Narcisismul Submitted by vizitator on Sun, 06/15/2008 - 18:55 tulburari de personalitate Bebelusul simte ca este centrul universului, ca este cel maiimportant, ca este omnipotent. In aceasta faza a dezoltarii, parintii sunt perceputi ca nemuritori, atotputernici, ca exista numai pentru a implini nevoile bebelusului, pentru a-l proteja si a-l hrani. Bebelusii se vad pe sine, dar si pe ceilalti intr-un mod imatur, idealizat. Aceasta etapa se numeste narcisim primar. In mod inevitabil, conflictele care apar in decursul vietii conduc catre un anumit grad de deziluzionare. Daca acest proces este abrupt, inconsistent, imprevizibil, capricios, arbitrar sau intens, atunci ranirile pe care le suporta stima de sine a copilului pot fi severe si deseori ireversibile. Mai mult decat atat, atunci cand suportul empatic crucial pe care ni-l ofera cei care ne ingrijesc (parintii sau alte persoane substitutive, obiectele primare in psihanaliza) lipseste, sentimentul propriei valori si cel al stimei de sine din viata adulta tind sa fluctueze intre supraevaluare (idealizare) si subevaluare, devalorizare, atat de sine cat si a altora. Adultii narcisici sunt considerati a fi rezultatul unei dezamagiri profunde, al unor deziluzii radicale fata de persoanele semnificative din viata lor in perioada copilariei. Adultii sanatosi accepta in mod realist faptul ca au anumite limite si pot face fata cu succes dezamagirilor, retragerilor, esecurilor, criticilor si deziluziilor. Propria lor valoare cat si stima de sine sunt constante si pozitive, nu sunt afectate in permanenta in mod substantial de catre evenimentele externe. Narcisismul primar este in psihologie un mecanism de aparare comun in primii ani de viata (de la sase luni la sase ani) si are scopul de a proteja copilul de inevitabilele raniri si temeri care sunt implicate in procesul de separare-individuatie (procesul prin care bebelusul devine o entitate separata si individuala) al dezvoltarii. Narcisismul secundar sau patologic este un mod de a gandi si a se comporta in perioada de adolescent sau de adult care implica infatuare, obsesia de sine si excluderea celorlalti. Narcisimul se manifesta prin urmarirea permanenta a gratificarii personale, a obtinerii atentiei, prin dominanta sociala si ambitia personala, laudarosenie, lipsa sensibilitatii fata de ceilalti, lipsa empatiei si/sau dependenta excesiva de ceilalti in viata de zi cu zi. Narcisismul patologic se afla in centrul tulburarii de personalitate narcisica. Atunci cand un individ (la orice varsta) intampina un obstacol insurmontabil in progresul de la un stadiu la altul al dezvoltarii personale, va regresa la etapa infantila narcisica mai degraba decat sa intampine obstacolul. In regresie, persoana se poarta copilareste, imatur, simte ca este omnipotenta, judeca gresit puterea sa, subestimeaza provocarile, pretinde a fi cel care le stie pe toate. Sensibilitatea fata de nevoile altora, emotiile pe care le simte pentru ei, se deterioreaza intens, poate deveni intolerabil de arogant, cu tendinte sadice si paranoide si mai presus de orice cauta admiratie neconditionata. Preocuparile narcisicilor includ fantasme, gandire magica si visare diurna, iar in acest mod ei tind sa-i exploateze pe ceilalti si sa-i invidieze. Functia principala a unui astfel de narcisim secundar reactiv si trecator este de a incuraja individul sa se angajeze intr-un tip de gandire magica pentru a “goni” problema, a o “vraji” , sau a o intampina de pe o pozitie de omnipotenta. O tulburare de personalitate apare atunci cand atacurile repetate asupra obstacolului continua sa esueze – in special cand esecurile recurente au loc in stadiile de formare a personalitatii (zero – sase ani). Contrastul dintre lumea fantastica ocupata (temporar) de individ si cea reala in care continua sa fie frustrat este prea acut pentru a-i face fata pentru mult timp. Disonanta duce la decizia inconstienta de a trai in lumea fanteziei, a grandiozitatii in mod “justificat”. Narcisismul este un mecanism de aparare care se afla in relatie cu mecanismul de clivaj. Narcisicul esueaza in a-i vedea pe ceilalti (oameni, situatii) ca fiind alcatuiti din elemente bune si rele. Ei ori isi idealizeaza obiectul, ori il devalorizeaza. Lucrurile sunt vazute in alb si speriat de respingere si abuz se va retine de la interactiunea cu ceilalti si va apela la fantasme grandioase in care este iubit si isi este auto-suficient. nu se va dobandi autonomia si nici un sentiment coerent de sine. Dar regresia de la o etapa mai tarzie catre narcisismul secundar este dezadaptativa. altfel apar nevrozele. este o indicatie a faptului ca directionarea libidoului catre o “tinta corecta” a esuat. Jung a descris psihicul ca pe un depozit al arhetipurilor care sunt modele primitive. procesul diferentierii. multumit. regresiile sunt procese compensatorii care au scopul de a imbunatati adaptarea si nu cai de a obtine sau de a stabiliza un nivel de gratificare. Narcisicul cauta sa se alimenteze cu provizii narcisice pe care le foloseste pentru a-si regla auto-suficienta care este deseori fragila si fluctuanta. propriul self. Astfel. explorarea independenta a lumii. transferate sau externalizate in alt mod. El descrie tranzitii de la libidoul (energie instinctuala) orientat catre subiect la cel orientat catre obiecte (ceilalti) care se produc prin intermediul parintilor. individul va fi caracterizat de dependenta si imaturitate. inflatia narcisismului si a fantasmelor de grandoare. Jung considera introversia ca pe un instrument util aflat in serviciul cautarii nesfarsite de strategii adaptative ale psihicului (narcisismul fiind pentru el o astfel de strategie). inclusiv narcisismul. exprimate in cultura popoarelor si a caror totalitate defineste inconstientul colectiv (P. Prima manifestare a narcisismului este adaptativa pentru ca invata copilul sa iubeasca un obiect disponibil (selful sau) si sa se simta gratificat. ca o consecinta a separatiei. Prin contrast.negru. Una dintre strategiile de a face fata este retragerea in interior. Daca acest model de regresie persista se formeaza o nevroza narcisica. Copilul. parintii (obiectele primare) si in mod specific mamele sunt primii agenti ai socializarii copilului. cele “bune” sunt internalizate pentru a putea sprijini grandiozitatea sa. Cresterea atrage dupa sine detasarea gradata de mama. a unui sentiment puternic de sine. satisfacut. Conform teroriilor psihodinamice ale dezvoltarii. Narcisiscul isi stimuleaza selful in mod obisnuit pentru a obtine placere si gratificare. . autonomia. dar si pentru e evita durerea asociata cu deziluzionarea. tranzitiile trebuie sa fie line si neperturbate. imagini sau scheme innascute. cautarea gratificatiei la o sursa sigura. nu-l lasa sa “plece”). al separarii-individuatiei. Atributele “rele” sunt intotdeauna proiectate. nu va fi completat cu succes. El prefera fantasmele in locul realitatii. iar de felul in care aceste etape sunt parcurse depinde formarea unui Eu puternic. Freud si Jung nu au fost de acord nici in privinta introversiei. demna de incredere si disponibila oricand. In psihologia jungiana. Sigmund Freud este creditat pentru prima teorie coerenta despre narcisism. Este universal acceptat ca orice copil trece printr-o etapa de separatie de parintii sai si printruna de individuatie. Abuzurile si traumele din copilaria timpurie atrag dupa ele strategii de a face fata si utilizarea anumitor mecanisme de aparare. Pentru a fi sanatoase si functionale. C. in timp ce extroversia este o conditie necesara pentru orientarea catre un obiect libidinal. daca un copil nu reuseste sa atraga dragostea si atentia obiectelor sale dorite (parintii) el va regresa in faza narcisica. masturbarea si fanteziile sexuale in locul unor relatii sexuale adulte si visul diurn in locul unor realizari reale in viata sa. Prin intermediul mamei sale copilul exploreaza cele mai importante intrebari ale sale iar prin raspunsurile la care se va raporta se va forma intreaga sa existenta. Fantasmele sunt o cale de acces la arhetipuri si de eliberare a lor. Daca oricare dintre aceste etape sunt zadarnicite (uneori chiar de mama care nu-i “da drumul” copilului. o conceptie de sine grandioasa in locul unei autoaprecieri realiste. obiectul este ori bun ori rau. Freud a privit introversia ca pe un instrument in serviciul patologiei. forme simbolice. Ranirea repetata poate conduce catre dezvoltarea unei personalitati narcisice. Popescu Neveanu). Introversia este indispensabila narcisismului. incomplete. defectuoase. Jung distinge introvertii (cei care de regula se concentreaza pe sine mai degraba decat pe altii) de extroverti (opusul). Toate relatiile de obiect ale unui astfel de self patologic sunt detasate de obiectele reale pentru ca acestea produc deseori raniri narcisice si sunt implicate in clivaj. ci este rezultatul unor structuri ale selfului narcisisce. Aceste elemente si sentimentele fata de parinti. grandoare naiva amestecate cu gandire magica. sau de a fi privit ca o extensie a parintilor. pedeapsa. etc. Pentru Jung narcisismul patologic este o problema de grad. dar identifica si o noua clasa de tulburari. refulare sau proiectie pe alte obiecte. grandoarea de exemplu nu poate fi transformata in ambitii si idealuri adulte. al unei agresivitati excesive. Selful este dependent de inconstient. fuzioneaza si formeaza constructele de self grandios si de imago parental idealizat. Aceste tulburari sunt rezultatul traumelor copilariei. Fara raspunsurile potrivite. Daca copilul va dezvolta o forma de narcisism normala sau patologica depinde de relatia dintre reprezentarile de sine (imaginea selfului pe care copilul si-o formeaza in minte) si cele de obiect (imaginea celorlalti pe care el si-o formeaza in minte). un simplu instrument de gratificare. care la randul lor sunt omnipotenti si grandiosi. si astfel devin anxiosi. De asemenea depinde si de relatia dintre reprezentarea de sine si obiectele reale. naturala. tulburarile selfului care sunt rezultatul unei dezvoltari perturbate a narcisismului. a unei stime de sine stabile). Conceptul lui Kernberg asupra Selfului este asemanator cu cel al lui Freud asupra Eului. ale faptului de a nu fi “vazut” de ceilalti.Cu toate acestea. etc. independenti. hranit emotional. nedrepti. etc. Dezvoltarea unui narcisim patologic mai poate fi determinata si de conflictele instinctuale relationate cu libidoul si agresivitatea. formatiuni. Otto Kernberg priveste ca artificiala diferentierea libidoului orientat catre obiecte (catre ceilalti) de cel narcisic (orientat catre sine). sentimente de omnipotenta si credinta intr-o imunitate fata de consecintele actiunilor lor. de protectie. este exclusiv si pervaziv. Sentimentele copilului fata de parinti sunt reactii la raspunsurile acestora care pot fi de confirmare. intr-o structura integrativa a selfului. de societate si de cultura. Astfel de copii cresc si devin niste adulti care nu sunt siguri daca “exista” (le lipseste un sentiment al autocontinuitatii) sau daca valoreaza ceva (lipsa unui sentiment stabil de auto-suficienta. incorecti. iubit. Pentru Kohut grandoarea si idealizarea sunt mecanisme de dezvoltare ale copilului pozitive. Ea crede ca un copil are nevoie sa se simta in siguranta. Raspunsurile parintilor ajuta la mentinerea structurilor de sine ale copilului. de hrana. abuz. dezaprobare. Heinz Kohut sustine ca narcisismul patologic nu este rezultatul unui narcisism excesiv. deformate. Kohut sustine ca orice copil are notiuni de marire. al unui libido excesiv. Copiii sunt nesiguri de iubire. felul in care ea este utilizata poate fi patologic. in copilarie si ramane asa (normala si naturala) chiar daca va domina ulterior viata mentala a individului. Narcisismul nu este in mod . Introversia este considerata o functie normala. Apararile ofera atat satisfactie cat si un sentiment de securitate. Narcisicul sufera din cauza unui self devalorizat sau fixat pe agresivitate. care exercita o influenta continua asupra oricarei functionari mentale. Aparari ca narcisismul se dezvolta pentru a compensa descoperirea intolerabila a faptului ca adultii sunt simpli oameni care pot fi capriciosi. El considera ca narcisismul (dragostea de sine) si dragostea pentru ceilalti coexista si interactioneaza pe parcursul vietii si este de acord cu Freud din punctul de vedere al nevrozelor ca acumulari de mecanisme de aparare. simptome si conflicte inconstiente. Karen Horney sustine ca personalitatea este modelata de mediu. Narcisimul patologic reflecta o investitie libidinala intr-un self structurat patologic si nu intr-unul normal. Tot ea mai spune ca anxietatea este o reactie primara la dependenta totala pentru supravietuire a copilului de adulti. chiar si Jung admite ca nevoia foarte mare de o noua strategie de adaptare inseamna ca a avut loc un esec al adaptarii si desi introversia prin definitie nu este patologica. protejat. ceea ce este favorabil dezvoltarii naturale a Supraeului. este foarte probabil ca mai tarziu el sa nu simta slabiciune in fata mustrarilor si sa poata riposta. valorizat de catre ceilalti care sunt semnificativi pentru ei mai degraba decat din sentimente ce deriva din evaluarea de sine in raport cu niste criterii externe. afirmare. afectiune. Pe masura ce cresc. O perturbare aparuta pe parcursul dezvoltarii in perioada pre-oedipala va afecta capacitatea de control. sau ea. ci este o investitie libidinala activa intr-o structura deformata a selfului. lucruri pe care Supraeul sau nu le poate implini. Studiile lui Cassidy din 1988 asupra relatiei dintre stima de sine la varsta de 5-6 ani si calitatea atasamentului timpuriu mama – copil. daca sunt neglijati si rejectati se vor simti lipsiti de valoare. Modelele selfului deriva din modul in care interactiunea timpurie mama – copil organizeaza si ajuta la formarea mediului copilului. ca si cum nu ar fi buni de nimic. Alti autori sustin ca sentimentul de competenta si stima de sine asociata competentei sunt mai mari la copiii ai caror parinti le-au oferit un amestec optim de acceptare. singurul criteriu de acceptare si iubire a unui nou nascut ar trebui sa fie acela ca el. el va incepe sa observe neajunsurile acestora si va retrage o parte din libidoul idealizant din imaginile parentale. Intr-adevar. sprijina teoria lui Bowlby si anume: constructia selfului deriva din experientele timpurii zilnice cu figurile de atasament. Odata cu cresterea in varsta copilul incepe sa internalizeze criterii de auto-suficienta si un simt vizavi de standardele care se cer realizate dupa citeriile comunitatii pe care o observa si din care incepe sa faca parte. Copilul va . Experienta unei iubiri neconditionate si a acceptarii din primii 1-2 ani ai vietii pun fundatia pentru stima de sine de mai tarziu si probabil ca fac posibil pentru un copil mai mare ca el sa se poata opune criticilor si evaluarilor negative care de regula insotesc socializarea intr-o comunitate mai mare. Autoarea ne sugereaza ca daca copiii sunt valorizati si li se ofera confortul necesar atunci cand au nevoie se vor simti valorosi si invers. Copiii foarte mici au putine mijloace prin care pot invata despre ei insisi in afara experientei pe care o au cu figurile de atasament. canalizare si neutralizare a impulsurilor. copiii vor vedea ca societatea impune criterii si conditii pentru a fi iubit si acceptat. limite si expectatii realiste in privinta comportamentelor si a efortului. Rezultatele studiului confirma conceptia lui Bowlby asupra procesului prin care continuitatea in dezvoltare are loc si asupra modului in care atasamentul timpuriu mama – copil continua sa influenteze conceptia copilului asupra propriului self de-a lungul multor ani. Daca sentimentele foarte timpurii de dragoste si acceptare pe care copilul le-a trait au fost suficient de profunde. Toti autorii sunt de acord ca o pierdere care intervine intr-un moment critic al dezvoltarii copilului il va determina sa se indrepte inspre el insusi pentru obtinerea gratificarii. Perturbarile foarte timpurii din cadrul relatiilor de obiect pot conduce la o slabiciune structurala a personalitatii care va dezvolta un mecanism de filtrare a stimulilor deficient si/sau disfunctional. La inceput.simplu o fixatie intr-o etapa a dezvoltarii timpurie. copilul isi idealizeaza parintii. cum este cazul copiilor mai mari. Manifestarea simptomatica a acestui defect structural este inclinatia de a sexualiza derivatele impulsurilor si conflictele interne si externe fie in forma fantasmelor fie in cea a acting-outurilor. profesorii probabil ca vor obtine sentimente pozitive de la elevi atunci cand vor oferi o astfel de combinatie de acceptare. limite rationale si control. Perturbarile aparute in perioada oedipala sau la inceputul fazei de latenta vor determina individul sa caute in permanenta o figura ideala externa de la care sa primeasca confirmare. acceptat. Pe masura ce creste. s-a nascut. Pentru copiii foarte mici stima de sine consta in sentimentul profund de a fi iubit. Abilitatea individului de a mentine o homeostazie narcisica de baza a personalitatii este afectata si el va suferi de o vulnerabilitate narcisica difuza. In mod similar. In psychology. http://www. it is sometimes used to denote elitism or an indifference to the plight of others. Tratamentul este dificil si pentru ca ei incearca sa isi sustina o imagine perfecta si indestructibila.psihoterapie. tradare sau abandon si aceasta credinta este inradacinata din copilaria foarte timpurie de catre parinti si prin experientele pe care le au cu celelalte persoane. de o slujba. De regula narcisicii nu doresc un tratament pentru ca nu vor ca ceilalti sa creada ca ei au slabiciuni. sa accepte mai usor respingerea din partea celorlalti fara sa se simta amenintat. Sa se ataseze de un loc. "narcissism" often means inflated selfimportance. conceit. obligatiile. de o initiativa este la fel de dificil cum este sa se ataseze de o persoana si din acest motiv narcisicul evita intimitatea. In everyday speech. emotiile in general. perseverenta.2011 Narcissism From Wikipedia. prieteniile. depending on whether it is used to describe a central concept of psychoanalytic theory. but then tragically fell in love with his own reflection in a pool.html 08. a mental illness. or simply a personality trait. planificarea. Narcisicii nu pot fi empatici. search Narcissism is a term with a wide range of meanings. nu dezvolta niciodata un simt al securitatii sau al placerii.11. . dragostea.net/forum/psihoterapie/tulburari-de-personalitate/narcisismul. Unele persoane narcisice reactioneaza printr-o evadare creativa in lumi imaginare in care pot exercita un control total din punct de vedere fizic si emotional asupra mediului. dedesubtul acestei fatade aflandu-se o persoana nesigura si cu o stima de sine scazuta. the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation. Tratamentul este o provocare pentru ca un individ este definit de personalitatea sa si personalitatea sa este o parte esentiala a perceptiei de sine a persoanei. dedicarea. Except in the sense of primary narcissism or healthy self-love. sa-si dezvolte o perspectiva mai realista asupra abilitatilor sale actuale in defavoarea celor fantasmatice. a social or cultural problem. de o idee. vanity." Freud expanded the term "narcissism" to explain the difference between being pathologically self-absorbed and having an ordinary interest in oneself. In "On Narcissism. inseamna a se injosi. Prezentandu-se cu o imagine de sine foarte sigura ei se protejeaza de una dintre cele mai mari temeri ale lor: aceea ca oamenii vor afla ca au imperfectiuni si slabiciuni ca toti ceilalti. Narcissus was a beautiful young man who rejected all potential lovers. pentru el interactiunea emotionala si orice fel de interactiune este menita sa sfarseasca intr-un mod nefericit.inceta sa mai aiba incredere in ceilalti si in abilitatea sa de a avea relatii de atasament cu ei si va fi in permanenta umbrit de sentimentul ca numai el isi poate satisface nevoile emotionale. "narcissism" usually is used to describe some kind of problem in a person or group's relationships with self and others. Sursa tuturor problemelor narcisicilor este faptul ca ei cred ca toate relatiile cu ceilalti oameni sfarsesc invariabil prin umilinta. nu vor sa ceara ajutor pentru ca a cere ajutor. egotism. On Narcissism. pentru ei. or simple selfishness. Narcisicul intotdeauna generalizeaza. Applied to a social group. Havelock Ellis wrote in 1898 of "Narcissus-like" self-absorption. investitiile emotionale sau de orice alt fel. Scopul tratamentului in cazul unei tulburari de personalitate narcisica este de a il ajuta pe pacient sa isi creasca gradul de empatie. In Greek myth. and in 1899 Paul Näcke used "narcissism" to describe men who were sexually excited by their own bodies rather than someone else's. The term "narcissism" was introduced in 1887 by Alfred Binet but its usage today stems from Freud's 1914 essay. de un bun. the term is used to describe both normal self-love and unhealthy self-absorption due to a disturbance in the sense of self. "narcissism" is a widely-used term for a range of selfish behaviors. a willingness to exploit others. and an inflated sense of self-importance. The nymph Echo saw him one day walking through the forest. "Here. synchronization between the self and the superego and a balance between libidinal and aggressive drives (the ability to receive gratification from others and the drive for impulse ." Today. an English sexologist. such as medicine. To illustrate the difference. when Narcissus became thirsty and stopped by a pond to take a drink." One day. [edit] History Main article: History of narcissism The concept of excessive selfishness has been recognized throughout history.[2] Sigmund Freud published a paper exclusively devoted to narcissism in 1914 called On Narcissism: An Introduction. Since 2000. whereas secondary narcissism is a defensive reaction of withdrawing one's sexual interest from other people and focusing it exclusively on oneself. that a person who is tormented by organic pain and discomfort gives up his interest in the things of the external world.In On Narcissism. whereby the person becomes his or her own sex object. It is only in recent times that it has been defined in psychological terms. linking it to vanity and self-admiration. Narcissus pined away at the pool and changed into the flower that bears his name. and politics. Martin Buber published an essay "Ich und Du" (I and Thou). Narcissus had never seen his reflection. because she had been cursed by the goddess Hera to only be able to repeat others' words back to them. Cultural critics including Christopher Lasch have applied the term "narcissism" more generally to contemporary American culture. he saw his reflection in the water for the first time. Closer observation teaches us that he also withdraws libidinal interest from his love-objects: so long as he suffers. in so far as they do not concern his suffering. Otto Rank in 1911 published the first psychoanalytical paper specifically concerned with narcissism.[2] In 1899. in which he pointed out that our narcissism often leads us to relate to others as objects instead of as equals. he fell in love with his reflection.[4] [edit] Healthy narcissism Main article: Healthy narcissism Healthy narcissism is a structural truthfulness of the self. all Echo could reply was. In popular discourse. "Who's here?". and fell in love with him. and when he asked. Not recognizing himself. Echo was unable to say what she felt. on psychological tests designed to detect narcissism. and we take it as a matter of course. Narcissus was a flamboyant youth who refused everyone who wanted to be his lover. Narcissus heard her but could not see her. narcissistic personality disorder is a mental illness characterized by a lack of empathy. Paul Näche was the first person to use the term "narcissism" in a study of sexual perversions. In ancient Greece the concept was understood as hubris. Some experts believe a disproportionate number of pathological narcissists are at work in the most influential reaches of society. finance. Freud argued that primary narcissism is a natural and necessary investment of one's sexual energy in oneself. a sexual version of ordinary self-interest.[1] Myth of Narcissus In The Metamorphoses by Ovid. Unable to consummate his love. the narcissus. Psychologists have suggested a link to social networking. the scores of residents of the United States have continually increased. used the term "narcissus-like" in reference to excessive masturbation. In 1898 Havelock Ellis.[3] In 1923. achievement of self and object constancy. in psychology. he ceases to love. Freud compared secondary narcissism to the self-absorption of a person in pain: "It is universally known. This is the antithesis of insecurity or inadequacy. They suggested that narcissists try to compensate in adult relationships. the parents tend to overvalue the qualities of their child. Freud says that this is an original state from which the individual develops the love object. Relationships their ideas. such as maintaining long-term relationships and with other outcome variables.[9] [edit] Impact of healthy vs. healthy narcissism can be unhelpful. Healthy narcissism forms a constant.[3] The child has an omnipotence of thought. Kohut and Millon all see pathological narcissism as a possible outcome in response to unempathic and inconsistent early childhood interactions. the self-needs of the child are not met. healthy narcissism can be helpful. Eventually. follows through on Lacks values. the individual must love the other.[3] According to Freud the love of the parents for their child and their attitude toward their child could be seen as a revival and reproduction of their own narcissism. Therefore. such as accurate selfknowledge. "the object love to not become ill".[10] Characteristic Healthy Narcissism Destructive Narcissism High outward self-confidence in An unrealistic sense of superiority Self-confidence line with reality ("Grandiose") Desire for power.[6] In pathological narcissism such as the narcissistic personality disorder and schizophrenia. a magnified. destructive narcissism on organizations Lubit compared healthy and destructive narcissism in relation to their long-term impact on organizations. [edit] A required element within normal development Healthy narcissism might exist in all individuals. lacks normal wealth and May enjoy power inhibitions in its pursuit admiration Concerns limited to expressing socially Real concern for others and appropriate response when convenient.[5] A feature related to healthy narcissism is the feeling of greatness. however. He argues that healthy narcissism is an essential part of normal development.expression). In certain social contexts such as initiating social relationships. does not exploit or devalues and exploits others without devalue others remorse Ability to follow a Has values. the parents stimulate that feeling because in their child they see the things that they have never reached themselves.[7] The pathological condition of narcissism is. With regard to the condition of healthy narcissism. the person’s libido has been withdrawn from objects in the world and produces megalomania. The clinical theorists Kernberg. easily bored. often consistent path plans changes course . extreme manifestation of healthy narcissism. In other contexts.[8] Other researchers suggested that healthy narcissism cannot be seen as ‘good’ or ‘bad’. Compared to neutral observations. as Freud suggested. When parents act in an extreme opposite style and the child is rejected or inconsistently reinforced depending on the mood of the parent. high narcissists are relatively free of worry and gloom. realistic self-interest and mature goals and principles and an ability to form deep object relations. [citation needed] [edit] In relation to the pathological condition Healthy narcissism has to do with a strong feeling of "own love" protecting the human being against illness. The individual becomes ill as a result of the frustration created when he is unable to love the object. it is suggested that this is correlated with good psychological health. and with certain outcome variables. Self-esteem works as a mediator between narcissism and psychological health. however. it depends on the contexts and outcomes being measured. Pursues power at all costs. because of their elevated self-esteem. such as feeling good about oneself. deriving from selfperceptions of competence and likability. but non-narcissists tend to have limits. relative to the communion domain. When narcissists receive negative feedback that threatens the self. successful and important. employing it far more than non-narcissists.Healthy childhood with support Traumatic childhood undercutting true for self-esteem and appropriate sense of self-esteem and/or learning that Foundation limits on behaviour towards he/she doesn't need to be considerate of others others [edit] Empirical studies Within psychology. [Campbell and Forster (2007)[11]]. it was either bogus success or failure. the same across cultures. Both narcissists and non-narcissists employed the non-comparative strategy similarly. such as using a relationship to serve one’s own self. and the right of a government to wage war in violation of UN resolutions. In each experiment. No significant relationships were found between narcissism and traditionally liberal judgments. They argue that narcissists possess the following "basic ingredients": Positive: Narcissists think they are better than others. suggesting a greater rigidity in their selfenhancement. although they converge in places. Reeder. There are several ongoing controversies within narcissism literature.[clarification needed][12][13] Special: Narcissists perceive themselves to be unique and special people. they selfenhance at all costs. Sedikides & Elliot (2000)[17] who conducted a study with two experiments.[clarification needed][16] Narcissists tend to demonstrate a lack of interest in warm and caring interpersonal relationships. [edit] Relationship to Moral Judgments A study on 17 social and economic issues found narcissism to correlate significantly with traditionally "conservative" positions on capital punishment. Campbell and Foster (2007)[11] review the literature on narcissism. but non-narcissists showed more flexibility in doing so. narcissists were found to be more self-serving with the comparative strategy. there are two main branches of research into narcissism. narcissists' self-views tend to be greatly exaggerated. The study found that both narcissists and non-narcissists self-enhanced. and interpersonal forms. Campbell and Foster (2007) argue that self-regulatory strategies are of paramount importance to understanding narcissism. Participants were measured on both a comparative and a non-comparative self-enhancement strategy. thus as discrete.[11] Self-regulation in narcissists involves such things as striving to make one’s self look and feel positive. In measures that compare self-report to objective measures. Some differences in self-regulation between narcissists and non-narcissists can be seen with Campbell. for example. detention of suspected terrorists without trial.[15] Oriented toward success: Narcissists are oriented towards success by being. free markets. thus as a continuum. namely whether narcissism is healthy or unhealthy. such as blaming a situation rather than self for failure. These two strands of research tend loosely to stand in a divergent relation to one another. special. participants took part in an achievement task. the same across genders. clinical and social psychology. These approaches differ in their view of narcissism with the former treating it as a disorder. a discrete or continuous variable. defensive or offensive. however.[13] Agentic: Narcissists’ views tend to be most exaggerated in the agentic domain.[18] [edit] Narcissistic personality disorder . and changeable or unchangeable. following which they were provided with false feedback.[14] Selfish: Research upon narcissists’ behaviour in resource dilemmas supports the case for narcissists as being selfish. It comes in both intra-psychic. and the latter treating it as a personality trait.[12] Inflated: Narcissists' views tend to be contrary to reality. a personality disorder. approach oriented. Sometimes the subservience is not so much real as assumed. egosyntonic) Difficulty with empathy Problems distinguishing the self from others (see narcissism and boundaries) Hypersensitivity to any insults or imagined insults (see criticism and narcissists. Exploitation: Can take many forms but always involves the exploitation of others without regard for their feelings or interests. Those who provide narcissistic supply to the narcissist are treated as if they are part of the narcissist and are expected to live up to those expectations. NPD is a condition defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders version 4. [edit] Narcissistic traits Thomas suggests that narcissists typically display most. of the following traits: [19] An obvious self-focus in interpersonal exchanges Problems in sustaining satisfying relationships A lack of psychological awareness (see insight in psychology and psychiatry. Others either exist to meet their needs or may as well not exist at all. Entitlement: Narcissists hold unreasonable expectations of particularly favorable treatment and automatic compliance because they consider themselves special. Arrogance: A narcissist who is feeling deflated may reinflate by diminishing. and the inability to process shame in healthy ways. or degrading somebody else. and the perpetrator is considered an "awkward" or "difficult" person. debasing. Bad boundaries: Narcissists do not recognize that they have boundaries and that others are separate and are not extensions of themselves. sometimes all. . They also use projection to dump shame onto others. high levels of narcissism can manifest themselves in a pathological form as narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). narcissistic rage and narcissistic injury) Vulnerability to shame rather than guilt Haughty body language Flattery towards people who admire and affirm them (narcissistic supply) Detesting those who do not admire them (narcissistic abuse) Using other people without considering the cost of doing so Pretending to be more important than they really are Bragging (subtly but persistently) and exaggerating their achievements Claiming to be an "expert" at many things Inability to view the world from the perspective of other people Denial of remorse and gratitude [edit] Hotchkiss' seven deadly sins of narcissism Hotchkiss identified what she called the seven deadly sins of narcissism:[20] Shamelessness: Shame is the feeling that lurks beneath all unhealthy narcissism. Failure to comply is considered an attack on their superiority.Main article: Narcissistic personality disorder Although most individuals have some narcissistic traits. using distortion and illusion known as magical thinking. Envy: A narcissist may secure a sense of superiority in the face of another person's ability by using contempt to minimize the other person. In the mind of a narcissist there is no boundary between self and other. Often the other is in a subservient position where resistance would be difficult or even impossible. Magical thinking: Narcissists see themselves as perfect. but a proposal has been made to remove it from the DSM-5. Defiance of their will is a narcissistic injury that can trigger narcissistic rage. whereby the patient overestimates his or her abilities and has an excessive need for admiration and affirmation. Such a person would assume that this condition was normal and that others were just like them. exhibitionist. fame and the other trappings of celebrity. The Don Juan or Casanova of our times—is erotic. differing only in its late onset and its support by large numbers of others. [edit] Other forms of narcissism [edit] Acquired situational narcissism Acquired situational narcissism (ASN) is a form of narcissism that develops in late adolescence or adulthood. Masterson proposed two categories for pathological narcissism. exploitative. ASN differs from conventional narcissism in that it develops after childhood and is triggered and supported by the celebrity-obsessed society: fans. controls. The exhibitionist narcissist would be described as having an inflated. A charlatan—is a fraudulent."[22] In its presentation and symptoms. usually by the mother. Corresponds to Wilhelm Reich's "phallic narcissistic" personality type. compensatory narcissist: including negativistic (passive-aggressive). [edit] Millon's variations Theodore Millon identified five variations of narcissist. "The lack of social norms."[23] so that the person with ASN may suffer from unstable relationships. and of people telling them how life really is. usually with major paranoid tendencies who holds onto an illusion of omnipotence. amorous narcissist: including histrionic features. The exhibitionist narcissist is the one described in DSM-IV and differs from the closet narcissist in several important ways. professor of psychiatry at the Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University. also makes these people believe they're invulnerable. The closet narcissist seeks constant approval from others and appears similar to the borderline in the need to please others. exhibitionist and closet. and helping it to become a full-blown personality disorder.appropriate self because of defects in the quality of psychological nurturing provided. Millman. It was coined by Robert B. assistants and tabloid media all play into the idea that the person really is vastly more important than other people.[2] Any individual narcissist may exhibit none or one of the following: unprincipled narcissist: including antisocial features. A famous fictional character with ASN is Norma Desmond. substance abuse and erratic behaviour. they take on the role of a heroic or worshipped person with a grandiose mission. An individual whose self-esteem was severely arrested during childhood. grandiose self-perception with little or no conscious awareness of the emptiness within. "Millman says that what happens to celebrities is that they get so used to people looking at them that they stop looking back at other people.and phase. fanatic type: including paranoid features. James F. The closet narcissist is more likely to be described as having a deflated.[21] Both fail to adequately develop an age. the main character of Sunset Boulevard. deceptive and unscrupulous individual. avoidant features. it is indistinguishable from narcissistic personality disorder. or latent. triggering a narcissistic problem that might have been only a tendency. These people are fighting delusions of insignificance and lost value and are trying to re-establish their self-esteem through grandiose fantasies and self-reinforcement. inadequate selfperception and greater awareness of emptiness within. The exhibitionist narcissist seeks perfect admiration all the time from others.[edit] Masterson's subtypes (exhibitionist and closet) In 1993. [edit] Aggressive narcissism . brought on by wealth. If unable to gain recognition of support from others. elitist narcissist: variant of pure pattern. they tend to steer the conversation away from others and toward themselves." he wrote. In social situations. he suggests.[27] He explores high-profile corporate leaders (such as Al Dunlap and Robert Allen) who.[25] While the classic definition of narcissism focuses on the individual.[28] [edit] Cross-cultural narcissism Joan Lachkar describes the phenomenon of cross-cultural narcissism thus:[29] The cross-cultural narcissist brings to his new country a certain amount of nationalistic pride. and that a group can function as a narcissistic entity. ethnocentrism primarily focuses on selfcenteredness at an ethnic or cultural level. Derber distinguishes the "shift-response" from the "support-response". [edit] Cultural narcissism . Derber observed that the social support system in America is relatively weak. collective narcissism asserts that one can have a similar excessively high opinion of a group. Rappoport identifies codependents of narcissists as "conarcissists".[25] Collective narcissism is related to ethnocentrism. which he holds onto relentlessly. He refuses to adapt and will go to great lengths to maintain his sense of special identity. such narrow focus actually may yield positive short-term benefits. family and coworkers. however. Narcissists are considered to be natural magnets for the codependent. and some firms now utilizing these options are examined. "Conversational narcissism is the key manifestation of the dominant attention-getting psychology in America. Cross-cultural narcissists often hook up with borderline women. The Pursuit of Attention: Power and Ego in Everyday Life.This is Factor 1 in the Hare Psychopathy Checklist. The profusion of popular literature about listening and the etiquette of managing those who talk constantly about themselves suggests its pervasiveness in everyday life. but ultimately it drags down individual employees as well as entire companies. while collective narcissism is extended to any type of ingroup beyond just cultures and ethnicities. Alternative thinking is proposed. where an “ingroup” is a group in which an individual is personally involved. Corporate Narcissism in Accounting Firms Australia. According to Downs.[clarification needed] [edit] Corporate narcissism Organizational psychologist Alan Downs wrote a book in 1997 describing corporate narcissism. literally have only one thing on their minds: profits. who tend to idealize and be mesmerized by men from another culture.[24] [edit] Collective or group narcissism Main article: Collective narcissism Collective narcissism (or group narcissism) is a type of narcissism where an individual has an inflated self-love of his or her own ingroup." What Derber describes as "conversational narcissism" often occurs subtly rather than overtly because it is prudent to avoid being judged an egotist. Downs' theories are relevant to those suggested by Victor Hill in his book. which includes the following traits: Glibness/superficial charm Lack of remorse or guilt Grandiose sense of self-worth Callous/lack of empathy Pathological lying Failure to accept responsibility for own actions Cunning/manipulative [edit] Codependency (inverted narcissism or co-narcissism) Main article: Codependency Codependency is a tendency to behave in overly passive or excessively caretaking ways that negatively impact one's relationships and quality of life. "It occurs in informal conversations among friends.[25][26] [edit] Conversational narcissism Conversational narcissism is a term used by sociologist Charles Derber in his book. and this leads people to compete mightily for attention. they are apt to develop the antisocial. Medical Errors and Medical Narcissism. [edit] Phallic narcissism Wilhelm Reich first identified the phallic narcissistic personality type.. as well as competitiveness. In the book he explores the psychological. and even exceptional. becomes a way of life. The threats to acquisitions of social symbols are so numerous.[30] this becoming the only expression of rigid. varied and frequently incomprehensible. admiration seeking. ethical and legal effects of medical errors and the extent to which a need to constantly assert their competence can cause otherwise capable. . It's the narcissist in us all—we dread appearing stupid or incompetent. professionals to fall into narcissistic traps. knowledge. Dr. The term malignant is added to the term narcissist to indicate that individuals with this disorder have a powerful form of narcissism that has made them ill in the forms of paranoid and anti-social traits. Christopher Lasch defines a narcissistic culture as one where every activity and relationship is defined by the hedonistic need to acquire the symbols of wealth. In such a society of constant competition. The concept builds on Freud's theories of penis envy and the castration anxiety.. there can be no allies. The malignant narcissist differs from narcissistic personality disorder in that the malignant narcissist derives higher levels of psychological gratification from accomplishments over time (thus worsening the disorder). and little transparency. that defensiveness. a "social climber". a term first coined in a book by Erich Fromm in 1964. competence and respectability. in the context of the right conditions. most professionals of any ilk) work on cultivating a self that exudes authority.[33] is a syndrome consisting of a cross breed of the narcissistic personality disorder. the antisocial personality disorder. Schoenwolf in particular suggests that the emergence of the feminist personality. Gerald Schoenwolf. yet covert. Any real sense of community is undermined—or even destroyed—to be replaced by virtual equivalents that strive. referred to by Dr. selfpromoting. control. It is a culture where liberalism only exists insofar as it serves a consumer society. He claims that: . [edit] Destructive narcissism Destructive narcissism describes someone who constantly exhibits numerous and intense characteristics usually associated with the pathological narcissist but having fewer characteristics than pathological narcissism. Chiefly that an over-emphasis or over-perception of gender and gender difference in childhood can lead to either a devaluation or an over-valuation of one's gender in later life. with excessively inflated self-image.most health professionals (in fact.In The Culture of Narcissism. [edit] Medical narcissism Medical narcissism is a term coined by John Banja in his book. [edit] Malignant narcissism Main article: Malignant narcissism Malignant narcissism. social hierarchies. The individual is elitist.[34][35] Banja defines "medical narcissism" as the need of health professionals to preserve their self esteem leading to the compromise of error disclosure to patients. bragging and empowered by social success. to synthesize a sense of community. and even art. unsuccessfully. as well as paranoid traits. and the schizoid personality disorders. the paranoid. and female gender narcissism are synonymous.[31] [edit] Gender narcissism Gender narcissism is a relatively new concept.[32] with reference to both males and females. Because the malignant narcissist becomes more involved in this psychological gratification. sex and religion lose their liberating power. with gonadal-centric views. sexual narcissism is the erotic preoccupation with oneself as a superb lover through a desire to merge sexually with a mirror image of oneself.[39] Simmel's fundamental thesis is that the most primitive stage of libidinal development is not the oral. that consumer capitalism is in fact destructive of what he calls primordial narcissism. however. Contrary to Lasch. in contrast to the genital character.[40] In other words he is referring to the natural state of an infant as a fetus and in the first few days of its life. It is the vegetative stage of the pre-ego. to overcompensate for low self-esteem and an inability to experience true intimacy.[36] Fenichel stressed that 'an intense vanity and sensitiveness reveals that these narcissistic patients still have their narcissistic needs. He and his colleagues assert that any sexual addiction is nothing more than a misnomer for what is actually sexual narcissism or sexual compulsivity. which. Although several versions of the NPI have been proposed in the literature.According to Otto Fenichel. the representative of the instinct of self-preservation. and therefore cannot possibly be aware that they are human beings with feelings.[42][43] Hurlbert argues that sex is a natural biological given and therefore cannot be deemed as an addiction. before it has learned that other people exist besides itself. a forty-item forced-choice version (Raskin & Terry. who conceives of it as participation in a relationship'. generally in the form of extramarital affairs. Satiation of the gastro-intestinal zone.[41] This behavioral pattern is believed to be more common in men than in women and has been tied to domestic violence in men and sexual coercion in couples. manifested in unconsciousness. identical with the id. [edit] Sexual narcissism Sexual narcissism has been described as an egocentric pattern of sexual behavior that involves an inflated sense of sexual ability and sexual entitlement.[38] [edit] Primordial narcissism Psychiatrist Ernst Simmel first defined primordial narcissism in 1944. The NPI is based on the DSM-III clinical criteria for narcissistic personality disorder (NPD). Mouth and anus are merely to be considered as the terminal parts of this organic zone.for which they overcompensate'.traits. Sexual narcissism is an intimacy dysfunction in which sexual exploits are pursued. In addition. At this stage there is complete instinctual repose. with overvaluation of the penis and confusion of the penis with the whole body'. that have a reactive character: they reflect a fixation at the phallic level. can become the aim of the instinct. [edit] Commonly used measures [edit] Narcissistic Personality Inventory Main article: Narcissistic Personality Inventory The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) is the most widely used measure of narcissism in social psychological research. Simmel terms the psychological condition of prenatal existence "primordial narcissism". 'Phallic characters are persons whose behavior is reckless. without which it is not possible to extend love to others.[45] This is based on the idea that ego development is counter to spiritual progress. resolute and self-assured . but the gastro-intestinal one. Acting Out. can bring back this complete instinctual repose. [37] Others would add that 'the phallic character conceives of sexual behaviour as a display of potency..[44] [edit] Spiritual narcissism Main article: Spiritual materialism Spiritual narcissism describes mistakes spiritual seekers commit that turn the pursuit of spirituality into an ego-building and confusion-creating endeavor. under pathological conditions.. rather than having anything to do with actual narcissism. 1988) is the one most commonly employed in current research. Bernard Stiegler argues in his book. although it was designed to measure these features in . coupled with feelings of resentment and self-destructive tendencies. p<. educational and occupational level. eighty-five fraternal) drawn from the general population. Thus. In other words. concluded. Researchers found that people who score high in narcissism tend to take control of leaderless groups. The narcissism may be healthy or destructive although there is a continuum between the two.64). Indeed.001. thus providing estimates of the relative contributions of genetic and environmental causation. in similar agreement with those other studies. indicating that the concordance of this trait in the identical twins was significantly influenced by genetics. height. The authors estimated the heritability of each dimension of personality by standard methods.the general population. in agreement with other studies. [47] [edit] Narcissistic parents Main article: Narcissistic parents Narcissistic parents demand certain behavior from their children because they see the children as extensions of themselves.[50] Additionally.e. humans mate assortatively regarding age.. The MCMI includes a scale for Narcissism. narcissism was found to have the highest heritability (0. only four were found to have heritability coefficients of greater than 0. the NPI does not capture any sort of narcissism taxon as would be expected if it measured NPD. and need the children to represent them in the world in ways that meet the parents’ emotional needs. This parenting 'style' most often results in estranged relationships with the children. [edit] The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory Main article: Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) is a widely used diagnostic test developed by Theodore Millon. it was found that there exists a continuum between normal and disordered personality. identity problems. or the non-random choice of a partner for purposes of procreation.[46] It should be noted that whereas the MCMI measures narcissistic personality disorder (NPD).5: callousness. Each twin completed a questionnaire that assessed eighteen dimensions of personality disorder. [edit] Stigmatising attitude of narcissists to psychiatric illness Arikan found that a stigmatising attitude to psychiatric patients is associated with narcissistic personality traits. r(146) = . oppositionality and social avoidance. weight. that narcissism as measured by a standardized test[49] was a common inherited trait. physical . the NPI measures narcissism as it occurs in the general population. Of the other dimensions of personality. Auerbach compared the NPI and MCMI and found them well correlated. most people who score very high on the NPI do not have NPD.[51] [edit] Narcissism in evolutionary psychology The concept of narcissism is used in evolutionary psychology in relation to the mechanisms of assortative mating. the NPI measures "normal" narcissism.55. IQ. in people who score very high on the NPI do not necessarily meet criteria for diagnosis with NPD). you can often count on a narcissist to take charge. nationality. i. the NPI is often said to measure "normal" or "subclinical" (borderline) narcissism (i.[24] [edit] Narcissistic leadership Main article: Narcissistic leadership Narcissistic leadership is a common form of leadership.e. The study subjects were 175 volunteer twin pairs (ninety identical.[48] [edit] Heritability of narcissism utilizing twin studies Livesley et al. Evidence for assortative mating among humans is well established. Of the eighteen personality dimensions. A study published in the journal Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin suggests that when a group is without a leader.. Examples include: All About Eve (Addison DeWitt) Peter Pan (Peter Pan and Captain Hook) American Psycho (Patrick Bateman) Secret Smile (Brendan Block) Basic Instinct (Catherine Tramell) Spongebob Squarepants" (Squidward Barry Lyndon (Stanley Kubrick's 1975 period Tentacles) film version of William Makepeace The Office (Michael Scott) Thackeray's 1844 novel. a comic book supervillain meaning of ruthlessly manipulating an published by DC Comics. Sebastian the narcissistic characters of Dorian Gray and Valmont) Lord Henry Wotton. In the film Iron Man 2. Alvarez et al. seeking criteria of beauty or reproductive fitness in the context of self-reference. Ewing) Spanglish (Téa Lioni) Gaslight (1944 film) (Gregory Anton). the titular character of F. and an enemy of individual. Watchmen (Adrian Veidt) House MD What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? (Claire Two And A Half Men "Evelyn Harper" Marrable) Laura (Waldo Lydecker) Street Fighter (Vega) Mortal Kombat" (Johnny Cage) Nip/Tuck (Dr. The Luck of Barry The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde Lyndon) (who was a self-confessed narcissist) features Cruel Intentions (Kathryn Merteuil.and personality characteristics. Crime and Punishment (Rodion Romanovich The Wizard of Oz (The Wizard) Raskolnikov) There Will Be Blood (Daniel Plainview) Criminal Minds White Oleander (Ingrid Magnussen) Dallas (J. "an archetype of self-made American men seeking to join high society. and family relatedness. Tony agrees. starring Sam Waterston as narrator Nick Carraway.[55] The most famous of the seven filmed interpretations of this novel[56] is Paramount Pictures' 1974 screen version.[53] Since facial characteristics are known to be inherited. with Mia Farrow as Daisy Buchanan and Robert Redford as Gatsby. the "self seeking like" mechanism may enhance reproduction between genetically similar mates. and exploitive treatment of others" conspire toward his own demise. films and television shows have narcissistic characters and/or themes. into Batman believing that they are going crazy or The Smurfs (Vanity Smurf) imagining things. [edit] Examples of narcissism in the media Numerous books. From The Duchess (Ralph Fiennes) the film's title. making him a self-aware narcissist. poor sense of reality. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel The Great Gatsby. favoring the stabilization of genes supporting social behavior. "gaslighting" acquired the The Riddler. Christian Troy) Paradise Lost (Lucifer) Jay Gatsby. Nicole Kidman's character wants to appear on television at all costs. for nefarious reasons. with a script by Francis Ford Coppola. A psychiatric assessment of her character noted . sense of entitlement. even if this involves murdering her husband.R. Nick Fury tells Tony Stark he cannot be a part of the Avengers Initiative because of his compulsive self-destructive behaviour and textbook narcissism. with no kin relationship among them. individuals unconsciously look for a mirror image of themselves in others. In the film To Die For."[54] has been described as a "pathological narcissist" for whom the "ego-ideal" has become "inflated and destructive" and whose "grandiose lies. found that facial resemblance between couples was a strong driving force among the mechanisms of assortative mating: human couples resemble each other significantly more than would be expected from random pair formation.[52] In the "self seeking like" hypothesis. C. doi:10.A. A. doi:10. (2004).[58] [edit] See also Dorian Gray syndrome Ego ideal Egotism Illusory superiority Jointness (psychodynamics) Megalomania Model minority Narcissism of small differences Narcissistic abuse Narcissistic defences Narcissistic elation Narcissistic mortification Narcissistic parents Narcissistic Personality Inventory Narcissistic rage and narcissistic injury Narcissistic supply Narcissistic withdrawal Sam Vaknin Selfishness Spoiled child Superiority complex True self and false self Vanity [edit] References ^ Megalomiacs abound in politics/medicine/finance Business Day 2011/01/07 ^ a b c Millon.3. This is shown especially when they are communicating with other species.. W. Sedikides and Spencer. she satisfied 8 of 9 criteria for narcissistic personality disorder. ^ Campbell. Caroline C. On Narcissism: An Introduction. 2004 ^ a b c Freud. Gregg. had she been evaluated for personality disorders. psychoanalyticus Willy Depecker ^ Morf.D. Frederick (2001).1037/0022-3514.. Psychological Inquiry 12 (4): 177–196.. Rhodewalt. Psychoanalytic Terms & Concept. The Self. ISBN 978-1-84169-439-9 . ^ Psywilly.400. & Foster.1207/S15327965PLI1204_1. 2010 ^ Moore & Fine (1990). Sigmund. Rudich. J. Psychology Press. feel they are vindicated in their narcissism. Ml. The Narcissistic Self: Background and extended agency model and ongoing controversies.. 87 (3): 400–16.that she "was seen as a prototypical narcissistic person by the raters: on average. Personality Disorders in Modern Life.P.. 2007.. ^ Sedikides.K. C. "Unraveling the Paradoxes of Narcissism: A Dynamic Self-Regulatory Processing Model". Rusbult. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology."[57] In the video game series Mass Effect.. "Are Normal Narcissists Psychologically Healthy?: self-esteem matters". the Reapers. to the extent of a God complex. Theodore. The American Psychoanalytic Association: New York. the Reapers are an elder race species of bioships with strong AI that as a species have a strongly individualistic and highly narcissistic effect. Kumashiro.be. she would receive a diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder. in their thoughts. given their superlatively greater power and technology. 1914 ^ Person of the Year 2010 Mark Zuckerberg Time Magazine December 15.87. E. S. Psyc articles.^ Lubit. an Extended Agency Model. D. Neuroethics Online First. P. Alan: Beyond The Looking Glass: Overcoming the Seductive Culture of Corporate Narcissism. NY: Nova Publishers. Boris. A. & Foster J.) Hauppauge. "Factor analysis and construct validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory". Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection. The Narcissistic Self: Background. C. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin... Critelli. W. Joan: How to Talk to a Narcissist. 9 Apr. doi:10.K. et al. 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Erich.1994. and John Duckitt. "Narcissistic illusions in self-evaluations of intelligence and attractiveness". ^ Arvan M (2011). Elliot. To appear in: C. K.. PA: Psychology Press. Journal of Personality 62: 143–55. M. 28 (3): 358–68. EBSCO. J. Rudich.J. ^ Downs.. A. A. Web. Brunell. doi:10. B.tb00798. & Campbell. J. ^ Rose. K. 2005. doi:10. J. 171 ^ Crompton. "Collective narcissism and its social consequences. ^ a b Campbell. Sedikides. P. ^ a b Gabriel. 2011. (in press). (2007). (1984). 1964 . PH. T.3 (2008): 437-453. R. p. The long-term organizational impact of destructively narcissistic managers. ^ a b c Golec de Zavala. ^ Campbell. "Narcissism and Comparative Self-Enhancement Strategies".D. 26 Mar.). Ee. com [edit] Further reading . (2005). ^ Spiritual Narcissism ^ Auerbach JS (December 1984). Sex Roles 58 (11–12): 802–13. Vernon PA (December 1993).. PMID 1815094. D. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 42 (4): 248–50. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy 17 (4): 279–92. 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"Genetic and environmental contributions to dimensions of personality disorder".il/upload/infocenter/info_images/2008200653242PM@Pages %20from%20IJP-42-4-7.com/ep/articles/ep02177194. ^ Youtube.. C. N.. K.. (2005).. "Sexual narcissism: a validation study".1080/00926239408403414. "Rating of personality disorder features in popular movie characters". Spuhler 1968.1080/00926239108404352. 20: 24–34. Evolutionary Psychology 2: 177–94. Medical Errors and Medical Narcissism. Are there such things as "narcissists" in social psychology? A taxometric analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory.org/cgi/pmidlookup? view=long&pmid=8238637. http://www. ^ Hurlbert.M.K. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy.. http://ajp.psychiatryonline. Jackson DN. ^ Narcissism Test ^ Livesley WJ. J. Apt.1186/1471-244X-5-45. "Sexual narcissism and the abusive male". Ernst (1944). G. Wilson. Ho 1986. K. K. 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Eleanor The Wizard of Oz and Other Narcissists: Coping with the One-Way Relationship in Work. Why Is It Always About You? : The Seven Deadly Sins of Narcissism (2003) Lavender NJ & Cavaiola AA The One-Way Relationship Workbook: Step-By-Step Help for Coping with Narcissists.D. Numerous experts. Nina W.Adult Children of Narcissists in their Struggle for Self (1995) Hotchkiss. Egotistical Lovers.Brown. W. All About Narcissists The Unreal World of Narcissists and Sociopaths. Love. Martha Stout. with host Jari Chevalier for Living Hero. the free dictionary. A Field Guide To Narcissism. Keith The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement (2009) Vaknin. Alexander Narcissism: Denial of the True Self (1984) McFarlin. Essential Papers on Narcissism (Essential Papers in Psychoanalysis) (1986) Morrison. Information for people who are. Bruce Gregory Ph. The Destructive Narcissistic Pattern (1998) Golomb. Nina W. Gabor Mate.feature writer for Psychology Today magazine Distinctions between Self-Esteem and Narcissism: Implications for Practice. Identifying and Understanding the Narcissistic Personality (2005) Thomas David Narcissism: Behind the Mask (2010) Twenge. and Family (2002) Ronningstam. Jean M. Philip Zimbardo . Lidija Malignant Self Love: Narcissism Revisited (1999) [edit] External links Look up narcissism in Wiktionary. & Campbell. Brown.And How to Survive Them (2002) Morrison. Lilian G. Children of the Self-Absorbed: A Grown-up's Guide to Getting over Narcissistic Parents (2008) Brown. Carl Vogel . Katz The Impact of Narcissism on Leadership and Sustainability. Toxic Coworkers & Others Who Are Incredibly Self-Absorbed (2011) Lowen. Elan Trapped in the Mirror . Andrew P. Andrew P. Shame: The Underside of Narcissism (1997) Payson. including Nina W. Dean Where Egos Dare: The Untold Truth About Narcissistic Leaders . James F. Elsa F. or have been in relationship with Narcissists.