Program on the Geopolitical Implications of Globalization and Transnational SecurityDefinitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a Proposed Definition Dr. Nayef R.F. Al-Rodhan Senior Scholar in Geostrategy and Director of the Program on the Geopolitical Implications of Globalization and Transnational Security Geneva Centre for Security Policy Ambassador Gérard Stoudmann Director Geneva Centre for Security Policy June 19, 2006 To comment, please email Ms. Bethany Webster at [email protected]. All copyrights are reserved by the authors. Avenue de la Paix 7bis P.O. Box 1295 CH-1211 Geneva 1 Telephone Telefax www.gcsp.ch +41 22 906 83 17 +41 22 906 16 49 [email protected] Dr. Nayef R.F. Al-Rodhan Ambassador Gérard Stoudmann Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a Proposed Definition Abstract Many authors have attempted, with relative success, to define globalization in a variety of ways. Some claim that it cannot be done, others claim that it would constrain the meaning to do so, and still others have defied these two beliefs and have constructed a working definition. Despite differing opinions about developing a definition, all authors agree on one thing: that defining this term is anything but easy. This paper will attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing definitions of globalization and introduce our proposed definition: “Globalization is a process that encompasses the causes, course, and consequences of transnational and transcultural integration of human and non-human activities.” All copyrights are reserved by the authors. 2 cultural background. President of the Third World Network 2 in Malaysia. Nayef R. and discourses of power. The definitions presented here reflect some of those viewpoints. as well as the limitations involved in trying to do so: does this hinder discussions about globalization? Does the fact that globalization requires constant defining inhibit or undermine true academic debate about the geopolitical implications of this process before that debate even begins? All copyrights are reserved by the authors. and cultures. of distances getting shorter. with somebody on the other side of the world. referred to globalization as colonization. as the definitions that we present here indicate. Concurrently. a revolution. beyond the scope of this paper to assess the extent to which each of the statements captures reality. it cannot be expounded upon with certainty and be applicable to all people and in all situations. things moving closer. stated that globalization: “is the process of world shrinkage. globalization spans a multitude of disciplines. cultural stability. Swedish journalist Thomas Larsson.F. allows for a variety of viewpoints. the transmission of knowledge. be they economic. Al-Rodhan Ambassador Gérard Stoudmann Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a Proposed Definition Introduction Globalization is not a single concept that can be defined and encompassed within a set time frame. development and stability. Martin Khor. or political. It is. One question remains regarding the potential difficulty of trying to define this concept. and ethnic and religious affiliation provide the background that determines how globalization is interpreted. Despite these challenges. Globalization involves economic integration. to mutual benefit. Rather. An individual’s political ideology. nor is it a process that can be defined clearly with a beginning and an end. and others referring to regression. By its nature. the transfer of policies across borders. however. 3 . it is a global process. as Vidya S. Furthermore. social. with some connotations referring to progress.” 3 These two different interpretations reflect different perspectives rooted in different world positions. and “an establishment of the global market free from sociopolitical control. In 1995. Kumar rightly points out in his article “A Critical Methodology of Globalization: Politics of the 21st Century?”. A. This. It pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world can interact.Dr. social status. colonialism. The impact of globalization is vast. integration and cooperation. relations.” 1 Globalization encompasses all of these things. geographic location. this term brings with it a multitude of hidden agendas. of course. a concept. and destabilization. It is a concept that has been defined variously over the years. It is also vital that these definitions be presented against the reality of the global situation. in his book The Race to the Top: The Real Story of Globalization (2001). we look at issues surrounding the difficulties of defining globalization and discuss the benefits of doing so within the larger debate. communities. the reproduction. sociologists. the new competitive environment that accelerates these processes. we suggest reviewing the definitions that are available in an attempt to truly understand this concept. new migratory movements from South to North.” 6 His article focuses on the debate regarding the definition of such a term and what relation this has to reality.Dr. which is not what we intend to do in this article. while others are broad and inclusive. We have compiled a comprehensive list of definitions of globalization in order to provide a survey of what some academics. So how should one go about defining globalization? Some academics have determined that it is a useless task. theorists. Despite this benefit. and leaders claim globalization actually is. For example. politicians. Each approach has its strengths and weaknesses: more-general definitions tend to be allencompassing but more abstract. the new international division of labor. this can also stall the debate about the implications of this type of globalization because a discussion about negative and positive connotations could lend itself to a paper and subsequent discussion all on its own without delving into deeper ramifications. while more-specific definitions are better justified but narrower in scope. Nayef R. trade agreements. it is at once apparent that some are rather narrow and exclusive. Rather. however. This definition could be used as a basis for a working paper on a number of subjects.” 4 This definition does not have positive or negative connotations but is vague and inclusive. Nor does it try to justify why one definition might be better than another. Robert Cox provides a good example of this approach: “the characteristics of the globalization trend include the internationalizing of production.F. a detailed definition would be suited to this type of discussion. This definition is a bit too vague. Kumar argues that “the debate about what to do about globalization is still very much a debate about what globalization is. Alternatively. and the internationalizing of the state… making states into agencies of the globalizing world. In reviewing current definitions. and just about any other issue that deals with overcoming traditional boundaries. as it may only be applicable to those that agree with this definition. This means that he also needs to be cautious in claiming that some definitions come closer to reality than others. which we were able to use to develop our own definition. Al-Rodhan Ambassador Gérard Stoudmann Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a Proposed Definition This paper does not propose a definition that will be useful and acceptable to everyone. Methodology This study provides a thorough overview of existing definitions of globalization. As mentioned earlier. including technology. this can also be limiting. and we also propose a definition that we think might be broad enough to address most aspects of the process. 4 . All copyrights are reserved by the authors. Kenichi Ohmae stated in 1992 that “globalization means the onset of the borderless world.” 5 This definition is more detailed and contributes more to the discussion. for discussions on the detailed implications of globalization. Due to the complexity of the concept. No matter what definition you adhere to.Dr. and the consequences of these integrations. Many of the definitions presented here are useful in a number of cases and disciplines. the spread of bacteria and non-human diseases such as bird flu. and political aspects of human life (along with many others) that are a part of the human and social sphere. economic. we found agreement with George Ritzer. Globalization is not an endpoint to be discussed and then forgotten. Like the concept of globalization itself. This intermingling has transpired through activities that are both human and non-human in nature. but are not limited to. and consequences of transnational and transcultural integration of human and non-human activities. globalization is complex and multifaceted. any definition that comes close to reflecting the reality of globalization must also be complex and multifaceted. and based on our knowledge of globalization as it is understood today. most scholars realize the significance a definition can have. research projects. However. on whether one gains or loses from it. 5 . it is clear that the literature does not come any closer to an understanding of what globalization actually is. It is a result of the transnational and transcultural integrations that have occurred globally throughout human history. Human activities encompass the linguistic. cultural. the course. it was vital to utilize a broad perspective in order for it to be brief yet as comprehensive as possible. They appear in chronological order. Rather. In general. and economies for hundreds of years. among other things. and discussions usually remain focused on a single aspect of globalization in order to be able to provide some concrete solutions and recommendations. the definitions presented here are broad and may be perceived in a variety of ways. It is also important to include non-human activities. Nayef R. course. articles. as well as natural disasters such as All copyrights are reserved by the authors. which limits their scope (which is the purpose of their usage).” wrote: “[a]ttitudes toward globalization depend. but others remain focused on one point or another. we propose the following definition: “Globalization is a process that encompasses the causes. it is a process. It encompasses the causes.” 7 In reviewing all of these definitions. if one is developed at all.” In the development of our own definition of globalization. Al-Rodhan Ambassador Gérard Stoudmann Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a Proposed Definition Results The results of our overview appear in a table later in this paper. who. in his article “The Globalization of Nothing. which incorporate. Therefore. It is understandable that a definition developed for a particular paper. In our opinion.F. We gathered definitions from both academic and resource guides in an attempt to look for patterns and similarities. would focus on the aspect in question in order to provide a benchmark for the remainder of the paper. a current that has been impacting communities. cultures. When embraced in the context of our definition. tend to lean toward the economic roots of the concept. abundance does not necessarily indicate that with each new definition there has been marked improvement. However. 8 The past decades have allowed for the creativity of humankind to develop the definitions that appear in this paper. individual. So what conclusions might we draw from this overview? To what extent have the definitions helped us understand more fully the concept of globalization? Why should one engage in such a study? Globalization is evolutionary.Dr. it is safe to assume that the majority of definitions will encompass such aspects. it is a process that influences each of us in a number of ways. However. whether politically. this does indicate that notions of globalization. as a majority of our authors have written definitions that are lengthy. and. or socially. globalization can be understood in a way that allows for a greater appreciation of.F. Al-Rodhan Ambassador Gérard Stoudmann Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a Proposed Definition tornadoes. however. They are rarely confined to one or two lines. This becomes more evident when assessing the various All copyrights are reserved by the authors. rather. as well as global. This is illustrative of the complex nature of globalization: in attempting to determine how the impact of globalization is most felt. In addition. economically. one frequently finds oneself debating aspects that are also multidimensional. movement towards furthering. Nayef R. This overview illustrates that many of the definitions refer to questions of economics: of the 114 definitions presented here. This appears to be universal. it is important to recognize that globalization is not a force that needs to be stopped. Since the debate over globalization stems largely from the act of defining the concept. an elaborate definition is more often the norm in addressing this issue. and hurricanes. Discussion This overview of current definitions of globalization can arguably leave one feeling more confused in the discourse than before. 6 . Many of these definitions do. both to our benefit and also to our detriment. security and stability. The abundance of definitions is clearly an indication of the varying opinions that have developed regarding this concept since it first appeared in Webster’s dictionary in 1961. 67 of them make some reference to the economic dimension either through market expansion or the selling of goods and services. Therefore. tsunamis. it is important to see the progression of where the definitions have come from and how different connotations have emerged. As all of these issues impact human and global security. it is our opinion that a truly comprehensive definition must address them. it is a fluid process that is constantly changing with the development of human society. Similarly. rather. the definitions tend to be multifaceted and complex. include other dimensions: quite often they involve political and social aspects as well. consequently. earthquakes. at least in our representation. By exploring the various explanations and thoughts behind the idea that has come to be called globalization. that in order to have a worthwhile debate on globalization.Dr. Al-Rodhan Ambassador Gérard Stoudmann Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a Proposed Definition attempts at defining this idea.F. One could reflect on the impact of globalization for days without having a clear understanding of what in reality the term means.’” 9 This captures the complexity of globalization without actually defining it. “globalization is a ‘world of things’ that have ‘different speeds. In this task. This invites a definition of globalization as: ‘an historical process which engenders a significant shift in the spatial reach of networks and systems of social relations to transcontinental or interregional patterns of human organization. Anthony McGrew’s elaboration of this concept illustrates this point: “globalization [is] a process which generates flows and connections. The definition is a clear indication of what the author’s perspective is on where globalization has come from and. points of origin and termination. continents and civilizations. activity and the exercise of power.’” 10 The challenge of defining globalization is not going to disappear or lose importance anytime in the near future. a definition must be agreed upon at the outset? In a way. what it will mean in geopolitical terms in the future. this is the case. It allows for a balanced view of globalization in a way that can allow for a better understanding of where the term is All copyrights are reserved by the authors. the core of the discourse must be determined by the author. By analyzing what has been offered in attempts to express the meaning of such a complex idea. If nothing else. nations. and there are those that indicate that globalization is a trend. It implies that further elaboration would not be particularly useful. or societies. By looking at the ways in which the definition has changed over the past 45 years. By only having an abstract concept and nothing concrete. it forces the issue to be simplified in one or two sentences. axes. this overview of definitions has made it clear that globalization is many things to many different people. but between global regions. and varied relationships to institutional structures in different regions. then. This paper argues that the perspective of the person who defines globalization shapes any definition thereof. one can ascertain that the future will not give way to a simpler or a more refined means of arriving at a clearer conceptualization of the process. there is no reference point. Nayef R. As Arjun Appadurai noted in 1996. The fluidity of this concept makes concrete recommendations for a definition difficult. we are able to see how the concept has been identified over the course of the approximately thirty years represented in Table 1. There are definitions presented in our table that are timeless. more importantly. 7 . The future of globalization is one that no academic would venture to try to predict. Does this mean. not simply across nation-states and national territorial boundaries. there would be no need for a paper of this nature. Perhaps.” 11 The debate surrounding globalization is a large part of its lifeblood. Conclusion The remaining questions center around the value that defining this concept adds to the globalization debate. In a sense. it is vague and obscure as its reaches are wide and constantly shifting. But the attempt. even if it feels like an everlasting and futile task. As globalization exists at different times and means different things to different facets of society and the international system. it can never fully be defined to the satisfaction of all who are impacted by its implications. Nayef R. the definitions do permit a comprehensive understanding of globalization that is extensive enough to allow us to see what lies at the core of the thoughts of those thinking about the concept in modern discourse. nor would there be the resources to pull together so many definitions. does contribute to the debate and does stimulate discussion about globalization. globalization is the debate about it. It could be argued that the discussion that stems from the definition issue is in fact a vital part of the discourse itself. which in turn sheds further light on the globalization process and its many-sided impact on stability. the meaning of the concept is self-evident. The matter of defining globalization can be deemed useless because of its shifting nature. Despite this difficulty. Being unable to come up with a Webster’s-dictionary-style definition is part of what makes it an interesting point of departure for further discussion and study. 8 . Sociologist Cesare Poppi contributes a thought in this regard: “The literature stemming from the debate on globalization has grown in the last decade beyond any individual’s capability of extracting a workable definition of the concept. and the debate is globalization. Searching for a definition thus does help renew focus on the policy challenges and responses needed. Without one.F. more than any other concept. All copyrights are reserved by the authors. in another. its ambiguity. its influence from the perspective from which one views it. Poppi is correct: globalization is the debate. the other is inconceivable.Dr. Al-Rodhan Ambassador Gérard Stoudmann Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a Proposed Definition rooted and where it might be headed in future research and policy work. Without it. p. 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All copyrights are reserved by the authors. web resource accessed March 21. web resource accessed May 24. It describes the idea that cultures are blending and mixing and where cultural icons and values from dominant Northern cultures are being adopted in the South.org/imstool/GEMI.’" “Tendency toward a worldwide investment and business environment. “Glossary”.ie/resources/glossary.” “Globalization refers to [t]he widening.htm. web resource accessed March 21. It is synonymous with Internationalisation. deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary life.htm. 2006. USA.htm.com/wps/media/objects/213/218150/glo ssary.php. Prentice Hall.wcit. causes and effects are hotly disputed. 2006. 21 20 19 “Referring to the world economy and the world markets.prenhall.uk/folders/gcse_revision_ guide/glossary/page_1.ripon. 2006. web resource accessed May 24. see http://www. “Important Concepts in Global Studies”.bridgemary.” Bridgemary Community Sports College. Killenn. It describes the idea that time and space have been shrunk as a result of modern telecommunications technologies which allow almost instantaneous communication between people almost anywhere on the planet.sch. see http://www.uk/recruitmentcandidates/recruitment-glossary. cultural.com/geo/4/agterms. International communication is commonplace. Texas. Nike and McDonalds. “Terminology”. see http://www. resource accessed March 21. 2006. see http://www.” “[noun] Globalisation is the process of preparing software for use in any language and cultural environment either by designing it to be usable in this way or by adding facilities to existing software to facilitate subsequent localization.” Stanlake Search.” and Harker Heights High School.scottishenterprise. is considered as 'our home' and that some human activities can have a negative effect on people and environments far from their source or have an negative effect on the planet as a whole (UNESCO). page is published by Julie Kay Smithson. Goods and services produced in one part of the world are increasingly available in all parts of the world. while at the same time unique ethnic differences are being strengthened and local identities are being exerted.Dr. It describes that idea that the planet as a whole. 2006. 26 “…an industry or corporation acting on a global scale with manufacturing bases in several countries. web resource accessed March 21.co.bibliotekivest.com/sedotcom_home/help/help-glossary.htm.org/tradeis/glossary. This phenomenon has been titled ‘globalisation. 2006. see http://www. and the integration of national capital markets. Washington Council on International Trade.nsf/WEBDocs/ Glossary. Investor Wiz. E.com/Documents/Glossary. International travel is more frequent. demographic. Scottish Enterprise. 2006.stanlake. Information and money flow more quickly than ever. 30. The Forum for Social Economics. legislation. letters.html for further information.). see http://colours. Lausanne. “Coping with Globalization: The Need for Research Concerning the Local Response to Globalization in Developing Countries”. p. 1/2. 115. 13 In 2001. See http://www. or any materials which will help in the cause to Take Back Wisconsin. Centre for the Study of Higher Education. Issue 2. see http://www. We aim to present the results on recent issues in a way that is understandable to a general audience. p.com/. The Globalization of World Politics. 1992). pp.ca/yorkint/global/conference/canada/pape rs/Simon-Marginson. 2 See http://www. 15. 1997). 62. “The Globalization of Nothing”. Our goal is to reflect current Internet and Web usage in many countries. 95118. in Alan Scott (ed. 327. 4.” Please see http://www. Gessner and A. Larsson. “‘Globalization’ means the enhancement of the worldwide or pan-European spheres of action. Monash University. 2003. Al-Rodhan Ambassador Gérard Stoudmann Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a Proposed Definition Simon Marginson. 1-16. in Alan Scott (ed. 300. as cited in V. 5 R.org. 1 20 . “Freedom and the Market (An Analysis of the Anti-globalisation Movement from the Perspective of the Theoretical Foundation of the Evaluation of the Dynamics of Capitalism by Palanyi.yorku. It has potentially transformative effects within nations. 1996). Nayef R. 10. Hayek and Keynes)”. Summer-Fall 2003. 17 From their webpage: “The purpose of Agtrade. p. Vol. Globalization and Postcolonial Theory in the Age of Endless War”. 15 From their website. An Introduction to International Relations (New York: Oxford University Press. Anthony G. University of Melbourne. 2003. 9 A. as cited in K.com/index. 2. May 26-28. “Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and A Proposed Definition”. 2000. p.). 2003. 4 This quote is part of our definitions table.). p.” The site is maintained by the Department of Agriculture Economics and Rural Sociology at Penn State University in cooperation with the International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium (IATRC).open. 137. No. Australia. SAIS Review.). available at http://www. as well as remaking the common environment in which they are suited and they relate to each other. 10. Budak (eds. 14. Vol. E.Dr. All copyrights are reserved by the authors. p. 2006. 1.mahost.takebackwisconsin. Cox. C. Al-Rodhan and Gérard Stoudmann.openinternetlexicon. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies. 1998). Ethnicity. “Global Legal Interaction and Present-Day Patterns of Globalization”. as cited in G.” Please see http://www. Kumar. pp. see http://www. Gaburro and E.ch/e/publications/Globalisation/index. in J. 87-111. in V. 7 G.F. July 1. and to allow the public to ‘share’ in this information. Geneva Centre for Security Policy. International Journal of Social Economics. Winter 2006. Emerging Legal Certainty: Empirical Studies on the Globalization of Law (Ashgate: Dartmouth Publishing Company.agtrade. 9. see http://www. Vol. the citation that appears here is active as of the date of publication.org/.uk/socialsciences/sociology. pp. pp. as cited in RAWOO Netherlands Development Assistance Research Council. p. However. The public and organizations within the state are encouraged to submit any valuable articles.pdf. 190. Nayef R. “The Multicultural Question”. “Norms for Evaluating Economic Globalization”. Appadurai.twnside. p. Ritzer.gcsp. 8 R. p. p.htm. 2006. 16 The definition that appears on this site was adopted from “Workinfonet. 12 Quanto Financial Technology is “an international venture with the goal to create the premier center of competence in Financial Software in Romania. S. multiracial politics in the movement against global capitalism. 11 C. Kumar. Cultural Critique.” References P. and Globalization”. 1999). Baylis and S. as cited in J. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies. McGrew.not for profit . Fall 2000. 23. 2001). p. No.website. correspondence. Kilminster. Publication No. A.com/. 14.” “Globalization is a process that encompasses the causes. 20. For more information. The purpose is to provide a ‘Portal Depository’ of collected materials from around the state. Elliott.” For more information. The Race to the Top: The Real Story of Globalization (U. V. 3 T.sg/. 10 Appears in our definitions table. Chowdhury. pp. 87-111. course. a paper by the same name. 257. Smith (eds. “Wider Horizons with Larger Details: Subjectivity. 189-200. paper for International Symposium on Sources of Innovation in Multilateralism. p. “The Globalization of World Politics”. Vol. pp. and consequences of transnational and transcultural integration of human and non-human activities. “Interrogating ‘Newness’.” which is inaccessible at this time. Monash Centre for Research in International Education. 126-161. No. 1997).ac. but it originally appeared in Kenichi Ohmae. With Some Reference to the Case of Australia”. S.F. A. The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Global Marketplace (London: HarperCollins. “A Critical st Methodology of Globalization: Politics of the 21 Century?”. n. The dictionary will be open for all who are building multilingual web sites or single-language web sites. 6 st V. “Multilateralism and the Democratization of World Order”. p. A. 14 “The Open Internet Lexicon (OIL) is an initiative to build a dictionary of Web terms (words and short phrases) in many languages. Scholte. news releases. The Limits of Globalization: Cases and Arguments (London: Routledge.” For further information. O’Boyle.org is to educate the interested public about current agricultural trade policy issues.org/. Nikitin and J. “Colours of Resistance (COR) is a grassroots network of people who consciously work to develop anti-racist. “A Critical Methodology of Globalization: Politics of the 21 Century?”. was published by the Pavis Centre. 1994. The Limits of Globalization: Cases and Arguments (London: Routledge.equanto.: Cato Institute. “Globalization as an Emergent Concept”.S. 87. 18 From their webpage: “Take Back Wisconsin is an independent . Issue 2. 98. Modernity at Large: The Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Poppi. “Notes on Globalization and Higher Education. Our business is focused on the recruitment needs of buy and sell-side firms in the financial markets and the technology / IT sector. funded by the Scottish executive. The sector-specific part is concentrated to a digital resource on the internet about speech technology.is a new creation within library functions.no/about_us. consular groups and individuals.wcit.gemi. health & safety performance. this is “Scotland’s main economic development agency.investorwiz. 21 . 21 E Marketing is a company that “develop[s] online marketing programs that work hand-in-hand with [a company’s] offline marketing to give [your company] customer focussed. 26 “SILK . Al-Rodhan Ambassador Gérard Stoudmann Definitions of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a Proposed Definition As explained on their webpage.html.” For further information.” For further information.stanlake.” For more information. public sector and state government representatives.co. books on speech technology and general IT and delivery of services to the companies connected to the speech technology milieu at Tvildemoen in Voss. Nayef R. 20 According to their webpage.com/sedotcom_home/about_se. 25 Washington Council on International Trade is a “private. We are both a sector-specific library and a public library.html.com/index. 23 Investor Wiz is a webpage that offers a “fountain of information for novice investors.F.org/.bibliotekivest.prenhall.scottishenterprise.ie/index. 24 HSE stands for Health.” Available at http://www. see http://vig.org/.htm.Dr.uk/stanlake-profile/index.” Please see http://www. please see http://www. which states: “Business helping business improve environmental. please see http://portal.” Please see http://www.htm?siblingtoggle=1.com/. academia. in addition to be a research library.htm for further information. 19 All copyrights are reserved by the authors. Safety and Environment and is part of the Global Environmental Management Initiative (GEMI). 22 “Stanlake Search was founded in 1990 as a specialist search and selection consultancy. effective solutions that attracts the attention of your market and.emarketing. keeps it. non-profit. non-partisan association comprised of private sector businesses.” Please see http://www. shareholder value and corporate citizenship.” See http://www. more importantly. Prentice Hall is “the world’s leading publisher of academic and reference books.
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