`www.mechengg.net M.L.Institute of Diploma Studies,Bhandu A Project Report On DESIGN OF HYDRAULIC JACK & ANALYSIS Submitted To Gujarat Technological University Submitted By RANA HITENDRASINH K. PATEL SATISH H. 096350319104 096350319082 VANZARA RANCHHOD M. 096350319117 RATHOD HITESH M. 096350319060 Guided By Faculty Name : Mr.M. K. PATEL Mechanical Engineering Department UNDEFINED PROBLEM The student information Page no:1 www.mechengg.net ` Name of student (In Capital Letters) Surname Father’s Name Name Enrollment Number Contact Numbers Mob: Landline: Email ID College Name College Code: Branch Semester: Student Team Name: Enrollment Numbers 1. 2. 3. 4. Student Signature GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Page no:2 www.mechengg.net ` M.L. INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMA STUDIES BHANDU CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr./Ms from College having Enrolment No: has completed UDP/ Semester V Project Report having title In a group consisting of persons under the guidance of the Faculty Guide Institute Guide-UDP Head of Department ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Page no:3 ` www.mechengg.net I am deeply indebted to my revered supervisor M.K. PATEL for inspiring, encouraging and guiding me in my project work without his suggestion timely guidance and co-operation. I confess, I would not have completed my Project Work he has been constantly a source of motivation for complete this thesis and model. I am very much thankful to R. D. GOSWAMI, head of Mechanical department M.L.I.D.S. BHANDU & K.R. PATEL SIR, for providing me all the necessary facility for my project work. I owe a world of gratitude to the authorities of M.L.I.D.S. BHANDU they granted me permission whenever I requested not only that they also provided me excellent facility of my work. I would like to express my thanks to my prof. R. M. GOGE & prof. R. M. PATEL who have assisted me at various stages of my Work. I wish to express my heart left gratitude to my friends. For their ceaseless help and co-operation all throughout this onerous task. Last but not list I owe have a word of gratitude to the almighty for providing me hidden strength and inspiration. I also thank all who have supported me a lot in my project work. Page no:4 The second chapter presents the current state of mixing machine research as presented in the form of scientific literature review.mechengg. but in any R. The first chapter introduces the concrete benching mixing machine with problem formulation and provides motivation for the project.` www. PROJECT DEFINATION: A hydraulic jack is a device used to lift heavy loads.C. for that the use of R. DESIGN OF OPEN HYDRAULIC JACK & ANALYSES is one of them which are operated by two prime movers one prime mover is use for hydraulic system operation for operating the hoper and other for operating drum for proper mixing of concretThe work presented herein is mainly divided into the three chapters.C construction machinery is very widely used. The jack is based on Pascal's law that the pressure of a liquid in a container is the same at all point Page no:5 . infrastructure development is very fast growing.C construction machinery proper Mixing of raw material for Concrete is major problem. The device pushes liquid against a piston. compact and portable. but is capable of exerting great force. pressure is built in the jack's container. The device itself is light. for that we are use latest equipments which are mechanically and hydraulically combined operated mostly.C. Proper mixing of raw material is important task in any construction.net ABSTRACT: Now a day. 3 Pneumatic Jack 16 1.6.5 Features 14 1.3 Pascal’s Law 13 1.1 Mechanical Jack 15 1.www.7 Working Principal:- 18 1.6.1 Page no:6 .1 Definition Of Hydraulic Jack 13 1. Titles Page no.net ` TABLE OF CONTENTS No.8 Working Of Hydraulic Jack 18 1.6.mechengg. Acknowledgement 1 Abstract 8 Tables Of Contents 9 List Of Figure Nomenclature Introduction 12 1.6.9 Advantages 21 Ch.4 History 14 1.4 Strand Jack 17 1.2 Introduction 13 1.6 Classification Of Jack 14 1.2 Hydraulic Jack 15 1. 1 Piston Rod Construction 30 2.1.2 Basic Systems:- 27 2.1.3.3 Gland (End Cap):- 31 Ch.1.1.1 Hydraulic Basics 25 2.1 Pressure And Force 25 2.www.2.4 LITREACHER RIVIEW 37 Ch.3.1.1.1.3.1 -Metallic Coatings:- 30 2.2.2.2 CERAMIC COATINGS:- 31 2.3.10 Applications 23 Design Of Hydraulic System 24 2.3.2 Page no:7 .5 REFERENCES 48 Ch.3 CYLINDER HEAD:- 30 2.3.3.1 CYLINDER BARREL 29 2.net ` 1.2.3.1 Parts Of Cylinder 29 2.2 Piston Rod:- 30 2.2.3.2 CYLINDER BASE OR CAP 29 2.3 Parts Of Hydraulic Jack 29 2.mechengg.3 Length:- 31 2.3 CALCULATION FOR DESIGN 32 Ch.3. net Page no:8 .` www.mechengg. pressure is built in the jack's container. The jack is based on Pascal's law that the pressure of a liquid in a container is the same at all points. but is capable of exerting great force. The device pushes liquid against a piston.net Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1-Defination Of Hydraulic Jack:A hydraulic jack is a device used to lift heavy loads. The device itself is light.` www. compact and portable.mechengg. Page no:9 . an increase in area leads to an increase in force. 1. Work is force times distance. The principle states that pressure in a closed container is the same at all points. the small piston must be moved a large distance to get the large piston to move significantly. since the larger cylinder has more area. This is based on Pascal’s Principle. However. He Literally Amazed Onlookers In New York When He Page no:10 .` www. 1. The small piston.2-Introduction:A hydraulic jack is a jack that uses a liquid to push against a piston. in the form of work in this case. which is proportional to the ratio of areas of the heads of the pistons. the greater the increase in the force will be. and since the force is increased on the larger piston. is conserved and the Law of Conservation of Energy is satisfied. such as oil.net 1.3-Pascal’s law :Pressure on a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished and acts with equal force on equal areas and at 90 degrees to the container wall. He Was Granted A Patent For His Hydraulic Jack. The distance the large piston will move is the distance that the small piston is moved divided by the ratio of the areas of the heads of the pistons. In The Year 1855. displaces a smaller amount of volume than the large piston. The greater the difference in size between the two cylinders. In The Year 1851. This is how energy. The Owner And Inventor Of Hydraulic Jacks. Therefore.4-History:The Origin Of Hydraulic Jacks Can Be Dated Several Years Ago When Richard Dudgeon. for a given distance of movement. Started A Machine Shop. A fluid. A hydraulic jack operates based on this two cylinder system. applying force to the smaller cylinder will result in the same amount of pressure in the larger cylinder. is displaced when either piston is pushed inward.mechengg. the distance the force is applied over must be decreased. In other words. If there are two cylinders connected. the resulting force will be greater. which is forced into a cylinder by a plunger.6.1-Mechanical jack:- Page no:11 . When the plunger is lowered again.6-Classification Of Jack:- 1. opens when oil is pushed into the cylinder. Heavy Plate Hydraulic Hole Punches And Various Kinds Of Lifting Jacks. Oil is usually used for the liquid because it is self-lubricating and has stability compared with other liquids. Dudgeon Deserves A Special Credit For His Innumerable Inventions Including The Roller Boiler Tube Expanders.mechengg. Pulling Jacks. When the plunger comes up.5-Features:The jack uses compressible fluid. Richard Made A Claim That His Invention Had The Power To Carry Near About 10 People On A Single Barrel Of Anthracite Coal At A Speed Of 14 M. 1. Filter Press Jacks. A ball used for suction in the cylinder shuts the cylinder and pressure builds up in the cylinder. it sends liquid through another valve into a cylinder. The suction valve present in the jack opens at each draw of the plunger. 1.net Drove From His Abode To His Place Of Work In A Steam Carriage.P. which is outside the jack. It Produced A Very Weird Noise That Disturbed The Horses And So Its Usage Was Limited To A Single Street.H.` www. The pressure of the liquid enables the device to lift heavy loads. it pulls the liquid through a check valve suction pump. The discharge valve. that is forced into a cylinder by a pump plunger. When the plunger pulls back. it draws oil out of the reservoir through a suction check valve into the pump chamber.5 tons or 3 tons). Earlier versions have a platform to lift on the vehicles' frame or axle. making it suitable only for vehicles with a relatively high clearance. A mechanical jack is a device which lifts heavy equipment. The suction valve ball is within the chamber and opens with each draw of the plunger. Mechanical jacks are usually rated for a maximum lifting capacity (for example. The jack shown at the right is made for a modern vehicle and the notch fits into a hard point on a unibody. 1. For lifting structures such as houses the hydraulic interconnection of multiple vertical jacks through valves enables the even distribution of forces while enabling close control of the lift. the jacking point on the vehicle. The discharge valve ball is outside the chamber and opens when the oil is pushed into the cylinder.2-Hydraulic jack:Hydraulic jacks are typically used for shop work. rather than as an emergency jack to be carried with the vehicle. In a bottle jack the piston is vertical and directly supports a bearing pad that contacts the object being lifted.mechengg. which is incompressible. At this point the suction ball within the chamber is forced shut and oil pressure builds in the cylinder.` www.net Fig 1. it pushes the oil through a discharge check valve into the cylinder. When the plunger moves forward. The most common form is a car jack.6. 1. and to ensure stability when the jack is extended. Oil is used since it is self lubricating and stable.1 Mechanical jack Jackscrews are integral to the Scissor Jack. A hydraulic jack uses a fluid. More powerful jacks use hydraulic power to provide more lift over greater distances. Use of jacks not designed for a specific vehicle requires more than the usual care in selecting ground conditions. Car jacks usually use Mechanical advantage to allow a human to lift a vehicle by manual force alone. Hydraulic jacks are often used to lift elevators in low and medium rise buildings. Page no:12 . one of the simplest kinds of car jacks still used. floor jack or garage jack which lifts vehicles so that maintenance can be performed. With a single action piston the lift is somewhat less than twice the collapsed height of the jack. such jacks are also able to be operated by the normal hydraulic actuation method.6.3. allowing compensation for the arc taken by the lifting pad. 1. thereby retaining functionality. while allowing considerable extension.net In a floor jack (aka 'trolley jack') a horizontal piston pushes on the short end of a bellcrank with the long arm providing the vertical motion to a lifting pad. This mechanism provide a low profile when collapsed.Pneumatic jack:A pneumatic jack is a hydraulic jack that is actuated by compressed air . saving effort and potentially increasing speed. kept horizontal with a horizontal linkage.` www. even if a source of compressed air is not available. Page no:13 . Floor jacks usually include castors and wheels. Sometimes. air from a compressor instead of human work.mechengg. for easy maneuvering underneath the vehicle. This eliminates the need for the user to actuate the hydraulic mechanism.for example. 3.3 2. The house jack can be used for jacking carrying beams that have settled or for installing new structural beams. This piece tilts very slightly but not enough to render the post dangerously out of plumb Page no:14 .6. This pad moves independently of the house jack so that it does not turn as the acmethreaded rod is turned up with a metal rod.net 1. A series of jacks are used and then wood cribbing temporarily supports the structure. A house jack.2 Threaded rod 7" fully extended Fig 1. also called a screw jack is a mechanical device primarily used to lift houses from their foundation.5 ton house jack that stands 24 inches from top to bottom fully threaded out.mechengg. This process is repeated until the desired height is reached.` www. On the top of the jack is a cast iron circular pad that the 4" × 4" post is resting on.Pneumatic jack:- Fig 1. Fig 1. 1. named for Blaise Pascal. Consider a ram and plunger. through a chamber. which are interconnected at the bottom.` www. The working principle of a hydraulic jack may be explained with the help of Fig. strand jacks can lift hundreds of tons and are used in engineering and construction. which states that intensity of pressure is transmitted equally in all directions through a mass of fluid at rest. who lived in the seventeenth century. which is filled with some liquid.7-Working Principal:The hydraulic jack is a device used for lifting heavy loads by the application of much smaller force.6.net 1. Basically. 1. It is based on Pascal’s law.8-Working Of Hydraulic Jack:Hydraulic jacks and many other technological advancements such as automobile brakes and dental chairs work on the basis of Pascal's Principle.Strand jack:A strand jack is a specialized hydraulic jack that grips steel cables often used in concert. operating in two cylinders of different diameters. Pressure is described mathematically by a Force divided by Area.4.mechengg. Therefore if you have two Page no:15 .4 Consider a ram and plunger. the principle states that the pressure in a closed container is the same at all points. that piston will feel a force of 1 lbs/square inch x 10 square inches = 10 lbs Fig 1. By Pascal's Principle. per square inch throughout the fluid.5 Working Of Hydraulic Jack:- Page no:16 . The greater the differences in the areas of the cylinders. That's called 'Pascal's Principle'. and allows a hydraulic lift to generate large amounts of force from the application of a small Assume a small piston (one square inch area) applies a weight of 1 lbs. A hydraulic jack is simply two cylinders connected as described above. the greater the potential force output of the big cylinder.` www. The pressure stayed the same in the second cylinder. to a confined hydraulic fluid. but since the larger cylinder has more area.mechengg. but Area was increased. and apply a small Force to the small cylinder. That provides a pressure of 1 lbs. the force emitted by the second cylinder would be greater. If another larger piston with an area of 10 square inches is in contact with the fluid. An enclosed fluid under pressure exerts that pressure throughout its volume and against any surface containing it. this pressure would be the same in the larger cylinder. this would result in a given pressure. to F = PA. a small one and a large one.net cylinders connected together. resulting in a larger Force. This is represented by rearranging the pressure formula P = F/A. the piston is forced up as the cylinder is filled with the fluid. Page no:17 . to the small piston and get 10 lbs. In the main cylinder. of force to lift a heavy object with the large piston. These are the reservoir. Hydraulic jacks have six main parts. the release valve is opened. This allows the fluid to return to the reservoir. pump. check valve. when the smaller piston moves a distance of 10 inches it displaces 10 cubic inch of fluid. piston. and release valve. the hydraulic lift merely converts work (force x distance) at the smaller piston for the SAME work at the larger one. no.mechengg. Just as a lever provides more force near the fulcrum in exchange for more distance further away.` www. That 10 cubic inch displaced at the 10 square inch piston moves it only 1 inch. A pump will draw the fluid up and then create pressure on the down stroke as it pushes the fluid through the check valve. Is this 'getting something for nothing'? Unfortunately. so a small force and larger distance has been exchanged for a large force through a smaller distance.net So we can apply 1 lbs. When it is time to release the pressure and allow the piston to return to its starting position. This valve allows the fluid to leave the reservoir and enter the main cylinder. main cylinder. The reservoir holds hydraulic fluid. In the example. 9-Advantages: Safety First:Hydraulic jacking System is one of the most safest mode to erect storage tank.net ` Show In Figure. there has been not a single report that proves its credibility in being the safest and most likely method for the storage tank construction. The Page no:18 . For decades. complete work is executed on ground level preventing risks of accidents.mechengg.www.- 1. hence most work is performed under the protection of the tank itself. Tank construction work stays practically unaffected from rain or snow. Easier Inspection:Our efficient hydraulic jacking systems needs various scaffolding and attachments to offer comfortable access for welding heights. Faster Erection:The shell plates are erected at ground level in place of being installed at the height of about 30 feet or more. it allows easier inspection for better quality control. Tank Erection Top Downwards Cuts Construction Time And Cost Considerably :New shell plates are developed at the ground level in place of being hauled up to about 30 feet heights or more. saving considerable time desired for alignment of plates. The time and manpower needed for lifting the plates to the height is amputated. Page no:19 . The cumulative time needed for lifting of men and material to the heights that is eliminated. No Scaffolding Required:Welding inspectors can now perform ultrasonic as well as several other non destructive tests on welds at ground level. Construction work remains unaffected by snow or rain.net hydraulic jack systems has now gained a lot of popularity.` www. in order to save construction time required for the alignment of plates.mechengg. ` www. etc.net 1.10-Applications: Dismantling of old tanks Repair to tank foundation Building of field erected storage tanks Repair or replacement of tank bottom plate Increasing tank capacity by adding shell rings or courses Erection of other circular structures such as reactor shields in nuclear power stations. Page no:20 .mechengg. net ` Chapter 2 Design of Hydraulic Jack Page no:21 .www.mechengg. or resistance to compression. As a tire is inflated.1 Hydraulic Basics:Hydraulics is the science of transmitting force and/or motion through the medium of a confined liquid.1. Equal pressure throughout a confined area is a characteristic of any pressurized fluid. more air is squeezed into it than it can hold. The air inside a tire resists the squeezing by pushing outward on the casing of the tire. power is transmitted by pushing on a confined liquid.` www. of a fluid that is being squeezed. Pressure can cause an expansion. The transfer of energy takes place because quantity of liquid is subject to pressure. 2.:Pressure is force exerted against a specific area (force per unit area) expressed in pounds per square inch (psi).mechengg.Pressure and Force.1:. To operate liquid-powered systems. Force is anything that tends to produce or modify (push or pull) motion and is expressed in pounds a. Page no:22 . the operator should have a knowledge of the basic nature of liquids. In a hydraulic device. Pressure. An example of pressure is the air (gas) that fills an automobile tire.net Chapter 2 Design of Hydraulic Jack 2. This chapter covers the properties of liquids and how they act under different conditions.Figure 1-1 shows a simple hydraulic device. A fluid is any liquid or gas (vapor). The outward push of the air is pressure. and up and down. Liquids are slightly compressible (Figure 2. a tire would be pushed into odd shapes because of its elasticity. The pressure is still transmitted equally throughout the container.mechengg. in inches D2 = distance the larger piston moves.net ` Confined liquid is subject to pressure Figure 2. in inches F2 = force of the larger piston.1 Basic hydraulic devices For example. D2=F1*D1/F2 Where F1 = force of the small piston.2-Basic Systems:Page no:23 . in an inflated tire. in pounds 2. There is a major difference between a gas and a liquid. around corners. in pounds D1 = distance the small piston moves. When a confined liquid is pushed on.www. If it were not. the outward push of the air is uniform throughout.1). The fluid's behavior makes it possible to transmit a push through pipes. pressure builds up. Hydraulic systems are smooth and quiet in operation. • Smoothness. The main disadvantage of a hydraulic system is maintaining the precision parts when they are exposed to bad climates and dirty atmospheres. A.mechengg. dirt. • Flexibility. oil deterioration. An outlet check valve closes by pressure under a load. which opens an area under a large piston to the reservoir. High efficiency with minimum friction loss keeps the cost of a power transmission at a minimum.` www. and other adverse environment is very important. • Cost. Hydraulic components can be located with considerable flexibility. Diagram B shows the pump stroking downward. Pipes and hoses in place of mechanical elements virtually eliminate location problems.net The advantages of hydraulic systems over other methods of power transmission are • Simpler design. The load then pushes the piston down and forces the liquid into the reservoir. Diagram A shows an intake stroke. In most cases. • Control.Hydraulic Jack:In this system a reservoir and a system of valves has been added to Pascal's hydraulic lever to stroke a small cylinder or pump continuously and raise a large piston or an actuator a notch with each stroke. • Overload protection. Page no:24 . corrosion. Automatic valves guard the system against a breakdown from overloading. To lower a load. An inlet check valve closes by pressure and an outlet valve opens. Protection against rust. and an inlet check valve opens so that liquid from the reservoir fills the pumping chamber. More liquid is pumped under a large piston to raise it. a few pre-engineered components will replace complicated mechanical linkages. The following paragraphs discuss several basic hydraulic systems. Vibration is kept to a minimum. a third valve (needle valve) opens. Control of a wide range of speed and forces is easily possible. Hydraulic jack B.Motor-Reversing System:Figure 2-2. if pressure rises too high.mechengg. C-Open-Center System:In this system. shows a power-driven pump operating a reversible rotary motor. A reversing valve directs fluid to either side of the motor and back to the reservoir.` www. Page no:25 .net Figure 2-2. A relief valve protects the system against excess pressure and can bypass pump output to the reservoir. a control-valve spool must be open in the center to allow pump flow to pass through the valve and return to the reservoir. 1.2-Cylinder Base Or Cap:In most hydraulic cylinders. The return from the first valve is routed to the inlet of the second. and so on. Return liquid from the cylinder is directed through the return line and on to the next valve. 2. When a control valve is operated. To operate several functions simultaneously. the incoming oil is diverted to the cylinder that the valve serves. This can damage the inside of the barrel if done poorly.3. Therefore.net ` this system in the neutral position. some cylinder designs have a screwed or flanged connection from the cylinder end cap to the barrel. An open-center system is efficient on single functions but is limited with multiple functions.mechengg. However. the full output of the pump at full system pressure is available to that function. as the arrows indicate. In this type the barrel can be disassembled and repaired.1-Parts Of Cylinder:2.3.www.3-Parts Of Hydraulic Jack: Gland (End Cap) Piston Road Cylinder Base Plate Hose Pipe 2. When this happens. if more than one valve is operating. which are discussed below. the barrel and the bottom portion are welded together. Page no:26 .1-Cylinder Barrel:The cylinder barrel is mostly a seamless thick walled forged pipe that must be machined internally. This system is satisfactory as long as only one valve is operating at a time. 2.3.1. the oil passes through the valves in series and returns to the reservoir. an open-center system must have the correct connections. The cylinder barrel is ground and/or honed internally. In neutral. the total of the pressures required for each function cannot exceed the system’s relief setting. High quality stainless steel such as AISI 316 may be used for low stress applications. In double rod-end cylinders. The piston rod connects the hydraulic actuator to the machine component doing the work. A chromium layer may often be applied on the outer surfaces of these parts. but lower corrosion concerns.net 2. the actuator has a rod extending from both sides of the piston and out both ends of the barrel. such as a rod-clevis or rod-eye.2. and consequently both in and out of the hydraulic fluid and surrounding atmosphere.1:-Metallic Coatings:Smooth and hard surfaces are desirable on the outer diameter of the piston rod and slide rings for proper sealing.3-Cylinder Head:The cylinder head is sometimes connected to the barrel with a sort of a simple lock. 2. Sometimes solid stainless steel rods are used.2-Piston Rod:The piston rod is typically a hard chrome-plated piece of coldrolled steel which attaches to the piston and extends from the cylinder through the rod-end head. but also the most expensive. These mounting attachments can be threaded or welded to the piston rod or. the connection is screwed or flanged. For larger cylinder sizes. they are a machined part of the rod-end.3. chromium layers may be porous. The advantage is that the connection is bolted and always simple to remove. the disconnection of a screw with a diameter of 300 to 600 mm is a huge problem as well as the alignment during mounting. 2. Page no:27 . In general. A flange has to be welded to the pipe before machining. Corrosion resistance is also advantageous.1.mechengg. In harsh marine environments. Often 40 to 150 micrometer thick layers are applied. Flange connections are the best. However. 2.3.1. the steel is often treated with both a nickel layer and a chromium layer. however.2.3. Other stainless steels such as AISI 431 may also be used where there are higher stresses.1:-Piston Rod Construction:The piston rod of an hydraulic cylinder operates both inside and outside the barrel.3. This connection can be in the form of a machine thread or a mounting attachment. in some cases. thereby attracting moisture and eventually causing oxidation.` www. 3.3.1. their ends can be welded or machined for a screw thread.3:-Length:Piston rods are generally available in lengths which are cut to suit the application. The rod gland also has a rod wear ring.mechengg. This area is called the rod gland. This wear ring acts as a liner bearing to support the weight of the piston rod and guides it as it passes back and forth through the rod gland.2:-Ceramic Coatings:Due to shortcomings of metallic materials. Chapter 3 Page no:28 .net 2.3.2. 2. the rod gland and the rod wear ring are made from a single integral machined part. It often has another seal called a rod wiper which prevents contaminants from entering the cylinder when the extended rod retracts back into the cylinder.3:-Gland (End Cap):The cylinder head is fitted with seals to prevent the pressurized oil from leaking past the interface between the rod and the head. Recently the corrosion resistant semi ceramic Lunac2+ coatings were introduced.2. Initially ceramic protection schemes seemed ideal. In some cases. As the common rods have a soft or mild steel core. ceramic coatings were developed.2. but porosity was higher than projected. especially in small hydraulic cylinders. These hard coatings are non porous and do not suffer from high brittleness.1. 2.` www. net Calculation For design Page no:29 .mechengg.` www. psi). P=F/A where P = pressure (N/m2. F = force (N. in inches D2 = distance the larger piston moves.www.mechengg.net ` CALCULATIONS:Distance the larger piston moves D2=F1*D1/F2 Where F1 = force of the small piston. in2). and A = area (m2. lbf). in pounds D1 = distance the small piston moves. in pounds The definition of fluid pressure is a force per unit area. or in equation form. in inches F2 = force of the larger piston. Page no:30 . net ` TO FIND INNER DIAMETER OF CYLINDER TUBE:- p where. = working stress P = working pressure Page no:31 . P = total pressure D = Inner diameter p = working pressure 3 *1000 = 0.www.mechengg.785 × D2 × 300 D=3000/0.785*300 D2 = 12. (inner diameter of cylinder tube) TO FIND OUTER DIAMETER OF CYLINDER TUBE:- We have already a equation = Where.76 D = 6CM = 60MM. net ` = outer diameter of cylinder tube = inner diameter of cylinder tube = Working stress = 4200/4= 1050 KG/CM2 1050 = 300 × 1050do -3780000=300do +1080000 750do =2700000 do =2700000*750 do =202500000 do=73mm THICKNESS OF THE CYLINDER TUBE:- Tube thickness = Page no:32 .mechengg.www. net =73-60/2 =6.785*60*60*1750 3000=4945500kg/mm Page no:33 .` www.mechengg.5mm DESIGN OF PISTON We know that cylinder’s inner diameter is equal to piston’s outer diameter so piston outer diameter is 60mm . Generally piston’s are maded from MILD STEEL & SUITABLE MATERIAL…… DESIGN OF PISTON ROD Material strength EN9 = 1750 kg/cm2 3000=0. ` www.net Chapter 4 LITERATURE REVIEW LITERATURE REVIEW Page no:34 .mechengg. These principles were then applied to the study of flow from orifices. and underground aqueducts were bored considerable distances. In what is now Pakistan. then its practice must be considered to be even older than recorded history itself. In passing.net If the word hydraulics is understood to mean the use of water for the benefit of mankind. As a matter of fact.` www. for the principles involved could be formulated only after long experience with science in general and water in particular. including the use of small-scale models to simulate flow conditions in themselves too large to test. they obviously differ significantly in time and substance. and legend tells of vast flood-control projects in China barely a millenium later. pressure. Such a course usually began with the topic of hydrostatics -. note was taken of means of measuring velocity. through closed and open conduits. the subiect matter of the traditional college course in hydraulics -.the characteristics of liquids at rest. Simple as such matters now seem when taught. Though both the art and the science of hydraulics treat of such flows. even through bedrock. Traces of irrigation canals from prehistoric times still exist in Egypt and Mesopotamia. the Nile is known to have been dammed at Memphis some six thousand years ago to provide the necessary water supply. All of this clearly demonstrates that men must have begun to deal with the flow of water countless millenia before these times. However necessary the conduct of the art thus was to the eventual development of the science.mechengg. over weirs. Hydraulic practice necessarily originated as an art. and discharge. they actually took centuries to understand. Particularly noteworthy is the Page no:35 . Ancient wells still in existence reach to surprisingly great depths.particularly as it was taught in the not-too-recent past -provides a framework on which the history of the science can conveniently be based. and the Euphrates River was diverted into the Tigris even earlier for the same purpose. Instructors then proceeded to the principle of continuity (the conservation of fluid mass) and a form of the work-energy principle known as the Bernoulli theorem. and past immersed bodies. houses were provided with ceramic conduits for water supply and drainage some five thousand years ago. it is almost exclusively with the science of hydraulics that the present article will deal. however. True. the abhorrence of a vacuum served to explain free flight. and windmills and water wheels appeared on the scene in increasing numbers.). "Nature. and earth). ether. these represented the art rather than the science. this was one of the teachings of Aristotle (384-322 B. the science of hydraulics retrogressed rather than advaneed. Known as the medium theory of motion. came into being.C. Paradoxically. water. who reasoned that a floating or immersed body must be acted upon an upward force equal to the weight of the liquid that it displaces. This is the basis of hydrostatics and also of the apocryphal story that Archimedes made this discovery in his bath and forthwith ran un clothed through the streets crying "Eureka!" Nevertheless. that each is displaced by the next in order of increasing weight. the concept was not generally accepted. To the Greeks. however. The so-called impetus theory of motion was proposed nearly a thousand years after Aristotle's time. because impetus could not be seen.` www.C. a body in motion presumedly being driven by the fluid closing in behind. In the course of the millenium following the time of Archimedes. though the Romans developed extensive water-supply and drainage systems. and that the space around us must be occupied by one element or another. air." in other words. were faithfully transmitted to the West by Arabian scientists. further progress in hydrostatics was not to be made for another 18 centuries. even though Archimedes' writings. It must be granted. although Aristotle taught that knowledge Page no:36 . like those of his fellow Greeks. for want of something to fill outer space. The part that concerns us here is the then-prevailing belief that the universe consists of four elements (fire." In due time the concept of a fifth element. that Greek physics was of such a hypothetical nature that with one exception it had little positive influence in the millenia to follow. "abhors a vacuum.net fact that many such principles were first clarified by men like Isaac Newton whose interests extended far beyond hydraulics itself. The Greekwho made the most lasting contribution to hydraulics was the Sicilian mathematician Archimedes (287-212 B.).mechengg. and the medium theory remained in favor for at least another millenium. who wrote on a wide variety of subjects ranging from physics to metaphysics. This scienceactually had its origins some two millenia ago in the course of Greek civilization. researchers in the early universities particularly Paris. One of his students. The second essential coutribution to hydrostatics was made by the Dutch hydraulic engineer Simon Stevin (1548-1620) in 1586. it was the Italian genius Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) who first emphasized the direct study of nature in its many aspects. thereby throwing initial light on the problem of gravitational acceleration. aud eddies. Oxford. on the other hand. Stevin showed that the force exerted by a liquid on the base of a vessel is equal to the weight of a liquid column extending from the base to the free surface. His Page no:37 .mechengg. not only were his copious notes writteu in mirror image (probably for reasons of secrecy). rediscovered the principle of continuity and delved further into other aspects of the science. In particular. Leonardo's hydraulic observations extended to the detailed characteristics of jets. Gallleo gathered a small school around him. the Abbe Benedetto Castelli (c.1644). though not always correctly.1577-c. it was Galileo (1564-1642) who added experimentation to observation. Thus his discoveries had little effect on the growth of the science. so to speak. In his study of the phenomenon. it was Leonardo who first correctly formulated the basic principle of hvdraulics known as continuity: the velocity of flow varies inversely with the cross-sectional area of a stream. If Leonardo was the first scientific observer of note. nearly two millenia after the time of Archimedes. In the same period. they were even adopted as gospel truth by the church. he noted that a body sliding freely down an inclined plane attained a certain speed after a certain vertical descent regardless of the slope. but. not to mention the flight of birds and comparable facets of essentialIy every other field of knowledge. as the resulting increase in slope would have no effect! Whereas Leonardo was a loner. waves.net must progress. That this force does not depend on the shape of the vessel became known as the hydrostatic paradox. and Cambridge gradually began to establish simple mechanical relationships such as that between velocity and acceleration. it is said that he hence advised an engineer that there was no point in eliminating river bends.` www. his teachings eventually came to be crystallized. Whereas the Greeks tended to reason without recourse to observation. most of them were lost for several centuries after his death. in addition. and in the time of Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225-74). Unfortunately. a quality which we usually associate with the name of the Englishman Robert Boyle (1627-91) whereas the latter appears to have coined the word hydraulics. Only a few years younger than Mariotte. Guglielmini eventually became a professor of medicine! At about the same time. held that if there were vortex material in space.` www. the Italian Domenico Guglielmini (1655-1710) is similarly considered by many to have been the founder of the Italian school. atmospheric) pressure must vary with elevation and hence that the barometer would have a zero reading in a vacuum. sought valiantly to reconcile the Aristotelian teachings that had been adopted by his church with the mechanics of the solar system. the French scientist to whom we owe the Cartesian coordinate system. Newton Page no:38 ." His somewhat younger English contemporary Isaac Newton (1642-1727). this included such matters as wind and water pressure and the elasticity of the air. in France Boyle's law bears the name of Mariotte. in other words. the motion of the planets would be retarded. who correctly used the principle of momentum to evaluate the orbits. but he also showed that the barometric (i. Torricelli also experimented with the liquid barometer. But whereas Mariotte was a laboratory experimenter. but it was Pascal who finally completed the principles of hydrostatics. the vacuum above the liquid column being comparable to the void that Galileo found to develop in a pump whose suction pipe exceeded a certain length. Not only did he clarify the transmissibility of pressure from point to point and its application to the hydraulic jack. nature abhorred a vacuum only up to a certain point! The French scientist Edme Mariotte (1620-84) is often called the father of French hydraulics because of the breadth of his experimentation.e.mechengg. the short-lived French savant Blaise Pascal (1623-62) concerned himself with the same barometric problems as the equally short-lived Torricelli (not to mention Mariotte). He thus hypothesized that the planets were carried in their orbits by a system of giant vortices endowed with a fixed "quantity of movement. Guglielmini made extensive field measurements of river flow.net younger colleague Evangelista Torricelli (1608-47) applied his mentor's analysis of parabolic free-fall trajectories to the geometry of liquid jets. Interestingly enough. Rene Descartes (1596-1650).. he formulated the speed of sound in air (except for the adiabatic constant). L'Hopital eventually published his and Johann's (largely the latter's) joint findings without due credit to his collaborator.whether through envy or bitterness over l'Hopital's failure to acknowledge his contribution -. consisted of only potential Page no:39 .` www.mechengg. who was also noteworthy for the mathematical training of his son Daniel (1700-82) and his son's comrade Leonhard Euler (1707-83). though largely unjustified. and the equation of what we now call form drag (except that he mistakenly considered shape itself to be of no importance). and as a result his principle gave different results from Newton's momentum principle when used to describe the same phenomenon. One of the earliest mathematicians to apply Leibniz's calculus (and even to contribute some of the nomenclature still used today) was the Swiss Johann Bernoulli (1667-1748).net even conducted a variety of experiments on the resistance (due to fluid tenacity. much to Johann's chagrin. Just as its source. Newton's German contemporary Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716) conceived the principle of energy. In the course of these studies. Johann proceeded to write a book that he called Hydraulica. and his colleagues and Newton's soon began to accuse the other of plagiarism. a dispute which. the kinetic theory of gases. Leibniz's energy principle. where he was later joined bv Euler. the basis of viscous shear. Petersburg.he purposely predated a full ten years! Daniel's work contained much that was new for example. When Daniel published in 1738 the original treatise Hydrodynamica. Johann thereafter went to Paris to collaborate with the French nobleman the Marquis de l'Hopital. though without the fraction onehalf in the kinetic-energy term. elasticity. Daniel became a member of the Russian academy at St. which -. and inertia) encountered by bodies in motion to prove that nothing of the sort occurred in space. produced a considerable rift between the English and the German scientists. and iet propulsion but nowhere in the book (or in his father's either) can one find what is known as the Bernoulli theorem. Leibniz also developed a form of the calculus. now known as the calculus. the use of manometers. want of lubricity. He also invented what he termed the theory of fluxions. depending on a Circular Motion". Smeaton described experiments on models of undershot wheels. evaluating there from the general power relationships.they were. so too did the Bernoulli equation. however. He proved in 1752 that under steady.net and kinetic terms. the Pitot tube and the rotating arm. In actuality. irrotational conditions a fluid should offer no resistance to the relative motion of an immersed body: the d'Alembert paradox. the difference in water level between the two tubes after closure of the valve and their withdrawal from the flow permitted the velocity to be computed. himself a potential hydraulician! Even Franklin was not the first to conduct scale-model tests.mechengg. It consisted of two vertical glass tubes connected at their top by a valve. an outstanding mathematician. Euler also deserved credit for a number of equations of hydraulics and for inventing at least on paper a workable hydraulic turbine. an English engineer who was one of the very few practical people in his country to become a member of the Royal Society in the course of the next century or so. credit for which is due John Smeaton (1724-92).` www. the first true Bernoulli equation was derived by Euler. from his equations of acceleration for the conditions of steady. Worthy of mention in the same breath as Euler and the Bernoullis was Jean Lerond d'Alembert (1717-83). irrotational flow under gravitational action. and windmills. the corresponding pressure term was evaluated separately by means of Newton's momentum equation. the Frenchman Henri de Pitot (1695-1771). Use of a rotating arm to propel a body Page no:40 . who called it a "machine" for determining the speed of flowing water. overshot wheels. In his prize-winning paper of 1759. Two essential measuring instruments came into being at this time. "An experimental Inquiry concerning the Natural Powers of Water and Wind to turn Mills. one tube simply being open at the bottom and the other Lshaped with its open end pointing upstream. The first still bears the name of its inventor. best known for his coeditorship of the French encyclopedia but also a mathematician in his own right. and other Machines. D'Alembert is also known for having been one of three French scientists to have made in 1775 what were said to have been the first towing-tank tests of ship-model drag. preceded by some nine years by those of our own Benjamin Franklin (1706 90). d'Alembert's contemporary Antoine Chezy (1718-98) discovered a simple resistance relationship for streams which is now known by his name. a bridge engineer. which had been functioning effectively since its founding in 1719. little was known about the phenomenon. his results were mathematically correct.net through air for its drag determination was developed bv the Englishman Benjamin Robins (1707-5 ). and to some degree the English made notable contributions in the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. was of little engineering use. was the first to attempt the extension of the Euler equations of acceleration to include the flow of a viscous fluid.` www. Until the latter part of the eighteenth century. Du Buat formulated perceptively the resistance of closed conduits and was the first to show that the drag of immersed bodies resulted more from the suction produced at the rear than from the pressure exerted at the front. Chezy's fellow countryman Pierre Louis George Du Buat (1734-1809) not only conducted a wide variety of experiments but also wrote an excellent textbook on hvdraulics which in spite of his being forced to flee during the revolution went through three successively enlarged editions. The matter of fluid resistance is probably the most important one in the field of hydraulics. obviously. The d'Alembert paradox. not to be discovered and publicized till late in the last century bv the American Clemens Herschel (18421930). in 1822 Louis Marie Henri Navier (1785-1836). It is significant. the latter eventually applying the equations to the resistance of small spheres. On the other hand. and finally in 1845 by the Cambridge professor George Gabriel Stokes (1819 1903 ). Germans. the leadership was definitely French. Unfortunately. who also invented the ballistic pendulum. Granted thatthe Italians. Though he did not comprehend the essential mechanism of viscous action. On the other hand. that in the meantime (1843) a more general form of the equations was developed by Jean-Claude Barre de Saint-Venant (1797-1886) and later found to be applicable Page no:41 . whether in connection with flow through conduits or around immersed bodies. his report to the Corps des Ponts et Chaussees on the supply of water to Paris was lost in the files. mainly through the influence of the Corps des Ponts et Chaussees.mechengg. however. next by the mechanician Simeon Denis Poisson (1781-1840). For example. The same equations were developed with groater comprehension somewhat later by the mathematician Baron Augustin Louis de Cauchy (1789-1857). the phenomenon is known as Poiseuille flow. and oil and mercury in addition to water. who in 1873 also experimented with flow through tubes. the German Gotthilf Ludwig Hagen (1797-1884) condncted in 1839 some very meticu lous measurements of the flow of water in small-diameter tubes. utilizing the water temperature instead of the viscosity as one of the parameters. for which he is given the credit really due Hagen for his work 20 years earlier. although it had actually been Page no:42 . William Froude (1810-79) was a somewhat older contemporary of Reynolds whose interests lay in the field of naval architecture. for the operation of which he had formulated a similarity law for flows under the influence of gravity. only a few can be mentioned at this point. Except in Germany. Reynolds also showed bv the injection of dye the difference be tween the two states of motion. however. A few years later the French physician Jean Louis Poiseuille (1799-1869) repeated the experiments independently using even liner tubes to simulate blood vessels. had remarked in an 1854 paper that the flow was not always laminar. sawdust suspended in the water sometimes moved in straight lines and sometimes very irregularly. One was the Manchester professor Osborne Reynolds (1842-1912). the men whose names are now best known in hydraulics were two Englishmen who lived in the latter part of the last century. Though countless contributors to hydraulic science of this period are to be found in the ever-growing literature. similarly. even though neither Poiseuille nor Hagen really understood the mathematics of the phenomenon. Hagen. Froude built himself a towing tank on his own property and in part with his own funds. This law has come to be known under Froude's name.` www. introducing the viscosity to form a parameter marking the borderline between laminar and turbulent flow. the efflux jet sometimes being clear and sometimes frosty.net not only to the laminar phase of viscous flow bnt also to that known as fluid turbulence In the first half of the nineteenth century. now known as the Reynolds number.mechengg. in the latter instances he noted that his resistance equation no longer applied.In addition to Bernoulli. These include the Italian Giovanni Battista Venturi (1746-1822) and the Germans Johann Albert Eytelwein (1764-1848) and Julius Weisbach (1806-71). Helmholtz (1821-94). and hydrodynamics. the general principles of fluid mechanics became the basis of related fields. mathematicians were developing its theoretical counterpart known as hydrodynamics. for hydraulics still lacked mathematical rigor. as recorded in the many editions of the treatise Hydrodymimic by the Manchester professor Horace Lamb (1849-1934). and an other Johann Page no:43 . It is hence only fair to note that Reynolds was the first to utilize the Froude law of similarity in model tests of tidal action in the Mersey estuary. sufficient contact with reality. proceeded to formulate the essential principles of airfoil and propeller operation. Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius (1873-1970). an Alsatian teaching in a naval college at Paris. At the time that hydraulics was becoming an applied science. not only provided a mathematical basis for boundary-layer drag but also showed as early as 1911 that the resistance to flow through smooth pipes could be expressed in terms of the Reynolds number for both laminar and turbulent flow. and the fluid outside the boundary layer providing. However. the mechanics of fluids. the normal forces producing lift. Laplace (1749-1827). At the same time. and the many students who passed through his hands. including hydraulics. in accordance with the principles of irrotational flow.` www. a new science. neither hydraulics nor hydrodynamics could provide a useful scientific basis for the understanding of aerodynamic lift if not of drag. when human flight became a likelihood. the two subjects were far apart. a phenomenon of viscous shear which eventually was shown to be a function of the Reynolds number. Thus. the practice was continued by such equally famous men as Lagrange (1736-1813). But Froude was the first to note the development along the hull of ships of what came to be known as the boundary layer. and Rayleigh (1842-1919). Ably begun by Euler and d'Alembert. Kelvin (1824-1907).net announced at least 20 years earlier by Ferdinand Reech (1805 80). one of Prandtl's earliest students. In fact. came into being at the hands of Ludwig Prandtl (1875-1953). He reasoned as early as 1904 that relative motion between a fluid and a streamlined boundary could be analyzed in two parts: a thin layer at the boundary providing the viscous resistance to motion.mechengg. although presumably dealing with the same fluids. a German mechanical engineer teaching at the University of Gottingen. Fortunately. Prandtl. Freeman's indirectrole in advancing the science in America was directly abetted by the influence of two naturalized immigrants. Bakhmeteff was sent to the United States as ambassador by Kerensky. The advent of wartime exigencies led to an intensification of laboratory activity in at least two institutions. utilizing their coefficients and later repeating and extending their experiments. all of the advances described in the foregoing pages were made by Europeans. But it was really not until early in the present century that America began to contribute much that was new. Boris Alexandrovitch Bakhmeteff (1880-1951) and Theodor von Kfirmfin (1881-1963). French. Their experiments ranged from torpedo cavitation to ship drag. who adhered to small-scale model studies based primarily on the Froude criterion of similitude. from the diffusion of smoke and gas by wind to fog dispersal over airplane landing fields. where those who had studied in Europe under Freeman's auspices were in positions of responsibility. and eventually German discoveries. Freeman (1855-1932). Most of the Freeman scholars followed the practice of the German civil engineers. Except for BenFranklin's miniature towing-tank experiments. American hydraulicians gradually became aware of English. after whose fall he formed. who not only stimulated the foundation of two federal hydraulics laboratories but also established traveling scholarships with three of the leading engineering societies. with a number of other White Russians.net Nikuradse (1894-1979) experimented extensively on the resistance of rough pipes as well as smooth. but three or four gave heed to the teachings of the Prandtl school and stressed the principles of fluid mechanics. America's prime contribution was in fact the broadening of hydraulics science to include both a reasonable degree of analytical rigor and experimental verification of the physical analysis. came about through the Yankee engineer John R. As recounted elsewhere .` www. from the throw of fire streams to atmospheric turbulence. Professor Felix Klein of Gottingen is said to have been so deeply impressed by the shops and laboratories of our land-grant institutions that he began to employ men as practical as Prandtl. however. the California Institute of Technology and The University of Iowa. he also published as an Engineering Societies Monograph Page no:44 . Much of America's accomplishment.mechengg. a profitable match factory and taught hydraulics part-time at Columbia University. To be sure. A Russian professor and consulting engineer. a journal of which Danel was editor. had developed a magnificent library that included many of the historical works mentioned herein. he was the first to receive from President Kennedy the new National Medal of Science. moreover. under the title History of Hydraulics and thereafter in book form by the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Besearch.mechengg. Petersburg dissertation on open-channel flow. using funds acquired through the sale of the History and other books written by the institute staff. So strong an impression had Danel's collection of source material made upon me that I soon began to purchase similar works for the institute. Page no:45 . A native Hungarian. dissertation was entitled "'A History of Hydraulics to the End of the Eighteenth Century. France. Not long after the war. director of the hydraulics laboratory at the Etablissements Neyrpic. with the collaboration of the late Frank Hanlin. I encouraged one of our own graduate students at Iowa. With such material at hand. Simon Ince. some 350 individual items are now at hand the finest collection that I know to exist on the history of hydraulics. von Karmfin was one of Prandtl's earliest doctoral students and later a very productive professor at Aachen. and his autobiography The Wind and Beyond (not to mention the five volumes of his col lected writings) makes for absorbing reading.` www. Germany. to undertake as his doctoral dissertation a review of the developments described in the foregoing pages. I had the distinct privilege of knowing all three of these very effective engineering scientists. his 1959. In fact. I rewrote and greatly expanded Ince's dissertation. and at present a catalog of the collection is being prepared for publication.net an extended translation of his St. and then to Washington as air force consultant during the war. bringing it up to the middle of the present century. Essentially all of the books cited in these pages are included therein." Later that year I received an appointment as Fulbright research scholar at Grenoble. bibliographer of The University of Iowa Libraries. he migrated to Cal Teeh at Pasadena. This was published as a bilingual supplement to La Houille Blanche. This he did. with the rise of Hitler. where Pierre Danel. These were placed in the University Libraries' Special Collections. ` www.mechengg.net Chapter 5 Page no:46 . google. Vickers Training Center.osb&fp=40f04f0c97159462&biw=1152&bih=773&safe=active http://www..cf. Nonmilitary Publications Hydraulics. Michigan. Moline. 1993. February 197 http://www.co.net ` RE FERENCES SOURCES USED These are the sources quoted or paraphrased in this publication. DOCUMENTS NEEDED These documents must be available to the users of this publication.or. Deere and Company Service Publications.r_pw.pdf http://www.com/dl/manual.2.r_ gc. Department of the Army Forms DA Form 2028. Illinois.marcur. 1997.redboxtools.derijcke. Rochester Hills.pdf http://www.mechengg.www. Industrial Hydraulics Manual. Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms.com/Hydraulics%20Pdf/80-88%20Hydraulic%20Jacks %20Marcur%20Hydraulics.com] Page no:47 .in/#q=hydraulic+jack+pdf+file&hl=en&safe=active&pr md=imvns&ei=gQ4ET7qsM4fWrQeI_a3QDw&start=20&sa=N&bav=on. net Page no:48 .` www.mechengg.