition Monitoring Process Monitoring . low power consumption.” 65 . and a flexible I/O portfolio. LabVIEW compatibility.Biofuels from Algae • Algae converts sunshine into chemical energy • Why algae as a fuel source? Does not rely on commercial crops Can be grown on arid land or in the ocean More efficient (water and land) than crop-based biofuels • NI WSN hardware used to monitor pH levels and control the rate of feed • LabVIEW WSN software performs data “The newly released WSNdecision product family combines many attractive features … wireless analysis and local making networking. and staff 66 . faculty.Ronald Reagan Hospital Parking Monitoring – UCLA Campus Benefits • Get people to open spaces • Reduce traffic in parking garage • Reduce campus traffic due to people searching for parking spots Solution Components • WSN hardware interface with IR sensors to monitor traffic flow • Web service publishes parking information to students. real-time monitoring under harsh conditions from a control room located 100+ m from the furnace Products: LabVIEW and Wi-Fi DAQ Key Benefit: Retrofit an existing control system using existing code to add remote measurements with no additional cabled infrastructure “With the flexibility of LabVIEW.Process Monitoring and Control with LabVIEW and Wi-Fi DAQ Application: Monitor and control the frequency of cement granules bursting in a furnace to characterize and optimize the cement manufacturing process Challenge: Continuous. we were able to reuse our existing code to quickly expand the reach of our measurements using Wi-Fi data acquisition devices.” – Jean-Michel Chalons. President. Saphir 67 . real-time monitoring of a loaded steel bridge several hundred feet long Products: LabVIEW. and acceleration of steel-girder highway bridges at the Ferguson Structural Engineering Lab at The University of Texas Challenge: Continuous. strain.Inspection and Monitoring of Fracture-Critical Steel Bridges Application: Researching economical methods for inspecting and monitoring the temperature. Wi-Fi DAQ. and WSN Key Benefit: Time and money saved by eliminating cables and wiring 68 .