bLklzvf -cg';Gwfgd"ns jflif{s k|sfzg_ jif{ @& cª\s !( k"0ff{ª\s !* @)&# ;+/Ifs uf]ljGbaxfb'/ sfsL{ k|wfg ;Dkfbs wL/s'df/ >]i7 ;Dkfbs uf]ljGbaxfb'/ clwsf/L 1fg' clwsf/L ;Dkfbg ;xof]uL u+ufk|;fb lzjfsf]6L k|sfzs sf]6]Zj/ ax'd'vL SofDk; sf]6]Zj/, dxfb]j:yfg, sf7df8f}F k|sfzs M sf]6]Zj/ ax'd'vL SofDk; sf]6]Zj/, dxfb]j:yfg, sf7df8f}F kmf]g g+= )!–$!%%!$%, $!%%@^^ kf]:6 aS; g+= !#@#(, sf7df8f}F k|sfzg jif{ M @)&# ;xof]u ?= M !)).– sDKo'6/ n]cfp6 M k|bLk yfkf d'b|s M sf];L k|];, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}F kmf]g g+= M $@%!*## I also take this opportunity to express best wishes for the continued success of KMC as well as of the students and faculty members in the days ahead. I would also like to thank all the well wishers for showing both love and trust in KMC. entire faculty as well as the management committee members for being part of the fruitful and successful journey of KMC over the last twenty-six years. It is worthwhile to mention at this point of time that KMC started its humble journey with just 49 students and few TU teachers . Time does not pass. management committee and well wishers as well. I take this grand opportunity to greatly value their indefatigable ef- forts which. In fact. it contin- ues! I have taken the twenty-six years of KMC as a good start for a more wonderful and more successful future of KMC. dedication and wisdom of the teaching faculties. I would like to extend my warm congratulations to all the students. parents. On the happy occasion of 27th year of the establishment of Kotesh- war Multiple Campus (KMC). have immeasurably contributed in bringing the abiding pride to KMC.D. KMC will be able to achieve its long cherished vision of contributing to bringing positive and constructive changes in the society with its quality education at af- fordable price. parents. The year 2047 BS (1990 A. I sincerely hope that with collective efforts of all the students. It is a matter of great satisfaction that the special edition of the Deepshikha is being published by including more such stories of inspirations. faculty members. It should not go without saying that it requires more perseverance.) was just like any other year in the calendar but it has been very fascinatingly connected with our present as well as with our future. more efforts and more contribution. and good planning and far-sighted vision of the management committee. It is very exciting to note that KMC is getting along with its vision and we are ready for unfolding more successful chapters in the future. I believe. it is really inspiring. I am confident that the enabling environment for excellence will be further nurtured by the creativity and diligence of the stu- dents. I also wish a success of the pub- lication Deepshikha. Now the Campus has more than two thousand stu- dents and around five dozen dedicated quality teachers. Kathmandu. the Campus is planning to launch more streams and specializations as per the demand of time and need of the society. Mahendra Bahadur Pandey Chairman Campus Managing Committee Koteshwor Multiple Campus . Thank you! 15 January 2017. The Campus has also paid due attention to incorporate latest technologies in teaching-learning modules. Education and Humanities. Apart from the faculties of Commerce. and all those associated with the Campus even brighter and more successful days ahead.in 2047 BS. It is hoped that such advancements promoted by the Campus for qualitative education will be much more easier after constructing and shifting to its own building in the space provided by the Government in Jadibuti. Nepal Hon. Lastly. I again wish KMC a complete success in its vision and mission. ~rflnt 5 . .an kIfx¿nfO{ sfod /fvL b'a{n kIfnfO{ .Fu} xfdL.Fu.~rflnt o. .Dk"0f{ .kmn ePsf] 5 .'lglZrttf (Quality Assurance and Accreditation. . .f+u7flgs .jf]{Rrtf / .|f]t / .kmn ePsf] 5 .g cflbdf u'0f:t/Lo agfP/ nluPsf] 5 h. pTs[i6 glthf.Fu sfg'gsf] kf/blz{tf. . u'0fjfg\ ljBfyL{ pTkfbg ug]{ d"n Woosf .'wfb}{ r'gf}tLnfO{ .n] cfˆgf] ljlzi6 klxrfg :yflkt u/fpg .Sg] Jofjxfl/s tyf k|fljlws lzIff / /fli6«o p2]Zo k|fKt ug]{ bIf hgzlSt pTkfbg ug]{ nIo lnP/ cufl8 a9]sf] . lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] pRrtd lj:tf/ eO{ tbg'¿k .fnL k4lt.bfrf/n] ubf{ clxn] pRr lzIffsf If]qdf sf]6]Zj/ ax'd'vL SofDk. o.jsf] v'l. . cfˆg} b]zsf] .Dej 5}g. / lj:tf/ ub}{ n}hfg] k|lta4tf JoSt ub{5' .fwgnfO{ .dk{0f efjsf .+:yfsf] .fd'bflos ¿kdf .+:yfsf] @& cf}F jflif{sf]T.ofnLdf o.~rfngfy{ k4lt a.+:yf .kmntfsf @& cf]6f uf}/jzfnL j. .n] ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u (UGC) n] tf]s]sf k|fjwfgx¿ k'/f ug{ nflu/x]sf] Joxf]/f cjut u/fpF5' .fy .Fu .'zf.+:yfsf] hLjgd"No agfPsf 5f}F .s]sf] 5 .fdgf u/L o.Dd k'/f ug{ ./df abNg] k|0f u/]sf 5f}F h'g s'/f sfdgf u/]/ .+:yf cljrlnt ¿kdf nflu/x]sf] 5 .n] ubf{ xfdLnfO{ uf}/jflGjt agfPsf] 5 .fy sfo{ u/]/ k'/f ug]{ nIo . ljl- wsf] .do / /fli6«o cfjZostfnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug]{ u/L SofDk. . sd{rf/L. cfufdL lbgdf xfdL .'lglZrttfsf] nflu SofDk. dfly plNnlvt p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu .d'lrt pkof]u ug{ .+:yfsf . ljBfyL{.Gt kf/ ul/. .dfh kl/jt{g ug]{ bIf. pTs[i6 lzIf0f ljlw.+:yfn] .:+yf yk u'0f:t/Lotfn] ljsf.ª\ut 9ª\un] cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 .DaGw /fVg] .nfO{ cj. Jofjxfl/s lzIff. xfdLn] u'0f:t/LotfnfO{ .+:yf. o.~rflnt ljZj kl/b[Zodf casf] lzIff ljZj ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o u'0f:t/sf].+:yfn] . sf]6]Zj/ ax'd'vL SofDk. cufl8 al9/x]sf] x'Fbf SofDk.+:yf cfˆgf] . z}lIfs sfo{qmd. k|lqmofsf] :jR5Gbtf.sf] .du| cfGtl/s u'0f:t/ . QAA) k|fKt ug]{ cfwf/nfO{ @^ jif{sf] cGt/fndf w]/} xb. .+:yfdf lzIfs.du| cfGtl/s u'0f:t/ ./f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ awfO{ tyf wGojfb lbFb} . +:yf.+Vof glthf.kmntf .d[l4af6 :yfloTj xfl. ljBfyL{ .kmntfsf] nflu cxf]/fq vl6g] lzIfs. sd{rf/L tyf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . o. xfn ±@ b]lv :gftsf]Q/ tx.a}nfO{ awfO{ 1fkg ub{5' . cfufdL lbgdf . cfb/0fLo dxfg'efjx¿..Dd . cGTodf. sf]6]Zj/ ax'd'vL SofDk.+:yf yk .ldlt :t'To 5 h.n ug{ . u'0f:t/Lotfsf nflu .kmn ePsf] 5 . cfufdL lbgdf klg o:tf sfo{ SofDk.kmn x'g] k"0f{ ljZjf.~rfns .~rfngdf /x]sf sfo{qmdx¿ yk lj:tf/ ub}{ nlug] 5 .ª\uf] .xof]usf] ck]Iff /fV5' .fy cufl8 a9]sf 5f}F .Dk"0f{ kIfaf6 /rgfTds . JoSt ub}{ .kmn 9ª\un] xfFSg .Dk"0f{ tfn's lgsfox¿nfO{ wGojfb JoSt ub{5' .a}sf] . uf]ljGbaxfb'/ sfsL{ SofDk. .} u/L.n] :yfloTjsf] ofqf cufl8 a9fpg] qmddf cfˆg} ejg lgdf0f{ sfo{ lg/Gt/ cufl8 al9/x]sf]n] .d[4 ePsf] 5Fb} 5 .} hudf 6]s]/ SofDk.n] cufl8 a9fpg] / pSt sfo{x¿df . k|d'v @)&#÷!)÷)^ . .kmn ePsf]df .+:yfnfO{ .+:yfsf] lg/Gt/ .f}+ jif{ k'u]sf] v'l.an / .xof]u ldNg] ck]Iff /fv]sf] 5' .n] .Fu . o.ofnLdf o. l. To.QfO. .DalGwt .lxt . s]sf] 5 . cfhsf lbgdf k|lt:kwf{Tds k|ltof]lutfx¿df of]Uotfsf] b/f] cfwf/pk/ pleg .Fu 5}gg\ ./df pxfFx? .lDdlnt eP/ cfkm"nfO{ cAan k|dfl0ft ug{ .Ddsf] ofqf to u/]sf xf}F .Ú :yfkgfsf] .sf ¿kdf :yflkt o./df kl/0ft u/L ldlxg]t k|bz{g ug{ . xfdL. oL sfo{qmdx¿df SofDk.n] dfgljsL.~rfns .s]sf] 5 .fIo xf] of] …bLklzvf . o.. casf lbgdf cfh.Dd k'¥ofO. lbzfdf y'k|} z}lIfs .n] :yfkgfsf] rf}yfO zts k'/f u/]/ cufl8 al9. .fd'bflos SofDk. sf]6]Zj/ ax'd'vL SofDk. cj.+/If0f u/]/ afFsL k|flKtsf nflu bQlrQ /xg'kg]{ cfjZostf xfd|f . .s]sf] 5 .dIf cufl8 .+:yfsf] :yfloTj / bL3{ hLjgsf nflu lrlGtt . o.Lldt .x[boL xftx¿ .} u/L .Sg] eof}F eGg] nfu]sf] 5 .'? u/]sf] ofqfnfO{ prfO / pTsif{sf] Pp6f lglZrt ljGb'.kmn ePsf k|dfl0ft tYo oxfF cleJoSt ug{ kfpFbf xfdLn] s'/f u/]/ xf]Og sfd u/]/ b]vfpg .dofjlwdf SofDk.fd' pkl:yt 5 .a}k|lt cfef/ JoSt ug{ kfpg' xfd|f nflu uf}/jk"0f{ If0fsf ¿kdf pkl:yt 5 .n] z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf .~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 .n ug]{ lbzfdf SofDk.|f]t. lzIff / Joj:yfkg .}sf] Pp6f .f/]sf 5g\ .af6 .ª\VofTds / u'0ffTds km8\sf] dfl/.Tk|of.ldlt. :yfgLo a'l4hLjL Pjd\ . o. . cfsf/df oxfFaf6 pTkfbg ePsf hgzlStx¿ cfhsf lbgdf ljZjsf ljleGg s'gfdf k'u]/ k|ltof]lutfTds k|lt:kwL{sf ¿kdf . o.dlk{t lzIfs Pjd\ sd{rf/L / sl7g kl/l:yltsf] r'gf}tLk"0f{ w/ftnLo oyfy{nfO{ . ltgLx¿n] cfsif{0fsf y'k|} Kofs]hx¿ pkef]Stf .ª\sfotkm{ sIff !!÷!@ b]lv :gftsf]Q/ tx.DkfbsLo ========= :yfgLo :t/df .s]sf] cj:yf 5 .n] .Fu 5g\ t s]jn b[9 OR5fzlSt / .xif{ cj. . log} d"n k'FhLsf e/df xfdLn] oxfF. SofDk./sf ¿kdf pkof]u u/L afFsL k|ultx¿ xfl. x]bf{ lrQfsif{s b]lvg] To:tf lemlnldnL Kofs]hx¿ xfdL. o.nfO{ cj.+:yfx¿ v'n]sf 5g\ .fy} cltl/St lqmofsnfk / k|fl1s sfo{nfO{ dxŒj lbFb} cfPsf] 5 .Sg] hgzlSt pTkfbg ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .Sg] ljBfyL{x¿ . o.Dd k|fKt pknlAwnfO{ .Dd cfOk'Ubf Pp6f lglZrt cfsf/ u|x0f ul/.ª\3if{k"0f{ o.'? ePsf] ofqfn] cfhsf lbg.fwg / ljBfyL{ Pjd\ lzIfssf] .Ddsf z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ .n] z"Goaf6 . 'emfj Pjd\ k|ltlqmof k|fKt ug]{ cfzfsf . k|fKt ug{ . eljiodf klg o.n] klg 8]9 bh{geGbf a9L cª\sx¿ k|sflzt ul/. . lsl.s]sf] 5 .Dkfbs d08n ljz]if lgj]bg xfn g]kfnL efiffsf] n]vgdf j0f{ ljGof. z[ª\vnfdf y'k|} ljåfg\ dxfg'efjx¿sf cWoog.df . ho u'0f:t/Lo lzIff . sfod /xg]5 eGg]df ljZj:t /xFb} o. To:t} oxfF k|sflzt n]v / . . . s:tf] /x\ of] < oxfFx¿sf] cd"No .Nnfx. cWofkg / cg'. .s]sf] 7fg]sf 5f}F .fdfGo kl/dfh{g dfq u/L h:tfsf] t:t} k|:t't u/]sf 5f}F .Gwfgn] kl/is[t kl/dflh{t lj1tfx¿nfO{ :yfg lbg kfPsf]df xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{ pxfFx¿sf] ljZjf.dsf] ljZjf.fy clxn]nfO{ oxLF lj>fd rfxG5f}F . ho sf]6]Zj/ ax'd'vL SofDk.Dkfbs d08n .sf ljljw ¿kx¿ k|rngdf /x]sf sf/0f xfdLn] n]vssf j0f{ ljGof.s]xL jif{kl5b]lv k|sflzt x'g yfn]sf] o. lg/Gt/tfsf] o. cª\sdf klg xfdLn] sl/a 8]9 bh{g ljåfg\sf lj1tfx¿ k:s]sf 5f}F .dfnf]rgfdf k|:t't ljifo / ljrf/df n]vs :jo+ g} lhDd]jf/ /xg] a]xf]/f hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5f}F . .Sg].df . l.df kl/j]z uf]s'n kf]v|]n =================================== 1 @= ‘tfbL lsgf/sf] uLt’ pkGof.dfh dgf]lj1fg 1fg' clwsf/L ======================================================================!@ #= sf]6]Zj/j/k/sf] lth uLt efjgf k/fh'nL====================================================================!( $= le8Gt syfdf If0f./L l."rL g]kfnL v08 != ‘lx6n/ / ox'bL’ pkGof. ljifo .sfpg] < w|'j g]kfn ================================================================================%$ &= g]kfnL cy{tGqdf ljk|]if0fsf] k|s[lt (Nature of Remittance in Nepalese Economy) ljhos'df/ kl08t ==========================================================^@ *= k':tsfnosf] Oltxf. hflt / kof{j/0f dx]z lIflth =========================================================================#) %= c.n / k|efjsf/L JolStTj lgdf{0f /fdafa' g]kfn=======================================================================$@ ^= k9]sf s'/f hLjgsf nflu x'g\ / glhs} 5g\ M s. dxTTj / r'gf}tL 8'sxl/ lg/f}nf====================================================================^% . Three Dimensional Panels: An alternative to contemporary construction technology and product (Brick) Manoj Adhikari 92 5. The value Contribution and Responsibility of Teacher Manoj Karna 97 6. Constitutional and Legal Status of Consumer Protection Issues and Practice in Nepal Ram Kumar Rai 105 8. Nepalo Malfermas la Pordon (Nepal Opens the Door) Bharat Ghimire 71 2. Women: Unity and Social Integration in Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns Sabitri Dhakal 126 . cª\u|]hL v08 1. Reading Level Problems faced by Deaf students Gobinda Bahadur Adhikari 79 3. Black Boy: A Portrait of the Artist as a Black Man Gaurav Bhattarai 86 4. Nepal Rastra Bank: An Introduction as the central bank of Nepal Raju Thapa 99 7. .Gbe{ dfgl.df pkGof.df k|:t't b]z. . xTof ul/Psfn] Tof] s'g} klg xfntdf dfgjLo cl:tTjsf b[li6n] pko'St 5}g tyf Tof] o'4 h'g. pkGof. bLklzvf ÷ 1 .df kl/j]z uf]s'n kf]v|]n != ljifo kl/ro k|:t't cfn]vdf lx6n/ ox'bL pkGof.x¿sf] aLeT.flxlTos s[ltdf kl/j]znfO{ . /Lltl:ylt. …lx6n/ / ox'bLÚ pkGof.}n] .sf/n] låtLo ljZjo'4sf] kl/j]z / To.s cj:yfnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 .s kl/j]zsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .Fu hf]8]/ k"jL{o .Dd k'u]/ o.df k|o'St kl/j]znfO{ cWoogsf] k|d'v kIf agfOPsf] 5 .n] u/]sf ofjt\ cg'dfgx¿ dfgl.Gbe{ dxfef/tb]lv låtLo ljZj o'4 / To.n] l.sf] kl5. pkGof.Eotfsf] dxfef/t o'4 / uLtf bz{g Pjd\ dxfef/tsf] cfw'lgs .dfh lj/f]wL lyP eGg] wf/0ff k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . kl/j]z.s jftf/0f cfpF5 .Ddsf] c.flxTosf] Ps rlr{t pkGof.kmn ePsf] 5 .Dd / oyfy{ ¿kn] ef/t x'Fb} o'/f]k. 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Fu klg hf]8]/ x]g]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . .flxlTos s[ltdf k|:t't ePsf 36gf / . @)%^ M #%_ .+:s[lt klg kl/j]z lgdf{0fsf] d'Vo cfwf/ xf] .du| ¿knfO{ kl/j]z elgG5 .DaGw Pjd\ . z}lIfs cflb k|. jftfj/0fcGtu{t rflxF b]z / sfncGtu{t 36]sf 36gfsf sf/0fn] pTkGg dfgl.Gbe{. To:t} tTsfnLg sflns .flxlTos s[ltsf] lgdf{0fdf kl/j]z clgjfo{ 36ssf ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 .s cg'e"ltsf] .}4flGts cfwf/ .flxTodf jl0f{t b]z. dfgjLo .Fu .an cleJolSt jftfj/0fcGtu{t x'g] u5{ . kl/j]zcGtu{t b]z.}n] kl/j]z .} kl/j]z pTkGg ug]{ dfgl.DalGwt 5g\ . ctM .Fu} tflgP/ cfpg] tTsfnLg / tT:yflgs .Gbe{nfO{ u|x0f u/]/ kf7sdf 2 ÷ bLklzvf .]l6ª klg elgPsf] xf] .Fu . cfly{s.sf] .fdflhs / cfly{s k[i7e"ld cflb xf] eGg] k|:6 x'G5 -g]kfn.flxTodf jl0f{t ljleGg 36gf / . . sfn / jftfj/0fnfO{ vf]tNg] k|oTg ul/Psf] 5 .s lrQj[lQ. /fhg}lts. sfn / jftfj/0f cGtlg{lxt eP/ cfpg] x'gfn] o.flxTodf b]z.df kl/j]zcGtu{tsf log} b]z. b]z / sfn cfpFbf To.h{gf u/]sf 5g\ eGg] kIf g} kl/j]zcGtu{t cfpg] d'Vo ljifox¿ x'g\ .Fu .flxTodf x'G5 . hLjg / hut\sf] snfTds cleJolSt .flxTodf ePsf] x'G5 .]l6ª.DalGwt x'G5 .Da4 ljleGg 36gf. To.gLotfsf nflu klg kl/j]zsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 .flxTodf kl/j]zsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf x'G5g\ .flxTodf x'g] ePsfn] hLjg / hut\sf 36gfx¿sf] cleJolSt .Gbe{n] .dosf] ljZj..Fu hf]l8P/ cfpg] cg]s . d"ntM cfVofgsf . sf]O/fnfåf/f lnlvt lx6n/ / ox'bL pkGof.flxTodf kl/j]z cWoogsf] . kl/j]znfO{ kof{j/0f. o. To:t} hg>'lt jf lnh]G8 klg .DalGwt 5 -a/fn / P6d.du| . afXo kl/j]zcGtu{t b]z / sfn cfpF5g\ . kfq. sfn / jftfj/0fsf] .Ëx¿n] klg . O{= @))% M !$_ . rfnrng.flxTodf s] s:tf] jftfj/0f l. oyfy{ kl/j]z jt{dfg.DalGwt x'G5 eg] ldysLo kl/j]z ctLt jf ldys. .Gbe{df x]bf{ kl/j]zn] Oltj[Qsf] qmd / k|s[ltnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ jf rl/qx¿sf] afXo r/0f Pjd\ afXo kl/j]znfO{ ljlzi6tf k|bfg ug]{ k|s[lt. . @= . syfj:t'. kl/j]z oyfy{ / ldysLo u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 .+/rgfTds kIfsf] lgdf{0fdf kl/j]zn] E"ldsf v]n]sf] kfOG5 .flxlTos s[ltdf 36gfx¿ sxfF sxfF 36]sf 5g\Ù slxn] slxn] 36]sf 5g\Ù tL 36gf / .Fu .fdflhs.+:s[lt. sfn / jftfj/0f tyf To.flxTosf] kl/j]zcGtu{t cfPsf] x'G5 .Fu .nfO{ . . efiffz}nL h:tf .flxlTos s[ltsf :y"n . ljrf/wf/f cflbsf] k|ltlglwTj .flxlTos s[ltdf jl0f{t ePsf :yfg. jf:tjdf kl/j]z cfGtl/s / afXo u/L b'O{j6f x'G5g\ . cGtu{t dfgjLo .flxlTos s[ltsf] k7gsf qmddf cfpg] dfgl.~r/0f x'g] u5{ .dosf] kof{j/0fnfO{ hgfpF5 .flxTodf syfj:t' / .}n] :yfgLo /ª klg kl/j]zcGtu{t g} .fy} pkGof.+:sf/.du|tf cfpF5 .df /ªsf] efj pTkGg x'G5 . o. @)^# M %$_ . cGtå{Gå. jftfj/0f b]zsfnsf t'ngfdf .af6 kf7ssf s?0ff.f/sf ofjt\ kIfx¿ ljZj.s k|efjnfO{ a'emfpF5 .dosf] k|efjn] l.leq / aflx/sf] .dosf] .flxTodf pTkGg dfgl.Gbe{leq .gLo ¿kn] k|:t't x'G5g\ .df k|:t't ul/Psf] jf 36]sf] .Fusf] .doeGbf klg pkGof.+:sf/hGo s'/fsf . b]z / sfnsf] . . .f/sf lar e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . qmf]w. s'g} :yfgsf] kl/j]z ptfl/g' cyjf .leq hflt efiff. wd{.flxTosf] rl/qsf] .du|df . :yfg.d]l6G5 .f+:s[lts / k|fs[lts kIfsf] . kf7snfO{ /.s] s:tf] efj pTkGg x'G5 tyf .+j]u.Gbe{n] .n] pkGof. kl/j]zn] pkGof.dfhsf] Oltj[Q ptfg]{ sfd x'g' jftfj/0fsf] sfo{ dflgG5 . gLlt.+:s[ltsf ¿kdf /x]sf kIfx¿sf .} sf/0fn] .do.do xf]Ù hxfF kfqn] sfo{ u/]sf] :yn / . n]vgsf] . To.Fu b]z / sfnsf] . . .flxTodf s] s:tf] dfgl.s cj:yf. .doj[Q cfpF5g\ -a/fn / P6d. Oltxf. . @)^# M !%_ .do eGg] a'emfpF5 -nfld5fg].flGgWon] bLklzvf ÷ 3 . rfnrng cflb cfpF5g\ . O{iof{. cy{ sfo{ Jofkf/.xof]u ub{5g\ . 8/ h:tf dgf}j}1flgs kIfx¿sf] c:yfoL / :yfoL . cfj]u. /xg. o. o. ljt[i0ff cflbsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 .flxlTos s[ltdf k|:t't ljleGg sfo{Jofkf/ut 36gf .sf] :yfg / . .+:s[lt.s cg'e"lt u/fpg] lsl.h{gf x'g] 36gf / k|lt36gf tyf To.sf] cfgGb. jftfj/0fn] . dfgl.Fu /xG5 -a/fn. To:t} sfn eGgfn] kfqn] cfˆgf] sfo{snfk k|:t't u/]sf] .xg.flxTodf ptfl/Psf] :yfg / .fy} afXofGtl/s . .h{gf x'g k'U5 . b]z / sfnsf] vf.df jl0f{t 36gfleq . :yfgLo /ª eGgfn] lglZrt :yfgsf] lglZrt .s jftfj/0f xf] .flxlTos s[ltdf :yfgLo /ª jf cf~rflnstfsf] l.flxTosf/n] .+. vf. :yfgLo /ªcGtu{t :yfg / sflns .flxlTos s[ltleqsf] eo ldl>t / /fu ldl>t cfsif{0f jf ljsif{0fn] .df cfVofgsf] syfgs cufl8 a9\b} hfFbf kfq÷kf7sdf pTkGg x'g] b'Mv."Id dflgG5 .af6 . o. o.donfO{ a'lemG5.flxTodf b]z eg]sf] kfqn] cfˆgf] sfo{snfk ug]{ 7fpF eGg] a'lemG5 .Gbe{n] g} e"ldsf v]N5 . @)%^ M #%_ .+.'v. To.+of]hg ubf{ vf.DaGw kl/j]z. e"uf]n. 3[0ff.Dd k'Ug .dsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 Tof] g} .DaGw /x]sf] 5 .flxlTos s[ltdf 36]sf] sfo{ ljj/0f slxn]sf] xf] / Tof] sfo{ s'g :yfgdf 36\of] eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/. o. tyf . o. cfVofgsf] syfgs.dli6df jftfj/0fsf] lgwf{/0f x'G5 -a/fn / P6d. /fhgLlts. ljleGg hftLo / n}lËs d'2f cflbsf] klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . . cfˆgf] :jf:Yof]krf/sf nflu .n] hLjg / hut\nfO{ uLtf bz{gdf k|ltkflbt lgoltsf ljrf/af6 x]g]{ k|oTg u/]sf] 5 . pkGof. ljifflb cflb pTkGg u/fpF5 .}sf] j}rfl/s k|:t'ltsf qmddf bz{gsf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 . / hd{gh:tf b]zx¿sf] e|d0f ug{ k'U5 ta pm l.Ëf] dfgjtfsf] ljgfz ePsf] b]v]/ b'MvL x'G5 . x'G5g\ .lsG5 . To:t} ha …dÚ kfq k|mfG.sf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . pkGof. cfly{s cj:yf. cfzlSt. 3[0ff.fdflhs.sf] 36gf jf kfqsf] sfo{n] kf7snfO{ sNkgfsf] c.df k|yd / låtLo ljZjo'4n] kf/]sf] gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{ lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . #= …lx6n/ / ox'bLÚ pkGof.DalGwt eP/ cfpg] kfqsf dfg. eujb\uLtfdf k|ltkflbt lgoltjfbL bz{gsf sf]7faf6 o. of] pkGof.sf] ¿kdf lng .sf] efje"ld k"jL{o uLtf bz{gaf6 . vf. @)%^ M ##_ .dfhsf] o.}4flGts dfGotfsf] pkof]u u/]/ sf]O/fnfåf/f lnlvt lx6n/ / ox'bL pkGof. pkGof. pkGof. …dÚ kfqsf] ofqf j[QfGtsf ¿kdf cfPsf] o. . .df lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .sf] k[i7e"ld / sYo lx6n/ / ox'bL pkGof. .'?df aDaO{ / To.fy} o.df hLjg / hut\nfO{ x]g]{ k|oTgsf nflu gf/fo0fg\ gfd u/]sf] kfqnfO{ cl3 .n] ubf{ p.df lj.+:d/0ffTds z}nLsf] pkGof.n u/]sf] 5 To. lnË e]b h:tf cg]sg\ dfgj lj/f]wL ultljlwsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .kl5 o'/f]ksf] ofqfdf lgl:sPsf] …dÚ kfqn] ofqfsf qmddf h] h:tf 36gf / cg'ejx¿ xfl. pkGof. v/fgLdf 4 ÷ bLklzvf . u/L låtLo ljZjo'4n] Wj:t ePsf] o'/f]kn] …dÚ kfqnfO{ b|jLe"t agfpF5 .fy. k|yd / låtLo ljZj o'4 sfnLg o'/f]k]nL . pkGof.ËltjfbL bz{gdf k'u]/ cGTo ePsf] 5 .df hflt e]b. z"GojfbL lrGtg.Ld p8fgdf 8'nfO{ lbg klg .'v.nfO{ cfTd. qmf]w cflb efjsf] pb\af]wg / ltgsf] kl/t[lKt g} jftfj/0f xf] -e§/fO{.Fu .df x'g] sfo{Jofkf/n] kf7sdf 5f8\g] k|efjnfO{ jftfj/0f elgG5 .sf dgdf ljiffb.} . o.k6ndf Ps k|sf/sf] efj t/ª\u pTkGg u/fpg] u5{ -nfld5fg] @)^^ M !*#_ . xif{h:tf u'0f cju'0fx¿sf d"n k'm6\5g\ cyf{t\ :yfoL efjsf] p2Lkg x'G5 / ltgsf] .sf] syfgs cl3 a9\b} hfFbf kf7sdf pTkGg x'g] b'Mv.'? eP/ kfZrfTo lj. låtLo ljZjo'4n] lgDTofPsf kl/0ffdx¿ cToGt aLeT. :t/. kL8f.ËltjfbL lrGtg. kf7ssf dgdf cfzlSt Iff]e. uLtf bz{gcGtu{tsf] lgoltjfbL h:tf cg]s bfz{lgs dfGotf klg cfPsf 5g\ .fl/Psf] 5 .fy. @)&! M!$_ . o. /ª e]b.fy} tTsfnLg ljZj dfgjsf] r]tgfsf] cj:yf. p. Iff]e.S5 h. Í]t u/]/ o'4 lj/f]wL bz{gsf] .sf/n] :jLsf/ ug{ rfx]sf] a'lemG5 -P]hg.af6 klg sf]O/fnfsf] dfgjtfjfbL bz{g :ki6 x'G5 . o. dxfef/tsf] n8fOF / lx6n/n] dRrfPsf] g/.cGtu{tsf] kl/j]z bLklzvf ÷ 5 . o.fu/ x'Fb} qmdzM o'/f]k.Í]t ub}{ lgolthGo kl/0ffdnfO{ pkGof.dfg ¿kn] bf]ifL 5g\ tyf oL b'j} dfgjtf lj/f]wL x'g\ eGg] b[li6sf]0f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pkGof.do / kl/l:ylt clg o'4sf] sf/0f / To. $= …lx6n/ / ox'bLÚ pkGof.'?jftdf g} aDaO{ .af6 ePsf] b]lvG5 -rfln.|f] dxfo'4df dfl/Psf dflg.df g]kfn.kl5sf b'O{j6f cWofox¿df lxGb dxf.sf] k[i7e"ld lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . pkGof. dfgjtfjfbL b[li6n] x]bf{ b'j} o'4df g/. @*$_ .Ddsf] .n] h'g. .x¿ .+jfbaf6 hlt klg ljrf/x¿ k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ tL uLtf bz{gdf cfwfl/t 5g\ .} o'4n] lgDTofPsf] ljgfznLnfdf dfgjtfjfbL b[li6sf]0fnfO{ s]Gb|df /flvPsf] 5 . kl/0ft ePsf] hd{gsf] 8lAng . @)^( M #%@_ . o.df JoSt 5 .kl5sf] cWofodf …dÚ kfq aDaO{af6 g]kfn kmls{Psf] 5 .+xf/nfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ g.dy{g ug]{ sfd pkGof. of] pkGof.df gf/fo0fg\ lx6n/ / O{Zj/ cflbsf k|.+/lrt 5 . ToxfFsf] Jo:t b}lgsL tyf lqmofsnfknfO{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .df JoSt 5 . b'j} o'4df o'4sf] dof{bf tf]lsPsf].sf] kl/0ffdnfO{ / .zSt lj/f]w u/]sf 5g\ .df kl/j]z k|:t't pkGof.]. . b'j} o'4df dfgjtfsf] xgg ePsf].a} plQs} dxŒjk"0f{ x'g]tkm{ .Ë / . o'4sf] cj:yf.Ët hLjg lrGtg tyf gf/fo0fg\sf dfWodaf6 JoSt lgoltjfbL dfGotfnfO{ s]nfpg k'u]sf] 5 . To. To. b'j} o'4df zlStsf] b'?kof]u ePsf] s'/fnfO{ . pkGof. lx6n/n] O{Zj/.lqmo x'Fbf o'4sf] k|s[lt. P3f/ j6f cWofodf .Sb}g eGg] ljrf/ klg pkGof. ef/t tyf o'/f]ksf] kl/j]z k|:t't ePsf] 5 .'s} dfgj ljgfzs o'4x¿sf] .sf/sf] a'l4 kIf .dfg ¿kn] lgbf]{if lyP / oL b'j} o'4sf cfof]hs eujfg\ >Ls[i0f / lx6n/ .du|Dff o. To. dfgjtfsf] ljsNk s]xL klg x'g .lsg] / gx'g] efj cleJoSt ul/Psf] 5 . oL 36gfnfO{ s]jn lgolt eg]/ dfq pGd'lSt lbg' x'Fb}g eGg] dfgjtfjfbL lrGtg o.+xf/ b'j} dfgjtf lj/f]wL lqmofsnfk x'g\ .|f] ljZjo'4nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ pkGof.fd'lb|s ofqf / To. To.x/nfO{ b]v]/ …dÚ kfqn] lj. bf].|f] cWofodf cfPsf] 5 . s'g} klg d"Nodf g/.Fu lbPsf] k|ltpQ/ Joª\Uok"0f{ ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ . pkGof.x/sf] kl/j]z cfPsf] 5 .sf] . dxfef/tsf] o'4 / bf].+xf/ ePsf].}n] g]kfnsf] kl/j]z bf]. fd'lb|s hnofqfsf] :ynut kl/j]z klg o. .df cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 eGg] k|:6 x'G5 .x/sf] kl/j]znfO{ pkGof.kl5sf] kl/j]z a]nfotaf6 .leqsf] kl/j]z cflbnfO{ lgs} .df g]kfnsf] kl/j]z klg cfPsf] 5 . pm pkrf/sf nflu la|6]gsf] nG8g l:yt c:ktfndf egf{ ePsf] 5 . p.df aDaO{sf] k|.df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} . To:t} p. 7'nf7'nf pBf]u.Ë klg o. To. To.df cfPsf] 5 . sfn / jftfj/0fsf cfwf/df 5'6\ofpg .fd'lb|s lsgf/sf] kl/j]z tyf To. xfgcf]e/. ToxfF …dÚ kfqn] s]xL xKtf :jf:Yof]krf/ u/fPsf] 5 . To.t / .df cfPsf 5g\ . kfgLhxfhleqsf ljleGg 36gfqmdx¿ o. aDaO{ dxfgu/sf] cltJo:t b}lgsLnfO{ o.+:d/0ffTds z}nLdf n]lvPsf] 5 .Gbe{ /x]sf] 5 . cfPsf] 5 . pkGof.dfKt ePsf] 5 .'?d} k|:t't pkGof. o. . pkGof.DalGwt ljleGg 36gfqmdx¿åf/f k|:t't pkGof..kl5 . nG8gdf 3'Dg] qmddf . log} 7fpFx¿ / tL 7fpF.lsG5 .sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . cfTd.sf] sf7df8f}Fdf 3/ /x]sf] k|. o. …dÚ kfqsf] o'/f]k ofqf nG8g dxfgu/af6 ePsf] 5 . k]l/. .lko/ hGd]sf] 7fpF :6«f6kmf]8{ :6sxf]d cflb :ynx¿ 3'd]sf] 5 . of] pkGof. gh/af6 x]bf{ k|:t't pkGof.leqsf] kl/j]znfO{ b]z. nG8g. To. clt 3gf hg3gTj.cGtu{t …dÚ kfq h]ndf /x]sf] :d[ltut .x/sf] kl/j]z cfPsf] 5 . k'u]sf :yfg / cg]s 36gfx¿sf] snfTds cleJolSt pkGof. $=!= …lx6n/ / ox'bLÚ pkGof.d'b|L ofqf .'? ePsf] 5 . 7'nf7'nf 3/x¿. o.df ef/tsf] aDaO{ .kl5 pm o'/f]ksf ljleGg b]zx¿sf] e|d0fdf lgl:sPsf] 5 .'? ePsf] 5 . ef/t / o'/f]k.df ptfl/Psf] 5 . cGTodf …dÚ kfq Oh/fon k'u]kl5 pkGof.n] cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]znfO{ u|x0f u/]sf] k|:6 x'G5 . To:t} ToxfFsf] sf]nfxn.df g]kfn. To. .df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .{n h:tf ."Id ¿kdf pkGof.fd'lb|s Onfsfdf x'g] /fqLsfnLg b]xJofkf/ cflbnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .df cfPsf 5g\ .]S. aDaO{sf t'ngfdf sf7df8f}F cljsl.Fu . pm nG8g dxfgu/sf ljleGg :yndf 3'Dg] qmddf ToxfFsf :yfgx¿ klg pkGof.} u/L o.df 5 . o.df :yfgut kl/j]z dfly pNn]v ePsf] k|.kl5 k'gM o. snsf/vfgfx¿.Ë cfPsf] 5 . ofqfsf qmddf …dÚ kfqn] cg'e"t u/]sf s'/f. kfgL hxfhsf] b}lgsL. To.Ën] k|:t't pkGof.df 5 .Ë 5 . … dÚ kfq pkrf/sf nflu o'/f]k hfg] qmddf kfgLhxfh r9\g aDaO{ k'u]sf] k|.'ljwfljxLg cj:yf /x]sf] kl/]j]z klg b]vfOPsf] 5 .n] cem leqL :yfgx¿ 6 ÷ bLklzvf . pkGof. al.Ddsf ljleGg :yfgx¿ cfPsf 5g\ . sf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 ToxfF klg o'4n] IftljIft agfPsf ljleGg v08x/x¿nfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 .Ëf] pkGof.lsG5 .]/ pkrf/ u/]kl5 g]kfn kms{g'.dfKt ePsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . v08x/df kl/0ft 3/nfO{ o. 36gf 3l6t . lx6n/sf] aª\s/. pkGof.t eO{ 36gf k|lt36gf x'Fb} kmnfud.sf] .df jl0f{t 36gf . nG8gdf pkrf/ ug{ latfPsf] sl/a ltg xKtfsf] . …dÚ kfqdf aDaO{df pkrf/ ug{ hfg'.df b]vfOPsf] 5 .df 5 . pkGof.dfhnfO{ cjnf]sg ug]{ cj.df k]l/.Dd k'Ug sl/a b'O{ dlxgfhltsf] .Ën] dfq pkGof.do / k|:6 . o'4n] aln{g . pkGof. h'Qf / rKknsf] ljzfn y'k|f] cflb :yflgs kl/j]zsf ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ .df …dÚ kfqsf] :d[lt ./ kfPsf] 5 . pkrf/kl5 o'/f]k ofqfdf latfPsf] Ps xKtfeGbf a9L .df jl0f{t ePsf 36gf . $=@= sflns kl/j]z k|:t't pkGof. v/fgLsf] 8ª\u'/.do nfu]sf] cg'dfg ug{ . o.df bf]. To:t} …dÚ kfq ofqfsf qmddf hd{g k'u]sfn] ToxfFsf] :yflgs . pkGof.do pkGof. To:t} k'gM aDaO{ uO{ kfgL hxfhdf latfPsf] P3f/ lbg.sf] :yflgs .do lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . Wj:t ePsf . s]xL lbg a.x/. rr{.do pNn]v geO{ k|:t't ePsf 36gfqmdn] o. 6«ofS6/ cflbsf rsf{ cfjfhx¿. w'nf]w'jfF cflb tyf ljgi6 ag]sf] o'/f]kLo . To:t} hd{gkl5 o.|f] ljZjo'4sf kl5Nnf rf/ jif{x¿ klg lnof]gf8f]{sf dfWodaf6 k|:t't ul/Psf] bLklzvf ÷ 7 .do. To.x/sf ¿kdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .kl5sf] …dÚ kfqsf] ofqf Oh/fondf k'u]/ l.Gbe{ klg o.sf] . pkGof.Gbe{df /x]sf cg]s k|. lx6n/n] ^) nfv ox'bLx¿nfO{ lhpFb} kf]n]sf] UofF. o. p.gx. To:t} lx6n/sf] b/af/.f}Gbo{sf dfWodaf6 x'G5 .x/nfO{ v08x/df kl/0ft u/]sf] 5 .do. o'4n] Wj:t kf/]sf] . g]kfndf s]xL lbg a.sL k|]ldsfsf] eoÍ/ lrxfg. pkGof.Gbe{ . RofDa/sf] cjz]if klg b]vfOPsf] 5 .Ëaf6 g} pkGof.do b'O{ dlxgf eP klg o. o.sf] syfj:t' ljsl. o'4kl5sf] k'glg{df{0fsf] cj:yfnfO{ klg o.Gbe{af6 x]bf{ b'O{ dlxgf hltsf] . ePsf] a]nfotL . /]Nj] Kn]6kmfd{sf] rrf{ klg o.df b]vfOPsf] 5 .df cfPsf] 5 . pkGof.do lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . rf/}lt/ o'4sf] ljs/fn ljeLlifsf gflr/x]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 .sf] sfo{Jofkf/sf qmddf vr{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . dfG5] kf]Ngsf nflu agfOPsf] ljzfn e§L.3'Db} hfFbf låtLo ljZjo'4n] tx.]/ o'/f]k ofqfsf] tof/Ldf nfu]sf] Ps xKtf .sf] k'li6 a'N8f]h/.Gbe{ tyf …dÚ kfqsf] e|d0fsf k|.8s. hd{gsf] aln{gnfO{ o'4n] IftljIft ePsf] . k]l/.xof]u k'¥ofPsf 5g\ .a} k|. o.a} kl/wLo . eo.Gbe{x¿ x'g\ .df klg k|ToIf ¿kdf 36]sf 36gfqmd. To:t} lyof]8f]/fsf] :d[lt . oL .df jl0f{t oL . pkGof.'vb jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 eg] lx6n/.do . ljrf/.Gbe{af6 o.do .lsG5 . ljsif{0f tyf To.} . qf.h{gf ul/Psf] 5 .bL.sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 .dosf ¿kdf lng . lbgsf 36gf ljz]if :d/0fLo ag]/ cfPsf] b]lvG5Æ -P]hg.}nfO{ o.Fu sf7df8f}Fdf latfPsf b'O{ lbg.df ljiffb.df ljleGg . nIdL / …dÚ kfq. …dÚ kfqsf 36gfx¿af6 hLjgdf k|]d. qmf]w. u/L o.dosf ¿kdf lng .h{gf ul/Psf] 5 .lsG5 . pkGof.+j]ux¿ pTkGg ePsf 5g\ . . pkGof. :6sxf]ddf a'9L cfd}sf] 3/df latfPsf] b'O{ lbg. 3[0ff. To:t} o.} u/L gf/fo0fg\ / /]jfsf ctLtsfnLg k|. xfgcf]e/ b'O{ lbg. æd"ntM oxL b'O{ dlxgfleq klg …dÚ kfqn] aDaO{ ofqfsf b'O{ lbg. pkGof. pkGof. To. cfsif{0f / /fusf] efjgfhGo . o.sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ .sf] jftfj/0f yk ljiffbdo aGg k'u]sf] 5 .Gbe{sf dfWodaf6 sflns kl/j]z l. kfgL hxfh ofqfsf P3f/ lbg. 8 ÷ bLklzvf . oltdfq geP/ …dÚ kfqn] cfˆgf] afNosfnsf] .lsG5 . aln{gdf Ps lbg. 3[0ff.df 3l6t ePsf] sfo{sf/L sflns kl/j]zsf ¿kdf lng .Gbe{sf] . o.do / To. To:t} k|]d. 3[0ff cflbaf6 pkGof. @&#_ .+:s[ltut kIfx¿af6 .df d"ntM k|]d.donfO{ dgf]ut / k[i7e"ldut .sf] s]Gb|Lo . kL8f.Ëaf6 sflns kl/j]zsf] l. pkGof. cfsif{0f.do eg] …dÚ kfqn] ofqfsf qmddf latfPsf .} cfsif{0f / ljsif{0fsf sf/0fn] pTkGg /fu / lj/fu pTkGg ePsf] 5 . $=#= jftfj/0fLo kl/j]z lx6n/ / ox'bL pkGof. 5 .sf] jftfj/0f ljiffbdo 5 .d]t 36gf / k|lt36gfsf] lgdf{0f eO{ pkGof.df u/]sf 5g\ . n}lËs. vf. kTgL.Ldf lj:tfl/t ePsf] 5 .do g} xf] . cGo . s[i0f tyf ltgsf g]t[Tjdf ePsf dxfo'4x¿n] 3[0ff. Ps lbg / Oh/fondf cfOk'u]sf] kl5Nnf] lbg u/L hDdf klRr. Iff]e.df jl0f{t . qmf]w.df ljleGg hftLo. o. o.sf] pGgt . ljleGg JolStx¿sf bz{g tyf hLjg r]tgfn] klg o.dofjlwnfO{ pkGof. b'Mv.Ëaf6 pkGof.af6 pTkGg åGåsf] cj:yfnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 .d]t j0f{g o..Fu hf]l8P/ cfpg] . d"ntM kfqsf] dgf]ut efjgf tyf 36gf / k|lt36gfsf . o. cfsif{0f. nG8gsf] :of6\kmf]8{ gu/ 3'd]sf] Ps lbg.fDk|bflos / . o'/f]k ofqfsf] tof/Ldf latfPsf b'O{ lbg. lsg < ltdL sxLF 5}gf} < s] eof] ltdLnfO{ < sxfF x/fP/ cfof} cfk"mnfO{ -k[= !)_ eGg] nIdLsf] sygn] …dÚ kfqdf . ljof]ufGt. hGd–d[To'.s jftfj/0f 5 eg] csf]{lt/ o'4n] Wj:t kf/]sf] dfgj hLjgsf] s'¿k / ljs/fn ¿ksf] lrq0f klg 5 . Oh/fonL 8]la8 / n]agfgL kqsf/ ld.Gb]z k|jfx ug]{ cfWoflTds hLjgtkm{ clek|]l/t ug]{ zfGt jftfj/0fsf] emns k|fKt ug{ .sf] klxnf] cWofodf …dÚ kfq o'4hGo cleJolSt tyf Oh/fonL / k]n]:6fOgLsf] ltSttfk"0f{ .df o'4lj/f]wL ljrf/ /fVg] …dÚ kfq To. lrGtf. cfafn. To.}n] o.sf] jftfj/0fn] k"0f{tf k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . lg/. To:t} bLklzvf ÷ 9 . k|:t't pkGof.'v–b'Mv.+xf/ / To.bL / To. o'4sf] qf.].DaGwn] b|jLe"t eO{ p. @)^( M @&$_ .b:ox¿nfO{ g/–gf/L.n] lgDTofPsf] ljs6 jftfj/0fnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 .'? ePsf] cGtå{GånfO{ b]vfPsf] 5 . pkGof.n] b]vfPsf] 5 . p. 3[0ff.df lj. j[4. cfsif{0f–ljsif{0f. lyof] eGg] s'/f k'li6 u5{ .tf tyf lj/funfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ljt[i0ff. sf?l0fs / aLeT. df]x.n] lgDTofPsf] aLeT. zf/Ll/s tyf cflTds cfgGbsf] pTsif{tf Pjd\ o'4hGo ljeLlifsf / To. pkGof. o'4–zflGt OToflb cj:yfx¿ . h'g hfltn] xfn} lx6n/ o'usf] kl5Nnf] ltg rf/ jif{d} cfˆgf . æk|:t't pkGof. pkGof.sf dgleq Ps s?0ff / ljiffb pTkGg ePsf] 5 .fy} …dÚ kfqs} pkl:yltdf dfq o. sf?l0fstfsf sf/0fn] pkGof.df sf?l0fs efjgf hfu[t ePsf] 5 . dfof."qwf/ …dÚ kfq /x]sf] 5 .df .sf ljk/Lt l:ylt ef]Ug'kg]{ afWotfdf k'u]kl5 pkGof. Pp6} pkGof. ljZjo'4df ePsf] g/.sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ .sf] jftfj/0fn] pTsif{tf k|fKt u/]sf] 5 .df pTkGg ePsf] sf?l0fs jftfj/0fnfO{ o. k|]d–3[0ff. cfˆg} cfFvfsf] cufl8 e§Lleq v/fgL ePsf] b]Vof] To.leq k|]d. dfu{/]6sf] ltSttfk"0f{ . qmf]w cflb efj hufpg' Joy{ 5 eGg] . Iff]e. pdË / /l. To.b'Mv tyf ljsif{0fhGo jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 .dosf] lgoldt qmddf x'g] hLjgsf clgjfo{tfx¿ ePsfn] hLjgnfO{ 1fg÷dgsf] ulx/fOaf6 x]bf{ oL s'g} s'/fx¿ klg TolTf dxŒjk"0f{ gx'g] x'Fbf zf]s.DaGwaf6 …dÚ kfq cfkm}Fleq x/fpg k'u]sf] 5 .fy.Ëlt.. lg/fzf.df Psflt/ pNnf. o'4hGo sf/0faf6 o. .n] lgDTofPsf] jftfj/0f slt kL8fbfoL.sf] s'g} klg k|ltlglwn] eg]sf] s'/fn] Åbodf :jLs[ltsf] Wjlg p7fpF5 -k[= $_ eGg] …dÚ kfqsf] sygn] låtLo ljZjo'4.Æ o.fyLnfO{ .lsG5 -rfln. pkGof. o.gLo / cfZjfB agfPsf] 5 .+:s[ltsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5 .df ePsf] 5 egL lgisif{ lgsfNg . o. To:t} /]jfn] ef]u ljnf. v08x/df kl/0ft ePsf] o'/f]k tyf ToxfFsf] .h{gf u/]sf] lyof] eGg] k'li6 x'G5 . sygn] k|:t't pkGof. o. o. hd{gsf] aln{g / 10 ÷ bLklzvf . lyof]8f]/fn] …dÚ kfqnfO{ cfˆgf] :d[lt .lsG5 .n] …dÚ kfqsf] ofqfsf qmddf ef]u]sf] / cg'ej u/]sf 36gfaf6 k"0f{tf k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . sf?l0fs jftfj/0f x6fpgsf nflu /]jf / gf/fo0fg\ h:tf kfqx¿sf] klg k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . h.+:s[ltn] yk sf?l0fstfsf] k'li6 u5{ .h{gf u/L lbPsL 5] . oL . lyof]8f]/fn] . b'j}n] o'4sf] pSt qf. ToxL Pp6f r'Dag xf]. ef/tsf] aDaO{.f]wL ltdLx¿ sxfF cem} b]ptf afFsL 5g\ < oxfF t z"Go eof] -k[= *$_ eGg] .tfnfO{ pkGof.a} k|. o.fd'lb|s ofqf.df k|]daf6 la5f]8 ePsf of}jg of}jgLx¿sf] sf?l0fs k|]d k|.df lglxt cToGt eofjx sf?l0fs jftfj/0fnfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . %= lgisif{ k|:t't pkGof.sf] kl/j]zn] pkGof.d's'. /]jfn] z/L/ .Ggf6f / ps'.df d"ntM ljZjo'4 / To.k"0f{ jftfj/0fsf] l.a} 36gf / k|lt36gfnfO{ lgolt.af6 s]xL . gf/fo0fg\n] .bLdo aLeT.dfhdf slt lj.+:d/0ffTds z}nLdf n]lvPsf] k|:t't pkGof.lsG5 .n] lgDTofPsf] eofjx qf. a]nfotsf] nG8g dxfgu/.dosf nflu eP klg x6fO lbPsf 5g\ .xh ¿kdf lnPsf] 5 .sf] k|df0fsf nflu lyof]8f]/f / o'jssf] k|]d k|. pkGof. / cfgGbsf dfWodaf6 ctLt / eljiosf] lrGtf ug{ h?/L 5}g eGg] /fu ldl>t jftfj/0fsf] l. o'/f]kLo .Ëaf6 x]bf{ k|:t't pkGof. d]/f] k|0fo ad.+:s[ltsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sL 5] eg] gf/fo0fg\ cflTds tyf bfz{lgs cf}bfo{ . s'g df]rf{df. clg a'em]F aln{gsf] cflv/L df]rf{df vl6Psf] lyof] /]. stf yfxf ePg . k|sf/sf] aLeT.ËnfO{ lng .Ët dgf]s'07fx¿ o'4n] l.s]sf] .nfO{ ljZj.'gfpFb} eg]sL 5] Tof] kms]{g km]l/.]/ lnPsf] lyPF -k[= *_ . .Gbe{ . Pp6f lr7L dfq cfof] .b jftfj/0fsf] . Ps dfq cf:yfsf] s]Gb|sf ¿kdf /x]sf] O{Zj/ klg dfl/.df d"ntM cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zsf] k|:t'lt ul/Psf] 5 . pkGof. kfgL hxfhsf] .fIon] dflysf] sygnfO{ k'li6 u5{ .Gbe{n] To.h{gf pkGof.Ë klg 5 . g]kfnsf] sf7df8f}F.nfO{ d}n] cwL/ eP/ vf].Fu bfFh]/ cToGt . +j]ux¿n] pkGof.Gbe{ lj:tfl/t 5 . @)^# .Gbe{ . To:t} k|:t't pkGof. b'Mv.fy} …dÚ kfqsf] afNosfn. @)%^ .df lj. k|mfG. kL8f. o.4fGt / g]kfnL pkGof.bLk"0f{ pRrf6nfUbf] jftfj/0fsf] l. ToxfFaf6 P3f/ lbg nfdf] . nfld5fg].sf] k]l/.f}Gbo{zf:q= nlntk'/ M . g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu.kl5 pm k]l/. s[i0fxl/ / g]q P6d= pkGof. @))% O{= . hd{g uPsf] ToxfF p. pkGof. @)&! .[hgf ePsf] 5 .flxTosf] Ps pTs[i6 pkGof. g]kfn. cft{gfb cflbh:tf cfj]u / . eo.sf] sflns .sf] :yflgs kl/j]z . xfgcf]e/. Clif/fh= pkGof.femf k|sfzg. /]jf. gf/fo0fg\ cflbsf . .femf k|sfzg.Fu sflns .sf cltl/St låtLo ljZjo'4sf] rf/ jif{sf] kl5Nnf] cjlw klg j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . @)^# . e§/fO{..af6 Oh/fon k'u]sf] h:tf 36gf.+:d/0f cflbaf6 o. To. lq=lj=.]. nG8gdf ltg xKtf pkrf/df latfPsf].= bfª M aL=kL= lrGtg s]Gb|.n] aln{g / xfgcf]e/ e|d0f u/]sf]. 56k6L. l. To:t} o'4sf] ljeLlifsf tyf To.lnu'9L M Pstf a'S. nG8gsf ljleGg :yn 3'd]sf]. a/fn.fd'lb|s ofqf u/]sf]. g]kfn kmls{P/ cfPsf]. k'gM aDaO{ uPsf]. …dÚ kfq g]kfnaf6 aDaO{ pkrf/fy{ uPsf]. k|]d.Gbe{ / tL :yfgdf ePsf ljljw sfo{Jofkf/af6 k|:t't pkGof.h{gf o. . bLklzvf ÷ 11 .= nlntk'/ M . /~hgf= . ofbjk|sfz= cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof. uPsf] / k]l/. @)^( .fb= lx6n/ / ox'bL= nlntk'/ M . ljZj]Zj/k|.sf ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 .Gbe{ hf]l8P/ cfPsf 5g\ . 3[0ff. a/fn.d]6]sf] 5 . tyf Oh/fon h:tf :yflgs .femf k|sfzg.fdu|L sf]O/fnf. 3gZofd= cfVofgsf s'/f= l.Ëlt af]w= sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/.sf] jftfj/0f cToGt ljiffb\do / sf?l0fs agfO{ g]kfnL .n] sl/a b'O{ dlxgfsf] k|ToIf sflns kl/j]znfO{ . gf/fo0f= k"jL{o bfz{lgs dfGotfdf sf]O/fnfsf pkGof.ftf}F Ct' pkGof. rfln.sf] kl/0ffdn] lgDTofPsf] qf. pkGof.sf] ljwf tflŒjs cWoog= ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq.df ePsf] 5 . g}lts ljIff]e.sf] . s?0f qmGbg. @)^^ . d'bfosf] b'O{ k':tfsf] afNosfn / ltgLx¿ x's{]a9]sf b'O{ 5'§f5'§} kl/j]zsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . cfVofg ljwfdf klxn]b]lv g} .sf] j:t' .flxlTos . lszf]/ pkGof. oxL ultzLn ofqfsf qmddf pgsf] kl5Nnf] s[ltsf ¿kdf tfbL lsgf/sf] uLt zLif{s cf}kGofl.} .dn] n]lvPsf] 5 .+:yf tyf .flxTo tyf afn . cfVofg s[ltdf b'O{ k':tfs} 12 ÷ bLklzvf .dfh dgf]lj1fg 1fg' clwsf/L != kl/ro dx]z kf}8\ofn . pkGof. .lqmo /x]sf kf}8\ofnsf] k|:t't s[lt afnaflnsf÷lszf]/ lszf]/Lsf nflu dfq geO{ .lqmo b]lvG5g\ .flxTodf afn . If]qsf] dxTTjk"0f{ s[lt xf] .flxTosf/ x'g\ ..sf ¿kdf lnOPsf] of] s[lt o.flxlTos kqklqsfx¿df .Gbe{ k|:t't pkGof.df gbLsf] 5]p5fpdf a:g] dfemL .flxTosf/ kf}8\ofn ljleGg . sljtf.d'bfosf] hLjg .. @= …tfbL lsgf/sf] uLtÚ pkGof. o. ax'd'vL k|ltef ePsf o'jf .ª\3if{ / pgLx¿sf] .d]t .flxTosf ljleGg ljwf tyf If]qdf pgsf] dxTTjk"0f{ pkl:ylt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . syf.+nUg /x]sf 5g\ . pkGof. .Dk"0f{ kf7sx¿sf nflu k7gLo 5 .ª\3.flxTosf s[ltx¿ cToGt sd k|sflzt ePsf] b]lvG5 . …tfbL lsgf/sf] uLtÚ pkGof.dfnf]rgf h:tf ljljw ljwfdf dfq geO{ cg'jfb .zSt / lqmofzLn .flxTodf klg kf}8\ofn lgs} .df . o. o.sf/n] k|:t't s[ltnfO{ afn dgf]lj1fgb]lvsf] w/ftndf 6]sfP/ oyfy{ / hLjGt agfpg] k|of. .s s[lt k|sflzt ePsf] 5 .flxTosf k':tsx¿ n]lvg] / k|sflzt x'g] qmd a9\b} uP klg lszf]/ lszf]/Lx¿sf nflu pko'St x'g] lszf]/ . g]kfnL ./L x]bf{ pgsf] . u/]sf 5g\ .fgf afnaflnsfsf nflueGbf klg lszf]/ lszf]/Lsf nflu pko'St pkGof. .Gbe{df kf}8\ofnsf] k|:t't s[lt lszf]/ lszf]/Lsf nflu pkof]uL x'g] lsl.fgf] cfofd af]s]sf] o.f+:s[lts kIfnfO{ s]Gb| agfOPsf] 5 .flxTosf .df dfemL . o. pkGof.dsfnLg g]kfnL .flxlTos ofqf cToGt ultzLn / pj{/ b]lvG5 . xf] . .'ljwfaf6 sf].fyL agfpg rfxg] ljsjfsf] slnnf] rfxgf klg k'/f x'g .d'bfosf s'g} klg JolStn] . PSsfO.kmn / . ljsjf / dfn>L nufotsf dfemL .LdfGts[tx¿ cfkmF} af]Ng .fsf kfqx¿ klg cfjfhljxLg ag]sf b]lvG5g\ . ltgLx¿ x's{g] kl/j]z. s[ltdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .df .df ul/a / .d]t k'/f x'g .Sb}gg\ eg] em}F o.LdfGtLs[t ju{sf ¿kdf pkl:yt ePsf 5g\ . . pkGof. cfˆgL afn.sf kfqx¿ n'v'd / b'lvgLsf] hLjg b'Mv / clglZrttfdf lat]sf] 5 .f}F ztfAbLsf] ljZjdf hLjg afFlr/x]sf dfemL .fwgx¿sf] . . hLjg .d'bfosf] df}lns k].LdfGtLs[t ju{sf] lrq0f k|:t't pkGof.kgf slxNo} k'/f x'g . pkGof. oxL oyfy{nfO{ cfVofgsf/ kf}8\ofnn] lgs} /f]rs 9ª\udf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .df .'gsf]./L cfˆgf] hftLo klxrfg tyf .ª\Vos hfltdWo] dfemL .df pkl:yt n'v'd.sf] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] b]lvG5 .d'bfosf oL b'O{ k':tf /fHosf] kx'Fr / ljsf.6Ls aGg k'u]sf] b]lvG5 ./L k|:t't pkGof.+./ kg{ uPsf] oyfy{nfO{ o.ª\lIfKt / . . b'lvgL.vL dfn>LnfO{ .L gbL lsgf/df afNosfn latfPsf 5g\ eg] bf]. pkGof. pkGof.w}Fsf nflu cfˆg} . of] g} g]kfnL .s]sf] 5}g . pkoG. d'St 5 . nDa]tfg j0f{g / lj:tf/af6 of] pkGof.f]r]sf].'gsf]. o. o.f}F 6f9f /x]sf 5g\ eg] lzIff / r]tgfsf] pHofnf]af6 jl~rt ePsf logLx¿ o.ª\3if{ / cg'e"ltnfO{ JoSt ul/Psfn] pkGof. o.+:s[ltdfly cGofo / cTofrf/ x'Fbf klg r'krfk . pkGof.kgf agfPsL b'lvgLsf] Tof] rfxgf.s]sf] 5}g . sf7df8f}Fsf] w/x/f x]g{] rfxgfnfO{ g} hLjgsf] Pp6} dfq .L gbLdf df]6/8'ª\uf rNg yfn]kl5 / ToxfFsf] :yfgLo u'G8fn] b'Mv lbg yfn]kl5 bf]nfn3f6 5f8]/ g'jfsf]6sf] tfbL lsgf/df uPsf] n'v'dsf] kl/jf/n] ToxfF klg 9'Ss eP/ hLjg latfpg kfPsf 5}gg\ .+:sf/ / ltgLx¿sf ljjz kl/l:yltnfO{ b]vfP/ ul/a / sdhf]/x¿sf .L gbL lsgf/df / ljsjfsf] afNosfn tfbL gbLsf] lsgf/df lat]sf] 5 .d'bfosf afnaflnsf.LdfGtLs[t dfemL .'gsf].fy{s ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5}g .Sb}gg\ eGg] oyfy{nfO{ o.df j0f{g ul/Psf b'O{ k':tfdWo] klxnf] k':tf n'v'd / b'lvgL x'g\ . #= …tfbL lsgf/sf] uLtÚ pkGof.sf] . n'v'dsf] afNosfn .f / pgLx¿sf] :jtGq hLjgdfly c.df b]vfOPsf] 5 . pgLx¿n] sfe|]sf] bf]nfn3f6 cf.'ljwfn] dfemL .sf . cfw'lgs ljsf. pkGof.xg] / lj:yflkt eP/ otfplt ef}tfl/Fb} lxF8\g] lgolt ef]u]sf dfemLsf] oyfy{nfO{ b]vfpg' g} o. g]kfnsf] cNk.|f] k':tfdf ljsjf / dfn>Lsf] afNo cj:yfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .kf. bLklzvf ÷ 13 . / ljleGg oflGqs . o.d'bfodf s]lGb|t 5 .dfhsf] oyfy{ xf] . rfx]sf] / cfF6]sf] s'g} s'/f . ===b'lvgLnfO{ nfUYof] . pkGof. @= n'v'd / b'lvgLnfO{ . aRrfx¿ cª\u|]hL af]N5g\ clg s'O/]x¿sf] b]zdf hfG5g\ .LdfGts[t cj:yfnfO{ o.df klg cNk. k[= %@ .f]Ry]. syfsf kfqx¿ cfly{s ¿kdf / hfltut ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]s} sf/0fn] . pkGof. #= nv'd dfemL.ª\Vos / sdhf]/ b]lvPsf dfemL . o:tf lsgf/Ls[t÷. :yfgLo k|e'TjzfnL ju{af6 zf]lift / kLl8t 5g\ .LdfGtLs[t ju{{ x'g\ .LdfGtLs[t ju{ s]Gb|sf cufl8 zlStxLg. n'v'dsf] Ps dfq cfo. k|sf/sf . pkGof.fIosf ¿kdf k|:t't u/]/ o.|f]t gbLdf rnfpg] 9'ª\uf / df5faf6 cfPsf] yf]/} cfDbfgL xf] .nfO{ .Sb}gg\ a? cfkm" a:b} cfPsf] :yfg g} 5fl8lbG5g\ .Dd cGo s'g} hft / ju{sf dflg.d'bfonfO{ syfgssf] ljifo agfOPsf] 5 .fIox¿nfO{ tn b]vfOG5 . xb} eP pgLx¿ . pgLx¿ /fHosf] kx'Fraf6 w]/} 6f9f 5g\ . .]sf dfemLx¿sf] . ToxL klg df]6/af6 rNg] df]6/ 8'ª\uf cfPkl5 p.sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] b]lvFb}g .fIox¿ M != g'jfsf]6 a. v/n] 14 ÷ bLklzvf .df pkl:yt n'v'd / b'lvgL . df5f df/]/ a]Rg vf]Hbf klg ufpFsf] u'G8fn] wDSofP/ n}hfg] u/]sf] 36gfaf6 n'v'dsf] bldt / sdhf]/ hLjg lrlqt ePsf] 5 .LdfGts[t ePsf x'g\ .x/df dfG5]x¿ cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf nflu s:tf] .df k|efjsf/L ¿kdf lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . pkGof. n'v'd / b'lvgL h:tf dfemL . o.'gsf].fOF .w} w/x/fnfO{ b]V5g\ / sf]xL sf]xL t uP/ xft}n] x'G5g\ klg .f lj:yflkt ePsf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] efUo eg]s} log} b'O{ gbLx¿ lyP .fgf] em'k8Ldf a:y].d'bfosf dflg. pgLx¿sf] 3/ tfbL gbLsf] lsgf/df lyof] .LdfGts[t b[li6sf]0faf6 ljZn]if0f ug{' pko'St b]lvG5 .LdfGtLs[t kfq x'g\ .sf] 8'ª\uf rnfpg] k].L / OGb|fjtLsf 5fnx¿af6 df5f df/]/ nv'dsf] kl/jf/n] u'hf/f rnfO{ /x]sf] lyof] .x¿ cfkm"dfly ePsf] cGofok|lt af]Ng .}n] nv'dsf] kl/jf/ wfGg] pkfo eg]sf] gfp lvofpg' / df5f dfg{' lyof] . pgLx¿ hft}n] dfemL .g{' cl3 . o.d'bfo g} . k[= !% .]/f ufpFdf . clwsf/xLg / Oltxf. .df cfPsf s]xL . pkGof.ª\Vos . o.aeGbf efUu]dfgL aRrf t sf7df8f}Fsf x'g\ hf] . To.L gbL / bf]nfn3f6af6 lj:yflkt eP/ oqtq 5l/P/ a.Gbe{x¿nfO{ .sL >LdtL b'lvgL / PSnf] 5f]/f] ljsjf Pp6f .'gsf]. o. p.Qf / zlStsf] kx'FreGbf w]/} 6f9f /x]sf cyf{t\ lsgf/fdf kfl/Psf cNk.ljxLg x'G5g\ .Sb}gg\ . g'jfsf]6sf] . pkGof.sf] cflbb]lv cGTo.kgf b]V5g\ eGg] yfx} lyPg . . cfˆgf] xs / clwsf/sf nflu cfjfh p7fpg . df hfltut / ju{ut ¿kdf b'j} kIfaf6 kfqx¿ .gf] sf6]/ d'5s ] f] sd]/f] df6f] ld.af6 k'li6 x'G5 .n] .fIon] k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .kgf g} w/x/f x]g{'nfO{ agfPsL b'lvgLn] w/x/fsf] jl/kl/ v]Ng kfpg].} u/L .fIo Psdf pkGof.stfnfO{ lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . k|. .d'bfox¿ cfˆgf] clglZrt eljio / kfPsf] b'MvnfO{ efUo . ltNs]. dl. dfly k|:t't ul/Psf] .} 5f8]/ g'jfsf]6sf] .DemG5g\ / cfjfhljxLg eP/ b'O{ 5fssf nflu .f]Rbf xf]nfg\ clg cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ s] agf]. To. o.Dd r]tgf / 1fg gePsf] l:yltsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .sf] l5d]sL ltNs] dfemLn] Tof] v/ dfly bfª\da} f6 a8f] b'Mvn] af]s/] NofPsf . pkGof.fIo ltgn] n'v'dsf] kl/>d / p. n'vd' / p.fP/ 6fn]sf] lyof] nv'dn] 3/sf leQfx¿ . dfly k|:t't ul/Psf .sf] d'Vo kfq n'v'dsf] cfly{s kIfnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 .fIo rf/df klg n'v'dsf] clglZrt bLklzvf ÷ 15 . o.fIox¿n] o.sf] o.Gtf]if uYof{] . .Sg] hft t/ af. 5fPsf] 5fgf] . nv'dnfO{ nfUof] oxfFsf] af. .Dem]sL 5 . k[= &# . lsgf/Ls[t ju{sf s]xL s'/f klg :yfoL x'Fb}g / lglZrt x'Fb}g .|f]taf6 jl~rt x'g'kbf{ a:b} cfPsf] bf]nfn3f6 5f8]/ g'jfsf]6 . k[= !! . pkGof. 5]pdf gbL jf tfn geO{ a:g} g.a}eGbf lgDg :t/sf] hLjg latfO/x]sf oL kfqnfO{ . hLjgsf] Ps dfq nIo÷. ldlxg]tL t x'G5g\ t/ Tof] kl/>d / ldlxg]tsf] s'g} cy{ x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f o. $= x'g t pgLx¿ hft}n] d5'jf/f .]/fdf a./]sf] n'v'dn] a8f] b'Mv / kl/>dn] v/n] 5fPsf] 3/÷em'k8L agfPsf] x'G5 t/ To. o. klg lbuf] x'bF g} . Ps lbg ToxL 7fpF / ToxL .df b'O{ jif{ a:g gkfpFb} p. s] .ª\ un] s]Gb| / lsgf/sf aLr slt 7"nf] b'/L /x]5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 .uF } clnslt k/fn dfu]/.fO . w/x/fnfO{ .LdfGtLs[t ju{sf ePsf] k'li6 ub{5 ./L hLjgsf .g{'kg{] afWotfnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 .kgf b]Vbf xf]nfg\. bf]nfn3f6sf] cfˆgf] k'/fgf] 3/ To.LdfGts[tsf] oyfy{ xf] eGg] s'/f o.|f]t eg]sf] df5f dfg{] / gfp lvofpg] lyof] . o.L / OGb|fjtL gbLsf] lsgf/df a:g] c¿ dfemL kl/jf/sf] h:t} n'v'dsf] klg cfo cfh{gsf] d'Vo .sf] 3/ u[x:yLnfO{ lrq0f u/]sf] 5 . dfly k|:t't ul/Psf] . pgLx¿ kl/>dL.'gsf].ª\3if{ ul//xG5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ o. /f]dfl~rt ePsL 5 .LdfGtLs[t ag]sf] b]lvG5 .\ eGg] rfxgf /fVbf xf]nfg\ eGg].sf kfqx¿ .n] 5f8\g'kb{5 . .w}F x]g{ / slxn]sfxLF 5'g kfpg] ePsfn] ToxfFsf s]6fs]6LnfO{ efUodfgL .fIodf b]vfOPsf] 5 eg] .Dk"0f{ . klg t dxTTjk"0f{ xf] .af6 h] hlt k|fKt x'GYof] Toltdf g} p.a} ofdx¿ b'Mv / kl/>ddf g} latfP klg hLjgdf s'g} pknlAw gkfPsf] n'v'dsf] of] oyfy{ . pkGof./L n'v'd h:tf lsgf/fdf k/]sf .fIo b'O{df n'v'd / b'lvgLsf] c1fgtf / r]tgfljxLg dfgl.x/sf dfG5]n] s:tf . d'bfosf /Llt.df afa' / 5f]/f u/L b'O{ k':tfsf] afNokg / lszf]/kgsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . s'/fsf] k'li6 ug{] ePsfn] pkGof. oL b'j} k':tfsf afnaflnsfsf dgdf cfpg] s'/f / pAhg] ts{x¿sf . .dfh dgf]lj1fgsf] ulx/f] k|efj t k/]sf] 5 g} emg\ o.fIox¿ o.dfh dgf]lj1fgsf] cGt3'{ng …tfbL lsgf/sf] uLtÚ zLif{ssf] k|:t't cfVofg s[ltdf afn dgf]lj1fgb]lv .]jf / /fHok|bQ clwsf/af6 k"0f{ ¿kdf jl~rt 5g\ eGg] oyfy{nfO{ oL . o.f]rfO sNkgf / .nfO{ vfhf kfgL lbg] uyL{ . . dfemL .nfO{ eg]sL lyO{. . pkGof. l/jfh.dfh dgf]lj1fg xfjL ePsf] b]lvG5 . 5f]/L kf] ?G5g\ .Fu hf]l8Psf 5g\ .d'bfosf tL afnaflnsfn] cfkm"x¿nfO{ Ps dfgjsf ¿kdf lrGg'.sf] cfly{s b'u{ltnfO{ g} b]vfOPsf] 5 .kgf / p2]Zox¿ k'/} .sf afnkfqx¿df j}olSts dgf]lj1fgeGbf .d'bfosf] /Lltlylt. d ltd|L 5f]/L x'G5' x} <Æ k[= && . rfnrng k/Dk/f cflbaf6 g} lgld{t / ljsl.fk]If 5 . pkGof.sf afnaflnsfdf . eljio / p. dfGotfeGbf aflx/ uP/ o.df JoSt ePsf] kfOFb}g . dfn>L eg] p. pm a]xn' f] xf] / a]xn' fn] df5f] Nofpg} k5{ .k|sf/ 5g\ M != æt/ /fgL t ?Fb}gg\ lg .df pkl:yt ljsjf / dfn>Lsf .+jfb.f]rfO.fIosf ¿kdf k|:t't u/L ljZn]if0f ug{ pko'St b]lvG5 . pkGof.f]rfO jf lghL efj o.sf tT. 16 ÷ bLklzvf . o. k[= *) #= dfn>Ln] p.fdflhs dgf]lj1fgdf cfwfl/t 5 .t ePsf] x'Fbf pgLx¿sf] j}olSts .dfh dgf]lj1fg cGt3{'lnt eP/ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . k[= *$ .s]sf x'G5g\ .df klg .dfh cyf{t\ dfemL . pkofG.dfhk/s 5 / .Sb}gg\ . ljsjf / dfn>L h:tf afn kfqx¿sf] dgf]lj1fg dfemL . rf]/]/ jf c¿n] df/]sf] Nofpg gkfOg]. a'em\g' / hfGg' cufl8 g} :jf:gLdfG5] / nf]Ug]dfG5]sf ¿kdf lrlg.fIon] k|:6 kf/]sf 5g\ .s]sf x'G5g\ / cfˆgf . @= ljsjfn] df5f] Nofpg] jfrf u¥of] .DaGwL c+z÷jfSonfO{ . hfltut ¿kdf klg gbL vf]nfsf] lsgf/ vf]Hb} lxF8\g] oL hflt÷kfqx¿ /fHosf] .kgfnfO{ klg To.f]r]sf 5}gg\ / . To.FueGbf a9L .dfh.}cg'¿k 9fln. d klg 5f]/L eP/ 3/df ?G5' t a]nf a]nf . pkGof.dfh .sf kfqx¿n] slxNo} .'ljwf.df k|o'St afnkfqsf .+jfb / lqmofsnfkn] o.a}eGbf k|an ¿kdf k|efj k/]sf] kIf rflxF n}ª\lus r]tgf xf] . To:tf . k|:t't pkGof. $= afn dgf]lj1fgb]lv / . $= ljsjfn] 9'ª\uf y'kfl//xG5 .fy} pgLx¿sf . k/Dk/f.f]Rg klg . cfkm}Fn] dfg{'kg{] zt{ /fvL dfn>Ln] . lqmofsnfk / pgLx¿sf] hLjgsf] nIo klg j}olSts geO{ .}n] pkGof. pgLx¿ cfˆgf] dg. fdflhs / k/Dkl/t ¿kdf ljsl.sf afnkfq dfn>L / ljsjfsf] ultljlw / lqmofsnfksf] lrq0f u/L .t x'Fb} cfPsf] n}ª\ lus . oxfF k'?ifn] ug{] / gf/Ln] ug{] sfdsf] afF8kmfF8 h.sf a'afn] v]tdf sfd ubf{ cfdfn] vfhf kfgL lbPsf] b]v]sL lyO{ . cfˆgf] bLklzvf ÷ 17 .fd"lxs cjr]tg / cflbd k|j[lQnfO{ klg b]vfPsf] 5 .ftjif{] kfq dfn>Ln] cleJoSt u/]sL 5 . %= EjfSs} elTsof] lsgf/ / un{Dd} n8\of] w'kL.}n] d klg ?G5' eGg] cfzo k|s6 u/]sf] 5 . of] pgLx¿sf] dgdf ulx/f]. pkGof.+:s[lt / k/Dk/fnfO{ g} l.'xfpg] vfhf eg]sf] gbL lsgf/sf ao/sf xf]rfxf]rf ?vdf kmn]sf sfFrf ao/ / wf/fsf] kfgL lyof] .|f] .sf afnkfqx¿n] cfˆgf cleJolStdfkm{t k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ eg] . ljsjfn] 9'ª\uf cf]. . o. p. l.+jfbdf cfPsf] dfemL .n] JoSt u/]sf] o.} u/L bf].dfhn] u/]sf] To.leqsf] .f5{' of .fbf{ d klg cf]. p.fIodf k|:t't ul/Psf] egfOn] dfn>Lsf] j}olSts dgf]lj1fgnfO{ eGbf klg .n] p. u/L ljjfx u/]/ b'nfxfsf] 3/df hfFbf 5f]/LdfG5] ?G5g\ eGg] . cleJolStn] 5f]/f dfG5] ?Fb}gg\ jf ?g'x'Fb}g t/ 5f]/LdfG5] eg] a]nfa]nfdf ?G5g\.fIodf dfn>L / ljsjfn] b]v]sf].fIodf ljsjf / dfn>Lsf] .fIo rf/df pkGof./L . vf.dfh dgf]lj1fgnfO{ o. k[=** .sL .dfh dgf]lj1fgs} kl/0flt xf] .Fu k|efj hdfPsf] .'s} uf/f]. cK7\ of/f] / r'gf}tLk"0f{ eP klg sfd kmQ] ug{} k5{ eGg] . p. æljsjf w'kL n8\of] .s]sf] / hfg]sf] s'/f 5f]/LdfG5] ?G5g\ eGg] xf] . dfn>Ln] 7"nf] :j/df elgg\.Æ k[= () dfly k|:t't ul/Psf pbfx/0fx¿ o. o. ca xfd|f] lax] x'bF g} . dfly lbOPsf .fIo kfFrdf klg o:t} lsl.d'bfosf] .S5 Tolt g} pm of]Uo j/ sxlng] x'Fbf oxL .+:s[ltcg'. pkGof. o.f]r k|ltlalDat ePsf] 5 .sf afnkfq ljsjf / dfn>Lsf] xf] . ljsjfn] w'kLsf] ?vd'lGt/ 9'ª\uf y'kfl//xFbf dfn>Ln] Tof] sfddf ljsjfnfO{ . dfy lbOPsf .dsf] cleJolSt kfOG5 .n] dflg. gbLdf . To. o.fIox¿dWo] klxnf] .f/ a]x'nfn] hlt 7"nf] df5f] dfg{ . pkGof. o.fIo ltgdf . ltdLn] arfpg .} u/L .Fu} ldn]/ u/f}F eGg] efj g t dfn>Ldf cfPsf] 5 g t ljsjfn] g} .3fPsL 5}g a? sfFrf ao/ / kfgL NofP/ vfg lbPsL 5] .} u/L tL afnkfqn] klg u/]sf 5g\ .fdflhs dgf]lj1fgnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .df elgPsf] …pm a]x'nf] xf]Ú n] pm k'?if hflt xf] eGg] clek|fo JoSt u/]sf] 5 .dfhdf JofKt /x]sf] n}ª\lus dgf]lj1fgnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 .fdflhs dgf]lj1fgnfO{ g} o. k'¿if hfltn] hlt.fIox¿dWo] .sf] u/]/ dfn>Ln] k|:tfj /fv]sL 5] eg] Tof] k|:tfjnfO{ ljsjfn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .DemfPsf] 5 .n] ljsjfnfO{ .s]gf} . of] af]nL . jfSodf dfn>Ln] xfdLn] arfpg . sf7df8f}F M bLIffGt k|sfzg.d'bfosf] dfq geO{ cGo .dfnf]rgf -. k'?ifn] g} . @)^& . gofF b[li6sf]0f pkGof. afnkfqsf dfWodaf6 g} eP klg pkGof.d'bfo / ToxfFsf afnaflnsfdf nlIft pkGof. o. dx]z= Jofjxfl/s .dWo] klxnf] dfemL . pkGof. %= lgisif{ . gf/LnfO{ kfNg'kg{] lhDdf lng' h:tf . lax] ug{] 7fpFsf ¿kdf r'lgPsf] w'kLsf] ?vnfO{ gbLn] s6fg u/]/ aufPkl5 dfn>Ln] ljsjfnfO{ ca xfd|f] lax] x'Fb}g. o.'?jftn] pkGof.n] d"n b'O{ cf]6f kIfnfO{ phfu/ ug{] p2]Zo lnPsf] b]lvG5 . /fh]Gb| / uf}td nId0f k|. pkGof.dfnf]rgf M s]xL k|lt¿k= sf7df8f}F M e'8F Lk'/f0f k|sfzg. lsgf/fdf /x]sf kfqx¿sf] ."rL clwsf/L.dfnf]rgfsf s]xL cfofd. oL b'j} kIfdf pkGof.s]gf}F eg]/ ljsjfsf] dbf{ª\lugLdfly wfjf af]n]sL 5] .Dkf=_= /Tg a[xt\ g]kfnL .s s[lt dfemL . 7"nf7"nf sfd nf]Ug]dfG5]n] g} ug{'k5{ eGg] 7fGg'.sf] dxŒjk"0f{ ljz]iftf xf] .n] k/Dkl/t dfGotfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] b]lvG5 . o. lIflth.'j]bL.fdflhs laDa / bf]. dx]z= tfbL lsgf/sf] uLt. 18 ÷ bLklzvf . o. xf] . pkGof. ltdLn] w'kLnfO{ arfpg . pkGof.df k|:t't ePsf] kfOFb}g .df ul/Psf] 5}g . If]qdf ePsf] of] klxnf] sfo{ / ljifosf] k|:t'ltsf] .Gbe{.a} s'/fsf] lg0f{o ug{'.s]gf}F geg]/ ltdLn] arfpg . kf}8\ofn.d'bfosf gf/Ln] cIf/ glrGg'.}4flGts v08_= sf7df8f}F M /Tgk':ts e08f/. @)&! . 1fg'= k|fof]lus .sf] lj:t[t lrq0f pkGof. pkGof.6Ls tyf .d'bfosf] klg .dfhsf] xf] . k'?ifx¿sf] lge{/df afFRg'.fdflhs dgf]lj1fg xf] .f+:s[lts tyf . sf7df8f}F M a's cf6{ g]kfn.ª\ lIfKt ¿kdf n]lvPsf] o.sf cnfjf o. .|f] afn tyf lszf]/ dgf]lj1fgsf] k|:t'lt /x]sf 5g\ .hLj lrq0f ug{' o.n] ldlxg tyf uxg k|:t'lt lbg g.n] gf/LnfO{ k/fl>t b]vfpF5 eg] k'?ifnfO{ bafasf] l:ylt l.s]gf} eGg] efj cleJoSt ePsf] 5 .sf] syfj:t'n] cf]u6]sf] . .flxTosf/ dx]z kf}8\ofnsf] k|:t't cf}kGofl. .fb -.fgL aflnsf dfn>Lsf] xf]Og .s] klg o.sf afnkfqdf b]lvPsf] 5 .h{gf u/fpF5 h'g dfemL .d'bfosf] .df dfemL . @)^* . @)&@ . dxŒjk"0f{ ag]sf] 5 .fdflhs ultljlwsf] k|ToIf k|efj o.do nfdf] b]lvP klg To. hft. efiff.Gbfdf .dfhdf ljBdfg kl/ronfO{ phfu/ ub{5 . If]q . kfOG5 . If]qsf oL ljljw kIfx¿sf af/]df tn qmd}. oxfFsf] .f]af. oLdWo] a|fXd0f hfltsf] afx'No kfOG5 . sf]6]Zj/ sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsfsf #% gDa/ j8fsf] 7"nf] j8f xf] .f]af. o.n] o. bdfO{. oxfF ljleGg d7dlGb/.x¿ cfk. IfqL.F+u} gf/Ln] klg cfˆgf] clwsf/nfO{ /fd|/L k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ / .xg. kfOG5 . oxfF ljleGg hfthflt. bLklzvf ÷ 19 .lxi0f'tfsf] efjgf k|an ¿kdf kfOG5 . To.f+:s[lts. If]qsf] . :s'n. k]. wd{. 7s'/L. efiff ePsf dflg. of] c¿ eGbf ef}uf]lns ¿kdf 7"nf] 5 . sfdL. efiff.Fu hf]8]sf] 5 . u'?ª cflb w]/} hfltsf] a.]sf 5g\ .do kl/jt{g.}n] sf]6]Zj/ If]qdf klg ljleGg k]. .Fu . k]. sf]6]Zj/ j/k/sf] lth uLt efjgf k/fh'nL != ljifo kl/ro k|:t't n]v sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= #% sf]6]Zj/nfO{ nf]s uLtsf] .fdflhs sfo{df .DkGg o. of] cfk}Fmdf ljz]if ¿kn] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg xf] .+:sf/ cflb k5{g\ . ax'hftLo b]z xf] . h'g. o.]sf 5g\ / cfˆgf] hLjg ofkg ul//x]sf 5g\ .ª\lIfKt rrf{ ul/G5 M -s_ hfthflt M sf]6]Zj/ If]qnfO{ x]bf{ a|fXd0f.f. o. .ª\sng If]q agfP/ tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .x¿ ldn]/ a.f. w]/} klxn]b]lv /xFb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . a|fXd0fsf] a. x/]s b[li6n] .dfhsf hfthflt.xefuL x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . sn]h / sfof{nox¿ 5g\ .f. j}Zo / z"b| rf/} hfltsf] a. g]jf/. wd{. .fsL{.f+:s[lts / wfld{s ¿kdf klg cufl8 b]lvG5 .'s} . wd{ ePsf dflg. To. g]kfn ax'eflifs ax'.sf cltl/St IfqL. du/.df ldn]/ a. If]qn] eStk'/ / nlntk'/nfO{ sf7df8f}F.dfh k'?if k|wfg 5 t/ cfhsf] . If]qsf afl. o.fdflhs hghLjgleq To.f]af. /xg. f]af.L d]nldnfk / .f]af.+:sf/.ª\qmflGt.f/ njfO.x¿n] lxGb" wd{ dfG5g\ . . afx]s sf]sfsf]nf km\ofS6«L h:tf pBf]uwGbf snsf/vfgf klg oxfF cjl:yt 5g\ . hgtfx¿ yf]/} dfqfdf s[lif ub{5g\ .}sf] gf]s/L.+:s[ltsf] hu]gf{ klg u/]sf 5g\ . -u_ efiff M o. oxfFsf clwsf+z dflg. w]/}h. lzj/fqL. wd{. If]qdf wfld{s ljljwtf kfOP klg cfk.f k|frLg sfndf s[lif lyof] eg] cfhsf] . u'?ª\n] t nfO{ 6÷8 k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 .fIf/eGbf lg/If/ JolStn] klg alxgLnfO{ a'OgL. kl/jf/df dft[efiff k|of]u ug]{ / . u5{g\ t/ oxfF lxGb" wd{ dfGg] dflg. rf8kj{ dgfpg] rng cfkm\g} lsl.+:s[lt k|rlnt 5 . lxGb" wd{cg'.}F.x¿ dft[efiffsf ¿kdf /fi6«efiff g]kfnL af]N5g\ .fdfGotM o. ltxf/. . 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If]qdf a.]sf 5g\ . sf]xL eg] lab]l. oxfF k|lt kl/jf/ Psb'O{ .s]sf] dx.fpg] .nfdf hgtf lab]l. h:t} – cIfo t[tLof. .FrfO . lxGb"x¿df iff]8z . kljq agfpg' cflb x'G5 .Gbfx¿n] dgfPsf] kfOG5 . ceLi6 kmn jf lrtfPsf] s'/f kfpgfsf nflu zf:qdf atfOPsf] ljlwd'tflas lgodk"j{s s'g} b]jtfsf] hk.+:s[lt M . o. clxn] t hUufsf] cefj eO. s[i0f hGdfi6dL.+:sf/sf] k/Dk/f 5 . s.Dd kg]{ ljz]if ltly jf rf8kj{x¿ a8f] >4fsf . .+.'ljwf / s[lifdf cfw'lgsLs/0f gx'bF f / .g k'u]sf 5g\ . -5_ cfly{s cj:yf M o.f/sf] x/]s :yfgdf a. pkgog.}F.Dk|bfon] dgfpg]_ cflb oxfFsf afl.+qmflGt./fO M of] If]q Jofj.x/Ls/0fn] ubf{ v]tL ls. ljjfx / d[To' . k"hf. ug]{ dfgj .L Jofkf/ / pBf]u ug{ rfxG5g\ .f]af.+:s[ltsf] kfngf / k|of]u x'G5 . -h_ .'wfg'{. ufO{hfqf.d'bfodf hGdb]lv d[To'ko{Gt ljleGg . /dfbfg. of]d/L.+:s[lt zAbsf] cy{ z'4Ls/0f ug'{. . ltxf/. r}t] b.fwg kfOg] ePsfn] oxfF a. o.g afWo 5g\ .DkGg ePsfn] aflx/sf hgtfx¿ o.+:s[ltleq ljleGg . blIf0f h'g. If]qdf oxLFsf eGbf aflx/sf afl. nlntk'/.n] ubf{ oxfFsf hgtf k/fl>t x'g yfn]sf 5g\ .flos ¿kdf . If]qdf dgfOG5. a'4 hoGtL. kf7 cflb bLklzvf ÷ 21 . . x'G5 .fOF .nl.sf] . Ob pn lkmQ/ -d'l:nd . If]qsf afl. F+u ljjfx ul/lbg] c7f]6 u/]sf lyP t/ kfj{tLn] dgdg} dxfb]jnfO{ j/0f ul/. o1x¿ ug]{ k|rng oxfF kfOG5 .f/ .lsG5 egL pkfosf ¿kdf efb| t[tLofsf lbg j|t lg/fxf/ a.s]sf] x'Fbf cfˆgL . clxn] kl5Nnf] ."o{sf] k"hf j|t.} j|tsf k|efjn] pgsf] dgf]sfª\Iff k"0f{ eof] . bxL. j|t lj. ljz]if u/L lxGb" wdf{jnDaLx¿n] ljleGg o1.nfO{ xl/tflnsf eGg] rng 5 .]sL x'gfn] o. ldn]/ b"w. e8\lsnf] / vlr{nf] 22 ÷ bLklzvf .]df kfk gfz x'g].Gtfgsf] . kfj{tLn] j|t a:bf s]/f vfPsfn] ljz]if ¿kdf s]/f vfg}k5{ eGg] dfGotf klg kfOG5 .Ktfx. o.h{g -j|t klRri7_ / ljleGg gju|xsf k"hf cflb kb{5g\ .f/ kf}/fl0fs sfndf lzj / kfj{tL s}nfzaf6 dTo{nf]ssf b'Mv kfPsf gf/Lx¿nfO{ s. dlGb/df uO{ aflng] nfv aQL.vLåf/f x/]/ jgdf k'¥ofPsL kfj{tL lg/fxf/ j|t a. $#_ lxGb" wd{zf:qcGtu{t cg'i7fg.]/ b'O{ sf]. o./L p4f/ ug{ . lglvn]Zj/ dxfb]j. ksjfg. kf}/fl0fs sfndf lxdfno / d]g'sf k'qL kfj{tLnfO{ lji0f'.f+:s[lts kj{sf ¿kdf k|l.Dkbfx¿ x'g\ ./L gf/Ln] OlR5t j/ kfpg] cfGtl/s efjgf cyjf . cfOtaf/ . xjg. dxfo1. csf]{ syfcg'. gjfx.Dd dgfOg] lthsf] k/Dk/f kf}/fl0fs syf.+Fu /xL . lthnfO{ xl/tflnsf k"hf klg eGg] rng 5 .f s]/f vfO{ j|t al. ljleGg rf8kj{ / ltlydf oxfF >4fn'sf] 3'OFrf] nfU5 .d[l4sf lglDt wfld{s k/Dk/fcg'. .fpg] . jif}{lkR5] efb| z'Sn låtLofb]lv k~rdL. u0f]z :yfg cflb oxfFsf wfld{s .Psf] 5 . cf/fwgf jf pkf.dodf cfP/ b/ vfg] / v'jfpg] cf8Da/L. cg'i7fgx¿ h:t} M .f/ lxGb" gf/Lx¿n] lzj kfj{tLsf] k"hfcfhf ug]{ efb| z'Sn t[tLofsf] lbgnfO{ lth elgG5 .wF}el/ cfkm\gf hLjg .gf -g]=k|=k|=@)%*. @= lth kj{sf] kl/ro . Wo".L lzj / kfj{tLsf] k"hf u/]/ /ftel/ hfu|fd a.4 5 . kmnk"mn cflb dL7f kl/sf/ vfg] v'jfpg] rng 5 . ug]{ sfd.f}efUo a9\g] / . .Dd j|tfn' :jf:gL dflg. If]qdf kg]{ sf]6]Zj/ dxfb]j:yfgnfO{ >L:j:yfgL j|tsyfcg'. lthdf låtLofsf] lbg /flt.f}efUo / .f}efUojtL x'g] sfdgf lthsf] j|t.f]djf/ j|t. e}/j :yfg. ef]lnkN6 lg:nfd÷lg/fxf/ /xL j|t a:gsf nflu cln b¥x} ¿kdf vfOg] log} ljz]if vfg]s'/fsf] gfd b/ xf] / tL vfg]s'/f vfg'nfO{ b/ vfg' elgG5 . k"l0f{dfsf] j|t.Fu hf]l8P/ cfPsf] 5 .d]t sNof0f x'g] s'/f atfP .g\ clg To.F+u ufFl.tLb]jLsf] cª\u ktg ePsf] k'0oIf]q dflgG5 .fyL. ld7fO{. kfj{tLn] /ftel/ hfu|fd /x]/ a]n'sL ?vd'lg a. ljleGg :yfg. of] lxGb" gf/Lx¿sf] 7"nf] / /dfOnf] . ci6dLsf] j|t. bLklzvf ÷ 23 .Sg]n] kfgL klg gvfO{ ef]lnkN6 uf]bfg ug]{ a]nf. sZok. t/ o. o.Ktlif{sf] k"hf ul/.f+:s[lts dxTTj lthsf cj.v/sf] efp rfln.f+:s[lts kIfnfO{ lth uLtn] ./df b/ vfgsf lglDt ljjflxtf gf/Lx¿nfO{ dfOtLx¿ lng cfpF5g\ . b"w / kfgL vfG5g\ . b/ vfg] lbgsf] /flt / lths} lbg j|t a:bf gf/Lx¿ lthsf] uLt ufpF5g\ .nfO{ tn lbOPsf] k|:t't uLtn] k'li6 ub{5 M w'gLa].a} /Lt k'/f x'G5g\ .s]/ dWofXgdf Ps 5fs rf]vf] vfg] rng 5 . hdblUg / jlzi7_ sf] k"hf ul/G5 . lthsf] j|t k'/f u/]kl5 k~rdLsf lbg . .} xf] eg]/ 7f]s'jf ug{ .Ktlif{sf] k"hf ul/g] k~rdL ltly ePs} sf/0f Clif k~rdL gfd /x]sf] o. laxfgb]lv gbLdf uP/ :gfg u/L .f]x| z[ª\ uf/ u/]/ uP/ dlxnf lbbLalxgLx¿ dlGb/df a. .kl5 lthsf .Da4 5 tfklg o. lbgdf k|foM /h:jnf eO. o.sf] .sf] /dfOnf] kIf eg] 5 . ef/åfh.dfhsf] oyfy{ / .s]/ dxfb]j÷lzjsf] dlGb/df uO{ ljleGg ljlwn] k"hfcfhf u5{g\ .a]/} tLyf{lbdf uO{ #^% 6'qmf bltjg 6f]s]/ z/L/sf cª\u k|ToËdf df6fn] rf]VofO{ g'xfPkl5 . b/ vfPsf] ef]lnkN6 t[tLosf lbg lg/fxf/÷lg:nfd÷lg/fxf/L -kfgL klg gvfO{ a:g] j|t_ a:g]df ljjflxt jf /h:jnf ePsf sGof s'df/Lx¿ x'G5g\ . lthsf cj.}n] a]n'sL kv kmnk"mn. dfOt hfg]x¿sf] cfgGb / pdË clg dfOt hfg gkfpg]x¿sf Joyf / dd{x¿nfO{ lthsf uLtx¿df JoSt ul/Psf] x'G5 .¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 ./df gf/Lx¿åf/f ufOg] uLtnfO{ lth uLt elgG5 .F+u . j|t a:bf .L sLt{g ehg u5{g\ .d]6]sf] x'G5 . dfgj hLjg.s]sf gf/Ln] laxfg . o. gf/L hLjgsf dd{x¿sf] cleJolSt lthsf uLtx¿df kfOG5 . uf}td. lbgnfO{ lthsf] clGtd r/0f÷lbg dflgG5 . pgLx¿ cfkm\gf snf. lth ljz]if kj{sf ¿kdf rlncfPsf] ljifo ljleGg kf}/fl0fs syf. kj{sf] ljz]if dxŒj a9\b} uPsf] b]lvG5 .Dd a:5g\ .lsg] cfwf/ 5}g .F+u leHb} hfFbf o. t/ s. lbgsf klg ljleGg kf}/fl0fs syf÷ls+jbGtL kfOG5 . ls+jbGtL. lzNkn] pg]/ uLtsf] efsfdf ufpg] gfRg] ub{5g\ . o.Ktlif{ -clq. b/ vfg] lbgsf] /flt / lths} lbg j|t a:bf gf/Lx¿ lthsf] uLt ufpF5g\ . ljZjfldq. . @=!= lth uLt / o.Ldf glbg' 5f]/LnfO{ . sf]6]Zj/df glbg' 5f]/LnfO{ afp5f]/fsf] gfln. sf] t/ª\udf lth kj{ dfËlns klg aG5 / dgf]/~hgfTds klg x'G5 ./ kfPdf xfdL cl3 a9\g . b/ vfg] lbgsf] /flt / lths} lbg j|t a:bf gf/Lx¿ lthsf] uLt ufpF5g\ .'lgg yfn]sf 5g\ .a} hu .~r]tgfsf :j/ klg .fsf/ 24 ÷ bLklzvf . dfOt hfg]x¿sf] cfgGb / pdË clg dfOt hfg gkfpg]x¿sf Joyf / dd{x¿nfO{ lthsf uLtx¿df JoSt ul/Psf] x'G5 . Psflt/ k|fs[lts .Fw} r'nfrf}sfdf s'bfP . o.f}Gbo{ clg csf{lt/ hLjgsf pNnf. gf/L hLjgsf dd{x¿sf] cleJolSt lthsf uLtx¿df kfOG5 . o.'wfg]{ kfnf] xfdL dlxnfsf] efF8e}nf].x/ 9'Ëvsf{ ufpFdf glbg' 5f]/LnfO{ wfgsf] eft vfg /x/ sfo]Zj/L ufpFdf glbg' 5f]/LnfO{ bfp/f af]Sg] lzjk'/L hfjnfv]ndf xf] lbg' 5f]/LnfO{ em\ofndf a. e|i6frf/ aflx/ lgsfnf} b]zsf] cj.sf] pbfx/0fsf nflu tn k|:t't ul/Psf] uLtnfO{ lng . clxn]sf uLtx¿df zf]if0fsf lj?4sf] gf/L ljb|f]x / . afoZj]/L 8fF8fdf glbg' 5f]/LnfO{ lz/dfly lxF8\g] s'nf] sf]Nkfsf]6 ufpFdf glbg' 5f]/LnfO{ 8Nnfsf] aofg 7"nf] dR5]ufpFdf glbg' 5f]/LnfO{ 3fd tfKg lrTnfª .'lglZrt u/f}F dlxnfsf] xs clwsf/ lzIffsf] Hof]ltn] kf/f}F .sfP gf/LnfO{ .lsG5 M /fi6« xfd|f] /fhgLltn] zflGt / lzIffn] xfd|f] t b]z lalu| .a]nfsf] k|s[lt klg jiff{t\n] ev{/ 5f8\g yfn]sf] x'G5 / xl/ofnLn] 9fSb} cfPsf] x'G5 .L £o" k'/L ljz]iftM g]kfnL lxGb" gf/Lsf nflu dxfg\ rf8 lth /fli6«o kj{ g} aGg k'u]sf] 5 .Sof] cfcfkm\g}n] b]znfO{ .Sb5f}F k'?ifsf] v'§f tfGg] k|j[lQnfO{ /f]Sb5f}F .fgfnfO{ dfof 7"nfnfO{ cfb/ ug{ l. pvfg g} 5 dfOtLsf] s's'/ Kof/f] eGg] ."sf] d'v x]¿F eg] kf]Ng] cfuf e}mF .fyL . . .a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ kIf uLt ufog.FlugL..'d ljleGg ¿kdf km'Ng] / nx/fpg] u5{g\ . no / efjfy{ .Gbe{df o.dn] 3GsG5g\ eg] oL uLtsf af]n.sf d'7f kN6fpgL.ËLtdo aGb5 . r]nLa]6Lx¿ cfˆgf] kL/. o:tf] pNnf. @=@= lth uLtsf] ljifoj:t' lth uLt ljz]if u/L gf/Lx¿n] dfq ufpg] x'gfn] k|foM gf/Lk|wfg ljifoj:t' bLklzvf ÷ 25 . . o./ kfO.a]nf dlGb/. s. b'Mv.sf] d'v x]/]/ leq k:g] xf] .sf] .Fu /x]sf] 5 . ?Fbf?Fb} uP/ lkF9Ldf a:g] xf]. :jfdLHo" d'v x]¿F eg] v'g vfPsf af3 e}Fm. uLtx¿df syfgs klg ldl. o.s] lthdf hlt.f.k|sf/ 5g\ M jif{ lbgsf lthdf afaf lng cfpg' ef]. k7fPgg\ 3/sfn] kmsf]{ hfg' ef] .f.L sfdaf6 To.d]t leGgfleGg} / y/L y/Lsf x'G5g\ . leq hfFbf . nfU5. rf}/. 3f6. g[Tosf] 5d5d. kj{df gf/L dgsf efjgf s'.Psf] x'G5 ."n] cfFvf emNsfpgL . efOsf . o.Sof] gf/Ln] /fi6«fWoIf aGg] cj. dfOtLaf6 lng cfPsf bfh'.f/ ljleGg lsl. a'af.} kj{ ljz]ifdf ufOg] ePsfn] ltgnfO{ .fy nfu]/ dfOtL k'u]sL r]nLn] cfkm\gf afNosfn latfPsf 7fpF. s'g} uLtx¿ r'6\s] vfnsf klg x'G5g\ . bb{ la. cTof. rf}tf/L.lbg dlxnfn] pGd'lSt kfPsf] cg'ej u5{g\ .tL k|yfsf] cGTo ca e}.'/fn] 3fF. j/kLknsf rf}tf/Ldf dlxnfx¿sf . uf]7 hfFbf . cfkm\gf k|f0feGbf Kof/f cfdfa'afsf sfvdf a./nfO{ ljifo agfO{ ufOPsf uLtx¿ o. pko'{St k[i7e"lddf lthsf] rf8 k|To]s jif{ dL7f] cfsfª\Iff / k|tLIff af]s]/ cfpg] u5{ . o.} gfdn] lrlgG5g\ klg .nfUbf] 3/fo.'l/nf :j/df u'lGhPsf uLt.'s} 6f9f eP klg 5f]/Lr]nL dfOt hfg rfxG5g\ . wtL{df :juL{o cfgGbsf] cg'ej x'G5 .]{/ /ftel/ hfu|fd a. . xftsf] yk8Ldf wtL{ g} .do jftfj/0fdf x/]ssf] dg /dfO/x]sf] x'G5 .]/ bf]xf]/L jf h'xf/L klg v]N5g\ . uLtx¿ h'g k|sf/sf eP klg o.L latfPsf] If0f clj:d/0fLo aGb5 . cj. lthsf] kj{df ufOg] uLt 7fpFcg'.femf ¿kdf lthsf uLt eGg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 / tL uLt o. x] lg. lth uLtdf Pp6} r'8\sfnfO{ nfdf] .Gt'li6. o.fOF. bf]xf]/Lsf ¿kdf / .do.+:sf/ut / . Pp6L gf/Ln] uLt lems]kl5 c¿n] .do.sf] cf]/fnf] d 5f]/LnfO{ s'6f] / sf]bfnf] d}n] 8fF8f] sf6].Dd ufpg] rng 5 . lkof/fh}. s'/fsf] k'li6 tnsf] uLtn] u/]sf] 5 M ca d}n] s] u/L vfgL s eg]sf] cIf/} ghfgL bfh'efO SofDk. rf/ efO 5f]/f a'afsf] sfvdf d 5f]/LnfO{ csf{sf] .x/Ls/0fsf] a9\bf] ult. .'wf/sf] cfx\jfg u/]sf] kfOG5 .FlugL nodf k|:t't x'G5g\ .f. gf/L j]bgfsf] cleJolSt. dWo g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]qdf k|rlnt 26 ÷ bLklzvf . lbbLalxgL / bfh'x¿k|ltsf] k|]d. . 36gfk|wfg uLtdf o:tf y]uf] sd g} k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .fdflhs ljlwn] lbPsf b'Mv / bb{x¿nfO{ cleJoSt ul/Psf] x'G5 .df . n}ª\lus lje]bk|lt c. :jfdL /fhf cflb h:tf y]uf] / r'6\sfx¿sf] a9L k|of]u kfOG5 .L . .dfh .sf .d:ofx¿. uLtdf al/n}.dfhdf gf/Lsf l:yltnfO{ /fd|/L :ki6 u/]sf 5g\. c.fydf oL uLtx¿ k"jL{ kxf8df ./fOh:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ cfh lthsf uLtx¿sf] k|rng 36\b} uPsf] 5 . sltko uLtx¿df bfz{lgstf klg kfOG5 .Dd bf]x¥ofP/ ufOG5 .Demgf dfq k|:t't ub}{gg\.fd"lxs ¿kdf ToxL uLt nfdf] . .fd"lxs ¿kdf ufOg] lthsf uLtx¿n] .d]l6Psf] x'G5 .fdflhs oyfy{x¿nfO{ klg /fd|/L b]vfpF5g\ PSn}. oL uLtx¿df afn ljjfx / cgd]n ljjfxn] NofPsf ./Ss ."qx¿ x'g\ .fdflhs Oltxf."sf] k|tf8gf / lyrf]ldrf]n] hGdfPsf kL8fx¿. lthsf uLtx¿ kxf8L If]qsf gf/Lx¿sf] . g]kfnsf ljljw hfltx¿sf] k/Dk/f / a. o. o.dfg Jojxf/af6 d'lStsf] rfxgf h:tf gf/Lsf nflu Ps sbd cl3 a9\g] . lthsf uLtx¿n] r]nLsf cfdfafa'.a}nfO{ x'g]5 km/fs afaf eGg] 5f]/LnfO{ bfOhf] 3/df eGg] kms]{/ gcfOhf] lx+F8\bflx+F8\b} af6f]df eL/ k¥of] of] slnnf] pd]/df kL/ k¥of] . afNosfn / hGd:ynsf] . FlugL nodf uLt ufpF5g\ ./f. k"jL{ g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]qdf gf/Lx¿ .f] kf]lvPsf x'G5g\ h:t} M k9\g b]gg\ a'af / cfdfn] b'j} hgf clzlIft x'gfn] k9\g hfcf}F t eGby] .d]l6Psf] x'G5 . ljz]if u/L clwsf+z lth uLtdf gf/Lsf j]bgf. u/L b/ vfg] lbgsf] /flt / lths} lbg j|t a:bf lthsf] uLt ufOG5 .~r]tgfsf :j/ klg .j{q g} oL uLtx¿df gf/L hLjgsf OR5f / cfsfª\ Iff tyf b'Mvk"0f{ cg'ejx¿sf] cleJolSt b]lvG5 . sGof bfg 7"nf] bfg xf]Ogf cfdf ltdLnfO{ bfg lbG5f} eg] b]pm lzIff xfdLnfO{ .fyL 3/sf] wGbf cfOnfUof] ddfly kxf8df hGd ef] xfd|f] lzIffljgf hLjg g/fd|f] hlGdP/ e"ldnfO{ eof] ef/ lzIffljgf eljio 5 cGwsf/ Pp6f hLjg csf{sf] aGbuL cGwsf/df glatfpFm lhGbuL k9\g] a]nf uf]7fnf] . c+z klg rflxFb}g bfOhf] klg rflxFb}g 5f]/f h:tf] lzIff b]pm ca 5f]/LnfO{ . clxn] lthsf uLtdf zf]if0fsf lj?4sf] gf/L ljb|f]x / . 3fF.Gtfg . bfp/f ./ sfnf] cIf/ ef] e}F. b'Mv / u'gf.d]l6Psf] x'G5 eg] sltko uLtx¿df .fdflhs ljifoj:t' . sf6\5' s'/s'/] nx/f slt u/f}F eL/ / kx/f s] n]v]5 efjLn] lgwf/df ?Fb} lxF8\5' vf]nfsf] lsgf/df lthsf cj. sltko lthsf uLtx¿df wfld{s ljifoj:t' .'lgg yfn]sf 5g\ .f]Q/ :ofpnf xf]Og ca s6fpg] bLklzvf ÷ 27 .lthsf] uLt / t/fO{ If]qdf kfOPsf uLtdf km/skg e]l6G5 .De]m/ . t/ .L a/fa/ 3fF. afpcfdfsf xfdL 5f]/L w]/} hgf eP/ afafcfdf k9fpm ca ./df dfOtLdf e]nf x'Fbf vf. fd' cfpF5 .f/e/ k|l. 3/]n' lx+. 5f]/f5f]/Lk|ltsf] e]befj.fsk|ltsf] df]x.DalGwt 5g\ .~rfng k|ltlqmofdf ToxL k|ltzt /fVg'kg]{ nufotsf y'k|} dfu clwsf/sdL{x¿n] ul//x]sf 5g\ .n /ªlj/ªsf b]pm g r'/f xl/of b/ vfg] lbgdf ahf/ 3/df . s'/Llt / k|yfsf gfddf ePsf lx+. 28 ÷ bLklzvf . 3/. of] kj{ efb| z'Sn låtLofb]lv k~rdL. dlxnf d}qLsf s'/f.'g .d's'." klg .+Vof sl/a %! k|ltzt 5 eg] /fHo . lthdf ufOg] uLtdf gf/L ljb|f]x.f. . oL uLtnfO{ lth uLt jf lthsf uLt elgG5 -cfrfo{. .d:of.fsf s'/f klg lthsf efsfdf . olb kj{df ufOg] uLt lthsf uLt jf lth uLt x'g\ . lthdf ufOg] uLtx¿ ljleGg ljifo. b/ vfg] lbgb]lv lnP/ k~rdLsf] k"hf gu/].a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ rf8 xf] .+.fydf Pp6f . ltgsf gf/Lsf OR5f.d'bfo .Dd dgfOg] ul/G5 .f. 3/ dfOtL ubf{ af6fdf x'g] b'3{6gf.+sNkdf afFw]/ Psfu| kfg]{ ljlwut j|t al. .]n d vfG5' eg]/ xftdf o. afnljjfx / ax'ljjfxsf hfndf k/]sf gf/Lx¿sf] cft{gfb / s?0f ufyf lthsf uLtx¿df k|ltlalDat 5g\ .Dd gf/Lx¿ Jo:t /xG5g\ .'g :jfdL lthsf j|t ef]ln ca t dsg b]pm w"k 5fofsL rf]nL dndnsL tf}ln b]pm tL. u/uxgf / kf].d]l6Psf b]lvG5g\ . k':tf}Fk':tfb]lv x:tfGtl/t eP/ cfˆgf] lth kj{ / lth uLt g]kfnL dlxnfsf] snf / unf . xftsL kml/of c. 5f]/L klg afaf ltd|f] d'6'sf] Tof] 3fpm k9\g n]Vg kfP eg] /fV5g\ cfˆgf] gfpFm . P]g aGof] cfdf ca 5f]/L k9fpg] ./L g]kfnL lxGb" dlxnfx¿sf] Ps dfq ljz]if rf8 lth xf] . lth dlxnfx¿sf] . @)%* M !^$_ . lthdf gf/L dgsf ps'.Fu . jif{ lbgsf] lthdf dfOtL lng cfpnfg\ eg]/ k|tLIff ug]{ gf/Lsf] dgf]bzfsf] lrq0f lth uLtx¿df kfOG5 -aGw'. dlxnfsf] jif{lbg] pGd'lSt kj{sf pNn]v u/fO lthdf gf/Ln] cfkm\gf 5l/Psf] dgnfO{ .G5 . / kL8fnfO{ 5tf5'Nn x'g] u/L uLtsf dfWodaf6 hg.d]l6Psf] x'G5 .l4 a9]sf] b]lvG5 . g}ltstfdf cfFr h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ . dlxnfsf] hg. lje]b. j+zdf clwsf/.zStLs/0f. b]jL b]jtfk|ltsf] elSt. lthdf lth kj{ ljz]ifs} uLtsf] k|rng 5 . dfOtL . @)^@ M ##_ .fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] rfxgf cflb k|s6 ePsf] kfOG5 . .+xfjnf]sg= nlntk'/ M . k/fh'nL.femf k|sfzg.+:s[lt= sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/. . lth.Gbe{ . uf]ljGb= nf]s uLtsf] ljZn]if0f= sf7df8f}F M k}/jL k|sfzg. @)^@ . k/fh'nL. k"0f{ k|sfz= …g]kfnL nf]s uLtÚ -ljrf/ d~r_ dw'ks{ jif{ !%= cÍ *. @)&@ .flxTosf] ljj]rgf= sf7df8f}F M lq=lj=kf7\ oqmd ljsf. xfd|f] nf]s .fdu|L . @)!$ . @)!@ .Todf]xg= …nf]s uLtsf s]xL emNsfÚ= k|ult= jif{ #= cÍ @= k"0ff{Í !$. g]kfn …ofqLÚ. -k|f=_ ln.dfhsf tTsfnLg oyfy{nfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 5 .femf k|sfzg. lthsf ljleGg af]nsf] uLt ufpg] ul/Psf] 5. cfrfo{. @)%^ . uf}td. @)$$ . @)#( . @)%& .fljqL= …lth uLtdf u'Dbf] df}lnstfÚ= -ljljw_ sflGtk'/= sf7df8f}F M sflGtk'/ klAns].'b]j= l. 5f]/Lsf] lanf}gf.d'bfosf gf/L / .Dd dgfOg] o."rL cof{n. cFw]/L vf]nf. cfrfo{. -k|f=_ ln=.flxTosf] ¿k/]vf= nlntk'/ M . pkfWofo.femf k|sfzg. @)&@ . afa'/fd= k'/fgf slj / sljtf= nlntk'/ M .femf k|sfzg.G. lthkj{ / lthdf ufpg] uLtn] a|fx\d0f . . === === ===. df]tLnfn / lu/L= hLj]Gb| b]j= g]kfnL nf]s .#= lgisif{ lth uLt nf]s uLtsf] kj{ uLtcGtu{t kb{5 . kf]/ lthdf. lqkf7L.k'/]= g]kfnL nf]s. wd{/fh / . 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If0fnfO{ t]gn] ljz]if u/L sfn. j:t'ut Pj+ j}1flgs b[li6 ckgfpg'kg]{ / s'g} klg snfs[ltnfO{ dfgj r]tgfsf] cleJolSt dfGg'kg]{ s'/f cf}NF ofpF5g\ .sf/0f p./L pgsf cufl8 h'g dfgl.dsf] af}l4s 9fFrf klg /x]sf] x'G5.Fu t'ngf u/]/ .flxTosf/ tyf snfsf/n] ef]u]sf] tyf afFr]sf] o'usf] k|ltlaDa . o'u ljz]if / o'u r]tgfsf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 -h}g.dfhsf] lrGtg tyf Jojxf/nfO{ k|efljt kf/]sf] x'G5 / hLjgsf .kl5 pTkfbgsf] kl/l:yltdf Wofg lbG5g\ . !((@ M @#_ .r]t x'G5 .'s} o'udf klg Pp6} lsl. .flxlTos s[ltnfO{ . k'/f0f./L l.h{gf x'G5.fdflhs . t]gn] .g\ @))^ M !@%_ .flxTon] cleJoSt u/]sf] o'u tyf .Fu hf]l8P/ gofF k|sf/sf] lrGtg / l. o. k|hflt / kof{j/0fsf] l. nfdf] .n] s[ltdf JoSt u/]sf] o'u Pp6f ljz]if :d/0fLo . To.Dk"0f{ . pgL . t]gsf cg'.flxTonfO{ bk{0f. pgL . To.fy} o.dxTTj lbg'kg]{ / /rgfdf . Tof] dfgl.sf] Ps lsl.fdflhs pTkfbg dfGb} . o.flxTo ljZn]if0fsf] dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/ If0f xf] .dosf dflg.lh{t x'G5 < eGg] k|Zg pleg cfpF5 .n] k"/} .n] /fli6«o k|ltef / .n] . x'Fb} hfG5 / csf]{ gofF ljrf/ k|wfg ljrf/sf] ¿kdf /xg k'U5 .stfaf6 snfsf] l.Da4 dfGb5g\ .a} If]qdf km}lnPsf] x'G5 .{ cWoogdf lgikIf.dfhs} lrGtgnfO{ k|efljt u/]sf] x'G5 -kf08]o.flxTonfO{ lglZrt o'usf] . pgL snf tyf .DaGw :yflkt ug'k{ g]. oxL k|Zgsf] pQ/df pgL If0f.{ ltgsf] pTklQsf] JofVof ubf{ sfo{sf/0f . efiff cflbnfO{ klg . o.flxlTos s[ltnfO{ . .x¿sf] cj:yfaf/] af]w x'G5 . t]gsf cg'.stfsf] pkh dfGb5g\ .j{ky| d pTkfbs / To.f/ Pp6f o'udf af}l4s .flxTo.dosf ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 .Sb}g eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 .flxTodf cleJoSt x'G5 . n]vs tyf snfsf/ cfˆgf] o'usf] ljifodf .sf . h.nfO{ lgikIf Pj+ j}1flgs b[li6n] x]gk{' g]{ s'/f u5{g\ . dfg ljz]iftf . t]gsf cg'.flxlTos s[lt cfsfzaf6 cjtl/t ePsf] x'Fb}g .dfhsf k|hfltx¿sf] kblrXgsf] k|efj x'G5 .b{5 .dfh zf:qLo cWoogsf] cf}lrTo klg x'Fb}g . To. !((@ M @@_ . -u_ kof{j/0f 32 ÷ bLklzvf . j0f{ / ljz]iftfsf x'G5g\ . s'g} klg .sf] d'Vo hfltut ljz]iftf /x]sf] x'G5 . af]nfO.dosf] k|ltlaDanfO{ k|:t't ub{5 .s Pj+ zf/Ll/s .y{.flxTo lrGtgsf] nIo .lsG5.s]sf cfˆgf hfltut ljz]iftfx¿ h:tf] vfgkfg.x¿ ljljw cfs[lt. t]gsf cg'.f/ . -v_ k|hflt t]gn] k|hfltsf] wf/0ffnfO{ .+/rgfdf .h{s / s[ltdf JolSt ePsf] dfgjsf af/]df hfGgsf lglDt . cleJoSt ug]{ dfWod dfg]sf 5g\ . .dsf] ljrf/ k|wfg lyof] eGg] s'/f ghfGbf .+/rgfsf] JofVof u/]sf 5g\ .dfhsf] dfgj hflt tyf k|hfltaf/] hfGg' xf] .flxTon] klg s'g} o'u tyf . s[ltsf] .f/ jf:tjdf dfG5] ljleGg hfthflt ag]/ ljZjel/ g} lkmFlhP/ /x] klg k|To]s dfG5]df p.n] k|f/Dedf l.flxTosf] cWoog cfjZos x'G5 .dfhdf s:tf] lsl.fdflhs kl/l:ylt /x]af6 of] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 eg]sf 5g\ -If]qL.sf] cfbz{sf ¿kdf /lx/xG5g\ -h}g. pgL .flxTodf . . bk{0fn] dfgjsf] k|ltlaDa b]vfP h:t} .dfh zf:qLo cWoogsf lglDt Pp6f d'Vo ljifosf ¿kdf lnP . pgn] k|hfltcGtu{t dflg. gsf/fTds k|efj k/] klg dfG5]n] cfˆgf] .s .Dk"0f{ ./L t]gn] k|hfltnfO{ ./L g} s[ltsf] cWoogaf6 dfgj k|hfltsf] cWoog ug{ . @)^$ M @#_ . k|To]s k':ts s'g} .f/ . jfxsf0f'n] j+z k/Dk/fb]lv zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl.lsG5 .fdflhs . t.b}{ cfpF5 .fy} o.flxTonfO{ t'ngf u/L Pp6f o'udf Ps k|sf/sf] / csf]{ o'udf csf]{ k|sf/sf] .flxTosf/n] s[ltdf cfkm" afFr]sf] o'usf] k|ltlaDa ptf/]sf] x'G5 eG5g\ .+:sf/nfO{ sxLF g sxLF cjnDag u/]s} x'G5 .+:sf/ cflb p.flxTosf] . s'g o'u / . /Lltl/jfh. /h Pj+ jLo{sf dfWodaf6 cfdf / afa'sf ljz]iftfnfO{ jxg ug]{ jfxsf0f'sf sf/0f dflg. lxF8fO.jf{lws dxŒj lbPsf 5g\ . pm hxfF k'u] klg p. o.nfO{ :ki6 kfg{ pgn] Pp6f ztfAbL / csf]{ ztfAbLsf] .flxTosf] . j+zfg'ut u'0f eg]sf] s'g} k|hfltdf klxNo}b]lv /xL cfPsf] ljz]iftf xf] . h. /h Pj+ jLo{sf dfWodaf6 Tof] u'0f Ps k':tfaf6 csf]{ k':tfdf . pgsf cg'.dfh zf:qLo cWoogdf If0fnfO{ klg cWoogsf] cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 ./L k|f0fLsf] cjz]if / vf]naf6 k|frLg k|f0fLsf] cWoog ug{ .sf j+zfg'ut ljz]iftf tyf dfgl.dosf k|hfltx¿sf] 5fof tyf vf]n h:tf] x'G5 . . u/]sf 5g\ . kl/36gfn] l. pgL eG5g\.fn kmfu'g ! b]lv g]kfndf .dy{g / lj/f]wsf Jojxf/x¿ b]vf k/] . syfn] u/]sf] 5 . h'Dnfaf6 Kn]g r9]sf] hutaxfb'/ g]kfnuGh ljdfg:yndf cf]ln{Pkl5 v'.ª\ uf] /fli6«o hLjg k|efljt eof] .sf kIf / ljkIf jf .Ú -kf08]o.fdflhs k|efj .df .fdflhs kl/j]zsf] k|efj kfqdf kg]{ x'Fbf kl/j]zsf k[i7e"lddf kfqsf rfl/lqs ljz]iftfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ . o./L aflx/L kl/j]zn] dfG5]nfO{ k|efj kfb{5 ./L pgn] k|fs[lts Pj+ .4fGt . o.L bLklzvf ÷ 33 .DaGwL l.DaGw :yflkt ug]{ sf]l.flxTodf klg k5{ .4fGt xf] -h}g.fdflhs :t/df klg o.ª\uaf6 syfsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . @)%@ .dflji6 u5{g\ .+. ctM .dfhsf] k|fs[lts / .}n] .fdflhs kl/l:ylt / 36gfx¿af6 k|efljt x'G5g\ .f/df dflg.DaGwnfO{ k"0f{ JofVof ug]{ l.ª\3if{ lyof] . . d"ntM t]gn] k|fs[lts kof{j/0fnfO{ dxŒj lbP tfklg To.fdflhs k[i7e"ld .dfh zf:qLo cWoogdf kl/j]znfO{ klg d'Vo cfwf/sf ¿kdf u|x0f ul/Psf] 5 .sf] .z:q o'4 cf/De eof] .fdflhs / /fhgLlts kl/j]znfO{ klg . !((@ M @%_ .~rfns tTsfnLg g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] o. o. tTsfnLg /fHokIfn] o. . @= le8Gt syfsf] ljZn]if0f @=! cfVofg .fdflhs kl/j]znfO{ klg . t]gsf ljrf/df kl/j]z. PSn} x'Fb}g. g]kfndf rn]sf] åGå / To. To. pgL kl/j]zcGtu{t xfjfkfgL tyf e"uf]nnfO{ dxŒj lbG5g\ / .Sg] jftfj/0f ePkl5 hLjg rnfpg] /x/ af]s]/ hutaxfb'/ g]kfnuGh ljdfg:yndf cf]ln{Psf] k|.flxTosf/ afFr]sf] .Fu hf]8\g] k|of.z:q o'4do kl/j]z /x]sf] 5 .flxTosf] .dfh x'G5 .sf cflbd k|j[lQ tyf k|hfltut ljz]iftfx¿ ef}lts . oyfy{df Tof] Pp6f ju{ .Gbe{ le8Gt syfsf] . h'Dnfdf a:g g.+1f lbof] / /fHokIf / ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbLaLrdf o'4sf] jftfj/0f k}bf eof] . @))^ M !@%_ pgn] kfqsf] :jefj / p. p.flxTo. p.flxTosf] sfo{sf/0f .nfO{ ."Id ljZn]if0fdf .. To.fdflhs kl/j]zsf aLr sfo{sf/0f .sf sf/0f lgbf]{if hgtfn] lhpg'k/]sf] kL8fbfos hLjgsf] oyfy{ lrq0f o. .sf] k|fs[lts . ….fdGtjfbL pTkL8gsf lj?4sf] hgo'4sf] gfpF lbof] .flxTosf] .flxTosf] . k|efjsf ljleGg cfofdx¿ b]lvP .nfO{ cftª\ssf] .sf rf/}lt/ k|s[lt x'G5.dfh zf:qLo cWoogdf t]gn] k|hflt / If0f h:t} kof{j/0fnfO{ klg d'Vo cfwf/sf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . hgo'4sf] o. u5{g\ -h}g.lsg] s'/fnfO{ cf}FNofPsf 5g\ . !((@ M @$_ . o.Fu . hutaxfb'/sf] sf7df8f}F uP/ gofF hLjg lgjf{x ug]{ .n] g]kfnuGhsf] jfu]Zj/L dlGb/glhs lznflht / lhDa' a]Rof] .n] l.n] p. p.kgf tf.sf] s'/f kTofOPg .f k|fKt ePkl5 p.fFlRrs} dfG5] df/]sf] h:tf] ck/fwaf]wn] pm u|:t eof] . lznflht / lhDa' k|x/Ln] lnP .dfly uf]nL rnfOof] . pm g]kfnuGh em¥of].n] s]xL lbgd} sf7df8f}F hfg] of]hgf agfof] . cfˆgf] u|x s6fpg p. kfFr jif{cufl8 p.nfO{ y'g]afkt lznflht / lhDa' lnof] . s]/sf/ ubf{ eStaxfb'/ o. Ao'Fem]kl5 p. 5/l5d]sLx¿ sf]xL . Pp6f ePsf] . 5f]/fsf] lsl/of . hutaxfb'/n] k|x/L. d[tssf] gfd hutaxfb'/ dxt .dodf cs}{ OG:k]S6/ ePsfn] p.nfO{ 5f8]g .kfxLnfO{ df/]sf] . OG:k]S6/nfO{ nnfOkmsfO{ u/]/ Ps 306fsf nflu cfkm"nfO{ y'lglbg cfu|x u¥of] .lsG5 . Tof] /ft pm ToxL jfu]Zj/L dlGb/df .fOsndf cfPsf b'O{ o'jsn] uf]nL xfg]/ df/]5 / o'js efu]5 . Tof] lbg p.df hLjgk|lt pT./L o.fyL x'g\ ls eGg] zª\sf ul/of] .'/Iffkmf}hn] p.a} s'/f eGof] t/ p.n] 9f]sf vf]Ng dfg]g .nfO{ cfˆgf] .ª\u|fd eg]/ . ef]lnkN6 kqklqsfdf le8Gtdf cftª\ssf/Lsf] d[To'.sf] 3/ em}F etfe'ª\u eof] .kgfk|lt lbSbf/ nfUof] . To. .kgf u|xbzf v/fa ePkl5 g} b]lvG5 eGg] s'/f jiff}{+cufl8 p. k}.sL >LdtL aRrf kfpg g.n] kTofPg . /fHokIf / ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbLsf aLrdf emg\ 7"nf] o'4 rls{of] . .xf/f lnof] .\ eGof] .'Tof] . hutaxfb'/nfO{ s]/sf/ ul/of] .fydf lznflht / lhDa' lnP/ . h'Dnfdf ePsf] Pp6f 3/ klg . OG:k]S6/nfO{ dfg]{ o.'/Iffkmf}hn] cftª\sjfbL eg]/ dfl/lbPkl5 hutaxfb'/sf lbgx¿ b'MvbfoL eP .s} . .fd' b'v].f] kf]Vof] . b]lvG5 . ToxL a]nf k|x/L sfof{nocufl8 ad k8\lsof] . v/fa .kgf b]v]sf] lyof] p. OG:k]S6/n] csf]{ OG:k]S6/nfO{ kmf]g u/]/ 8\o'6Ldf af]nfP/ pm 36gf:ynlt/ uof] .'g]sf] lyof] . kl5 yfxf eof]– Tof] OG:k]S6/nfO{ df]6/.'/Iffkmf}hn] cfuf] nufOlbPkl5 pm ToxfFaf6 efu]/ g]kfnuGh uPsf] xf] .s]g .sf] 3/df cfP/ cftª\sjfbLsf] 3/ eGb} cfuf] nufOlbP . p. Ps 306f lat]kl5 hutaxfb'/n] lrRofP/ ca 9f]sf vf]lnlbg'xf]. pm d¥of] . /flt . OG:k]S6/n] p. 34 ÷ bLklzvf . hutaxfb'/n] Tof] OG:k]S6.dfrf/ cfof] .kgf b]Vof] . cGTodf p.s]/ d/]sL lyO{ .kl5 hutaxfb/ h'Dnf a:g .Gtfg klg .lsPkl5 .fx knfP/ cfof] .n] .kgfdf p.] .n] afahLaf6 .b/d'sfd efUg yfn] eg] sf]xL e"ldut eP/ hª\un k. hutaxfb'/nfO{ y'Gg] OG:k]S6/ kmls{Pg .s} 5f]/f] xf] eGg] yfxf kfPkl5 k'ln. t/. syfsf] syfgs . lznflht / lhDa' a]r]/ sf7df8f}F hfg] clg un}Frf a]Rg] .n] ToxfFsf] j8f k|x/L sfof{nodf . To. s]/ hutaxfb'/sL >LdtL d/]sf] If0fsf] af]w u/fPsf] 5 .'lgPg .|f] aRrf hGdfpg g.'/Iffkmf}hn] p.} u/L /f]Psf] lyof] .fIo ! n] åGåsfndf h'Dnfdf a:g g.fIo ! M Kn]g g]kfnuGh ljdfg:yndf cf]ln{Pkl5 pm s]xL 9'Ss eof] .kl5 . . bf]. .sf] ofrgf .fIo @ n] åGåsfndf .Fu} p. oxfF klg To. .'/Iffkmf}hn] cfˆgf] 5f]/f] eStaxfb'/nfO{ cftª\sjfbLsf] cf/f]kdf df/]kl5 hutaxfb'/sf lbgx¿ b'MvbfoL / si6s/ ePsf] If0fsf] af]w u/fPsf] 5 . ToxfF klg pm To.n] cfˆg} k|x/L sfof{nosf] . dnfO{ vf]/af6 d'lSt lbg'k¥of] eGg yfNof] .'/Iffkmf}hn] hutaxfb'/sf] 3/nfO{ hnfOlbPsf] / To. 3/ clnslt klg :ofxfg{ kfPg p.@=@= le8Gt syfdf k|o'St If0f If0f.a} v/fgL ePsf] If0fsf] af]w u/fPsf] 5 .fIo # n] kfFr jif{cufl8 aRrf hGdfpg g.fIo ^ M cGttM OG:k]S6/ /fhL eof] . .fIox¿sf] ljZn]if0f .s]/ g]kfnuGh k'u]sf] hutaxfb'/n] ca afFlrG5 eGg] cfz u/]sf] If0fsf] af]w u/fPsf] 5 . pm 3/df PSnf] eof] .fIox¿ .sf nflu eofgs si6s/ / kL8fbfos eP . Ps}l5gdf cfuf]n] o. pm vf]/df a.fIo & M p. .DklQ . ca t afFlrof] eGg] efj b]lvof] p.fIo $ M 5f]/f] dfl/Pkl5sf lbg p.fIo % M To.s]/ . cfuf]af6 hutaxfb'/n] .sf] dlyª\undf e'OFrfnf] uof] . . .fIo * M h'Dnfdf h:t} ToxfF klg p.fIo @ M cxF.} u/L ?Fb} 5 .n] .]/ ?g–s/fpg yfNof] .DaGwL .} u/L /f]Psf] lyof] . . .fIo % n] cfˆgf] 5f] / f] eStaxfb' / nfO{ cftª\ s jfbLsf] cf/f] k df bLklzvf ÷ 35 .]sL . . p.nfO{ klg dhfn] s'6lk6 u¥of] .sf] s]–s] hNof] s]–s] ./L 89fof] ls 3/.sL kfFr jif{cl3 g} v.fIo # M hxfg p.fIo $ n] . cfZj:t eof] . .fgf] vf]/df p. .nfO{ y'lglbof] . oxfF klg To.sf] cg'xf/df . h'Dnfaf6 g]kfnuGh cfpFbf hutaxfb'/n] lznflht / lhDa' klg NofPsf] / To.Sg] l:ylt k}bf ePkl5 5/l5d]sL sf]xL . ToxfF uP/ OG:k]S6/nfO{ Ps 306f vf]/df cfkm"nfO{ y'lglbg 36 ÷ bLklzvf .fIo * n] hutaxfb'/nfO{ vf]/af6 lgsfNg k|x/Ln] gdfg]kl5 h'Dnfdf /f]P h.kgfdf u/]sf] xTofsf] Ifdfofrgfsf nflu j8f k|x/L sfof{nodf . g]kfnuGhsf] jfu]Zj/L dlGb/d} hutaxfb'/ . .nuQ} 5f]/f eStaxfb'/nfO{ .'/IffsdL{ cfP/ eSt]sf] afa' tF g} xf]Og.'/IffsdL{nfO{ df/]sf] .'/Iffkmf}hn] 89fOlbPkl5 hutaxfb'/sf] h'Dnf a:g] lbg .fIo & n] cfkm"nfO{ y'Gg] OG:k]S6/nfO{ c1ft .kgf b]v]sf] / u|xbzf s6fpg k|x/L sfof{nodf uP/ OG:k]S6/.fx knfPsf] If0f k|:t't ePsf] 5 .kgf .df hLjgk|lt pT.'/Iffkmf}hn] dfl/lbPkl5 hutaxfb'/nfO{ klg s'6lk6 u/]/ oftgf lbPsf] If0fsf] af]w u/fPsf] 5 .l4Psf] s]xL lbgd} .nfO{ a]r]/ cfPsf] k}.'t]sf]. .' t ] s f] hutaxfb' / n] .'/Iffkmf}hn] cftª\sjfbLsf] cf/f]kdf df/]kl5 hutaxfb'/sf] hLjg si6s/ ePsf] If0f k|:t't ePsf] 5 .fn] sf7df8f}F uP/ un}Frf a]Rg] /x/ u/]sf] 5 . .DklQsf gfddf ToxL Pp6f /x]sf] 3/ klg 89fOlbPsf] If0f syfdf cfPsf] 5 . cfkm"n] b]v]sf] .Fu Ps 306f cfkm"nfO{ y'lglbg cfu|x u/]kl5 OG:k]S6/n] hutaxfb'/nfO{ vf]/df y'g]sf] If0fsf] af]w u/fPsf] 5 . cfˆgf] /x/cg'. /ftel/ nfdv'§]n] 6f]s]sf].n] s]xL lznflht / lhDa' a]r]/ k}. kfFr jif{cufl8 aRrf hGdfpg g. h'Dnfdf a:g] jftfj/0f gePkl5 Hofg hf]ufpg g]kfnuGh k'u]sf] hutaxfb'/df afFRg] cfzfsf ls/0f knfPsf] If0faf6 syf k|f/De ePsf] 5 .lsPsf] If0f k|:t't ePsf] 5 . . ufpF3/df a:g g.fnb]lv g]kfndf k|f/De ePsf] . le8Gt syfdf d"ntM @)%@ .kfxLnfO{ df/]sf].\ < eGb} hutaxfb'/nfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf] / .xof]u lnPsf]. 5f]/fsf] lsl/of u/]/ l. .b/d'sfddf uP/ n'Sg] u/]sf] / sf]xLrflxF e"ldut eP/ hª\un k.d"xn] df/]sf] / ToxfF cs}{ OG:k]S6/ cfPsfn] hutaxfb'/nfO{ vf]/af6 lgsfNg gdfg]kl5 pm cflQPsf] If0fsf] af]w u/fPsf] 5 .fIo ^ n] g] k fnuGhsf] jfu] Z j/L dlGb/df . . h'Dnfdf ePsf] 3/nfO{ .f/ p.f xft kf/]kl5 p.kgfdf Pshgf l./L g} g]kfnuGhdf pm /f]Psf] If0fsf] af]w u/fPsf] 5 .fFlRrs} dfG5] df/]sf] h:tf] ck/fwaf]wn] pm u|:t ePsf] cg]s If0f syfdf cfPsf 5g\ .]sf] If0f syfdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 .s]/ >LdtLsf] d[To' ePsf] / To.z:q åGåsf] If0f k|d'v ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 .lDemP/ hutaxfb'/ lbSbf/ ePsf] / . fIo ! M pm h'DnL . d h:tf] x'GYof] .nfO{ y'lglbPsf]. . .kgf b]v]sf] lyof] . t}klg lxDdt xf/]g .fIo @ M To. .Ln] nv]6]sf] .fanfO{ .n] 5f]/fnfO{ e}F.fpgs} nflu t hGd]sf .sf] h'Dnfdf 3/ 5}g .n] nfdv'§]l.z:q åGåsf] If0fnfO{ lrgfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf] b]lvG5 .t cfTd.n] åGåsfndf lj:yflkt ePsf . .cfu|x u/]sf].fIo # M lgs} kl5 dfq Pp6f kqsf/n] …ltd|f] 5f]/f] .fIo % M h'DnL g xf] . y'Gg] OG:k]S6/nfO{ c1ft . gofF OG:k]S6/n] hutaxfb'/nfO{ vf]/af6 aflx/ lg:sg glbPkl5 pm lg/fz ePsf] If0f k|:t't 5 . To. To. .kl5 p.Fusf] le8Gtdf dfl/of]Ú eGg] va/ Nofof] . @=#= le8Gt syfdf k|o'St k|hflt k|hflt.kgfsf af/]df eGbf 5f]/fn] xfF.kl5 Hofg hf]ufP/ efUg'k¥of] p. .sf] 3/ .Ú .fIo ^ M .DaGwL .Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hfltsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf] 5 .fIox¿ .fIo @ n] åGåsf] r]kj' fdf k/]/ g]kfnLx¿n] h'g si6s/ hLjg latfP.8sdf lznflht / lhDa'sf] kf]sf] vf]n]/ a:of] .nfO{ s]/sf/ ubf{ pm eStaxfb'/sf] afa' ePsf] / pm klg cftª\sjfbL g} xf] eGg] zª\sfs} e/df hutaxfb'/nfO{ uf]nL xfg]/ df/]sf] If0f syfdf cfPsf] 5 . t/.fIox¿sf] ljZn]if0f M .n] 5f]/fsf] nf. . .d"xn] uf]nL xfg]/ dfl/lbPsf].f]emf] .fIo $ M Ps/ft p. …d}n] em'6f] af]n]sf] xf]Og xh'/ Û gkTofP csf]{ .\ .sf] k|ltlglwTj hutaxfb'/n] u/]sf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L u/fPsf] 5 .f]df p8fPsf] lyof] . ToxfF cs}{ OG:k]S6/ cfPsf] / Ps 306f lat]kl5 klg cfkm"nfO{ vf]/af6 aflx/ glgsfn]kl5 hutaxfb'/ lrRofPsf] h:tf cg]s If0fx¿ syfdf k|:t't ePsf 5g\ .fnb]lv g]kfndf rn]sf] tTsfnLg dfcf]jfbL / . bLklzvf ÷ 37 .lag} sfhlsl/of u¥of] . k|x/Ln] p.fIo & M xfdL d"nf /ut r'. p. .n] .fIo * M h'DnL 5fFufaf6 v.a}eGbf klxnf jfu]Zj/L dlGb/sf] bz{g u¥of] .n] .du|df syfn] @)%@ . .f]lwaS:of].fIo ! n] hutaxfb'/ h'Dnfdf hlGdPsf] If]qL s'nsf] g]kfnL hflt xf] / p. ca p.'/Iffkmf}h. h'Dnf 5f8\g'k¥of] p.]h:tf] eof] ./sf/ kIfsf aLrsf] . h'Dnf p. . cfzLjf{b dfUof] / dlGb/s} aflx/ . uf]Hofª\u|f] .dk{0f u¥of] / lgbfof] . OG:k]S6/n] p. Odfgbf/Lsf] sdfOaf6 afFRg rfxg] g]kfnLx¿n] tTsfnLg åGåsf] r]k'jfdf k/]/ Hofg u'dfpg'k/]sf] oyfy{ 36gf syfdf cleJoSt ePsf] 5 . o.f]af. Tof] cem} klg lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] af]w u/fPsf] 5 .ª\s6 k}bf eof] .sf/ aGg afWo lgbf]{if g]kfnLsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5 .nfO{ .ª\s]t u5{ .fIo $ n] g]kfnLx¿df . .sf] .xL dfGg] / u|xbzf s6fpg k|x/L sfof{nodf uP/ Ps 306f cfkm"nfO{ y'lglbg cfu|x ug]{ hutaxfb'/n] .s]/ d/]sL 5] .f/ sfhlsl/of u/]sf] 5 .fn] sf7df8f}Fdf un}Frf a'Gg] p.f/f u'0f /x]sf 5g\ . hutaxfb'/sf] 5f]/f] eStaxfb'/ hf] lgbf]{if lyof] t/ klg p.h{gf ePsf] lyof]. ug]{ h'g k/Dk/f 5.fIo * n] h'DnL hutaxfb'/sf dfWodaf6 g]kfnLx¿sf] lxDdt gxfg]{ u'0fsf] kl/ro lbG5 .sf/ hutaxfb'/ / p.fIo % n] h'Dnfdf a.fIo & n] zf]lift kLl8t lgDg juL{o g]kfnLsf] hLjgrof{sf] kl/ro lbPsf] 5 . .'/Iffkmf}hn] cftª\sjfbL eg]/ ckx/0f u/]sf] s]xL lbgkl5 dfl/lbPsf] 5 . .sf] kl/jf/sf ./sf/ kIfsf aLrdf o'4 rls{Pkl5 h'g cK7\of/f] kl/l:ylt l.kgfdf b]v]sf] s'/fnfO{ . . hutaxfb'/ åGåsf sf/0f cfˆgf] k'Vof}{nL ynf] h'Dnf 5f8]/ g]kfnuGh efUg ljjz ePsf] 38 ÷ bLklzvf .f]emf g]kfnLsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5 . . b]zdf o'4 rls{Pkl5 lgbf]{if hgtfsf] lbgrof{df . hutaxfb'/df g]kfnLdf x'g'kg]{ . cfˆg} kf}/vdf afFRgsf nflu euL/y k|of.fx. ug]{ g]kfnLx¿sf] ljz]iftfnfO{ hutaxfb'/n] af]s]sf] 5 . .ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 . .fydf nu]sf] lznflht / lhDa' a]r]/ cfPsf] k}.kgfdf ljZjf.kgfn] pm :jfledfg g]kfnL xf] eGg] .fIo ^ n] g]kfnLx¿ s'g} klg sfd ug'c { ufl8 cfkm"n] dfGg] eujfgsf] k|fy{gf u5{g\ / sfd cufl8 a9fpF5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ . . knfPsf] 5 . b]zdf tTsfnLg ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbL / .b:o ePsf 5g\ ./L hutaxfb'/sL >LdtLn] b'u{d If]qsf gf/Lsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sL 5 eg] 5f]/f] eSt]n] cgfxsd} uf]nLsf] l. Tof] cK7\ of/f] kl/l:yltsf] l. cfˆgf] . gog/fh kf08]sf] le8Gt syfn] g]kfnL dxfhflt tyf k|hfltx¿sf] klg klxrfg u/fPsf] 5 .'/Iffkmf}hn] 5f]/f] dfl/lbPkl5 hutaxfb'/n] g]kfnL k/Dk/fcg'.f]emf]kgsf] kl/ro lbG5 .fIo # n] g]kfnLx¿ cfˆgf] k/Dk/feGbf k/ hfg . syfsf] s]Gb|Lo kfq hutaxfb'/ tTsfnLg åGåaf6 kLl8t lgDg juL{o rl/q xf] .Sb}gg\ eGg] dxfhfltut u'0fsf] kl/ro lbG5 . ug]{ hutaxfb'/ h:tf clzlIft g]kfnLsf] . hutaxfb'/sL >LdtL hf] plrt 8fS6/ / cf}ifwLsf] cefjdf aRrf hGdfpg g. h'Dnfaf6 lj:yflkt eP/ g]kfnuGh k'u]kl5 hutaxfb'/df afFRg] . ca 9f]sf vf]lnaS:of].\ r'. 6f]s\ hlt 6f]Sg dg nfU5 .fIo % M eSt]sf] sfhlsl/of l.'/Iffkmf}hn] p. clg h'DnL lrRofof].\ /ut . 5f]/f] cftª\sjfbL ePkl5 afa' klg cftª\sjfbL g} x'G5 eGg] sdhf]/ dfgl.sf] 3/df cfP .n] .S5.fIo $ M 5/l5d]sLx¿ ls .:6]G6 . p.fIo ! n] g]kfnsf] kxf8L ljs6 lhNnf h'Dnfsf] kof{j/0fsf .stf af]s]sf . … xh'/.b/d'sfd efUg yfn] ls wdfwd hª\un a:g yfn] .n] cfklQ hgfPg .Fusf] le8Gtdf dfl/of] eGg] va/ Nofof] . ePsf] hutaxfb'/sf] 3/sf] kl/j]znfO{ hgfPsf] 5 .l4Psf] s]xL lbgkl5 Ps x'n . . @=$= le8Gt syfdf k|o'St kof{j/0f kof{j/0f.:6]G6ljxLg h'Dnfsf] c:ktfnsf] kof{j/0f / :ofp kmNg] ToxfFsf] ef}uf]lns kl/j]znfO{ a'emfPsf] 5 .fIo & M Ps 306f laTof] .fIo @ M Tolta]nf h'Dnfsf] x]Ny kf]:6df g 8fS6/ lyof] g x]Ny cl.nl.\ < p.fIox¿ .fIo ! M h'Dnf 5f8\g'k¥of] p.n] x'F eGof] . vf]/sf] 9f]sf v'n]g .'/IffsdL{ p.fIo # n] .fIo # M lgs} kl5 dfq Pp6f kqsf/n] ltd|f] 5f]/f] . .nfO{ nfdv'§]n] v'a} 6f]s] .'/IffsdL{sf sf/0f Hofg u'dfpg afWo lgbf]{if hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj hutaxfb'/n] u/]sf] 5 . . x'g t afFsL g]kfnsf nflu h'Dnfdf :ofpafx]s s] 5 / < .fIo @ n] 8fS6/ / x]Ny cl. . To. .dfly cftª\sjfbLsf] cf/f]kdf uf]nL rnfOPsf] 5 . . hlt . .nfO{ klg dhfn] s'6lk6 u¥of] . km]l/ h'Dnf kms{g kfOPnf gkfOPnf. u|xbzf s6fpgsf nflu cfkm"v.åGåkLl8t g]kfnLsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ kfqsf ¿kdf syfdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . ' L h]n k.fIox¿sf] ljZn]if0f . hn]sf] 7fpFdf km]l/ csf]{ 3/ agfpg kfOPnf gkfOPnf .\ .'/Iffkmf}hn] bLklzvf ÷ 39 .Ú .kl5 .nfdf of] g]kfnuGh cfOk'u]sf] xf] .f]w]– eSt]sf] afp t}F xf].gx.'/Iffkmf}h.fy} .fIo * M pgLx¿n] 7fg] 5f]/fsf] d[To'sf] abnf lng / s'g} 7"n} of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] l.fIo ^ M /flt p.Gtfgsf gfddf Pp6} dfq ePsf] 5f]/f] klg .] klg cGTodf p.'/Iffkmf}hn] cfuf] nufOlbP/ tx. . .DaGwL . fIo $ n] tTsfnLg g]kfnsf] åGåfTds kof{j/0fnfO{ .fIo * n] åGåsfndf Pp6f g]kfnLn] csf]{ g]kfnLnfO{ ljZjf. Ps 306f y'g]/ 5fl8lbg] . . g]kfnuGhsf] jfu]Zj/L dlGb/df hutaxfb'/ . . OG:k]S6/ dfl/Pkl5 emg} qf. . åGådf . dfl/lbPkl5 hutaxfb'/sf] bogLo l:yltsf] kl/ro lbPsf] 5 .fwf/0f hgtfn] cgfxsdf b'Mv v]Kg'k/]sf] b'Mvb\ kl/j]znfO{ .fdflhs kl/j]z syfdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 .ª\s6sf] kl/j]zsf] cfudg 40 ÷ bLklzvf . syfdf h'Dnfsf] ef}lts.kgfdf l.lxtsf] .:6]G6 sf]xL gx'g'.bLk"0f{ ag]sf] g]kfnuGhsf] kl/j]z syfdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . le8Gt syfsf] kl/j]z klg tTsfnLg If0fsf] kl/kf]ifs ag]/ b]vf k/]sf] 5 .dfnf]rgfsf] cfwf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf] kof{j/0f k|:t't syfdf kfqsf a.f a9]sf] kof{j/0fnfO{ a'emfPsf] 5 .flxTo . h'Dnfaf6 Kn]g r9]/ g]kfnuGh cf]ln{Psf] hutaxfb'/n] g]kfnuGhsf] kof{j/0f. hutaxfb'/sL :jf:gL kfFr jif{cl3 g} aRrf kfpg g. df]6/af6f] gk'Ug' cflb . .'t]sf] / nfdv'§]n] /ftel/ 6f]s]sf] k|.p7./sf/ kIfsf] o'4n] xTof.fIo & n] g]kfnuGh k|x/L sfof{nosf] h]nsf] kof{j/0fnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . lzIffsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf gx'g'.fnb]lv rn]sf] tTsfnLg ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbL / .j{.ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 . . . OG:k]S6/ dfl/Pkl5 hutaxfb'/sf] hLjgdf .fdflhs kl/j]z k|:t't ePsf 5g\ .fIo % n] @)%@ .kfxL df/]sf] b]v]kl5 Tof] ckzs'g xf] eGb} u|xbzf s6fpg'k5{ eGg] hutaxfb'/ afFr]sf] ?l9u|:t dfGotf.fIffTsf/ u/]sf] 5 .x¿n] ef]Ug'k/]sf] si6s/ kl/j]z syfdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 .fIo ^ n] g]kfnuGhsf] jfu]Zj/L dlGb/sf] kl/j]znfO{ hgfPsf] 5 . dfcf]jfbLsf] cf/f]kdf .Fu .DalGwt 5 .s]/ dg'{. . ef]hg. 8fS6/ tyf x]Ny cl. ug{ g.'? ePsf] åGå / To."rsx¿ k|:t't syfsf kl/j]z x'g\ . c1ft . lx+. af]nLrfnL / /xg.Fu . åGåkLl8t lgDg juL{o dflg.fdflhs kl/j]z / g]kfnuGhsf] ef}lts.ª\uaf6 g]kfnuGhsf] udL{ kl/j]z syfdf k|:t't ePsf] :ki6 x'G5 . .ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 .d"xn] OG:k]S6/nfO{ uf]nL xfg]/ df/]sf] kl/j]z. g]kfndf @)%@ .'/IffsdL{n] w]/} lgbf]{if hgtfsf] xTof u/]sf] / . .t{df vf]/df y'lgPsf] hutaxfb'/ slxNo} glg:sg] u/L y'lgg'k/]sf] kl/j]z syfdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . . hgtfdfly kf]Vbf dfcf]jfbLn] w]/} lgbf]{if hgtfnfO{ df/]sf] lx+. c:ktfn g'xg'.xg.Sg] kl/j]znfO{ .ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 .'/Iffkmf}h.fnb]lv .Fusf] l/.'/Iffkmf}hn] zª\sfs} e/df lgbf]{if hgtfsf] 3/df cfuf] nufP/ ufpF a:tL v/fgL agfOlbPsf] kl/j]z syfdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 .fTds kof{j/0f syfdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 . kf08].DaGwL .kmn .dfh zf:qLo lrGtg= bf]=.fdflhs syfsf ¿kdf b]vf kb{5 .kmn ePsf] 5 .fGble{sf If]qL. o.+= lbNnL M df]8{g 6fpg. o. syfdf Odfgbf/Lsf] sdfOaf6 afFRg rfxg] g]kfnLx¿n] tTsfnLg åGåsf] df/df k/]/ Hofg u'dfpg'k/]sf] kL8fnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .zSt Pj+ . bLklzvf ÷ 41 .4fGtcg'. ef}lts / . d}g]h/= . lgd{nf= -cg' tyf .nfO{ uf]nL rnfPsf] kl/j]z syfdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 .'g]/ k|x/Ln] p. lgbf]{if h'DnL hutaxfb'/ x'F eGb} u/]sf] cg'go ljgo g. ePsf] 5 . .Dkf_= . tTsfnLg ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbLnfO{ bafpg . gog/fh= rsn]6= sf7df8f}F M . h}g.fdflhs kof{j/0fsf . . pbo= .flxTo csfbdL.flxTo s] .zSt ¿kn] cfPsf] 5 . syfsf] s]Gb|Lo kfq hutaxfb'/ / p.z:q åGåsf] kof{j/0f klg .z:q åGåsf] kof{j/0fnfO{ syfn] .dfh zf:qLo b[li6df OGb|axfb'/ /fO{sf cfVofgsf] cWoog= ljBfjfl/lw zf]w k|aGw= lqe'jg ljZjljBfno g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu.zSt ¿kdf lrq0f u/]sf] 5 . @)^( .g\ !((@ .'/IffsdL{sf gh/df pm cftª\sjfbL ePsf] / .f:tL ef]Ug'k/]sf] oyfy{ 36gfnfO{ k|:t't syfn] cleJoSt u/]sf] 5 .f/ le8Gt syf .dfh zf:qL sL e"ldsf= r08Lu8 M xl/of0ff .sf] 5f]/f] eStaxfb'/ tTsfnLg åGåsf] df/ v]Kg] lgDg juL{o g]kfnL dxfhflt x'g\ ./L lxKkf]nfO6 t]gsf] If0f. .fª\lu|nf k':ts k|f=ln= afuahf/./sf/ kIfaf6 ul/Psf] bdg / hgtfn] ef]u]sf] kL8fnfO{ lrq0f ug{ syf ./L k|:t't syfdf h'Dnf / g]kfnuGhsf] ef}uf]lns .fdflhs kof{j/0fsf ¿kdf g]kfnsf] kxf8L lhNnf h'Dnf / t/fO{sf] lhNnf g]kfnuGh cfP klg d"ntM @)%@ .fy} ./sf/ kIfsf aLrdf rn]sf] o'4n] lgbf]{if hgtfn] . #= lgisif{ syfsf/ gog/fh kf08]åf/f lnlvt le8Gt syfdf tTsfnLg g]kfnsf] bz jif]{ åGånfO{ k|d'v If0f agfOPsf] 5 .flxTosf .nfO{ s7f]/ oftgf lbPsf] kl/j]z syfdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 .''/IffsdL{n] p. . d cftª\sjfbL xf]Og. @)^$ .g\ @))^ . ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbL / .dfh zf:qL l. k|hflt / kof{j/0f.fnb]lv g]kfndf k|f/De ePsf] bz jif]{ . kf08]. Daf]wgnfO{ .kmfO / klx/g_ df klg Vofn /fVg'kb{5 . af/]df Pp6} dfGo kl/efiff kfpg sl7g 5 . klx/g.DaGwL ck]Iff / To.f/ ldNbf] x'g .f jf Joj. lqmofzLn / st{Jolgi7 x'g'kg]{ / afx\o ¿kdf klg cfsif{s b]lvg'kg]{ hafkm kfOg]5 . cWofks.S5 . cGtj{}olSts .Fu lrlgg] cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 / . z}lIfs of]Uotf.a}sf] kl/rfos tTTj xf] .kmfO h:tf afx\o ¿kdf b]lvg] s'/fx¿ / cfGtl/s u'0fx¿ -1fg.f jf Joj.S5 .a} tTTjx¿sf] . s:tf x'G5g\ eg]/ . Jofjxfl/s s'zntf.f/ rrf{ ul/G5 .f]lwof] eg] Odfgbf/. u}/ .du|tfaf6 JolStTj ag]sf] x'G5 .sf] JolStTjaf/]sf] b[li6sf]0f .Lk / pknlAw_ cflb af/] cfjZostf jf .sf u'0fx¿sf . lghfdtL sd{rf/L.DaGwdf xfd|f] . .n / k|efjsf/L JolStTj ePsf dflg../.nfO{ c.DaGw /fVg] .n / k|efjsf/L JolStTj lgdf{0f /fdafa' g]kfn JolStTj s] xf] < JolStTj xfdL .fdfGo dflg.lhnf] agfpF5 .fodf nfUg]x¿af6 ck]Iff ul/g] jf .t ul/Psf kl/efiffhlt Jofks geP klg ltgLx¿sf] . .}4flGts ¿kdf ljsl.'Gb/tfn] xfd|f] Wofg lvRb5 t/ rl/q / .a} k]. To.fo ljz]ifnfO{ . . JolStTj lgdf{0f ultzLn k|lqmof xf] . lgi7f.fy} aflx/ b]lvg] s'/fx¿ -d'VotM .Gbe{cg'.'xfpFbf] x'g'kb{5 h'g ab\lng klg ./.fdfGo dflg. s'g} k'?if jf dlxnfsf] afx\o . o.foL.dfg a'emfO gx'g .f]lwof] jf hfGg vf]lhof] eg] d'VotM d'xf/. gfdn] xfdLnfO{ c¿. c¿sf] ljrf/ / efjgfsf] sb/.S5g\ . s'g} JolSt s:tf] 5 eg]/ . g}ltstf cflb_ x'G5g\ eg] s]xL k].sf s]xL ljz]iftf÷u'0fx¿ :yfoL k|s[ltsf. zfl//Ls agf]6sf] l:ylt. Ps .}lgs clws[t./sf/L lgsfodf sfo{/t 42 ÷ bLklzvf .Ifd. oL . c. s'g} JolStsf] ljifodf lg0f{o lng'kbf{ xfdLn] aflx/L ¿kdf b]lvg] s'/fx¿eGbf a9L rl/q / cfGtl/s u'0fx¿nfO{ cfwf/ lbPsf x'G5f}F . ug'{sf . JolStTj .lxi0f'tf.fdflhs u'0fx¿n] dgdf :yfg lnPsf] x'G5 . JolStTj lgdf{0fdf cfGtl/s u'0fx¿sf] ljsf.j{sfnLg -ljgd|tf. . . Joj. s].f] /fVg / cdfgjLo sfo{x¿sf lj?4df P]Soa4tf b]vfpg yfn]sf 5g\ .n] cfkm\ gf] jl/kl/ dfq geP/ 6f9f / cGo b]zdf 36]sf 36gfk|lt klg dflg.Dd k'gM 36\g gkfpmg\.flos÷k].Dxfn]sf] kb / . x/]s JolStn] JoSt ug]{ k|ltlqmofdf cfkm\gf] efjgf k|ltlalDat xf]. cfpg]5 .af6 Iflt gxf]. dflg.fut_ u'0fx¿sf] pRrtd k|flKt / .sf] JolStTjsf] prfO a9\5 .dfhsf] Wofg lvRg .L jf b'MvL clg .df cGtlglx{t lgDg u'0fx¿n] ubf{ JolStTj ljsf.s] JolStTjdf x|f.dli6ut cleJolSt (Composite Expression) eGg . .Lk / sd{sf] ljj]rgf .n] ubf{ JolStTj ljsf.do ljz]ifdf .dfhn] ul//x]sf] x'G5 .n] rf.dsf -JolStut. . dflg. p.fut jf Jofj. s]xL bzs otf lj1fg / k|ljlwsf If]qdf cfPsf] ce"tk"j{ kl/jt{gn] dfgj r]tgfdf lgs} lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . o.d'bfonfO{ k|efljt ub{5 p.fdfGotM .n] .sf] .clwsf/Ldf . . lg/k]If /xg .lsG5 .flos u'0f km/s x'G5g\ . ljleGg 36gfx¿ Eff]u]/.kmn x'G5 / .fdflhs tyf Jofj.\ eGg] rfxgfn] ljleGg pkfox¿sf] vf]hLdf Ifdtfcg'. To. ug{ rfxg] JolStn] cWoog / ?lrsf] If]q a9fO{ 1fgsf] lIflthnfO{ km/flsnf] agfpg'kb{5 .\ eGg] rfx]sf] x'G5 . bLklzvf ÷ 43 . h. v'. o. JolStTjnfO{ ck]lIft tLg lsl.Dkfbg ug{ g.'lDkPsf] lhDd]jf/Lcg'¿k cfr/0f / sfo{.n] .'g]/} klg dflg.sf k|lta4tf.dfh / d'n'sx¿nfO{ w]/} glhs NofOlbPsf] 5 .f/ nfu]sf] x'G5 .dfh ablnFbf] 5 .af6 kg]{ .Lk / sd{n] . -s_ r]tgzLntf – dflg.dfhn] ck]Iff ug]{ k].sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds k|efjaf6 r]tgzLn dflg.+j]bgzLn aGb5 / To.af/] k|ltlqmof JoSt ug{ vf]Hb5 . clxn] lj1fg / k|ljlwsf If]qdf ePsf] ce"tk"j{ ljsf.Sb}g . b]v]/ jf . r]tgzLn 5 .sf] rfxgf k|an eP/ b]vf kb{5 . g/fd|f 36gfx¿ .dfhdf eO/x]sf] 36gf / To. . xof]uL cflb / cGtj}{olSts . ug{'kb{5 . To:t} .f+lu|nf a'S.Æ1 ultzLn x'g] jf oyfl:yltaf6 cufl8 a9\g] qmddf cfkm"nfO{ s'g lbzftkm{ n}hfg rfxG5.'wf/sdf x'G5 .. . c. o. cufl8 a9fpg] / :yflkt ug]{ k|oTg u5{ . . -u_ ultzLntf — dflg.dfhdf kl/lrt u/fpg].fdflhs dfGotfleq /x]/ Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ug{ rfx]sf s'/f klg .n dflg.sf] .sf nflu p.d"xdf a:g rfxG5 . gofF 7fFpdf hfg.Fu kl/ro a9fpg rfxg] / .kmn x'g] gx'g] s'/f ljleGg tTTjx¿sf .}n] ultzLntf. . .-v_ . k[i7 !!^ 44 ÷ bLklzvf .n aGg k|]l/t ul//x]sf x'G5f}F .Fu cfkm"nfO{ cEo:t / Psfsf/ u/fP/eGbf a9L oyfl:yltk|ltsf] c.Lk_ .n / k|efjsf/Lsf] cy{ c. dflg. lzi6tf / .n .fdflhs k|0ffnL ljsf.dfhnfO{ :jLsfo{ xf].+jfbstf{.dtfd"ns . .Lk . c.Fu} p. To.DalGwt x'G5 . k]. lgi7f.sf] Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'Fb} hfg' h?/L 5 . .Gt'li6n] lgb]{lzt eP/ lg0f{o u5{ .dfhk|ltsf] p. c.n] s]xL . c.nfO{ :jLsfo{ agfpg] rfxgf ./f]h lwtfn – pHofnfsf aLp. @)&@.fdflhs k|f0fL x'gfn] .Fu .DaGw sfod ug]{ .dfhdf ePsf s'/Llt / ?9Lu|:t dfGotf abNg] / Gofok"0f{ / .dfhdf kl/jt{g ug{'kg]{ s'/fx¿nfO{ tfls{s 9ª\uaf6 k|:t't ug]{ Ifdtf cflb_ sf] ljsf.Da4 / kl/k"/s ljifo x'g\ . g}ltstf.'Gg rfxG5 .kmntf / k|efjnfO{ lgb]{lzt u/]sf] x'G5 .\ eGg] rfxgf /fv]sf] x'G5 h'g cToGt :jfefljs klg 5 .w}F cfkm"nfO{ cfhsf] cj:yfaf6 cufl8 n}hfg] pkfox¿sf] vf]hLdf x'G5 .sf] qmddf k|fKt ljlzi6 u'0f xf] .fdflhstf – dflg.sf] bfloTjnfO{ sg ¿kdf u|x0f ub{5 To. gjLg j:t' b]Vg / gofF s'/f . . To.n] olt k|ult u/]sf] 5 .DejtM dfgj hfltsf] ljsf. ædflg.fy}] k|lta4tf.|f]tf. gofF dflg.n zAbk|ltsf] df]xn] ubf{ xfdL cfkm\gf :jhg / afnaRrfnfO{ c. ljgozLntf.fy} cj.f / .fob oxL u'0fsf sf/0f dflg.n] cfkm\gf] Jojxf/ / .x¿df rl/q.n] p. .n / k|efjsf/L k/:k/df .df . ug]{ / To./nfO{ lrGg] / pkof]u ug]{ Ifdtfdf lge{/ /xG5 . To.sf nflu p. o:tf] k|f0fL xf] hf] k|s[ltsf] tTIf0fsf] jf:tljstf.. oyfl:yltk|ltsf] of] c. kl/jf/.nkg d'VotM JolStut u'0f -Odfgbf/L.fdflhs u'0fs}] sf/0f JolStn] cfk"mnfO{ .Gt'li6 .xof]uL.fdflhs u'0fx¿ -c. gd|tf jf zfnLgtf (Humility).sf/fTds 1 .dfh . .dfhdf jf . b[li6sf]0f, dfgjLo d"NodfGotfk|lt cfb/ / ;f]xLcg';f/sf] Jojxf/ h:tf u'0fx¿ x'G5g\ . g}ltstf cfbz{ dfgjLo :jefj cyjf g}lts st{Jo ;DaGwL lj1fg xf] . æg}ltstf JolStTjnfO{ cfGtl/s ¿kdf k"0f{tf lbnfpg] lbzfdf ul/g] dfgjLo lqmofsnfk xf] .2 g}ltstfnfO{ clwsf/ / st{Jolarsf] cGt/ yfxf kfpg' / st{Jodf hf]8 lbg] Ifdtf / u'0f eGg ;lsG5 . k|efjsfl/tfn] d'VotM k];f÷Joj;fo;Fu ;DalGwt jf ;'lDkPsf] lhDd]jf/L s'zntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug]{ p2]Zo tyf nIo xfl;n ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ hgfpF5 . dflg; c;n 5 eg] klg cfkm\gf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd 5}g eg] p;n] ;dfhdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg{ sl7g x'G5 . c;nkgsf] ;fy{stfaf/] k|ZglrGx v8f x'g ;S5 . s'g} JolStn] cfkm\gf] kbLo clwsf/ / pknAw ;|f]tsf cfwf/df cfk\ mgf] rfxgf / k|lta4tf k'/f ug{ ;S5 t/ c;nkgsf] cefjdf k];fdf ;kmn eP klg p;sf] JolStTjsf] k|efj kg{ sl7g x'G5 . 5f]6f] ;dodf pRr kbdf k'u]sf], Jofkf/ Joj;fodf cfkm"nfO{ rfF8f] :yflkt u/]sf], zlSt ;~ro / pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] JolStnfO{ k|efjsf/L dflgPsf] kfOG5 . To;n] ;kmntf ePsf] 5gs cjZo lbG5 t/ ;kmntf Toltd} ;Lldt x'Fb}g . wg / zlStsf] cf8df dfq xfl;n ul/Psf] ;kmntfsf] ;'jf; lbuf] /xg ;Sb}g . To;}n] cfkm\gf] JolStTj lbuf] xf];\ eGg] rfxgf /fVg]n] dflg;sf] dg lhTg'kg]{ x'G5 . c;nkg sfod /fv]/ k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sg]n] dfq ;dfhdf >4f cfh{g ug'{sf ;fy} cflh{t pknlAwsf] ;'jf; 6f9f;Dd km}nfpg ;S5 . xfdLn] sltko dflg; cfkm\gf] If]q -k];f jf Joj;fo_ df ;kmn / k|efjsf/L eP klg cGtj{}olSts Jojxf/ z}nL ?vf] ;fy} :jefjut, ljrf/ut leGgtfsf] Vofn Pj+ cfb/ gug]{ / c¿sf k|lt cfb/ efj gePsf] dx;'; u/]sf 5f}F . To:tf JolStn] ;dfhdf oyf]lrt\ cfb/ cfh{g ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . h;n] c¿sf] cfb/ ;Ddfg ug{ hfGb}g jf rfxFb}g pm klg To;sf] xsbf/ x'g g;Sg' :jfefljs 5 . cfkm\gf] JolStTj k|efjsf/L ;fy} c¿sf] dg lhTg] vfnsf] xf];\ eGg] rfxg]n] cGtj}{olSts ;DaGw / ;fdflhs Jojxf/nfO{ cfb/k"0f{ agfpg}kb{5 . k];fut jf Jofj;flos ;kmntf k|flKt;Fu} cgfjZos bDe a9\g] u/]sf] cg'ej klg 5 . o;n] ;dfhdf cfb/ cfh{g ug{df k|lts"n c;/ kfb{5 . c;n JolStTj lgdf{0f ug{ rfxg]n] ;Tojflbtf, >ddf ljZjf; / To;sf] cfb/, Odfgbf/Lk|lt cfkm"nfO{ ;hu / ;dlk{t /fVg'kb{5 eg] k|efjsf/L aGg rfxg]n] glthf pGd'vtf, lgi7f / 1fgj[l4k|lt lg/Gt/ k|of;/t /xg'kb{5 . 2 Ethics is the activity of man directed to secure the inner perfection of his own personality. Albert Schweitzer bLklzvf ÷ 45 JolStTj lgdf{0f lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf] . Ps k6s s'g} sfd ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg eof] jf JolStut ¿kdf s'g} sfd /fd|f];Fu ;DkGg u/]sf]df ;w}F To;sf] rrf{ u/]/ a:g' pkoSt x'Fb}g . hLjgnfO{ ultzLn agfO/fVg'kb{5 . sltko dflg; cfkm\gf] z}lIfs k[i7e"ld cfkm\gf ;xsdL{x¿sf] eGbf /fd|f] ePsf] uj{ ub{5g\ t/ To;s} cfwf/df cfkm\gf] klxrfg eO/xf];, cj;/ / cfb/ ldnf];\ eGg] rfxG5g\ t/ ltgLx¿dWo] sltkon] clxn] cfk"m h'g k];f, Joj;fo jf kbdf 5g\ To;sf lhDd]jf/Lk|lt d k"0f{ akmfbf/ 5 jf 5}g / cfkm\g} tkm{af6 ;dfh pkof]uL sfd u/]sf] 5 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] Vofn /fv]sf x'Fb}gg\ . ha;Dd dflg; cfkm"nfO{ tf]lsPsf] jf cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] sfddf lgi7fk"j{s nfUb}g ta;Dd ljutsf pknlAwsf] u'0fufgn] dfq lbuf] ;Ddfg lbnfpg ;Sb}g . To:t} sltko cfkmF}n] s]xL u/]/ b]vfpg g;s] klg kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ldsf cfwf/df ;fdflhs k|lti7f alg/xf];\ eGg] rfxgf /fVg]x¿ klg x'G5g\ . Tof] ;f]r clxn] c;fGble{s eO;s]sf] 5 . s'g} kl/jf/ jf j+zdf hGdb}df d c¿n] cfb/ ug{'kg]{ ePF ;f]Rg' o'u ;'xfpFbf] x'Fb}g . To;nfO{ clxn]sf] k':tfn] :jLsf/ ub}{g . jt{dfg ;do dxTTjk"0f{ x'g] ePsfn] JolStn] clxn] u/]sf]] sfd / To;df b]lvPsf] ;Lk jf s'zntfs} cfwf/df d"NofÍg x'G5 . JolStTj lgdf{0fsf cfwf/x¿ JolStTj ljsf; bL3{ sfnsf nflu xf];\ eGg] rfxgf /fVg]n] cfhsf] kbLo pknlAw, ;kmntf / cyf]{kfh{gaf6 ;Gtf]if dfg]/ ga;L hLjg ofqfdf cfOk/]sf ;sf/fTds gsf/fTds 36gf / If0fsf] p2]Zod"ns 9ª\uaf6 ljj]rgf u/L gsf/fTdstfaf6 kg]{ c;/nfO{ Go"gtd u/fpg] / ;sf/fTds s'/fx¿nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] k|of; ul//xg'kb{5 . xfdLnfO{ o;sf nflu Tofu, ;dk{0f, d]xgt, nugzLntf / ;sf/fTds ;f]r cfjZos x'G5 . c¿sf] s'/f / cfnf]rgf ;'Gg] / To;nfO{ ;sf/fTds ¿kdf u|x0f u/L cfk"mdf /x]sf sdL sdhf]/L x6fpFb} n}hfg] k|lta4tf h?/L 5 . tnsf] lrqn] JolStTj lgdf{0fsf cTofjZos tTTjx¿nfO{ b;f{pF5 . 46 ÷ bLklzvf -s_ ljj]s (Common Sense) JolStTj ljsf;sf nflu Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ o;n] x/]s dflg;df Jojxf/ ubf{ ;+rf/ ;Lk / cGtj}{olSts ;DaGwdf ;'wf/ ljrf/ k' ¥ ofpgkg] { cTofjZos ug'{ . tTTjsf] 1fg / ltgnfO{ b}lgs hLjgdf u'0ffTds ;~hfnsf] la:tf/ ug'{ . ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ ;Lk / IfdtfnfO{ 1fg / ;Lk lj:tf/ ug{ lg/Gt/ cWoog ug'{ . hgfpF 5 . æljj] s nfO{ ljZjn] Jojxf/ s'zn aGg] sf]l;; ug'{ . c;fwf/0f a'l4dfgL dfGb5 .Æ1# cfkm'df ePsf] ;[hgzLn IfdtfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ;fdfGotM plrt sfd, plrt ;dodf, ug'{ . plrt tl/sfaf6 x'g' sl7g 5 . o;sf] ;do Joj:yfkg Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ / ;b'kof]u k|d'v sf/0f ljj]ssf] cefj x'g' klg ug'{ . xf] . k|m]Gr n]vs tyf Oltxf;sf/ c¿sf] kL/dsf{sf] Vofn /fVg] / ;Sbf] ef]Nt]o/ eG5g\ æljj]s Tolt ;fdfGo ;xof]u ug{' . -;xh pknAw_ 5} g . ljj] s ;fdflhs / k];fut Jojxf/nfO{ cg'zfl;t cf}krfl/s lzIffaf6eGbf a9L agfpg' . cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug{ dg, jrg / sd{n] ;dlk{t x'g' . b}lgs hLjgdf b]v]/ ef]u]/ cfh{g x'g'sf ;fy} qmlds ¿kdf ljsl;t / kl/is[t xF'b} hfG5 .Ú o; egfOn] dflg; Jofjxfl/stfsf] s;Ldf v/f] plqg'kg]{ / ljj]sL x'g'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ dxTTj lbPsf] 5 . cd]l/sL n]vs, k|sfzs tyf Joj;foL x]n]g u'n]{ a|fpg elG5g\ æd]/f] ;kmntf dxfg\ af}l4s tLI0ftfdf geO{ pRr ljj]sdf cfwfl/t 5 .Æ3 kfl/jfl/s, k];fut / ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L uDeL/tfk"j{s lgjf{x ub}{ hfFbf dflg;df kl/kSjtf cfpF5 . p;df r]tgfsf ;fy} ljj]ssf nIf0fx¿ qmdzM b]vf kg{ yfN5g\ . ljZj;gLotf, ;r]tgtf (Good Conscience) / ;Tosf] k|s6Ls/0f ljj]ssf nIf0f x'g\ . ljj]szLn JolStn] olb xfdLnfO{ ;d:ofaf/] /fd|f] 1fg 5 eg] To;sf ;dfwfg pkfoaf/] klg 1fg x'g'kb{5 . ;d:ofeGbf ;dfwfg k[ys\ x'g ;Sb}g eGg] ljZjf; /fV5 . ljj]s k|of]u ug{ g;Sg] dflg;af6 s'g} sfd ;xL 9ª\uaf6 ;xL ;dodf x'G5 egL ljZjf; ug{ sl7g kb{5 . ljj]s eg]sf] s] xf] eg]/ kl/eflift ug{'eGbf ljj]sxLgtfsf lgDg nIf0fx¿n] o;sf] dxTTj phfu/ (Highlight) ub{5g\ . s'g sfd s'g ;dodf ug{ pko'St x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] Vofn /fVg g;Sgfn] u/]sf sfd k|ltkmnljxLg jf cg'kof]uL x'g hfG5g\ / ;|f]t ;fwg v]/ hfG5 . # Common sense in an uncommon degree is what the world calls wisdom. - Samuel Taylor Coleridge bLklzvf ÷ 47 sf/0f / glthfnfO{ . kb.du|tfdf x]g]{ jf .'wf/ Nofpg] sf]l.Fu Jojxf/ ul/G5 c¿n] klg cfkm". sfd jf Jojxf/sf] k|ltkmnaf6 cfjZostfeGbf a9L v'. dflg. pbf/ dfgl.sf/fTds.}cg'.Sgfn] ubf{ pmk|lt gsf/fTds efj pTkGg x'g] l:ylt cfpF5 .Fu a'‰g] sf]l.stf ePsf] dflg. cfkm\gf] Jojxf/ jf .Sbf c¿.sf/fTds dfgl.f/sf] k|ltlqmof k|fKt x'G5 eGg] Vofn /fVg .f]r /fvL JofVof jf ljZn]if0f ub{5. Ps} ljifodf x/]s JolStsf] cnu cnu b[li6sf]0f /x]sf] kfOG5 . gx]/L.ª\s'lrt dfgl. ug{' plrt x'G5 .stf /fv]/ c¿./ kg{ .L jf b'MvL x'g] ub{5 .S5 .stf x'g]n] v'nf .sf] Jojxf/ jf lqmofsf] To. jfGwj / 36]sf 36gfx¿k|lt lng] b[li6sf]0f. ub{5 . k|of.Fu ug]{ Jojxf/ gldNbf] jf g.Fu .f]r /fvL k"jf{u|xljgf u'0f / bf]ifsf cfwf/df Jojxf/ ub{5g\ .. s'g} ljifoj:t'df .Fu .n] JolStTjdf gsf/fTds c. ljifoj:t' jf 36gfnfO{ lgtfGt JolStut . -v_ dfgl. hft hflt.stf ePsf] JolStn] c¿n] u/]sf /fd|f sfdsf] v'n]/ k|z+.Sb}g . cfkm"n] h:tf] dfgl.stf (Mentality) of]] d'VotM .f]Rg] Ifdtf x'Fb}g jf cfjZos 7fGb}g . .sf] ljljw / .txL ¿kdf lnP/ 6Lsfl6Kk0fL ug]{ afgLn] kl5 uP/ cfˆgf] b[li6sf]0f abNg'kg]{ cj:yf cfpg .fdflhs Jojxf/ / dof{bfsf] Vofn /fVg g.Defljt k|efjnfO{ a'em\g nfu]sf] . s'/f / sfd aLr .}n] 6Lsfl6Kk0fL ug{'k"j{ ljifoj:t'nfO{ /fd|f]./ kg{ .S5 .S5 eGg] s'/fsf] Vofn /fVg g. ljifoj:t'k|ltsf] . .f]xL dflkmssf] Jojxf/ ug]{5g\ eGg] a'em]sf] 48 ÷ bLklzvf .DalGwt 5 .do / To.'xfpFbf] x'g hfG5 . To:tf] x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f ljifok|ltsf] cfu|x k"jf{u|x.f]r -. ljifoj:t'sf] 1fgsf] uxgtf / To. jf c¿df cfl>t /xg] afgL cflb xf] . To. c¿nfO{ x]g]{. c¿n] eg]sf] e/df l6Kk0fL u/]sf] klg kfOG5 .Fu ug]{ Jojxf/sf] cfwf/ to ub{5 . Pp6} ljifoj:t'nfO{ cfk"mn] uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ ubf{ Pp6f wf/0ff aGg] jf lgisif{df k'lug] / c¿df lge{/ /xFbf cs}{ wf/0ff aGg] l:ylt klg x'G5 . d"NofÍg ug]{ / Jojxf/ ug]{ tl/sf / cfkm\gf] k].Fu ga'emL. wd{.sf nflu u/]sf] d]xgt. zlSt / k[i7e"ldnfO{ clws dxTTj lbO{ c¿..f.Daf]wgn] c¿df s:tf] c. sltkon] ljifoj:t'nfO{ /fd|f]. uxg ljifonfO{ klg .fdGh:o x'Fb}g .f]Rg]. gsf/fTds jf lg/k]If_. To. ldq.f ug{ / cfkm"df ePsf sdLsdhf]/LnfO{ . 36gfsf] uDeL/tfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L lg0f{o lng jf tTk/tf b]vfpg] Ifdtfsf] cefj x'G5 .xh ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]/ Jojxf/ / sfo{z}nLdf . }n] dfgl.lsG5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]df Jojxf/ ug]{nfO{ ..dfhn] lrG5 / p.n] d'VotM b]v]."Id ¿kdf ljZn]if0f u/L Jojxf/df .'g]sf / k9]sf s'/fx¿ l56f] / .s]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .xL cfFsng u/L cfkm"n] hfg]a'em]sf s'/fx¿nfO{ ts{.'lgof] eGg] efjgf hufpg .sf] .k|ltsf] hgljZjf.S5 .stfsf ljz]iftf x'g\ / o:tf] dflg.lsG5 .DkGg ug{ .Sb}g .cg'. . . ljZn]if0f ug]{. To.xof]u kfpg .Sg]n] .n] ldq / . ul/Fb}g. -u_ af}l4stf (Intelligence) JolStTjsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ cfwf/x¿df af}l4stfnfO{ .|f]tsf] r'xfj6 jf gf]S.xsdL{sf] ljZjf. s'g} sfd ug'{k"j{ Tof] sfd s.Ldf v/f] ptfg{ .xL cy{df a'em\g]. cfh{g ug{ . p.dy{g jf P]Soa4tf b]vfpg g. s'g} lg0f{o lng'k"j{ To.af6 kg{ .kmn x'g g.nfO{ ljZjf.'wf/ x'Fb} nf]slk|otf klg a9\g hfG5 . u'Dg hfG5 . af}l4stfnfO{ gLlxt :jfy{ kl/k"lt{ ug{ s.s] dfq To./L nufpg . a'l4sf] pkof]uaf6 hLjg lgjf{xsf] .xL 7fg]sf ljifok|lt .stfsf] cefjsf sf/0f . bLklzvf ÷ 49 .k|lt ?lr /fv]sf] b]vfpg .Sg' / To. u/]df af}l4stfdf .sf] JolStTjk|lt cfslif{t x'g] s'/f cfpFb}g .fy{stf /xG5 .f/sf] Jojxf/ ug{ g.sf nflu c¿sf] s'/f .jf{lws dxTTj lbOG5 . o.d]t cTofjZos 5 .Sg'. a9L vt/gfs dflgG5 . To. .dy{g jf v08g ug]{ alnof] cfwf/ kfpg .n ug{'df dfq ./L ubf{ ldtJooL -sd . h?/L kbf{ 7f]. cleJolSt lbg g. af}l4stfnfO{ 7"nf / ax'z}lIfs pkflwx¿ xfl.] sd .'wf/ sfo{qmdx¿ To.x'G5 .ª\ut 9ª\uaf6 pkof]udf Nofpg . d]xgt. c¿df cfk"mk|lt ?lr hfu[t u/fpg cfk"mn] klg p.Sg' sdhf]/ dfgl.Sg] IfdtfnfO{ hgfpF5 ./sf] p2]Zod"ns 9ª\uaf6 ljj]rgf ug{'kb{5 .+:yfut k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu .lsG5 eg]/ ljrf/ ug{' h?/L 5 . p2]Zod"ns 9ª\uaf6 x]g]{.nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/Lx¿df .dod} . d klg dxTTjk"0f{ /x]5' / d]/f] s'/f .'wf/ Nofpg] sf]l.Lldt ul/g' x'Fb}g .fwg h'6fpg]nfO{ a'l4hLjL eGg] ul/G5 . sltko . hafkmb]xL / ljZj.dsfnLg kl/l:yltsf] .stfdf . gk9]sf] d"v{eGbf k9]sf] gLlxt :jfy{ /fVg] dflg.Sg] k|ToIf / ck|ToIf c. h.fy} :jfy{df lgoGq0f ug'{ h?/L x'G5 .fgL_ x'G5 / . o. cfkm"n] .sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfpg' JolStut ¿kdf dfq geO{ . af}l4stfnfO{ Jojxf/sf] s.'Gg] rfxgf /fVg'kb{5 . c¿sf] efjgf / ljrf/nfO{ Odfgbf/Lk"j{s . s'g} k|sf/sf] k|lta4tf gx'g'.}n] af}l4stfsf] lj:tf/sf .fwg .Demgfdf /fVg].Sg'kb{5 .gLotf h:tf u'0fx¿ gePdf af}l4stfsf] s'g} cy{ /xFb}g .sf/fTds dfgl. lg/Gt/ cWoog / 36]sf 36gfnfO{ .'Gg] u/] dfq . 'wf/ gu/L gx'g] sfd s'/fdf klg pT./ ldN5 .n] l. vfg .Gt'li6 k|fKt x'g'sf . h] s'/fnfO{ klg xn'sf ¿kdf lng] .sf nflu ?lr. cfgLafgL / .Gbe{df lgDg tLg egfOsf] .sf nflu lqmofzLn dflg. – Benjamin Franklin 5 A stitch in time saves nine.f jf Joj.sf] afgLn] k|ltkmn klg .focg'.fFRb} hfg] afgLn] af]em y'kfl//x]sf] x'G5 .s]sf kf7x¿nfO{ p2]Zod"ns 9ª\ uaf6 ljj]rgf u/L eljiodf sfdsfh.fj{hlgs Jojxf/df .fx gb]vfpg] afgLn] cfkm}nfO{ gf]S.sf] .S5f}. bIftf. o. which you can do today. ælhpFb} d/]sf] elg gfd s. cN5L / . o. ug{df Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5 .lsG5 / To.} . pT.n] k].fNg' .sf]Æ eGg] kª\lStn] s'g} sfd gu/L a.f] jf tTk/tf gb]vfpg] JolStnfO{ sd}n] dg k/fpF5g\ / ljZjf. o.fFr] c¿nfO{ sfd . .dodf ug{ g. k|ult ug{ rfxg] x/]s JolStdf gjLg j:t'x¿af/] hfGg].fgL k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 .kmntf rfxg] x/]ssf nflu h?/L 5 .fx jf hfFu/sf] cefjdf ljZjf.]sf] cj:yfk|lt Joª\Uo ub{5 .df :jfefljs u'0f ultzLntf k|lts"n x'g hfG5 . o. -ª_ .stf slxNo} lng' xF'b}g .ª\s6df kg]{ x'Fbf pT. .dod} sfd u/]df To. d}n] hlt hfg] Tof] kof{Kt 5 cj a9L hfGg' a'em\g'kg]{ s'/f s] 5 / < jf yk hfg]/} kf] s] x'g] xf] / < eGg] dfgl. Tof] cfkm\gf nflu pkof]uL x'g . u5{g\ .fxsf] .dod} kfpg . . s]xL gu/L cN5L ug]{sf] JolStTj lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ x'Fb}g . k|lta4tf / nugzLntf cfjZos kb{5 .nfO{ l.fy To.DkGg ug{ .sf].s]sf jf hfg]sf s'/fnfO{ bIftfk"j{s Jojxf/df Nofpg] IfdtfnfO{ hgfpF5 . .dodf sfd ug]{ rf.lsPsf] sfdsf] kmn c¿n] pkof]u u5{g\ eGg] zf:qLo egfO klg 5 . u'Db} uPkl5 cl:tTj .fFr]/ g/fVg] afgL a.4 Ps 7fFpdf Rofltgf.fx jf hfFu/ (Enthusiasm and Activeness) cfn:o pGgltsf] k|dv afws xf] .fy} gofF sfd Wofgk"j{s ug]{ cj. o:tf] ljrf/n] dflg.af6 dfgl.s . Tof] ef]lnsf nflu slxNo} klg g5f]8 .f/sf u'0fx¿ (Attributes) sf] ljsf.ª\ut ug'{kb{5 . cg'ejaf6 l. pBf]u ljgf laTb5 sfn h.nfPdf c¿ Gff} 7fpFdf Rofltgaf6 arfpg]5 .n] pTkfbsTj pRr u/fpg d2t k'U5 .dodf sfd ug]{ / cfh .S5 . 50 ÷ bLklzvf .Sb}g eGg] s'/f ljrf/ ug]{ pT.-3_ pT.Ifdtf a9fpgsf nflu dflg.5 sfd .fFr] cfk"mnfO{ – g]kfnL pvfg h'g sfd ltdL cfh ug{ .Demgf ug'{ plrt x'g]5 .~rf/ eO/xg' h?/L 5 .fx x'g}kb{5 .Ifdtf (Competence) o.lsg] sfdnfO{ slxNo} ef]ln u/f}Fnf egL .'wf/ 4 Never leave till tomorrow. }n] sfuhkq / .d"xdf sfd ug{ .fdfgx¿ Jojl:yt u/]/ /fVg] s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ .Sb}g .n] . c¿.sf/fTds k|efj kfg{ cfjZos 5 . km/s olt xf].fut u'0f tyf .}n] k|:t'tLs/0fnfO{ cfsif{s agfpg ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg' JolStTj ljsf.DaGw /fVg]. h'g p2]Zosf nflu k|:t't ug{ vf]lhPsf] lyof] .af6 hflgPsf s'/fx¿nfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpg] .t\k|of.daf6.Dd sl7g kl/>d ub}{g .Ifdtf a9fpgsf nflu sfd ub}{5' eGg] cg'e"lt gu/].Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ .fsf nflu rflxg] u'0fx¿sf] ljsf.df 3/ / sfof{nodf . gofF 7fFpdf. sltko dflg.+:s[ltsf] sb/.n] k|lta4tf.fut .of/Lk"j{s Jojxf/df Nofpg] k|oTg u5{ .6 cfhef]ln ljleGg .kmntfsf] ck]Iff ug]{ ./L lbG5 jf kl/l:yltcg'. ub}{ n}hfg'kb{5 .Lk_ sf] cfwf/zLnf k|sfzdf NofPsf 5g\ .Nofpg .fdfgx¿ Jojl:yt ug{'eGbf cJojl:yt kfl//fv]/ sfo{af]em w]/} ePsf] k|efj kfg]{ dgf]lj1fg n's]sf] x'G5 .Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'g hfG5 .Sg jf hfGg rfxg].IfdtfnfO{ . lg/Gt/ cWoog / To.s]sf s'/f s. cfkm\gf s/f c¿.f/ c¿sf] kl/ro s.'Gg] w}o{ x/fpF5 . ax'.af6 dflg.dIf k|:t't ug]{ / cfkm\gf .f] k'/f x'g .'? ubf{ p.n] . gofF s'/f / k|ljlw l. s./L u/fpF5 eGg] s'/f kl5.df d'VotM c¿.d[4 (Enrich) u/fpg . x'G5 . dfgjLo d"No. sfo{qmdsf] k|s[lt / pknAw .xeflutfnfO{ xflb{stf 6 No human being will work hard at anything unless they believe that they are working for competence. hGd]b]lv d[To' gx'Fbf./.Fu s'/f . tL u'0fx¿df d'VotM k].sf] pkl:ylt jf .Ifdtf -k]. To.Fu .a}n] cfkm\gf] clxn]sf] k].sf nflu h?/L x'G5 .s]df >f]tfdf .Sg] qmddf x'G5 .Fu cfkm\ gf] klxnf] kl/ro s.Lk. o.}n] klg .nl.Dd ..fy / slt xf]l.3fp k'¥ofpF5 . dflg.s]df .Dd l. cy{ /xFb}g . eGg vf]h]sf s'/f :ki6 / l. To:tf] ljrf/sf] vf. .Lldt 5}g . s. gofF dflg.William Glasser bLklzvf ÷ 51 .Demgfdf cfpF5 .fy} eljiodf ckgfOg] k].fdfg Jojl:yt u/]/ /fVg cfkm\gf af/]df .fsf .S5 . . lzIffsf] sg} cGTo 5}g . oL s'/fx¿af6 JolSt slt :ki6 5.Sg] cflb h:tf s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ .nfa4 9+uaf6 k|:t't ug{ g. l.sf] pkfb]otfdf x|f. To.+:yfx¿n] cfkm\gf] sfdsf] k|s[ltcg'./L Pj+ slt dxTTj lbG5 / slt . -r_ k|:t'tLs/0f (Presentation) o. of] s'g} k':ts k9]/ k'/f ug{ jf k/LIff pQL0f{ x'gdf . c¿nfO{ s'g lsl.ª\ul7t jf Jojl:yt 5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L kfpg .d]6\g jf eGg vf]lhof] eg] To.lsG5 .f/ ljleGg :t/sf sd{rf/Ldf cfjZos kg]{ .dosf] Vofn g/fvL tTsfnsf nflu cfjZoseGbf a9L . . n] sfdsf] dxTTj a'em]/ sfd ub{5 .b:ox¿sf] v'. s'g} k|Zg ug'{k/]df To. lsgeg] pgLx¿n] u/]sf] sfdsf] sf/0f g} k|Zg jf l6Kk0fL ug]{ cj.Lk gePsf] / To. u/fpg]tkm{ . s.w}F vfg]. zf/Ll/s agf]6df JolStn] ug{ . s.n] cfkm\gf nflu dfq geP/ kl/jf/sf .Sg] s'/f vf. :jf:Yo /fd|f] /fVg lrNnf] kbfy{ sd vfg] -cem vf./ kfb{5g\ .nfO{ uNtL .s]sf s'/f x'g\ . s]xL x'Fb}g Tof] p. 5f]6} eP klg lgoldt Jofofdn] :j:y 52 ÷ bLklzvf .of/ x'g'.f ug'{kb{5. zf/Ll/s l:ylt sdhf]/ eOlbFbf sltko cj:yfdf hxfF+ cfkm\gf] .af6 xfdL s] xfl. uNtL bf]xf]l/g] .fy lnPsf] cfef. zf/Ll/s agf]6 / l:yltn] leGg leGg c./ @)^&_ sf] cª\ssf] hLjgz}nLdf æe'F8L xNnfp+b} 8\o'6LÆ zLif{ssf] cfn]v 5flkPsf] lyof] .'sf] lrNnf] t vfFb} gvfg]_.sf] kx'Fr aflx/sf] s'/f xf] t/ zf/Ll/s l:ylt /fd|f] /fVg JolStut .}n] c¿sf] uNtL cf}FNofpg'k"j{ cfˆgf sdLsdhf]/Laf/] .r]ttf / k|of.\ eGg] ljrf/ u/]/ To.sf nflu vfglkgdf xf]l. Pp6f v]nf8L. u/L df. . kbfy{sf] k|of]unfO{ .fukft / kmnkm"n . dBkfg / df+. To:t} k|lta4tf JoSt u/]sf s'/f k'/f u/]/ b]vfpg / eljiosf nflu rfx]/ klg k|lta4tf JoSt ug{ g. r'/f]6 / o:t} nfu" kbfy{sf] pkef]u k"0f{ ¿kdf TofUg sNof0fsf/L 5 . dflg. cx|fOPsf] sfd ug{ cfgGb xf]. g]kfn klqsf -@^ d+l. s'g} . xl/of .fy x]l/g yflnPsf] 5 .}n] sfd c¥xfpg' k"j{ To.b:o tyf :jhgsf nflu :jf:Yodf Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 lsgeg] kl/jf/sf .Rofpg] cj.r]t /xg'kb{5 .f jf sfd .Psf] x'G5 .Sg] cj:yf cfpF5 .k"j{ cfof]hs / k|:tf]tfnfO{ plrt k|z+./ ldN5 . -5_ zf/Ll/s cj:yf zf/Ll/s cj:yf / agf]6n] klg JolStTjdf k|ToIf c.fdf /x]sf dflg.d]t pRr dxTTj lbOPsf] 5 .sf] JolStTj k]. JolStTj lgdf{0fdf zf/Ll/s :j:ytfnfO{ zf:qLo ¿kdf .L xfd|f] :jf:Yo l:ylt. uNtL ug'{ :jfefljs x'G5 To.dodf lglb{i6 sfd ug]{ ljifodf Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 .Defjgf sd x'G5 .fcg'.lsg] l:ylt cfOkb{5 .}lgs / k|x/Lsf] z/L/ df]6f] / e2f ePdf p.xefuL x'Fbf.}sf] uNtLnfO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf cf}FNofpg'eGbf To..n] ubf{ p.f/sf] .Fu ufFl.S5f}F eGg] lh1f.sf] jSt[Tj z}nL sdhf]/ ePdf klg k]./ kf/]sf] x'G5 .sf] k|of]hg atfpg'kb{5 h.n ug{ .f /fv]df p.Lldt ug]{ :yflkt eO.lqmo x'g g.{g' x'Fb}g . cfhef]ln of] s'/fnfO{ dxTTjsf .dLIff ug'{ plrt x'G5 . lgoldt Jofofd ug{' / .'xfpFbf] gePsf] egL l6Kk0fL ul/G5 .sf] dxTTj a'emfOlbg'kb{5 .n] JolStTjdf gsf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] dflgG5 . o.sf] 7"nf] dxTTj x'G5 .lqmotf cfjZos 5 ToxfF .fj{hlgs sfo{qmddf ./ k|fKt ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/f slxNo} klg la. lzIf0f k]. xsdL{x¿.'wf/ ug{' cfjZos 5 To. w]/} s'/fn] o. o.xof]u ug{ kfpg' g} cj.df k|efj kfg]{ eP tfklg .~hfn JolStTj ljsf.b\efj /fVg] ldqx¿sf] / .xof]u u/f}F eGg] efjgf hufpgdf ldq Pjd\ .Sbf] .xof]usf] k|ltkmnsf] ck]Iff gu/L . cfk. o.Fusf] .n.S5 .x:jLsfo{tf / cfk. lgisif{ r]tgzLn dflg.Fu .sf nflu cfjZos pkfox¿ hfGg] / Jojxf/df tTk/tf b]lvg' :jfefljs 5 . cfkm"nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg / lqmofzLntfnfO{ hLjGt /fVg .sf] hfgsf/L / cg'e"lt ePdf To.df cu|0fL e"ldsf v]n] klg Tof] kof{Kt x'Fb}g lsgeg] p.DaGwnfO{ kb. c.xdltsf] ljgf.f / k|lti7fsf] b[li6af6 slxNo} x]l/g' x'Fb}g ./fVg / kfrg IfdtfnfO{ b''?:t /fVg . cfkm"n] u/]sf] .nfO{ .L .af6 JolStTjnfO{ .xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .DalGwt JolStsf] cu|.dfhsf nflu :jLsfo{ x'g'kb{5 / To. o.flGgWo xf] .ts{tfk"j{s b}lgs hLjgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug'{ h?/L 5 .a}eGbf k|d'v s'/f xf] .\ eGg] rfxgf x'g' / To.xsdL{x¿sf] e"ldsf clt dxTTjk"0f{ x'g . Odfgbf/ / . o. ldqx¿ larsf] .df c8]sf] efjgfTds . vfglkg / b}lgs hLjgdf ul/g] nfk/jfxLn] ubf{ dflg. pgLx¿sf] .sf] sfo{ .n] eb| .af6 dfq x'g] s'/f xf]Og ./tf / k|lta4tf . u'0ffTds . -h_ u'0ffTds .xof]u u/f}F.xsdL{ hLjgsf] 7"nf] k"FhL xf] .xof]u / .lqmo /xg'kb{5 .xof]u / ljZjf.Dks{nfO{ hLjGt /fVg' xfd|f] lxtdf 5 . Ps hgfsf] rfxgfn] o.sf nflu ldq .nfO{ x6fpg JolStTj lgdf{0f sfo{ .dfhdf b]lvcfPsf 5f}F . c./ xf] eGg] efjgf lng'kb{5 .b\ljrf/.S5 . bLklzvf ÷ 53 .df cfkm\gf] JolStTj agf].~hfn lgdf{0fsf] cy{ .xof]u ug]{ efjgf :jtM:km"t{ 9ª\ uaf6 cfpg'kb{5 .dfh pkof]uL agfpg k|]/0ff ldN5 .n] kbnfO{ eGbf .n / Odfgbf/ ldq / .t{ kfngfsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] x'G5 . k}. s] s'/fn] JolStTj lgdf{0fdf afwf k/]sf] 5 / s] s:tf] Jojxf/df .Dks{ /fVg .xh x'g hfg]5 .b\efjdf JolStTj k'likt / kNnljt x'g .fy} . Psn k|of.n] hfgLhfgL /f]u lgDTofO/x]sf] pbfx/0f klg xfdLn] .df Psn] csf]{sf] cfjZostfnfO{ a'em]/ .xsdL{x¿. Psn] csf]{nfO{ . /L x'G5 < yfxf gkfpg] cj:yf lyof] .Sg' . To. P. To. k9]/ ug]{ k|of]u tyf pkfb]otf cfkm"n] k6Ss} yfxf gkfPsf] Ps ljifo lyof] – aLhul0ft jf cNh]a|f . ulx/fOdf uP/ sf/0f jf pkof]lutf yfxf kfpg . pkof]lutf jf k|of]usf] e]p g} gkfPsf] ljifo aGof] .}n] k9\gsf nflu kl9of]. efu h:tf lx.s]sf] cj:yf lyof]. l. k9] 7"nf] dfG5] eOG5Æ dfq elgGYof]. jf:tjdf Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf klg hf]8. sl7g nfUg'sf] sf/0f x'GYof] – k9]sf] ljifosf] pkof]lutf jf k|of]u g} yfxf kfpg g.fa cª\sdf g} ul/G5. cfkm" lyPF s]6f}n] pd]/sf] ljBfyL{ .Sg] v'aL alg. cIf/sf] lsg ug'{k¥of] eGg] nflu/xGYof] . s'g} ljifo sf]. u'0fg tyf efu ug]{ Tof] ljifo k9\bf nflu/xGYof] – o:tf] sfd t cª\sul0ftdf cª\ss} ul/G5. w]/} a'l4 gkl.lsGgYof] . k9]sf s'/f hLjgsf nflu x'g\ / glhs} 5g\ M s. clg To.=Pn=. 36fpg].Sb}gy] jf atfpg rfxFb}gy] . :jfb lng g.Sg].lhnf] nfUYof]. 36fp. P..L=df cf}.sf] hf]8kmn % sf] :Sjfo/ -%x%_ u/]/ @% n]v] eOxfNof].=Pn=.s]sf] lyPg . cIf/sf] ul/Gg eg] cIf/df lx. u'0fg. s'g} ljifo k9]/ s.f] Tof] ljifo kl9of]. pkof]lutf atfOPg jf a'‰g kfOPg .}n] aLhul0ft ?lrsf] ljifo aGg . b eg]sf] # xf] eg] b'O{j6fsf] …xf]nÚ :Sjfo/ ug{sf nflu @ / # hf]8\g].f]t. cIf/ hf]8\g]./L 7"nf] dfG5] eOG5 eGg] s'/fsf] e]p kfpg . To.t cª\s NofP/ kf.{df /fv]sf s'g} ljifo . To.sf] pkof]lutf / k|of]u s.}n] k9 elgof]. To. cª\seGbf cIf/sf] k|of]u ul/g]. c¿af6 klg kfOPg . lzIfsx¿n] klg atfpg . ul/of] t/ Tof] ljifok|lt o:tf] rfv d¥of] ls P. Tof] gu/]/ a eg]sf] @.fa lsg ug'{k/]sf] xf]nf < (a±b)2 a/fa/ a2±2ab±b2 x'G5 eg]/ k9\of}F kmd'{nf eg]/. s'g} sl7g . cIf/sf] lsg ug'{k¥of] < ul0ft eg]sf] cª\ssf] x'g] xf]. of] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lzIfsaf6 kfOPg.=Pn=.s]g .{df /flvPsf] sf/0faf6 k9\g'k/]sf].L=eGbf dfly k9\bf cNh]a|f rflxG5.L=kl5 k9\g gk/] x'GYof] eGg] 54 ÷ bLklzvf ./L l.}n] æk9 k9.s]sf] xf8]cf]v/ 6f]Sg vf]h] em}F h.sfpg] < w|'j g]kfn :s'n k9\bftfsfsf] s'/f xf] . sf]. . .{sf] p2]Zo yfxf kfpg kf7\oqmdsf] l.sf s'g} kf7 k9]/ dnfO{ s] s'/fdf÷d]/f] s'g p2]Zo k|flKtdf . bLklzvf ÷ 55 .{df /fv]sfn] k9]sf]. nueu To:t} eof] .ª\lIfKt kl/ro lbP/ ug{ .Sg'df 5 lsgls c¿ hgfj/. dfgj ljz]iftf g} l.Ddsf] cg'ejn] atfPsf] 5 / d}n] ub}{ cfO/x]sf] klg 5' . u5'{ .Dd kfpg . Tof] kQf nufpg] k|of.Sg] s'/f t k/} hfcf]. ./L t < s. ljgfcy{ / p2]Zo n]v]sf] xf]Og . sIffdf uP/ sf].\ . cy{ / pkof]u yfxf gkfPsf] gxf].Fusf] h:tf] .Sg] l. cfh.DaGw xfnsf / ca cfpg] ljBfyL{sf] gxf]. ul/of] .{ ubf{ aLhul0ft k9\g'k¥of].Sg'kbf]{/x]5 .{ ./L eg] tnsf a'Fbfdf pNn]lvt s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg] dfq xf]Og cEof.{ kl9.\ eGg] xf] . To. Tof] ug{df s'g} ljifon] s./L d2t k'¥ofpF5 eGg] s'/f s'g} sf].s]sf . o. of] sf]. k9fpg nfu]sf] ljifon] pSt p2]Zo k|flKtdf s.}cg'.Lk tyf Jojxf/df kl/jt{g cfpg] p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 / cfkm"n] /fVg'k5{ clg tof/L ug'{k5{ eGg] d]/f] xfn."q hLjgdf cfOkg]{ s'g . Tof] s] xf] eg] d]/f] aLhul0ft. l.d:of .d]t u/]/ .{af/] 5nkmn x'g' h?/L 5 . l. lzIfs ePsf] sf/0fn] d}n] cfkm"n] l. dxf/fhu~h SofDk.s]sf] 5}g./fglt/ lbOPsf] p2]Zo v08 k9\g h?/L x'G5 .Dd klg k'Ug'k5{ eGg] d]/f] dfGotf 5 .{leqsf kf7x¿sf] .s]/ s]xL s'/fdf .xof]u k'U5 egL ljrf/ u5'{.Ifd x'g'kg]{ xf]..{df /fv]sfn] k9\g'k/]sf] eGg] tl/sfn] a'‰g'eGbf Tof] ljifo k9]/ ljBfyL{ s] ug{ .S5 kf7snfO{ .'? x'Fbf g} ljBfyL{n] a'‰g'k5{ / lzIfsn] a'‰gdf d2t k'¥ofpg .fy} sf].Fu dflg.sfOaf6 l.Sg] v'aL x'Gg . c¿nfO{ l. lj1fg kl9Pg .sfpg] lhDd]jf/L klg lnPsf] 5' .sfpg] b'j} lhDd]jf/L lnPsf] x'Fbf aLhul0ft l. -s_ kf7\oqmdsf] pkfb]otf / .Fu hlt l.Sbf s:tf] 1fg.Sg hLjgko{Gt kl//xG5 . Tof] s.nflu/xGYof] .lsG5 .{ a'sdf /x]sf kf7 k9fOxfNg'cl3 sf].dfwfg ug{ k|of]u ug{ .df x]Ny cl. d cr]n s'g} ljifo tyf To.Lldt x'gkg]{ s'/f x'Fb} xf]Og. lsg n]Vof] xf]nf eGg] nflu/x]sf] x'g .r]t x'g yfn]sf] 5' .fGble{stfaf/] k|i6 x'g] s'g} ljifo sf].f/sf] cEof.lsg] xf] < e]p.:6]G6 sf]. k|of]]u ug{ ./L d2t k'¥ofpF5 eGg] s'/f sf].Sg] dfq xf]Og. cWofkgsf] tx.Dd aLhul0ftdf l. ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5' klg . dflysf olt uGyg n]Vg'sf] cy{ s] xf].sf nflu cWofks tyf ljBfyL{ b'a}sf] r]i6f cfjZos k5{ . a'em]/eGbf s07 u/]/ hfFr kf. of] d]/f] cWoogdf dfq .\ eGg] xf] cyf{t\ s'g} ljifo / kf7 sf]. df cfwfl/t x'g] jf tL lstfasf .fdu|LnfO{ kl/k"/ssf] ¿kdf lng' a]z x'G5 . pbfx/0f lbg'kg]{ x'Fbf]/x]5 .{df of] of] ljifo k5{g\ / k9\g'k5{ dfq eGg'eGbf of] sf].fy} d of] ljifo lsg kl9/x]5' eGg] hfgsf/L x'G5 eGg] d]/f] dfGotf xf] aLhul0ft k9]/ l. lan u]6\.fy} ljBfyL{n] b]v] hfg]sf jf glhssf s'/faf6 a'emfpg'kg]{. jf lrofÆ tyf æ£o's'df/Lsf] h'. ljBfyL{sf b'O{ .flos cj. lstfadf eGbf kf7\oqmddf cfwfl/t eP/ k9\g'k5{ . 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To. tyf ljgf]b rf}w/L h:tf JolStnfO{ dfq p2dzLn eGg] / ltgLx¿ g} x'g\ eGg] . ug{ nufPF . cfGtl/s k/LIffdf k|Zg g} .fy} o. d}n] s]xL pbfx/0f e]6]sf]] 5' — :gfts tyf :gftsf]Q/ txsf ljBfyL{n] s'g} Pp6f lstfadf dfq cfwfl/t eP/ k9\g] u/]sf] . ljifodf . k9fpFb} ul/Psf] s'/fsf] .f]rfO km]/]/ xfd|f] htftt} pBdzLntf 5 / cfkm} klg aGg . of] . cfkm"eGbf 6f9fsf] jf gb]v]sf] s'/fsf] pbfx/0faf6 ljBfyL{n] l. æpBdzLntfÆ .DaGwL sIffdf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ Jofj. rf}yf] jif{sf] pBdzLntf tyf Joj. l:6e hA.DaGw clg kl9. . kl/.fGble{stf a'emfpFbf sf].f]w]sf] lyPF cfGtl/s k/LIffdf .kf7\oqmdsf] pkfb]otf / . .Æ agfP/ a]Rg] Joj.fGble{stf tyf pkfb]otfaf/] /fd|f] a'emfO x'g' h?/L ePsf]n] of] k|Zg . o. pkfb]otf / k|of]u g} yfxf gx'g]Ù b'O{.Sbf s]s:tf] 1fg.}n] w]/} lstfaaf6 s'g s'/f s'gdf /fd|f] 5.Sg] / ?lr ghfUg] . pBdzLntf cfˆgf] jl/kl/df g} x'G5g\.Sg g. o.{ /flvg'sf] cy{ . -v_ kf7x¿sf] . 6f9fsf] s'/fsf] pbfx/0f lbP/ jf glbOsg a'emfpg vf]lhFbf b'O{j6f a]kmfObf x'Fbf /x]5g\ – Ps.fg} ¿kdf eP klg b]vfpg SofDk.sfpg] ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5' lsgls ljleGg lstfadf . 56 ÷ bLklzvf .d"xn] u/]sf cEof.fdu|L ljifoj:t' / k|:t'tLs/0fsf b[li6sf]0faf6 km/s x'G5g\ . Tof] eg]sf] kf7\oqmddf /flvPsf] kf7 . jf:tjdf of] a'emfOdf :ki6tf cfPdf g} ljifoj:t'k|lt ?lr hfU5 .Fu s]xL hfgsf/L lng] / n]Vg] cEof. d}n] o.n] ljBfyL{df ljifosf] p2]Zo tyf kmfObfaf/] .s]sf] .d:of xn ug{ d}n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] b]lv/x]sf] pbfx/0f lbg] u/]sf] 5' ./ aflx/ ælbJo /.fGble{stf.fGble{stf / pkfb]otfnfO{ cfkm" glhssf] pbfx/0faf6 k|:6\ofpg] k|To]s kf7nfO{ o.d]t 5nkmn x'g' h?/L 5 .S5f}F eGg] ljBfyL{df :yflkt ug{ .fdu|Laf6 kfpg .foL. Jojxf/df kl/jt{g cfpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 – . o.Fusf] .sfO lbPsf] dnfO{ nfU5 .af/]sf Psb'O{ sIff lbP/ 5nkmn ug]{ dfq xf]Og.fGble{stf / pkfb]otf. of] k|ZgnfO{ kf7\oqmd aflx/sf] g} dflgP klg ljBfyL{df ljifosf] .Lk.f].lsG5.Sg] eof] .f]Wg] sfo{ u/]F lalaP.sf] c¿ sf].{.fo ljsf.fy k|:6\ofpg'sf . Tof] x]/]/ k9\g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fv]/ ToxL g} l.sf] ./ .f]Rg'kg]{ l..n] pBdL. Among many examples.'ljwf kfpF5g\ egL n]lvPsf] 5.f] kqlkqsfdf 5flkPsf x'G5g\ .DalGwt cyf{t\ . He encouraged us to listen them about their entrepreneurial micro-venture.fdu|L lbgx'Fh.+zf]wgdfkm{t km]l/g nfluPsf] 5 .Sg] s'/f lbgx'Fh. o."rLsf ¿kdf /flvPsf] 5 .Sof] eg] cfk"mn] k9\g] ljifo .fdu|L . pBdzLntf ljifodf 5flkPsf s}of}F .fdu|L vf]Hg]. our teacher repeatedly mentions about a lady and her husband who sells herbal tea just in front of our campus gate. lstfadf e/ kl//xg] xf] eg] 1fg cBfjlws gx'g] eof] . . … Entrepreneurship’.sf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu ljBfyL{nfO{ kqklqsf x]g{ nufpg] tyf cfkm"n] e]6]sf s'/f k9\g nufpg] ubf{ 1fg cBfjlws x'g] tyf . In the morning of 27th July (2016).lqmo cWoog x'g] cg'e"lt d}n] u/]sf] 5' .DalGwt s'/f vf]Hg k|]l/t ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿n] kl9/x]sf] / cfkm"n] k9fO/x]sf] ljifo .fdu|L cEof.+nUg 5 .f] kqklqsfdf cfpFbf /x]5g\ eGg] l.S5 h'g clt cfjZos 5 eGg] d]/f] 7DofO 5 . Ps t cfˆgf] ljifo Jofjxfl/s xf] eGg] ljBfyL{nfO{ nfU5 eg] bf]. pbfx/0fsf nflu …dlxnf pBdzLntfÚ ljifosf] kf7 sf].|f] ljifo . we got an interesting subject for study.fdu|L x'g . we came out of the bLklzvf ÷ 57 . -u_ kqklqsfdf 5flkPsf tyf cgnfOgdf pknAw gofF s'/fdf cfˆgf] ljifo .fGble{s ljifoj:t' ljBfyL{nfO{ b}lgs kqklqsf x]g{ nufP/ tyf cfkm"n] vf]h]/ k9\g nufpgfn] ljBfyL{sf] 1fg cBfjlws x'g . e]6\g] tyf a'‰g] u/fpFbf l.n]vsf] cGTodf cg'."rL ! Bitter Tea. :j¿k ljBfyL{n] tof/ kf/]sf x'g\ . cg'.{df /flvPsf] 5 ."rL o. Our teacher gives live examples of entrepreneurs around us instead of those from far away. Tof] P]g .DaGwL .Gbe{ . cg'. To:tf kqklqsfdf . kf7\ok':tsdf dlxnf pBdLn] h] .fGble{s .df a'Fbf g+= @ df 5nkmn ul/Psf s'/fsf] ljBfyL{nfO{ u/fOPsf] cEof. Such live examples raise interest and stimulates us to get prepared for starting own enterprises in future. this is the subject of keen interest because we expect it would provide us essential knowledge and skills required to start own business. Good Earning As we upgraded to the fourth year of Bachelor of Business Studies (BBS). For us.DalGwt cBfjlws 1fg tyf pbfx/0f k|fKt x'G5 . tnsf .e. i.Sg] k|lqmofdf dxTTjk"0f{ kmfObf k'U5 .sfO ljBfyL{df cfpg . Barro. “People are very conscious about their health these days.10 for half cup and she charges Rs. Asuro. The tea contains the herbs -Harro. For making Dibya Ras. 400 per day. Neem and others – well-recognized in Ayurved for health benefits. Most of her customers are regular ones. Pipala. That morning. From her answers in response to our a number of queries. She sells per cup of tea at Rs. that means …extremely healthy drink’. She and her husband sell herbal tea to people who come in the surrounding of the Mahadevsthan Temple either in course of morning walk or to worship Mahadev. she has a good sale but if it rains the sale drops significantly but she does not stop making the tea because it may disappoint her few regular customers. she told us an interesting story about their micro-venture. alcoholism and so on. She even offers tea for free for to people who cannot afford. whereas her husband does other earning activities in day time.e. rather for prevention and remedy from various ailments. lemon and tea cups. Bhawani told us that in morning she is engaged in this activity and in afternoon and evening she manages her house. It is not for refreshing. She manages the home. Her husband had gone somewhere else. Kutti. a copper dish to boil tea with water. She says. she makes profit of 12 thousand rupees per month. The tea is very beneficial to the individuals who have health problems like high blood pressure. The distributor of the …Dibya Ras’ raw materials charges Rs. In an average. the requirement includes a kerosene stove. She is very happy with her venture because she is helping people to be healthy along with making profit. diabetes. She prepares the Dibya Ras Tea in a special copper dish. lives with her family near Koteshwor Mahadevsthan of Kathmandu. The couple has been selling the tea for 8 years. so people like it. Kurilo. The taste of tea is very bitter. which is the requirement. Amala. She was motivated to start this micro-venture by the founder of the Dibya Ras i. the …Herbal Tea’. she respectfully calls him …Guru’. which is not 58 ÷ bLklzvf . Very grateful to the founder. Kaulo. In normal morning. Her herbal tea is named …Dibya Ras’. thus such a bitter drink is liked by a sizable number of people”.5 extra for adding lemon drops to make tea better in taste.15 and Rs. She serves almost 50-60 cups of tea during the morning time (5-10 AM). gastric.class room for case study of often exemplified entrepreneurial venture. we met only Bhawani Kandel. Reshma Ghimire. We found her venture a good example of micro-enterprise because she along with her husband saw good opportunity for … bitter tea’ in the surrounding of Mahadevsthan while a number of others saw opportunities only of …sweet tea’. On his suggestion. money is after you We find people with two extreme views – one type of people pessimistically think that there is no employment opportunity in this country. Bijaya Raj Lama."rL @ Be enterprising. we came out of the class on 27th bLklzvf ÷ 59 . Other type of people optimistically think. Our teacher talks about exemplary entrepreneurs we have seen.weaker aspect for managing a family. We the students of BBS 4th Year discuss business opportunities around us in the class of entrepreneurship. there are opportunities everywhere if there is entrepreneurial mindset. We read in textbook and heard the teacher explaining that an entrepreneur sees business opportunity there. Nabina Thapa and Radhika Shrestha (Students of BBS 4th Year of Koteshwar Multiple Campus) Listening to Bhawani Kandel cg'. where other people may not see – comes fully true in the case of Bhawani and her husband. Unasha Rajbhandari. We have heard that many Nepali youths toiling in sweltering temperature in Gulf countries for earning almost this much amount. so they desperately try to land on other parts of the world. Earning of the said amount by a poor family on almost no financial invesStent within just 4-5 hours is really a good example of a micro-enterprise. Priyanka Rawal. July to observe and interview a juice seller just in front of our campus gate. he is a regular student like us but one year senior. he earns net around Rs 20 thousands per month. improving digestion. 60 ÷ bLklzvf . As most of the successful entrepreneurs do. In an average. He is surviving moderately from monthly income he makes from this part time business. He came from Lamjung to capital for study. lowering blood cholesterol. he scanned the trend and situation and noticed raised awareness of people about their health. put a number of queries to Surendra Timlisina to know about his entrepreneurial micro-venture. a large number of people’s walk (morning) in the surrounding of Koteshwar Mahadevsthan. He started his business of selling fresh juice of aloe vera preparing instantly in front of customer one year ago. Bhaktapur. We. rent and many others. Very interesting is he has established very good backward linkage. throwing waste and doing good for hydrating skin etc. support to immune system. Thus. He is married and has small daughter and he is pursuing Master Degree in sociology. he envisaged possible chances of their attraction towards …’Aloe Vera (Ghiukumari) Juice’’ because of its multiple health benefits like detoxification. so he dreams to expand aloe vera juice selling as his master degree education is completed. He found it well-received by people and he is making good money more than meeting his daily needs. From his answers. One farmer of his back home (village) Duradanda of Lamjung produces Aloe vera plants and he has arranged to bring its leaves from there. his entrepreneurial venture has already shown commendable multiplier effect. he sells 50 to 60 glass of fresh Aloe vera juice at Rs 20 per glass within 2-3 hours in the morning. one farmer has shifted to lucrative cash crop farming from traditional one. At the same time he is making a moderate earning from his creative and innovative venture. preventing diabetes. His idea has already proven as promising one in business field. a group of students. reviving hair growth. and to meet different needs of food. Sinamangal (East). Balaju. He is exemplary for many youths who want to pursue education but the family in remote village cannot send money to meet the needs – such a small entrepreneurial venture can be a good resort. Thus. he thought about different alternatives. He has franchised such fresh juice vending also in the areas like UN Park. Our campus is in close vicinity of Koteshwar Mahadevsthan. thus he dreams to rent a room or shutter for his business. cups. consumers become hesitant to drink aloe vera juice because it is already cold. This will also reduce his drudgery to bring portable generator. table. Aruna Budhathoki. He has commendably proven that a creative. innovative and entrepreneurial idea make its space though there is meager financial resources. instead of going abroad for earning very less amount of money. In chilling mornings of winter also. Ayasha Mainali. who are engaged either in selling juice at different locations of the valley and in cultivation of raw materials.He runs juice vending under open sky. thus it is affected by extreme weather. Thus. Sandhya Lamichhane. his sale of juice surge. . Rubi Chaudhary. water jar. Bal Krishna KC (This is prepared by BBS fourth year students of Koteshwar Multiple Campus) Surendra Timilsina is answering our queries. knife and aloe vera leaves. As relatively more people visit Koteshwar Mahadevsthan on Sunday and Saturday. bLklzvf ÷ 61 . his juice venture at open place suffers from seasonal fluctuation. He is exemplary to many youths to think creatively and start your micro venture with small invesStent at your place. Shiva Subedi. He becomes forcefully absent from business due to rain. Realizing the need to diversify the source of raw materials and minimize transportation risk and cost. he is thinking to begin cultivation of aloe vera in Bhaktapur after 5 to 7 months. Timilsina says selling of aloe vera juice has given full time and part time job to around 10 families. g]kfnL cy{tGqdf ljk|]if0fsf] k|s[lt (Nature of Remittance in Nepalese Economy) ljhos'df/ kl08t k[i7e"ld (Background) Ps b]zaf6 /f]huf/Lsf nflu csf]{ b]zdf hfg] k|rng ;lbof}Faf6 rNb} cfO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf lj=;+= @)$@ df j}b]lzs /f]huf/L P]g hf/L ePkZrft\ j}b]lzs /f]huf/;DaGwL gLltut tyf ;+:yfut yfngL ePsf] b]lvG5 . @)$( ;fn cyf{t\ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cf7f}F of]hgf -@)$(–@)%$_ b]lv j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu uGtJo d'n'sx¿sf] vf]hL ug]{ sfo{nfO{ dxŒj lbg yflnPsf] xf] . @)%$ ;fn kmfNu'g ! ut]b]lv g]kfnLnfO{ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 klg /fxbfgL ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf k|f/De ul/of] . 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O–nfOa|]/L agfpg .[hgf x'G5 .Gtltn] klg pkof]u ug{ kfpF5g\ .fgL x'G5 . .ª\VofeGbf w]/}. Ps l5g klg s'g{ / vf]h]/ k9\g g.fj{hlgs k':tsfnox¿df k':tsfno. ctM k':tsfno vf]Ng'eGbf klxn] k':tsfno . . o. gePsfn] k':tsfnosf] k|ult x'g . eGg]lalQs} .+:yfsf k|d'vx¿sf] d'vaf6 O–nfOa|]/L eGg] zAb .dfwfg x'G5g\ .]jf lbg'kg]{ cj:yfsf sf/0fn] ubf{ k':tsfnodf sfd ug{ cToGt} uf¥x|f] / r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .~rflnt x'G5 . ddtf / :g]x a9\b} hfG5 / k':tsfnok|lt bLklzvf ÷ 69 .d:ofx¿ . bIf hgzlStaf6 k':tsfno . k':tsfnoaf6 O:o' u/]/ nu]sf k':tsx¿ cfkm\ gf] JolStut h:tf] gug]{. sn]h.s] xfd|f] h:tf] d'n'ssf nflu /fd|f] xf] t/ g]kfn h:tf] ljsf. cfkm\gf / lrg]hfg]sf JolStsf k':tsx¿ k':tsfnodf /fVg] jf /fVg nufpg].'Gg t kfOg] t/ tTsfn sfof{Gjog ug{ g.df ./sf/L sfof{no.Fu .fdu|Lx¿ cfkm\gf]eGbf klg a9L dfof u/]/ k|of]u ul/lbP efjL .f] ubf{ k|fljlws ¿kdf k|lqmof k'Ug g. fb= k':tsfno tyf . Objective Questions in Library and Information Science. Mittal. Library Administration Theory and Practice. /fO{. Raju. New Delhi: Ess Ess Publication. 2010. OGb|k|. 8'sxl/= k':tsfno tyf . ljlzi6 cflb k':tsfnonfO{ a9fpb} n}hfg' xfd|f] bfloTj xf] / k':tsfnosf] . c?0fs'df/ / lg/f}nf.gsf/fTds efjgf pTkGg x'Fb}g . RL (Dr.fd'bflos. zdf{. A..A. lghL.Ddfg ug'{ xfdL . New Delhi: Ess Ess Publication. @)^* . C. k+u]gL.Demgf klAns]. Kumar.a}sf] st{Jo xf] . 70 ÷ bLklzvf . c?0fs'df/= k':tsfno Joj:yfkg= sf7df8f}F M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/.N. lgTofgGb= k':tsfnosf] Oltxf. @)^$ . Objective Questions Bank for Library and Information Science.). @)^$ . 1996. New Delhi: Metropolitan Book co. ej]Zj/= s]Gb|Lo k':tsfnosf kfFr bzs= sLlt{k'/= sf7df8f}F M lq=lj= s]Gb|Lo k':tsfno. -n]v_. sf7df8f}F M LIMISEC. ho k':tsfno Û . Lal & K. .Gbe{ .g.fdu|Lx¿ clwsf/L. @)&# ."rgf lj1fgsf] a|x\df08= sf7df8f}F M . /fO{. 2005.|f]t s]Gb|.. @)&# . z}lIfs. Over 100 original novels have been published in Esperanto. stories and essays in the language. Two major literary magazines. Nepalo Malfermas la Pordon (Nepal Opens the Door) Bharat Ghimire Esperanto literature began even before the official publication of the constructed language Esperanto. William Auld and Marjorie Boulton. and published several translations and a short original poem as an appendix to the first book on the language. Nepalo Malfermas la Pordon (Nepal opens its door) is a travel book by Tibor Sekelj which describes the Nepal of the 1950s. including several recognized as the first to produce work of outstanding quality in the still-young language: Julio Baghy. Eŭgeno Miĥalski. Kálmán Kalocsay. Fonto and Literatura Foiro. L. the language's creator. and Jean Forge. some other magazines. Henri Vallienne was the first person to write a novel in Esperanto. Unua Libro. and the largest Esperanto book service at the World Esperanto Association offers over 4. translated poetry and prose into the language as he was developing it as a test of its completeness and expressiveness. plus a larger number of novellas. short story collections. Some of the most important authors who wrote chiefly in the second half of the 20th century are Claude Piron. appear regularly. Other early speakers wrote poetry.Between the two world wars. also publish fiction. Heinrich Luyken. and poetry collections. Zamenhof. L. most of the literature from Esperanto's first twenty years or so is now regarded as of historical interest only.000 books in Esperanto have been published to date. several new poets and novelists published their first works.The original text was written in Esperanto and later translated into a number of bLklzvf ÷ 71 . Except for a handful of poems.000 titles in its catalog. such as Monato.Over 25. 500 m above sea level.La demandsigno anstataŭnazo inter la okuloj eĉ pli pensigas la fremdan vizitanton. is covered with snow.And before landing I see a white dome with an ornamented drum.The capital of Nepal. its people strike him as being happy with their lot.Marco Polo passed through Central Asia in the 13th century but did not set foot in Nepal.diversity is a trademark of the country. people. kies alvenon la reĝoj malkuraĝigas" (the country is wild and mountainous.The writer treats Nepal’s history.Thus the title of his book: Nepal Opens Its Door. mirrored in the diversity of its climate.Nepal was not open to foreigners during the Rana regime. 72 ÷ bLklzvf . whose entry is discouraged by the kings).other languages. they expect. Nepal has a diversity of altitudes. Nepal was early on a pilgrimage destination for Buddhists. When they think about Nepal they think about the Himalaya. (This and the following are my own translation) Sekelj first talks about the climate of Nepal. culture. kaj malofte vizitata de fremduloj. which keeps them close to nature.He praises the country’s art and culture and is struck by its uniqueness. religion. de kiu ĉiuflanke la mistera okulparo de la Budho alrigardas la vojaĝanton.The fact is that the Kathmandu Valley is only 1.From the beginning up to the time of Tibor Sekelj some two dozen books had been written about Nepal by outsiders. from each of whose the sides the mysterious eyes of the Buddha peer at travellers. in the 4th and 7th centuries. and rarely visited by foreigners.Nepal has a surprise in store for foreign visitors. art and economy.Even thoughNepal is a poor country. (Sekelj 10) Rapidly we descend over Kathmandu.He merely commented: "la lando estas sovaĝa kaj montara. The question mark instead of a nose between the eyes gives the foreign visitor all the more reason to ponder.He talks about the country’s remoteness and reclusiveness.It is not as cold as people imagine.Kaj antaŭol alteriĝi mi ekvidas blankan kupolon kun orumita tureto. geography.The first recorded such visitors to Nepal were Chinese.It was difficult to find competent interpreters and trustworthy sources.Sekelj describes his own sense of ignorance while landing in the plane: Rapide ni descendas super Kathamndu. Bio. and all of them had had to use unreliable information. and lower regions by India. nek elmontron de mizero ĝenerale. neither are they beggars. urbaj kaj vilaĝaj egale. We immediately remark that the people are poor and simple. the women respond to your glance with a smile. spontaneous laughter at the smallest gesture.The culture of Nepal has been affected by both Tibet and India. I would call them the "smiling people. sur naturgranda ŝtonelefanto. Ĝin konstruis la reĝo Pratapa Malla.The physical features of Nepali’s ethnic groups vary as much as the terrain. in cities and villages equally.Ĉe unu el ĝiaj flankoj.La viroj kun rideto vin alrigardas. spontan ridon. He notes the cultural and religious value of Swayambunath. But the people in the street do not look sick. el kiu kelkaj aliaj aziaj landoj faras veran kulton. ke la homoj estas malriĉaj kaj simplaj. Oni tuj rimarkas. the Visnumati. kaj ĉe infanoj ĉiuaĝaj la plej eta gesto ellogas simpatian. He further talks about the geography of the Kathmandu Valley. and children of every age emit sympathetic. nor do they put their mean condition on display as in some other Asian countries.On one bLklzvf ÷ 73 . rajdas ankaŭla reĝo mem. Sed surstrate oni ne vidas malsanulojn nek almozmulojn.The more mountainous regions of Nepal are highly influenced by Tibet. la reĝino kaj la mortinta filo." The men look upon you with a smile. (Sekelj 13) What should I say about the people of Shangri La? Were I to characterize them in a few words. memore al sia mortinta filo. kun rideto respondas al via rigardo la virinoj. and Bagmati. though the population as a whole shares unmistakable traits. antaŭtri jarcentoj. mi nomus ĝin la "popolo ridetanta". nomata Rani Pokhari "la akvujo de la reĝino". (Sekelj 14) Soon we arrive at a big square pool.It was constructed by Pratap Malla three hundred years ago in memory of his deceased son. and other landmarks: Baldaŭni alvenas al granda kvadrata baseno. named Rani Pokhari "the queen’s lake".Sekelj says of these groups: Kaj kion mi diru pri la popolo de Ŝangri La?Se mi devus karakterizi ĝin per malmultaj vortoj. ke sur ĉiu paŝo ni renkontiĝas kun ĝi. ke en Nepalo. Rais and Limbus. defilas antaŭla etulo. en kiu la tuta familio partoprenas.Two days after the birth of the baby. Gurungs. but to ensure that the principles filter down into and suffuse everyday life. for example. kiam la umbilikŝnuro de la infano estas tranĉita. por submetiĝi al la puriga ceremonio. la religio estas tiel interplektita kun la ĉiutaga vivo. and includes the Magars. an ethics and the like. fazoj de la luno aŭflorado de arbo. as in 74 ÷ bLklzvf . The Newars belong to this group.The child is washed with sesame oil.(Sekelj 121) We have already been obliged to say something about religion several times. when the umbilical cord of the infant is cut up.The third group is the Aryan and Dravidians. In Nepal everything is connected with religion.La kialo estas. manĝado kaj vestado. kaj ĉiuj naturaj fenomenoj. his queen and his son are riding on the back of a stone elephant. kiel pluvo. the whole family except for the parents and grandparents files past the baby and assembles in the room in which the baby was born for the purification ceremony. vole aŭnevole. The chapter “Kiuj Estas Nepalanoj” ("Who are Nepalese?") deals with different ethnic groups and their culture.The author talks about the caste system of Nepal. Hinduism and other Oriental religions are not content to simply establish certain principles. kiel en multaj aliaj landoj de Oriento. la tuta familio. krom la gepatroj kaj la geavoj. kaj kunvenas en la ĉambro en kiu la infano naskiĝis. La infano mem estas lavata per sezama oleo. dogmas. he. (Sekelj 105) The birth of a child is an occasion in which all family members take part. side of the lake.Concerning the birth ritual of Newars.The main reason is that in Nepal.The second one is of Mongolian stock. Jam plurfoje ni estis devigataj mencii iom pri religio. kiel lavo de manoj. among whom are Brahmins and Kshatriyas.La plej simplaj agoj.Du tagojn post la naskiĝo. he writes La naskiĝo de infano estas okazo.He divides the population into three groups: The first group is of Tibeto-Burman origin. ĉio estas ligita iamaniere al religiaj kredoj kaj sekve al ia ceremonio. being close to the great cultural centres of India and China.On the other hand.The rulers of Nepal promoted art throughout its history. Nun la historiistoj ĝenerale konsentas. it does not have a single set of rules applicable to everyone. and all natural phenomena -. whether we want to or not. Sekelj is quick to point out this seeming contradiction: Dum unuflanke ĝi ordonas ne nur bestojn sed eĉ homajn oferojn.rain.De tie ĝi estis transportata en Tibeton kaj Ĉinujon. the moon or the flowering of trees -.Nepali artists were invited to China and there propagated the pagoda. aliflanke ĝi malpermesas la manĝadon de viando aŭhazardan mortigon de insekto. eating and dressing. kiel la bruligon de vivantaj vidvinoj. on the other hand. such as washing hands. the measure of all things.But in the East. Nepal. many other countries in the East.Nepali art is an illustration of how artistic sense.The simplest of acts. it calls not only for animal but also human sacrifice. man is still part of an unseen whole that he should try to submit himself to and merge himself with. dum je unu flanko ĝi rekomendas asketan vivon dediĉitan al meditado. it prohibits the eating of meat and warns against the accidental killing of insects.It recommends an ascetic life dedicated to meditation. man is the centre of creation. suffused with religious belief can come up with its own natural forms. ke en Japanujo ekzistas pagodoj mil jarojn pli aĝaj ol la plej belaj nepalaj bLklzvf ÷ 75 .In the words of William Blake. At every step we meet it. as in the burning of widows alive.Man has no right to try to subjugate nature to himself.are connected with religion. while on the other hand enjoining strange sexual orgies. For Western man.Estas vero.Hinduism teaches man how to live harmoniously with other creatures and to assume his proper place in the scheme of things. religion is interwoven into everyday life. el kie ĝi atingis Japanujon. ke la pagodo-stilo evoluis en Nepalo. (Sekelj 122) On the one hand. has nevertheless developed art forms of its own. ĝi je la alia ordonas la plej strangajn seksajn orgiojn. it is tyranny to force an ox and a lion to follow the same law. Its literature has borrowed elements from India and to a certain extent China. sed tio signifas nur ke la pli antikvaj nepalaj pagodoj estis detruitaj de fajro aŭde tertremo. historical novels and essays. por ke ili estu eventuale legataj. .No writer survives by writing. but they recall the drama of China and Japan. Eldona industrio ankoraŭne ekzistas. (Sekelj 181) .Poste li devas uzi siajn malmultajn liberajn rupionjn por eldoni siajn proprajn verkojn kaj disdoni ekzemplerojn inter la amikoj. . but this means only that pagodas constructed before that were destroyed by fire or earthquake.From there it was transported to Tibet and China. noveloj.He was also impressed by King Mahendra’s 76 ÷ bLklzvf .It is true that in Japan there are pagodas a thousand years older than the Nepali pagodas constructed in the 17th century.The publishing industry still does not exist there.Later he must use the little money he has saved to publish his creation and distribute copies to his friends. Moving on to literature. . Tamen.And compose when he has free time.However.Literature is not a profession in Nepal. ĉar ilia ĉefakonstrumaterialo estis la ligno. from where it reached Japan.inter la juna generacio de Nepalo abundas verkantoj de dramoj. (Sekelj 174) Now historians generally agree that the pagoda style was developed in Nepal. . konstruitaj en la 17-a jarcento. novels. . la verkisto en Nepalo ankoraŭdevas vivteni sin per iu alia rimedo. pagodoj.The separate roles men and women play in folksong and dance seems strange to the Westerner. the writer in Nepal still has to survive on something other than writing. historiaj romanoj kaj eseoj. Balkrishna Sama and Laxmiprasad Devkota. for the material they were made of was wood. Sekelj writes in detail about the poets Vijaya Malla. among the younger generation of Nepal there are plentiful writers of dramas. but created something uniquely its own. so that they are read. Sekelj notes that the people of Nepal are devoted to song. dance and the dramatic arts. Kaj verkadi en siaj liberaj horoj. Mi memoras tre bonan prezentadon de teatraĵo pri la princino Bhrikuti. the poet Laxmi Prasad Devkota. Thus this book provides a wealth of information. exhibiting in everythinggreat talent. in 1958. The writer has gone into the subject in depth. who also directed and starred in it. the chief themes are taken from the history of the country. kaj konvertis lin al budhismo.) The author attended a play written and directed by Balkrishan Sama titled Bhrikuti. kiu edziniĝis al la tibeta imperiestro. Mi faris publikan prelegon pri la Internacia Lingvo Esperanto. The great poet Laxmiprasad Devkota and the dramatist Balkrishna Sama were among those who studied Esperanto. especially enlightening for non-Nepalese. and I taught separate Esperanto classes to the minister of education. The play was written by Balkrishna Sama. and converted him to Buddhism in the 7th century. helped establish the Kathmandu Esperanto Club.poetry. (Sekelj 198) I organised a talk about the international language Esperanto. but it is still worth reading the opinions of foreigners about Nepal at this early time.Iremember a very good staging of a drama about Princess Bhrikuti. the writer delivered a talk about the international language Esperanto.Source material was bLklzvf ÷ 77 . Por la dramaj prezentadoj la ĉefaj tempoj estas ĉerpataj el la historio de la lando. ĉio tre talente. kiu ankaŭdirektis la prezentadon. la poeto Lakŝmi Prasad Devkota. kaj ĉefrolis en ĝi. While in Nepal.But it is instructive to Nepalese as well. who married the Tibetan emperor. The interest led me to teach a course with 70 students.This book contains much valuable material about Nepal and its culture. La verko apartenas al Bal Kriŝna Sama. in which historical events and mythical stories are combined. kaj en apartaj klasoj mi instruis Esperanton al la ministro de instruado. (Sekelj 180) For dramatic presentations. La interesiĝo devigis min komenci kurson de tiu lingvo kun 70 lernantoj. en la 7-a jarcento. The book was written in the late 1950s. and later.(King Mahendra was in turn positively impressed by the international language Esperanto. Tibor Sekelj’s stay in Nepal might be compared to the sojourns of the Chinese Buddhists there in the early centuries A. Nepal was important because it was the birthplace of the Buddha. of all mankind is what is at stake. Nepal represented a mosaic of cultures and languages. each with a tradition of its own whose wealth of experience and knowledge.For Sekelj. which is in danger of losing its roots. whose message they wished to convey to mankind. Both went there out of devotion to cherished ideals.not readily available at that time.D. he felt. could not be allowed to die.But the writer met everyone from commoners to the king in his quest for knowledge.Few books had been written. 78 ÷ bLklzvf .These lessons must be conveyed to the modern world. and indeed the salvation. and the traditions themselves must be allowed to thrive.For the Chinese.For both the Chinese and Sekelj the well being. Among many problems. Furthermore. Those who are born with deafness have much more problems than those who become deaf in latter ages. In other words. Reading Level Problems facedby Deaf students Gobinda Bahadur Adhikari Deaf students are such students who definitely have their problems. Moreover they are thwarted from their family environment because they do not get proper tend from their family. Gioa and Johnston say in this way: bLklzvf ÷ 79 . early intervention with early language development makes a significant difference even for children with limited family involvement. It does not mean that deaf students do not read and cannot read.It is considered that they have lacked something from their beginning. They can not give logical reason because English as a second language is acquired after crossing their needed age to learn English language. Moeller says: Deaf and hard-of-hearing children enrolled in early intervention programs before the age of 11 months demonstrated significantly better vocabulary and verbal reasoning skills at 5 years of age than children who enrolled later. They acquire a lot of problems in learning English. though their abstract reasoning scores may still be below that of their hearing peers. (98) The deaf students can’t lean English language in latter development of their life. her research showed that while high levels of family involvement can help those deaf children who enter early intervention later. one main problem is lacking of reasoning skill. If they read more and more certainly they can progress in their reading. Reading tasks always create problems for the deaf. age of intervention and early language development made more of a difference. They seem always in the process of reading. poor readers can’t improve by reading because reading is such a difficult task. They read differently than hearing students. Deaf children. who read a lot. and experiences. and Cooper (2001) remind us that deaf children must learn to read English while they are still learning English.They also can learn English with their hearing counterparts they demand more and more reading practice so that they can progress in their reading activities. critical analytic ability. this does not mean that deaf children don’t learn English through reading. “the type of reading being done. the RAND group also named important task-related variables. are entwined for deaf learners. such as skimming (getting the gist of the text) or studying (reading 80 ÷ bLklzvf . self-efficacy as a reader). By reading. As part of describing the activity of reading. interest in the content. the reader learns more about English— more vocabulary. Marschark and Harris (1996 p. inferencing. knowledge of comprehension strategies). linguistic and discourse knowledge.Johnston. skilled deaf readers continue to use reading to build their English language skills. Practices in reading seem to help deaf students to improve better in their reading capacities equally with competent vocabulary. and so on. 290) also describe a phenomenon they call ‘reciprocal causation’ (p. including the reader’s purpose (which might shift over the course of reading). While reading instruction for deaf students has moved away from the model that taught English through reading. motivation (a purpose for reading. Reading activity for the deaf and hearing counterparts are not matched always because there are many more different physical and mental disabilities factors that do not allow deaf students to read properly. visualization). more grammar. RAND reading group puts: The reader brings to the act of reading his or her cognitive capabilities (attention. 1998). There is a cyclical aspect to the reading process. read better and their English improves (KUNTZE. furthermore. knowledge (vocabulary and topic knowledge. reading English and learning English. Thus the two processes. grammar and language skills. 290) which is although more reading helps readers improve. memory. first you must be familiar with a language and second you must understand the mapping between that language and the printed word […]Deaf children are disadvantaged on both counts. Printed matters are needed to be understood and moreover for the deaf the students are obliged to understand through sign language. Deaf students prefer reading in sign language and English language for the deaf students is problematic for the deaf students. Natural acquisition is another main factor for the deaf to get better reading process. which could include “an increase in knowledge. Those deaf students who have acquired better words in their early childhood can get better in reading process also because reading is linked to what is achieved properly in the past also. Deaf students have their problems in linking language and understanding the printed matters. a solution to some real world problem. Moreover to read there needs purpose. The students who read properly and are fluent in their sign language can get better achievement in reading those who are not capable of using proper sign get low achievement in reading. the text with the intent of retaining the information for a period of time). If deaf students determine their purpose. If they do not determine the purpose they neglect reading. Better vocabularies acquisition makes students competent in reading also Smith quoting Chomsky’s says in this way: In other words.”4 Reading in them includes cognitive and motivational purpose. but some deaf children do read fluently. Murphy says: It has been said that reading requires two related capabilities. they read properly. and/or engagement with the text. Recent research has suggested that individuals with good signing skills are not worse readers than individuals with poor signing skills (200). The purpose determines the reading capacities. Language is another problem for the deaf. The signs are in limited numbers that cannot cover all things. Each and every word is not prepared in sing and the teacher also does not have a proper time to deliver the meaning using the signs. we do not need to know which words/signs are bLklzvf ÷ 81 . ” and the intended outcome. Nickerson says. grammar is built into humans so that they may have a natural capacity to learn language in order to communicate with one another. and differs slightly or greatly. These unique language forms must have an impact on the way humans are thinking and phrasing their communication patterns. the program and guide for the individual‘s mental activity… Formulation of ideas is not an independent process. For understanding the meaning of passage. are dependent on thought. which the deaf students do not have. ” Skills and strategies are important to the 82 ÷ bLklzvf . (109) Unique form of language that was achieved in the past makes a different situation for deaf students also. the grammar) of each language is not merely a reproducing instrument for voicing ideas but rather is itself the shaper of ideas. Therefore. Sign language becomes the primary factor for them. Thinking and acquisitions are associated with culture and cultural learning process contributes learning environment proper and accurate. and other aspects of language. in conjunction with the specific language they use. According to Chomsky. Ideas are not formatted easily with vacuum. nouns or verbs to be able to use them as such. Reading process of the deaf students is totally without sound and mainly it is based on their eye contact and its linkage with sign language. language. as explained above. However. but is part of a particular grammar. strictly rational in the old sense. between different languages (89). They learn vocabularies and other grammatical structures with eye contact mainly from sign language. In upper classes the background knowledge what they have learnt in the past also plays the greatest role to understand the meaning of any reading passage. creates different forms of language for every individual. Communication and vocabularies learning are also determined based on the unique features of the language they have in their mind. they're needs proper framing of vocabularies. Thought helps to determine the way people structure communication and the way they culturally express themselves.Goddart says: the background linguistic system (in other words. grammar. and the choices people make that establish their I-language. the I-language that people use. All language processes may instead develop simultaneously. One of the ways that older deaf students learn new vocabulary is by applying context clues. Language learning is developed with sequential order. students need to read widely in order to gain vocabulary in this way. students may be taught new words through the use of word banks. As a result. Nickerson further says: Students who read well (accurately and fluently) recognize many words in print without having to figure them out. The meaning of the passage is also joined with the context also. Also. or both. and finally to writing therefore does not seem to occur for all students. But in many deaf students they have seen of not achieving the above factors in their life so that they feel difficulty in reading.processes of reading. considered to have gained the meaning of certain number of vocabularies and the aspects of language items. and other meaningful vocabulary activities. (101) In upper level the deaf students join their reading in context. to students according to need. they represent areas of learning that have the potential to improve reading and writing through instruction—those that should be more explicitly demonstrated. If it is not learned properly reading skill (one of the component of language is also can not be learned.” (89) The students. These activities should be part of the exploration of ideas and information and never the result of exercises designed to teach words at random. The vocabularies and their meaning are associated with the particular context where the clear understanding becomes fruitful. dictionary activities. Thus. For this reason. and practices such as those of bLklzvf ÷ 83 . who read in the classroom or outside the classroom is. strategies to use these clues should be taught to younger students who need them. writing. It is for hearing students as well for the deaf students also. semantic maps. In addition to incidental exposure to vocabulary through reading. or taught. marcado says: Language develops sequentially from listening to speaking. an ongoing instructional goal should be to increase the bank of words in print that all children—deaf or hearing— recognize. to reading. We develop reading skill conjuring with speaking skill also. it will give students practice in listening and responding to spoken English. Reading skill for the deaf is equally challenging as well as opportunity. on the other hand difficult pattern and vocabularies and grammar make them a lot of problems. delaying instruction in reading and writing until there is oral mastery of what is to be read in English as a second language are of questionable value. Doff says. furthermore. The hearing students can do a lot of practices by listening in the classroom from the teachers and from others also where as the deaf students do not have such opportunities. (37) Deaf children don have their listening and speaking skill so that they learn English language using reading and writing. the reader learns more about English— more vocabulary. more grammar. Deaf have their problems in their listening skill. Shifting away without the mastery of language skills. they may lack many things such as in vocabulary. This will help them to pick up words and expression beyond the language of the textbook”. reading English and learning English. If they read well they may progress properly also. grammar. Reading in English for the deaf is certainly difficulty. Certainly English language is challenging for them. are entwined for deaf learners. the deaf students are inhabitant with sign 84 ÷ bLklzvf . the deaf students seem perplexed in achieving their goals. syntax and semantic meanings. Moller says: There is a cyclical aspect to the reading process. Reading and writing are their only two languages. “If the teacher uses English most of the time. Thus the two processes. which is associated with reading skill also. In one side they are not acquaintance with this language. serving to limit the learning opportunities rather than enhancing them. The shift away from requiring sequential mastery of literacy skills is promising for Deaf students since many Deaf children learn English through reading and writing. and so on. skilled deaf readers continue to use reading to build their English language skills. (222) From the beginning level. (90) Deaf students who are skilled and who have made a lot of practices are seen to have made some progresses. By reading. If they do not progress. language and the sign has becomes the ultimate ends and means for them to learn English. How much the uses English will depend on the level of the class and the teachers’ own language ability. bLklzvf ÷ 85 . the teacher may use mother tongue also but they do not listen and using mother tongue through the sign also does not help them. teacher should not feel that they must use English all the time. (223) Using English or mother tongue does not effect for the deaf students. although there are advantages in using English in class. Sometimes the teacher may use the mother tongue but this also does no any effect for them to learn. Obviously there are many occasions when it can be useful to use the student's own language. Depending upon the situation. Doff further says: Emphasis that. Black Boy by Richard Wright is not only an eloquent memoir of growing up as an African-American but also exemplifies a case wherein we see an artist maturating in the Jim Crow American South. wherein Hughes has described his 86 ÷ bLklzvf . In America. It is the political purpose as well. he is growing up black. considering it representative of the lives of those inarticulate Southern blacks to whom he gave voice in Black Boy.Black Boy: A Portrait of the Artist as a Black Man Gaurav Bhattarai If an artist is commonly deemed as a person whose creativeness displays a kind of sensitivity and imagination. he is not only growing up. Hence the novel appears representational. it at the same time depicts the socio-economic struggles that were stereotypical for African-Americans at that time. As such it envisions an art that speaks directly to the needs and aspirations of Black America and to the Afro-American desire for self-determination and nationhood"(24). Black Boy embarks on what M. Wright entitles his work Black Boy primarily for the emphasis on the word “black”: the color of Wright’s skin. Wright speaks freely about his past. Wright's narratives also remind of Langston Hughes's 1940 autobiography The Big Sea. the role that society plays in shaping an artist's mind is the question to be chewed over. Though Black Boy is an autobiographical work in which Wright adapted formative episodes from his own life into a "coming of age" plot. More than simply an autobiography. Black Boy portrays Wright’s passionate desire to observe and reflect upon the racist world around him. Jim Crow was actually a barrier preventing blacks from participating in various activities with whites.H Abrams quoted Larry Neal as saying in The Black Arts Movement (1968): Black art is the aesthetic and spiritual sister of the Black Power Concept. love. Wright suffers from deficiencies his entire life." Richard Wright's autobiography precisely brings up a question. for Toni Morrison. He is not easily accepted and understood even by his peers. "(336). not only for foods and fares but also for social approval. Growing up as an Afro-American was not a matter of pride and joy for Hughes as that for Wright. and the harder he works the extreme degree of resistance falls on his way. and an understanding of the world around him.. his inability to concede to their point of view makes this impossible. industry stagnation.whose novels also describe the lives of African-Americans. Wright gave a black American the portrait of the troubled artist. Morrison further clarified her stance: I am not interested in indulging myself in some private exercise of imagination. But. More precisely. Wright possesses an insatiable hunger for learning and reasoning.exhilaration that seized him as he left New York for Africa. Wright displayed particular interest in the convergence of confronting racism with Communism when America saw the fall of stock market. massive unemployment. He must toil harder than everyone else to attain less. Most importantly. "in his autobiographical Black Boy. As a result. 151). it differs in these specific ways. yet when with them I looked at them as if they were a million miles away. but it is a balanced life because it is both solitary and representative" (2). both from the white world and the black world. Although Wright desires to fit in socially." He was on his way to his "Africa. For Ruland and Bradbury.which is to say yes. he is never able to really fit in. "I longed to be among them.. and bLklzvf ÷ 87 . liberty and freedom of happiness in a post-slavery. the work must be political.. how can a black man experience life. could say. He threw his American books into the sea: "It was like throwing a million bricks out of my heart. I had been kept out of their world too long to ever be able to become a real part of it" (Wright..the autobiographical form is classic in Black American or Afro-American literature because it provides an instance in which a writer could be representative. Jim Crow world? His own life experiences demonstrate the complexity of this question. Motherland of the negro people!"(3). " My single solitary and individualistic life is like the lives of the tribe. Black Boy is a story about an Afro-American's life- long struggle with a feeling that accompanies an experience of being thwarted in attaining their goals. “In buoying me up. those by which we seek a more direct entry into the world for the sake of redeeming if from the brutality and the indecencies by which it must otherwise be overwhelmed. He wants to know: "What was it that made the hate of whites for blacks so steady. Wright begins to read anything he can obtain. But eventually. I would stop reading. His new understanding of the world intensifies his desire for a better life. 250-252). that the very breath of life itself was beyond my reach. that more than anything else hurt. Wright’s desire to educate himself does not end when he graduates from school. After fleeing to Memphis in order to escape the oppressive environment in Jackson. Richard Wright was. who had joined the Party with firm hopes for a brighter future. I grew silent. what I had missed” (Wright. rather. These books open up his world. But a vague hunger would come over me for books. books that opened up new avenues of feeling and seeing… Again I would read and wonder as only the naïve and unlettered can read and wonder" (Wright. 164). The Party’s increasingly authoritarian stance profoundly disappointed sensitive thinkers like Wright. The Black Boy exemplifies 88 ÷ bLklzvf . At one point he meets a sympathetic Jewish man who lends him his library card to let Wright savor on books. seemingly so woven into the texture of things? What kind of life was possible under that hate? How had this hate come to be?"(Wright.even famine in the 1930s and 1940s. always impatient with the "proving disciplines" of art. with my vast ignorance…it seemed a task impossible of achievement…I had learned to live with hate. reading also cast me down. Wright says. wondering about the life around me… Could I ever learn about life and people? To me. for a few days. questioning those around him at every opportunity possible. of course. But to feel that there were feelings denied me. For him the greatest uses of literature were not those by which we distance ourselves from the world in order to contemplate more strenuously its pattern and meaning: they were. He constantly challenges the system he lives in. 251). and broaden this intellect. the American Communist Party saw the same internal bickering and division that plagued other American political organizations. wounded me…I felt trapped and occasionally. and obliges him into self-realization: "I was overwhelmed. made me see what was possible. the same case: And thus it is a sad irony that his work did in point of fact so often drift toward a definition of man, and particularly of black men, that deeply undercut his intention to make it serve a genuinely humane purpose (Scott, 291). Wright begins to see his world more for what it is, but still struggles to remember to act differently around white people. He himself does not see how white people are so different than blacks, and therefore does not think to treat them differently. This causes problems for Wright while he is growing up, particularly when it comes to securing and maintaining a job. He tries to monitor himself in order to act more ‘appropriate’, but he soon discovered that "it was simply utterly impossible for [him] to calculate, to scheme, to act, to plot all the time" (Wright, 185). His difficulties with the whites of the South are greatly discouraging, and Wright constantly craves a world where he would be accepted regardless of his skin color. He knows that the only way he could survive as a black man in that time would be to move to the North, where the world is one he thinks he will be able to better comprehend. He writes that “The North symbolized to me all that I had not felt and seen; it had no relation whatever to what actually existed. Yet, by imagining a place where everything was possible, I kept hope alive in me” (Wright, 168). Nathan Scott further writes: Yet, for all the dubieties surrounding Wright's legacy, it lasts-- for young Blacks of the present time, most especially by Black Boy. And one suspects that the chief reason for the eminence accorded him by the Black insurgency of recent years is that he, more powerfully than any of his predecessors, is felt to have certified and given a large kind of moral prestige to the angers lodged in the hearts of those who have had to endure such cruel advantages as the penalties of color have ordained for the American Negro (291). As James Baldwin has said the real tragedy of cold, black and hungry people (in the context of Bigger Thomas) is that they have accepted a theology that denies them lives, that they admit the possibility of their being sub-human and feel constrained, Richard Wright in Black Boy has stressed on the importance of hope and determination to alleviate the tragedies, and the medium he finds is through education. Even as a young boy at the age of six, Wright's hunger for understanding this aspect of his life is prevalent. He explains by bLklzvf ÷ 89 saying: "I wanted to understand these two sets of people who lived side by side and never touched, except in violence"(Wright, 47). He questions the adults around him, asking them about the racial inequalities he sees and why they have come to be, but is never able to receive any answers. In fact, he is typically punished for asking these questions. Because he is never able to receive any valid answers, Wright is still unable to accept the treatment he receives. In a way that only happens when dealing with the unknown, Wright develops a hope that is completely naive for that time in the South, a hope reflected in this statement: "I told myself that there were good white people, people with money and sensitive feelings"(Wright, 148). As Wright is exposed more and more to the way the world really works his hope is crushed. Wright’s largest hunger, the hunger that is fed by all others, is his hunger for knowledge. This hunger sets him apart from those around him, which drives the wedge created by their differences further between them. Nevertheless, it gives Wright’s life meaning and direction. The hunger starts growing at a young age, with his first real bite of knowledge coming from a coal man teaching him how to count to a hundred. His next substantial bite comes from a schoolteacher named Ella reading him a story; this is where the hunger really begins to grow. About this he wrote: "As her words fell upon my ears, I endowed them with a reality that welled up from somewhere with in me… The tale made the world around me be, throb, live. As she spoke, reality changed, the look of things altered, and the world became peopled with magical presences. My sense of life deepened and the feel of things was different, somehow.... My imagination blazed. The sensations the story aroused in me were never to leave me" (Wright, 39). This sensation furthers his existing curiosity, helping Wright to realize his love of literature. His hunger for knowledge is immense, yet Wright is never really allotted the opportunity for a decent formal education. In each chapter, Richard relates painful and confusing memories that lead to a better understanding of the man a black, Southern, American writer who eventually emerges. Although Richard, as the narrator, maintains an adult voice throughout the story, each chapter is told from the perspective and knowledge that a child might possess. 90 ÷ bLklzvf Yet, because the narrative is told with such force and honesty, the reliability of Richard's memories is not questioned. By the story's end, as Richard comes of age, the voice of the narrator and of the nineteen-year-old young man he has become merge into one. The novel does settle into a somewhat predictable pattern. Wright enters situation after situation expecting a great experience, only to become disillusioned by the realities of racism. Wright does an excellent job of blending humor, action, suspense, and philosophy. It's also inspiring that he could grow into the great writer he became despite the overwhelming obstacles he faced, and it's sad all the same that those obstacles were there to begin with. In its clarity, its depth, and its thematic content, Black Boy is a very important American novel about a man struggling to survive and thrive in the world's wealthiest nation. What gives the book its unique place in American literature is its tone. Its tone is that of the Blues. Lyrical and ironic, it is the song that follows the reality of pure tragedy: one black man’s search for self- actualization in a racist society. It accepts all that has happened and creates art from the pain of suffering. Ralph Ellison has written "in its form, it is an autobiographical chronicle of personal catastrophe expressed lyrically like Blues"(Scott, 291). Lastly, the work earned Wright a place as "father" of the post-WWII black novel and precursor of the Black Arts movements of the 1960s. Works Cited Abrams. M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. Toronto: Thomson Wadsworth, 2005. Hughes, Langston. The Big Sea: An Autobiography. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1940. Morrison, Toni. "Rootedness: The Ancestor as Foundation". Black Women Writers (1950–1980): A Critical Evaluation. Ed. Mari Evans. New York: Doubleday, 1984. Ruland, Richard & Malcolm Bradbury. From Puritanism to Postmodernism. New York: Penguin, 1991. Scott, Nathan. A. "Black Literature". Harvard Guide to Contemporary American Writing. Ed. Daniel Hoffman.Oxford University Press, 1979. bLklzvf ÷ 91 C. After the visit ofJunga Bahadur Rana to the Britain Nepalese Architecture seem to be greatly influenced by Victorian Architecture. Gradually the Lichivian architectural practice seems to get further advancement in the Mallas regime with the use of various metals and even glasses. Though historical construction systems use very simple and environment friendly raw materials the output was strong and have proven their strength time and again. Three Dimensional Panels: An alternative to contemporaryconstruction technology and product (Brick) Manoj Adhikari Introduction Nepal has its own long history onarchitectural andconstructions practices which areconsidered to be environmentally balanced and energy efficient. Nepal a 92 ÷ bLklzvf . From 2007 BS to 2016 BS the area seems to be influenced by Indian concepts but lateron Nepalese architecture seems to be influence from various concepts and practices. Formal abroadstudies in architecture and engineering by Nepali nationals initiated and various practices and architectural designs in this sector. Initial period of Saha regime seems to continue same later on the breakthrough of European architectural influence could be seen on monuments of that time. architectural monuments built in mallas regime seems to be inspired from contemporary Indian architectural practices. Kailash Kut. Mana Griha and other architectural monuments described in myths though don’t bear any evidence of their existencebut Changu Narayan Temple which is confirmed to be constructed in the fourth century during Lichhivi eraproves Nepal carry a long architectural history. modern architectural practices seems to create natural and aesthetic havoc. With the introduction of R.C techniques from 2025this glorious sector seems to loose its glory beauty and strength. The monolithic structure with 3D panel enables it to withstand earthquakes. Thousands of structure and walls have been built around the world with 3D panels. Various environmental impacts are being faced by the nation locally as well as globally. hurricanes and typhoons. Time has come to seek an alternate to bricks. The 3D Panel is a unique and effective way to easily create a strong insulated concrete building or wall. 3D Panel is used for affordable housing all the way to multi-million dollar housing. Many 3D buildings have endured hurricanes with no water penetration or damage. The strength of the 3D system is enormous and is partially attributed to the truss wires which are welded to connect each side of mesh to make the panel. institutional multi-story all can be created easily with this remarkable code-approved method. bLklzvf ÷ 93 . A technology and system developed in Austria around 1981 namely Three Dimensional Panels And Three dimensional construction bya company Named EVGseems to be abetter alternative to the bricks as well as contemporary construction techniques.developing nation is in need of re structuring its methods of physical infrastructure development. Also the geographical location of Nepal from seismic point of view is very fragile and porn to high seismic movements in such condition the development of physical infrastructures must take account of these factors. The insulation in the center of the panel is suspended on the truss wires and becomes a continuous thermal break when panels are connected. Almost everyresidential and commercialbuilding are constructed using bricks in Nepal also those whose houses are not made up of bricks are attracted and are willing to construct a home made up of bricks. The performance of the insulation thus is greater than the R-value rating because of the thermal-mass effect of the concrete on each side of the panel. Many of them use the panel for all elements of the structure including walls. commercial. stairs and trim. 3D Panels are used in every type of concrete structure because of the flexibility of design and ease of use. Residential. floors. Introduction and implementation of various environmental friendly building techniques and materials is a rigorous need in order to achieve the goals of sustainable development. Environmental issues are also growing day-by-day various threatening human race itself. Research must go on to provide an insight of the merits demerits effectiveness of alternative building material and technology. In the process. It provides hard walls and perfectly placed insulation for maximum efficiency. Stay-in-place forms today use polystyrene as molds for concrete and end up with soft exteriors and exteriors which have to be hardened. Like bricks manufacturing is contributing a huge amount of carbonin our environment as well as it is depleting and degrading arable land which is a threat for food security in such condition an alternative construction products and technologies must be developed and implemented Energy plays vital role in development the more the energy is consumed it is assumed that the more development is achieved but time has came to rationalize the energy consumption both by the developed nations as well as developing nations. Home for human being is considered to be the safest place on earth Today's world is in a threat from numerous problems and issues. Construction of physical infrastructures are inevitable for developing nations for their development which is major a major pollutant and degradation factor for environment. our infrastructure should be developed in such a way that they require less energy for thermal condition maintenances. Unlike concrete block.earthquakes with no cracking. time has come to seek a safer construction technologies and implement them in policy level. they lose the thermal mass effect necessary for energy efficiency. The bitter experience of the tremendous seismic movement recently has left many of the population in the hilly regions of Nepal with sad stories. Many developing nations like Nepal are facing various environmental problems at national level as well as in global level. Need And Importance of alternative building and materials. the 3D panel provides the insulation and reinforcement strength to concrete which makes it acceptable for residential or commercial construction. Environmental problems and Natural disasters are focal among thevarious concepts methods and are in discussion and also in 94 ÷ bLklzvf . and at the same time provided a comfortable and energy-efficient environment for the residents. water and sanitation. decentralization policies and women's empowerment and sustainable development was being debated again. The report acknowledged that "poverty" is a major cause and effect of global environmental problems.practice to overcome these environmental problems and reduction of risks from natural disaster. In early 1990s a new thought emerged and UN Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio-de-Janeiro in 1992 clearly showed that most environmental damage was being caused by the rich industrialized nations not by poor people or poor nations. The Commission advocated economic growth in developing countries to improve the quality of life for the poor. but this time within the context of sustainable bLklzvf ÷ 95 . Human activity was blamed for most of the environmental hazards facing the world and the emphasis was on curbing the activity to safeguard the environment for present and future generations. particularly with regards to the provision of basic services and shelter. UN Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) in 1996 placed the urban agenda on the top of the world development agenda by adopting Habitat Agenda . water and air pollution and a whole range of environmentally unfriendly practices. civil society and the private sector. Sustainable development is dependent on the ability of national economies to accelerate economic growth in order to generate the surplus needed to accommodate the basic needs of the poor.a blue print for policy and actions in the years to come. The focus of the Habitat Agenda was on the role of local government. due to their lack of resources and capital. caused deforestation. The "Green" agenda developed in these years by environmentalists was revisited through a new approach to sustainable development. In 1970s environmentalists blamed uncontrolled urbanization and promoted an "Ideal" rural life. energy and urban transport. It established a connection between people. The international community believed that the poor. which stated that sustainable development could not be achieved without considering the needs of the world poor. But the economic growth was not having the desired effect of both reducing poverty and saving the environment. identifying key technical interventions in areas such as physical planning. human settlements and sustainable development. The interest in sustainable development was further strengthened in the late 1980s by the 1987 Brundtland Commission Report. The concept Sustainable development started to receive worldwide attention. • Co-operation between governmental agencies and privet sectors working on alternative building technologiesshould be strengthened.2014 (Surya B. planners developers and other related personals to achieve the goals sustainable development. International journal of research in Engineering and Technology. all the concerned people should playtheir role on establishinga safer habitat for present as well as future generation. Special Edition World Habitat Day Year 6 Vol11 (EVG. • Policies regarding alternative building technologies and materials should be formulated to encourage general people for applicationand private sector for investing on such materials and technologies. G Appa Rao) Behavior of 3d panels for structural application under general loading: A state of Art. 2001) Strength of EVG 3D construction System. the policy makers. Volume 03 special Issue : 16 Dec. economical. To achieve the goals of sustainable development and protect the future generations. alternative building materials and alternative construction technologies must be studied and promoted. Poluraju. environmental technical and other related aspectsof alternative construction technology and alter native building material (3d Panels) which could be beneficial for the general people. Since Nepal is geographically located in the high seismic zone.human settlements development. • Awareness regarding environment and alternative building products should be addressed from policy level. Earthquake one of the dangerous forms of natural disaster can cause severe destruction with in seconds. References (P. Conclusion • The rigorous study shouldbe oriented to test various aspects like social. Sangachhe )Sustainable Development and Principles of Sustainability in urban design. This encompassed both the economic and social dimensions of sustainable development. 96 ÷ bLklzvf . Courteous. Trustworthy Talented E: . Eklavya made soil image of bLklzvf ÷ 97 . In ancient times teachers taught their pupils in hermitage. Cooperative. Regular. Trained. Reliable. Energetic A: . Hard-working E: . so many things in between it among them one of the legendary aspects is a teacher That’s why. Psychologist says that a mother is the first teacher of a child. Expert. Honest. Caring H: . Resourceful So great is the value of the teacher that people an over the worlds have acknowledged his contribution. Active. Educated. D. Enthusiastic. A mother teaches her child in making different gestures and postures. I must say. At the time of departure of exile Ram bowed down at the feet of teacher first and then he bowed before his parents. The value Contribution and Responsibility of Teacher Manoj Karna “Life starts with flashes but end with ashes”. Efficient. Helpful.History says that there were symbolical teachers who also provides as source of inspiration. Alert C: . Kanand and many others did same. degrees from different universities. Extrovert R: . Even Gods were worshipped as teachers. Vishwamitra. So did Krishna in the hermitage of Sandipan. In the modern world postgraduates prepare thesis under the guidance of the scholars and get Ph. Ram learned in heritage of Vishwamitra. Kapil. the qualities to become a good teacher are: T: . It is also related in Ramayan that Valmiki impart education to Lav and Kush so exquisitely that they even superseded Ram in power. Able. They adopted outstanding methods of teaching. Dronacharya and learned archery before it. So. He couldn’t refuse him and offered his right thumb to Dronacharya. So. This is an evil practice indeed. beauty and purity. They must be clean in thoughts and deeds. What a terrible punishment it was in the guise of asking for offering. Now days the profession of teacher. teaching must be done with a view to face the challenge of life. in order to crush his career and promote Arjun he hit upon a plan. It is open injustice. has been stained. If he is true to his duties he must be honest from the bottom of his heart and make his pupils embodiments of truth. In nutshell a teacher must be regarded is backbone of society. “A little knowledge is most dangerous thing”. In ruins the sanctity of teaching. This is the age of competition.It’s good to be trained and well educated teacher than general one. we find it everywhere nobody can escape from it. Good teachers must not support this kind of in equality of opportunity. He must give emphasis on discipline. In broad sense it can be said that teachers are the builders of nation. He became sure that Eklavya suppressed Arjun and will become champion in archery in course of time. They who make private tuition harm the image of teacher. 98 ÷ bLklzvf . He has power of construction and destruction. Not only this but admission on donations also a curse of the country. A teacher must teach his students the norms of character building. Besides teaching books he should draw attention towards up-to-date researchers made in the field of science and technology. The duty of teacher is to give ideal citizen to the nation. Dronacharya was a biased teacher. “A little knowledge is dangerous thing”. obedience. hearth punctuality and mediation. It favors less intelligent students and compels them to dangle over dejection. In spite of vast gallery of good teachers they are also such teachers who give wrong education and exploit their pupils. Private tuition and teaching makes ways for earning money from back door. in conclusion I want to conclude from saying of Alexander Pope. He asked Eklavya to give him right thumb as Dakshina (offering) arguing that he made him his teacher and learned archery Eklavya was true discipline. from my point of view. He knew that Eklavya was better archer than Arjun. So. The first central bank in the world was the Swedish Riksbank.I) Establishment.In the context of Nepal. A central bank truly stands at the “center” of the financial system. and the European Central Bank. founded in 1668. the Bank of Canada.S. Central bank is also regarded as the government bank and bank of banks. the Deutsche Bundesbank. 2) Introduction 2. Central bank is the apex body for the regulation and supervision of the entire banking and financial system of the country. issues coin and notes and controls the credit. develops banking system. the Reserve Bank of Australia. Nepal Rastra Bank: An Introduction as the central bank of Nepal Raju Thapa 1) Background Central bank is the supreme bankof a country.the history of banking in Nepal was started from the establishment of commercial bank beforecentral bank. Itmaintains the account of government and provides the financial advices as a financial expert to the government. Scottish businessman William Paterson founded the Bank of England in 1694 on request of the British government to finance a war. Some example of the famous central banks include the U. Vision and Mission Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB). the Bank of Japan.NRB was established after the establishment of Nepal Bank Limited (1994 B. 2012 to discharge the central banking responsibilities including guiding the development of the embryonic domestic financial sector.) so. the Reserve Bank of India. the Bank of England.S. From its establishment. Nepal Rastra Bank is the central bank of nation which keeps the monetary system stable. Federal Reserve. was established in 2013 Baishek 14 under the Nepal Rastra Bank Act. Itmaintainsthe money supply of the country and controls the credit creation of the financial system. the Central Bank of Nepal. it bLklzvf ÷ 99 . Mr. Bijaya Nath Bhattarai January 31. l990 – January 17. Tilak Bahadur Rawal January l8. Himalaya Shumsher J. l973 6. Dr. Ministry of Finance. l961 – June 17. Rana April 26. 2009 15. Pradyuma Lal Rajbhandari June l8. Continuously aware of this great responsibility. two Deputy Governors. Yuba Raj Khatiwada March 22. the Board of Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) comprises of seven members: four ex officio members . 2015 16. Mission:To maintain macro-economic stability through sound and effective monetary. credible and effective Central Bank.the Governor (who is the Chairman). Mr. 2000 11. Mr. Satyendra Pyara Shrestha January l8. dynamic. l995 10. 2009 – July 26. 2005 –January 30. l965 – August 13. Mr. l965 3. Bhekh Bahadur Thapa August 14. who are appointed from amongst the persons renowned in the field of Economics. The bank has the following vision and mission: Vision: To become “ A modern. Mr. l984 8.January l7. Banking. 2010 14. 2000 – April 27. 2015 .2) List of NRB governors over the years S. 1961 2. l979 – December 8. foreign exchange and financial sector policies. Mr. 2001 13. sustained progress and continued reform of the financial sector is of utmost importance.performs the central banking function as per the Nepal Rastra Bank Act 2012. l967 5. Laxmi Nath Gautam February 8. l966 4. Dr. Name of Governor Term of office 1. NRB is seriously pursuing various policies. Deependra Bahadur Kshetry January 15. Kalyana Bikram Adhikary June 13.N. strategies and actions. Dr. Chiranjibi Nepal March 19. Ganesh Bahadur Thapa March 25.B.March 19. for the achievement of the objectives in the present dynamic environment. 2010 . l990 9. 1956 – February 7. 2005 12.The Bank is eminently aware that. 2. Yadav Prasad Pant April 24. Monetary. Mr. Deependra Purush Dhakal August 29. the Secretary. l985 – May 22. l966 – July 26. Mr. and three other Directors. Dr. Kul Shekhar Sharma April 29. 2000 . Dr. all of which are conveyed in the annual report on monetary policy. Finance 100 ÷ bLklzvf . l995 – January l7. Mr.Present 2. l968 – April 28. Mr. Hari Shankar Tripathi August 10.3) Board of Directors As per section 14 of Nepal Rastra Bank Act. Mr. l973 – December 12. l978 7. 2058. and Commercial Laws. Deputy Governors and other Directors are appointed by Government of Nepal. Bal Krishna Man Singh. if it is deemed necessary. Member since: 15 February 2013 2. The Governor. Divisions and Units in NRB Departments in NRB Research Department Banks and Financial Inst. Governor Since: 22 March 2015 Member: Mr. Sri Ram Poudyal. Government may. Thapathali bLklzvf ÷ 101 . Member since: 08 April 2012 Member: Dr. Council of Ministers for term of five years. Shanta Raj Subedi.D.4)Departments. reappoint the retiring Governor for another one term and the retiring other Directors for any term. Chinta Mani Siwakoti. Regulation Dept. Member since: 08 April 2012 Member: Mr. Ph. Deputy Governor Since: 2 March 2016 Member: Dr. Ramhari Aryal. Member since: 8 September 2016 Member: Mr. Foreign Exchange Management Department Currency Management Department Financial Management Department Human Resources Management Department Internal Audit Department General Services Department Public Debt Management Department Micro-Finance Promotion & Supervision Department Bank Supervision Department Development Bank Supervision Department Finance Company Supervision Department Information Technology Department Corporate Planning Department Payment Systems Department Department Level Offices Banking Office. Chiranjibi Nepal. Shiba Raj Shrestha. Ministry of Finance). (Secretary. Deputy Governor Since: 2 March 2016 Member: Mr. The current members of the NRB Board are: Chairman: Dr. and (e) To promote entire banking and financial system of the Kingdom of Nepal and to enhance its public credibility. Nepalgunj Nepal Rastra Bank. healthy and efficient system of payment. the bank has the following objectives: (a) To formulate necessary monetary and foreign exchange policies in order to maintain the stability ofprice and balance of payment for sustainable development of economy. the functions. Siddharthanagar Nepal Rastra Bank.Office of the Governor Divisions Legal Division Problem Bank Resolution Division Units Financial Information Unit 2. Section 4. Birgunj Nepal Rastra Bank. (c) To formulate foreign exchange policies and to implement or 102 ÷ bLklzvf . (d) To regulate. Biratnagar Nepal Rastra Bank.5) District Offices Nepal Rastra Bank. (b) To formulate necessary monetary policies in order to maintain price stability and to implement or cause to implementthem. duties and powers of the Bank is mention in section 5 which are as follows: (a) To issue bank notes and coins. Janakpur Nepal Rastra Bank. (c) To develop a secure. Chapter 2. supervise and monitor the banking and financial system. Pokhara Nepal Rastra Bank. inspect. and manage it. Dhangadhi 3) Objectives and function of the Bank As per the Nepal Rastra Bank Act 2058. (b) To promote stability and liquidity required in banking and financial sector. In order to achieve the objectives referred to in section 4. (i) To establish and promote the system of payment. cause to implement them. and (j) To implement or cause to implement any other necessary functions which the Bank has to carry out in order to achieve the objectives of the Bank under this Act. (d) To determine the system of foreign exchange rate. provides timely circular and directives. bank uses the different monetary instruments through the annual monetary policy. The head office of Nepal Rastra Bank conducts the supervision and regulation of the bank and financial institution through the separate department. (g) To act as a banker. 5) Currentpracticed in the context of Nepal By issuing the unified directives2073. (f) To issue license to commercial banks and financial institutions to carry on banking and financial business and to regulate. (h) To act as the banker of commercial banks and financial institutions and to function as the lender of the last resort. NRB currently conduct the following practiced for the promotion. conduct off-site as well as on-site supervision and soon. advisor and financial agent of Government of Nepal. supervise and monitor such transactions. 4) Regulation and Supervision Provision NepalRastra Bank is the sole authority body for the supervision and regulation of bank and financial institution of the Nepal. • Maintain the bank rate of 7%. inspect. • Enforced the capital plan. (e) To manage and operate foreign exchange reserve. development bank supervision department. clearing and settlement and to regulate theseactivities. monetary policy2073/2074 and different circulars. Bank maintains the commercial bank supervision department. finance company supervision department and micro finance promotion and supervision department. bLklzvf ÷ 103 . supervision and regulation of the banking and financial system of Nepal: • Encouraged the merger and acquision of bank & financial institutions for maintaining the suitable size. For this purpose. financial literacy and financial inclusion. • Issue necessary IT guidelines for the protection of operational as well as IT related risk. • Issue the circular for providing the loan facility to the earthquake affected people. stable and profitable banking business. NRB Act2058. • Conduct OMO through repo and reverse repo. to control inflation and deflation. IT guidelines. • Conduct regular on-site and off-site supervision of banking industries. 104 ÷ bLklzvf . They should properly follow the NRB Unified directives. financial literacy and financial inclusion. development bank and finance company respectively. is not the sole duty of NRB. • Fix the statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) of 12%. They want to be the producer rather than the trader.In the same way NRB must be focus on the preventive as well as concurrent supervision and regulation mechanism rather than the post control mechanism. Similarly. Similarly. Fiscal Policy and other related act and policies. internal supervision andregulation. Monetary Policy. 5% and 4% for the commercial bank. 6) Conclusion To conduct the safe. Circular.• Make the provision of cash reserve ratio (CRR) of 6%. the effort of Nepal Rastra Bank is notadequate. the right investment of remittance is also necessary. • Conductdifferent programs for the financial access.NRB should be more focused on the financial access. 9% and 8% for commercial bank. for this general people as well as all the concern stakeholdersshould be aware and focus on production. BAFIA 2063. concerned bank and financial institution themselves being serious for the internal monitoring. development and finance company respectively. For this. In this sense. or against misleading or deceptive advertising methods. Consumer protection consists of laws and organizations designed to ensure the rights of consumers. By the end of the decade. In another word. Even though consumers have these rights. all of us at one time or another is purchasers of goods and of services. A consumer is any person who engages in the process of spending money and using economic goods and services. By the 1950s. legal product liability had been established in which an aggrieved party need only prove injury by use of a product. thus we all are consumers. rather than bearing the burden of proof of corporate negligence." The consumers are the individuals and or institutions that use goods and services from the market (CPA. consumer refers to the individual or group of in- dividuals who purchase goods and services from the market for consumption but not for sale. Consumers had little ground on which to defend themselves against faulty or defective products. Therefore. 1998 AD). as well as fair trade bLklzvf ÷ 105 . the person who avails the services or purchases the available goods from the market is called a consumer. A consumer is defined as "someone who acquires goods or services for direct use or ownership rather than for resale or use in production and manufacturing. all human being of this world who consumes anything and gets any types of services from the market is known as consumer. they can easily be ignored. The word ‘consumer’ means any person who uses or consumes any types of goods or services from the market. Constitutional and Legal Status of Consumer Protection Issues and Practice in Nepal Ram Kumar Rai Background In general term. a movement called "consumer- ism" began pushing for increased rights and legal protection against malicious business practices. That is where consumer protection comes in. exchange of possession of one goods with the others to fulfill their mutual requirements. There was “barter system” i. the needs of human beings were very few and these were met through exchange of goods. and self-regulating business organizations. opportunities and challenges to man in all spheres. Later on. which directly and indirectly serve consumers. consistent with economic efficiency. In other words. Prior to the Industrial Revolution. it refers to the measures adopted for the protection of consumers from dishonest and unethical malpractices by the businesspersons and to provide them speedy and effective redress of their grievances. The concept of consumer emerged from the establishment of civil society. This has been possible on account of a number of external and internal ideological. Organizations that promote consumer protection include government organizations. the Better Business Bureaus. social and economic factors necessary for human survival as well as mastery of man over nature culminating in revolutionary progress in scientific and technological fields opening new panoramas. people used coins and currency to take any goods and services from the market 106 ÷ bLklzvf . and enhancement of human life. the economy virtually collapses. such as consumer protection agencies and organizations. Consumer protec- tion means safeguarding the interest and rights of the consumers. Consumer interests can also be protected by promot- ing competition in the markets. The law of consumer protection always focuses on the preservation and protection of life or liberty of the person in the eye of philosophy. individuals as consumer activism.e. However. the Federal Trade Commission. such extraordinary developments have also caused some indeterminable problems for mankind as how to survive against the massive new risks unchecked by liberalization and new free market economy. Philosophy of consumerism or consumer protection emphasizes on the protection. etc. preservation. political.competition and the free flow of truthful information in the mar- ketplace. Consumers play a vital role in the economic system of a nation be- cause in the absence of effective demand that emanates from them. The laws are designed to prevent businesses that engage in fraud or specified unfair practices from gaining an advantage over competitors and may provide additional protection for the weak and those unable to take care of themselves. There was no any remedy for consumer at the time. 2001). “let the buyer be aware” came into existence in middle ages to governed the relationship between seller and buyer. Traditional philosophy of consumer protection was based on the principle of ‘caveat de emptor’ the caveat de emptor ‘Let the buyer beware’ doctrine of law concerning the sale of goods assumed the consumer was responsible for protecting himself and would do so by applying his intelligence in negotiating the terms of purchase. The consumers came to be abused and exploited by unscrupulous traders whose only object was to make more profit at any cost. Stevenson (1932 AD). It therefore realized the necessity of laws regarding consumer protection all over the world (Cartwright. The term consum- erism should be equated with the word ‘citizen’ and that consumer protection law should be regarded as an aspect of the protection of civic right Consumerism is the equating of personal happiness with the purchasing of material possessions and consumption. principle of Consumer Sovereignty or Consumer is the King of the market has been gradually adopted. the principle of ‘caveat emptor’. bLklzvf ÷ 107 . It is a legal protection of the right of consumers to consume any goods or services willingly or properly without being cheated. The conditions and warranties. This is an era of consumer service revolution.for their daily life. fixed by the manufacturer and trader were binding on the consumers. which meant. Consumerism is the term precisely used in campaigning for the protection of consumer interest. The old rule of caveat emptor had been super seeded by caveat vanditor which meant “let the seller be aware” which has its origin in common law in the case of Donoghue vs. In fact. None of the states or countries can knowingly or unknow- ingly disregards the interest of the consumers. In this context. It is an outcome by reaction and revolt against the vagaries of commer- cialism and industrialism which exploited the consuming community contrary to elementary principles of baseness motility and ethic and endangering the life health safely and will being of the common people who were basically their product buyers. Then. consumerism is a social movement seeking to aug- ment the rights and powers of the buyers in relation to sellers. However. 2015 AD). Right to Safety The assertion of this right is aimed at the defense of consumers against injuries caused by products other than automobile ve- hicles. It is the matter of prime concern to all consumers of the world. whether rich or poor to look at their national laws from internationally recognized standards. which has become a landmark guidance for formulating the laws relating to consumer rights in each individual states. The Consumer Prod- uct Safety Commission (CPSC) has jurisdiction over thousands of commercial products. in the 1950s. the real normative break- through came since the General Assembly of the United Nations.Historical Background and Scope of Consumer Protection Law Practice in the Global Level Until the 18th century. on April 9. and powers that allow it to establish 108 ÷ bLklzvf . and implies that products should cause no harm to their users if such use is executed as prescribed. the credit goes to Consumer International (CI) for its tireless effort in persuading the world community and the United Nations to recognize eight basic rights of the consumer such as: i. irrespective of consumer’s economic condition and. The struggle against capitalism and food fraud started the first phase of consum- erism but it was not until the third phase. The first consumer or- ganizations established in Denmark in 1947 AD and in Great Britain in 1955 AD where the government created the consumer council in order to enable consumers to express themselves on issues reserved to manufacturers and traders. United Nations General Assembly has accepted a set of general guidelines for consumer protection in April 9. 1985 AD. In- deed. the consumers had to verify themselves the quality of the goods they purchased and only in the presence of gross negligence. personal status in their society to look at their national laws from internationally recognized standards. that we saw the involvement of the European countries. It became the matter of prime concern to all consumers of the world. the seller could have been hold liable. Indeed. unanimously adopted a set of general guidelines for consumer protection. 1985 AD. the credit goes to Consumer International (CI) for its untiring attempt in convincing the world community and the United Nations to recognize eight basic rights of the consumer (Corradi. when necessary. Right to Be Informed This right states that businesses should always provide consum- ers with enough appropriate information to make intelligent and informed product choices.performance standards. force product recall. vi. essential goods and services: adequate food. Right to Choose The right to free choice among product offerings states that consumers should have a variety of options provided by differ- ent companies from which to choose. health care. Right to Satisfaction of Basic Needs To have access to basic. education. shelter. The federal government has taken many steps to ensure the availability of a healthy environment open to competition through legislation. and packaging. iv. Product information provided by a business should always be complete and truthful. and the outlaw of price cutting and gouging. The Right to Redress To receive a fair settlement of just claims. including limits on concept ownership through Patent Law. iii. clothing. advertising. public utilities. and sanitation. certain outlets exist to aid con- sumers if difficulty occurs in communication with an aggrieving party. prevention of monopolistic business practices through Anti-Trust Legislation. demand immediate notification of defective products. labeling. ii. including compensation bLklzvf ÷ 109 . and. Right to Be Heard This right asserts the ability of consumers to voice complaints and concerns about a product in order to have the issue handled efficiently and responsively. v. require product testing and warning labels. While no federal agency is tasked with the specific duty of providing a forum for this interaction between consumer and producer. State and federal attorney generals are equipped to aid their constituents in dealing with parties who have provided a product or service in a manner unsatisfactory to the consumer in violation of an applicable law. water. This right aims to achieve protection against misleading information in the areas of financing. concept and legal provisions on consumer protection in Nepal. Some prominent examples of these are South Korea. Since the "legitimate needs” of consumers as stipulated in the UN guidelines. Right to a Healthy Environment To live and work in an environment which is non-threatening to the well being of present and future generations. shoddy goods or unsatisfactory services. emerging issues and problems facing by Nepalese consumers. there has been even greater demand for strong consti- tutional protection for consumers. It has also attempted to highlight and make assessment about the problem regarding the consumer protection right and highlights on the importance of a consumer rights for protection of life. viii. Cambodia. If we observe thehistorical development of Nepalese Legal system we cannot find formal acknowledgement of the concept of consumer right in the past. the Philippines. confident choices about goods and services. for misrepresentation. while being aware of basic consumer rights and responsibilities and how to act on them. Therefore. Those chapters of common code were close to the modern concept of consumer 110 ÷ bLklzvf . liberty and property of the people by this research. Thailand including Nepal. In this context. China. Jhara Khetyalako. Vietnam. vii. It is believed that a strong constitutional framework for consumer's protection compels government to be more accountable towards the consumers. It has managed at- tempts to screen out present situation of consumers. the researcher has tried to explore the theory. Some of Asian countries have adopted the consumer rights in their respective constitutions. Khota Chalanko Mahal. it is very important that consumer rights can be protected by incorporating consumer rights in the national constitution. Right to Consumer Education To acquire knowledge and skills needed to make informed. As uncontrolled development has led to environmental pollution and the free market system has led to various unethical and unfair trade practices resulting in the exploitation of the entire segment of consumers both in the developed and the developing country. The first written law in Nepal ‘Common Code’ (Muluki Ain) promulgated in 1964 AD in which provisioned Ilaz garneko. books. there is review of constitution. with the interests of con- sumers. Various research articles. 2015 AD) has provided that consumer rights as the funda- mental rights of the citizen. information. However. (Adhikari. 2007 BS (1951 AD) had provisions in directive principles aiming to provide political. Constitution of Nepal. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Ne- pal. judicial decision and treatiesas the primary source information. A dozen of publications and reports that had relevant materials on this subject matter were also reviewed. This article is primarily based on a table review of literature on the constitutional and legal provisions in the consumer rights in Nepal. 2015 BS (1959 AD) and the Constitution of Nepal 2019 BS (1963 AD) also set an objective to establish a society free from exploitation. rules. The Nepal Government Act. right to bLklzvf ÷ 111 . 2004 (1947 AD) did not have any specific provision. it has recognized the people as sovereign power of the nation and has granted every citizen fundamental right to demand and receive information on any matter of public interest. The Nepal Interim Governance Act. they contained provisions related. Constitutional Provision on Consumer Rights in Nepal A brief review of the constitutional history of Nepal in relation to the consumer right protection shows that no constitution of Nepal has made explicit provision to guarantee the consumer right apart from theConstitution of Nepal 2072 (2015 AD). However. 2047 BS (1990 AD) protected the right to education. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal promulgated after the people’s movement in 1990 AD did not expressly provide consumer protection. right against exploitation. Despite making no separate provision on the consumer rights. the Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal. 2012AD).44. journal and reports were cited to collect information as the secondary sources. the present constitution of Nepal (Art.As per the nature of the topic. economic and social justice. Data and Sources This study has been conducted to review legal provisions and existing practices concerning consumer protection rights in Nepal and to explore the emerging issues.right either directly or indirectly. in one way or another. Acts. aimed to safeguard health of consumers.. Various sectorial policies e. distributing. it does not explicitly protect the right of consumer as a fundamental right. 2011 commits to formulate and enforce several important policies and programs. The Food Act 1966 AD. 1998 AD Before the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act 1998 AD. Industrial Policy. they protected the consumer right in scattered form. right relating to en- vironment.g. price regulation policy. vari- ous laws were in force covering several aspects of consumer right in one form or another. among others. storing. the following provisions have been made such as I. Legal Provision before Consumer Protection Act. prohibit change of any originalities of food and maintain quality standard. The Constitution of Nepal 2072BS (2015 AD) has provided that consumer rights as fundamental right in its article 44. ii. A person who has suffered from sub-standard object or service shall have the right to be compensated as provided for by law. It is to note that a white paper issued by the Ministry of Commerce and Supplies on reforms in commerce and supply sector. Similarly. However.privacy. 2063 BS (2007 AD) has also protected various rights including right against untouchability and racial discrimination. fixation of support price for major products by farmers and fixation of limit for storage of goods and services by whole sellers and retailers to control deflection through hoarding and artificial scarcity. They were punitive or preventive in nature rather than compensatory in nature. In the article 44. It strictly prohibited selling. prevent food adulteration. Trade Policy do exist. which is one of the oldest legislation on consumer protection. However. Policy Measure on Consumer Rights in Nepal Policy measure on consumer right consists of various directive prin- ciples and policies of state. the Interim Constitution of Nepal. Each consumer shall have the right to quality foodstuffs and services. The Standard Metrology Act 1968 AD has sought to protect consumer’s right by ensuring standard weight based on metric system and quantity in every com- mercial transaction. along with empowerment of authorities to check 112 ÷ bLklzvf . However. and producing food that is adulterated or harmful to human health. health and information as fundamental rights. which include a supply policy. the Nepal Standard (Certification Mark) Act. The Act was enacted to prohibit the destruction. 1955 AD This Act is the oldest legislation in the field of consumer related right protection indirectly. civil aviation. bridges. deflection. Some of the laws are enlisted here by chronological order: i. iv. which involves postal. The Standard Measurement and Weight Act. ii. profiteering. Act empowers the government authorities to main- tain uniformity throughout the country and check irregularities bLklzvf ÷ 113 . damage spoil or steal the essential material of public importance such as communication. 1968 AD This Act provides legal arrangement of standardization of weigh- ing and measuring based on metric system in every commercial transaction. 1980 AD has regulated a comprehensive quality control system within the manufacturing organization by making provision on use of certification mark on goods/substances and certification mark provision contributed to quality awareness among consumers and producers in Nepal. hoarding. ropeway. any natural quality or utility from foodstuffs in order to maintain health and convenience of the consumer. 1975 AD has intended to ensure convenience and economic interests of public. Essential Goods Control Act. printing press. adulteration. electricity.equipment of metrology used in commercial practices pursuant to standards. The Food Act. iii. or extracting. railway. 1966 AD The basic objectives of this Act are to maintain proper standard of foodstuffs and to prevent any undesirable adulteration in foodstuffs or prevent from reducing in. and other services determined by the government. telecommunication. sewer. to control black marketing. The Black Market and Some Other Social Crimes and Punishment Act. The Government of Nepal can issue an order not to stop essential services in order to ensure the normal life of people. 1957 AD This Act has declared the essential service. Similarly. fraudulent sale of commodities and to protect consumers against these social crimes. pipelines or drinking water. publications and so on. road. Essential Services Operation Act. transport. regarding metrology. v. Black Marketing and Some other Social Offences and Punish- ment Act, 1975 AD This Act has been enacted to protect consumers from black marketing and hoarding of essential commodities. It prohibits the traders from selling goods with artificial price and artificial scarcity of goods. vi. Drug Act, 1978 AD The aim of this Act is to prohibit undue use of medicine or medical substance as well as to control the production and distribution and sales harmful, Date expired, below quality medicines. vii. The Nepal Standard (Certification Mark) Act, 1980 AD This Act regulates a comprehensive quality control system within the manufacturing organization. The certification mark scheme under the Act has brought quality awareness among Nepalese consumers and producers alike. viii. Slaughter house and Inspection of Meat Act, 1998 AD Under this Act, distribution of unhealthy meat is made strictly punishable. It also imposes the responsibility on government to manage necessary slaughterhouse throughout the country in or- der to provide safe meat and relevant products to the consumers. Consumer Protection Act, 1998 AD and its Legal Provisions This Act is a specific and comprehensive legislation protecting con- sumer rights and restricting unfair trade practices to some extent, which has proved to be a milestone in the history of socio-economic legislation to protect consumers’ rights and interests in Nepal. It also intends to have balanced viewpoint between buyers and sell- ers within socio-economic and legal framework of Nepalese society. As far as the enforcement mechanism of the Act (Consumer Protec- tion Act, 1988 AD) is concerned, it provides for various mechanisms. Under this Act, the Government has a wide range of powers to make investigation and inspection, and take action against perpetrators particularly in relation to unfair trade practices. There is a provision of minister level Consumer Protection Council, with inclusive repre- sentation. It has recommendatory power. It may carry out education, research, development, and monitoring activities. 114 ÷ bLklzvf There is a mechanism of inspection officers. Officer level employees have been designated as such in 75 districts to: monitor supplies of goods, services at fair prices, make inspection, investigation, inquiry, and search in cases of violations of the Act. These officers have ample powers in relation to investigation and filing of cases. They may forfeit sub-standard goods. Cases under this Act are state cases. Summary procedures are to be followed in disposing such cases. In addition, the Consumer Protection Regulation, 2056 (1999 AD) has established a central monitoring committee, chaired by Joint secretary at Ministry of Commerce and Supplies, with 11 members, and a district monitoring committee in each district, chaired by Chief District Officer with 5 members. Moreover, there is a provision of a compensation committee in each district, chaired by Chief District Officer and consisting of district attorney, medical officer, representatives of district consumer as- sociation and chamber of commerce and industry as members for fixing compensation. A claim for compensation may be made by a consumer or any consumer association on his/her behalf. A decision on compensation made by this committee is appealable in the Appel- late Court. In relation to sanctions, the Act provides for punishment of imprisonment from 2 to 14 years, or a fine of 5 thousand to 500 thousand rupees, or both. The victim is also entitled to compensation. Scope of the Legislation This Act has been enacted and promulgated with the objective of maintaining the health of consumers, offering facilities and economic benefits, maintaining the quality of goods and services, controlling the inflation, caused by monopoly and unfair trade practices, mak- ing arrangements to establish institutions for facilitating consumer complaints and redressing grievances. This Act includes 30 Sections and it is the specific and comprehensive legislation protecting the rights of consumer as well as restricting unfair trade practices to some extent. The scope of the Consumer Protection Act may be summarized in the following sub-headings: Consumer Rights Section 6 of Act assures and recognizes six rights of the consumer out of eight rights recognized globally. The Act has not included right to basic needs and the right to a healthy environment. The Act has bLklzvf ÷ 115 guaranteed the following rights to consumers: Right to protection of life, health and property from harmful consumer goods, Right to be informed about price, quantity and quality of consumer goods in order to be protected from mal-business practices, Right to choose the goods and services at competitive prices, Right to be assured on hearing by appropriate authority on consumer protection, Right to hearing and compensation, and Right to consumer education Obligation of Manufactures Section 9 of the Act ensures right to safety by directing every pro- ducer to mention basic information about the consuming products. The manufacturers are under statutory obligation to mention the following information in the label of each product: Name, address and registration number of manufacturing company. Composition, quantity and weight of products like food and medicines. Standard mark of certification if given to the product Method of consumption and any side effects of the product Price, batch number, date of manufacturing and expiry date of product Products guarantee and guarantee time limit of products like electronics hardware and machinery parts. Preventive and security measures necessary for any inflammable and hazardous products Restrictions on Lower Qualities Goods and Services Section 10 of the Act prohibits the following activities: Production, selling, exports and import of any sub-standard goods Duplicating any product to cheat consumers Selling of sub-standard or lower quality goods in the form of 116 ÷ bLklzvf the Act further mentions that the government should prepare a work plan for monitoring. Inspection Officer may seek the opinion of the Government Attorney. Section 18 of the Act deals with the pun- ishment as follows: Maximum of 3 years imprisonment or Rupees 50. as the producers/traders are debarred from forming any kind of collusion. Punishments Procedure The Act imposes severe punishments to any wrongdoer violating Consumer Protection Act. price determination and arrangement of supply. through collusion. hoarding and by creating an artificial scarcity of goods and services. hoarding and by creating an artificial scarcity of goods and services. preventing and controlling such activities. supply or price of goods or services. Section 8 of the Act empowers the Government of Nepal (GON) to formulate policy regarding the standard of goods or services. which could adversely affect the consumer. Prohibition on Unfair Trade Practices Section 7 of the Act restricts the creation of circumstances that would lead to any adverse impact in the market or in demand. standardgoods Unfair commercial transactions such as false or misleading advertisement of the use. bLklzvf ÷ 117 . 000 fine or both in case of creating circumstances that leads to any adverse impact in the market or in demand. Investigation and Filing of the Cases The cases under the Act shall be investigated by Inspection Officers and lawsuits shall be filed with the concerned District Court within 35 days from the date of completion of such investigations. This provision assures consumers of quality goods and services at reasonable prices. supply or price of goods or services. through collusion. To this end. Section 8(1) (b) of the Act empowers the government to control monopoly and unfair trade practices. by fixing quotas. and such cases shall be defended by the Government Attorney. by fixing quotas. utility or effectiveness of any goods or services Manufacturing and selling of any goods or services injurious to the health of consumers. The Tribunal has power to issue seven days notice to 118 ÷ bLklzvf . Maximum of 2 years imprisonment or Rupees 30. relevant evidences in support of the claim and amount of compensation claimed. Maximum of 5 years imprisonment or Rupees 1. selling of goods in guise of standard goods and unfair commercial transactions like false or misleading advertisement of the use. 00. 000 fine or both in case of duplicating any product. one representatives from any district level consumer organization. 000 fine or both in case of violating obligation to mention name. 000 fine or both in case of consuming any goods or services that may cause serious hazard to life. 000 fine or both in case of serious injury to any parts of the body that may cause permanent damage. The Tribunal is headed by the Chief District Officer and other members comprises District Government Attorney. exports and import of lower quality goods. one representatives from local Chamber of Industry and Commerce and an Officer appointed by the government as member secretary. Maximum of 3 years imprisonment or Rupees 50. utility or effectiveness of any goods or services. It hears compensation claim by any aggrieved consumer or consumer organization on his/her behalf. Maximum of 14 years imprisonment or Rupees 5. Claim Tribunal Section 23 of the Consumer Protection Act constitutes Compensation Tribunal in each administrative district. details of losses caused. selling. 00. The complaint is to be made under prescribed form as specified in the Consumer Protection Regulation and it must include the name and address of the wrong doer. Maximum of 10 years imprisonment or Rupees 5. 000 fine or both in case of manufacturing. address and registration number of manufacture company in the label of products. 000 fine or both in case of other injury to health. details of defects in goods or services received. 00. District Medical Officer. Maximum of 5 years imprisonment or Rupees 3. 00. Enforcement Agencies of the Legal Provisions The Consumer Protection Act. Consumer Protection Council The Consumer Protection Council is the highest body under bLklzvf ÷ 119 . and the other related laws have created many enforcement agencies to protect the rights and interests of consumers in different ways. the defendant to furnish the reply in written form. ii. 000 for any complaint intended for malafied intention. Here is the short description of these enforcement agencies. agent. price. Regulation. In case of split. it can examine witness and receive expert opinion. The Government Agencies GON is under statutory duty to conduct investigation on any- circumstances leading to any adverse impact on the rights and interests of consumer. i. The Tribunal can award necessary compensation to the aggrieved consumer after doing real evaluation of the losses. It formulates policy regarding quality. The Consumer Protection Regulation of 1999 has given it many kinds of rights and duties to protect the interest of consumers in different ways. iii. It can also fine Rupees 1. In case of ties. Before arriving at the decision. and supply system of goods and services. The Ministry in collaboration with the Consumer Protection Council has legal duty to launch the consumer education and awareness programs even through educational institution's curriculums. person or corporate body if found guilty of violating the provisions of consumer protection laws. dealer. It has mandatory duty under Consumer Protection Regulation to decide the matter within 15 days after receiving reply from the defendant or after the expiry of time limit of reply given to the defendant. The decision of the Tribunal is collectively made and attendance of President of the Tribunal is must for every decision. the opinion of the President of the Tribunal shall be final. There is wide discretionary power on the government to prosecute any manufacturer. Ministry of Supply Ministry of Supply is the chief enforcement agency for consumer protection laws. the majority opinion shall be the decision of the Tribunal. GON appoints inspectors or authorize any officer to discharge the function of inspector. edible fats and oils. spices. Department of Food Technology and Standard Control The Department of Food Technology and Standard Control looks after the quality of national food products and food products imported from third countries. v. the Chairmanship of the Minister of Supply to make policies and recommend appropriate action plan and strategic steps to protect the rights of the consumers as per specified under the Consumer Protection Act. The qualification of inspector is fixed underConsumer Protection Regulation that requires Bachelors 120 ÷ bLklzvf . fruit vegetables products. It has statutory duty under the Food Act to control adulterated food products and provide consumers the best quality food products. The Council formulates comprehensive programs and policies regarding consumer protection and recommend to GON for taking an appropriate action in formulating and amending the policy for future betterment iv. quality standard and purity. Monitoring Committee at District and Central Level The Consumer Protection Regulation establishes two separate monitoring committees at the central and local level in order to supervise and monitor the supply of goods or services. their prices. Inspection Officer The Inspector supervises the market and supply system so that consumer can get standard goods and services in reasonable price. The other members of the Council include various Secretaries of GON such as Ministry of Supply. The central level committee comprises of 11 members from different government departments. Agriculture. Home Affairs and Commerce. consumer organizations and it is headed by the Joint-Secretary of the Ministry of Supply. The district level committee comprises six members from various sectors and the Chief District Officer heads it. biscuits and so on. tea. vi. Industry. The quality standard has been fixed in 54 food items such as milk and milk products. Three representatives from NGOs working in consumer protection area and two women activists are nominated in the Council by GON. tempering with weighing or measuring instrument. degree in either of following disciplines: namely chemistry. Of the total 75 administrative districts. and public health. Dhanusa & Kaski). selling date expired goods. and Banke). The chief of commerce office in district level established under the Department of Commerce supervises some 4 districts (Morang. and a fine of 500 to 15. The complaint for compensation can be lodged by any consumer organization on behalf of the consumer too. distributor or seller failing to cooperate and furnish documents. It has power to prosecute the accused before the District Court after consulting the Public Prosecutor. and market management. Kailali. law. Quasi-judicial power has been given to the inspection officers. Rupandehi. seller who is found. The complaint is filed in the Compensation Tribunal. Redress Mechanisms Section 22 of the Consumer Protection Act gives every consumer right to demand compensation for losses caused due to using any goods or services. and the District Small Industries Office also supervises some 19 districts and the Assistant Chief District Officer supervises rest of the districts. Similarly. the complainer consumer or consumer organization has to mention the name and bLklzvf ÷ 121 . pharmacy. the chief of the office of Standards and Metrology supervises some 4 districts (Kathmandu. Parsa. The Inspection officer has power under the Consumer Protection Act to supervise. Decisions of inspection officers are appealable to the Director General of theDepartment of Commerce. 000 rupees to producer. 000 rupees on any producer. whose decision is final. investigate and search any place if he believes that goods and services provided are contrary to the law. and keeping storage or sale site injurious to health. from the immediately available evidence. They have power to impose a fine of 500 to 5. the Consumer Protection Regulation provides time limit of 7 days for filing complaint for any act-committed contrary to the provi- sions of Consumer Protection Act and Regulation that has infringed consumer rights and interests. The time limit for filing complaint is 35 days from the date of losses caused to the consumer. In such complaint. distributor. every district has one inspection officer but there is no uniformity in the appointments of those inspectors. failing to maintain the price list. 2055 (1999). Nevertheless. 2055 (1999) can be taken as some of such acts. which relates to the protection of rights of consumers. Majority of the consumers are poor and illiterate. the consumers have been still widely victimized. Consumers do not want to complain against any goods or services despite defects identified. Various factors are responsible for this boredom situation. 1998 AD. Some prominent examples for this real condition are education and health services in public schools and hospitals. a number of important laws have also been made. They are in scattered from. they are not accountable to the consumer and do not fully comply with the requirements as per the consumer protection laws. Government schools are free of charge in principle but in practice some public schools are 122 ÷ bLklzvf . defects in goods or services received and relevant evidences. Consumer Protection Practice in Nepal Despite comprehensive consumer protection laws in Nepal. Its literal meaning is God knows what laws are existed in the country. The first important factor is the lethargic attitude of the government agencies to implement the law in true spirit. Nepal being a landlocked country and open border has also some disadvantage of low quality goods at high price. The consumers have no easy access to the legal provisions since the laws are not available in specific and accumulated form. Legislations after Consumer Protection Act 1998 AD After the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act. Competition Promotion and Market Protec- tion Act. It is simply because of lack of speedy justice. details of losses caused or possible losses.address of the wrongdoer person or organization. The Meat Inspection and Slaughter House Act. 2007 and Iodized Salt (Production. Government owned corporations in Nepal provides many goods and services to consumers. The number of consumer protection organizations is very limited and has limited resources to meet the wide challenges. They do not care about the quality of goods. The second factor is lack of awareness among consumers about their rights. There is one Nepali proverb “Nepalko Kanoon Bhagawan Janoon”. Sale and Distribution) Act. Even the capital is deprived of the clean and hygienic drinking water. The composition of such a team is to be set by the regula- tion. Moreover. the Bill also provides for the establishment of a consumer right protection fund. and it is the duty of producers. purity etc. various sectorial policies such as industrial policy. false laboratory report. trade policy. Conclusion • While observing the constitutional history of Nepal in relation to the consumer rights protection. • While analyzing the policy measures undertaken by the government of Nepal on consumer rights. In short. Safe drinking water has become another vigorous problem. The tenure of the chairperson and members of the consumer court is four years. Most importantly. There are mushrooming nursing homes but inaccessible to common people and the government hospitals are models for negligence and unsatisfactory services. with powers to originally try consumer rights related cases. quality. It is to note that it also specifies punishment for sending false sample to laboratory recklessly or with malafide intention or fraudu- lent. bLklzvf ÷ 123 . price. although consumers are paying charge to government owned Water Supply Corporation. lack of good governance and pervasive corruption in government has created many problems to consumers to enjoy their rights. The quality of government schools is lowering down. of goods and services. supply policy. the Bill provides for the establishment of a three-member consumer court in each Zone. A sitting Judge or person qualified to be judge of the District Court is qualified to become the chairperson while at least gazette II class officer with five years of experience or a citizen of Nepal with graduate degree and ten years of experience is qualified to become the member of the consumer court. The team has to submit a report to the Department of Commerce within 7 days. the previous constitutions except the constitution of Nepal 2072 BS (2015AD) do not explicitly protect the rights of consumer as a fundamental right. charging fee pretending various development issues and other amounts. The team is to carry out regular market monitoring as to supply provision. New provision on market monitoring team has been pro- posed. sellers to cooperate and furnish documents to the team. The Department of Commerce has itssubordinate offices only in five districts. curtailing. • The policy measures undertaken by Nepal are based on international instruments including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948 AD) and International Covenants on Civil. black marketing. • Public should be aware about the need and importance of consumerism in relation to the protection of consumer rights. • There is lacking of whole time staff directly subordinate to the monitoring. Political and Economic. food adulteration and quackery. • Despite the enactment of a range of policies. • The Consumer Protection Act does not provide quasi-judicial power to inspection officers and market protection officers to take immediate action. legal and institutional measures taken to protect and promote the rights 124 ÷ bLklzvf . faith. • In spite of the enactment of the several laws to provide benefit to the consumers from syndicating. 1966 AD. For instance. price regulation policy can be observed. and legitimacy of redress mechanisms should also be given proper attention by building credibility of the mechanisms along with early enactment of the Amendment Bill. Social and Cultural Rights. the government authorities have not been able to regulate and control unfair practices up to expected level. a number of constraints are also existed side by side. Therefore. • Ownership. UN Guidelines for Consumer Protection. it is heavily dependent on other offices such as District Administration Office. • The legislative measures adopted by Nepal for the protection of consumer right protection are based on the principles of caveat emptor and caveat venditor. doctrine of consumer sovereignty. quasi-judicial power needs to be provided to inspection officers to take immediate action. supervision and the regulation of the fair play of production and selling of the goods and services in the competitive market. • Long time vigorous advocacy by the consumers and civil society for a separate and comprehensive consumer protection law as per the UN guideline. • Despite the existence of a strong legislative framework for the protection of consumer rights. 1985 AD. etc. Cottage and Small Scale Industries Department. Hence. the Nepalese Legislature finally enacted a law entitled "Consumer Protection Act in the year1998. of consumers in Nepal. much needs to be done further. …………. Corradi. "United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection" (New York: United Nations). ……………… Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti. Theory. ……………… Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti. 1978 AD " Drug Act " (Kathmandu: Ministry of Law and Justice). ……………. ……………… Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti. Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti. 1980AD " The Nepal Standard (Certi- fication Mark) Act " (Kathmandu: Ministry of Law and Justice). 1966 AD " The Food Act " (Kathmandu: Ministry of Law and Justice). 1995 AD " Essential Goods Protection Act " (Kathmandu: Ministry of Law and Justice) ……………… Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti. 2012 AD "Status of Consumer Organizations in Nepal" Office for Asia-Pacific and the Middle East: Consumers International). 1966 AD " The Food Act " (Kathmandu: Ministry of Law and Justice). • A desired level of coordination and collaboration with the concerned stakeholders in the process of formulation. 2015. ……………… Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti. bLklzvf ÷ 125 . B. 2015 AD"The constitution of Nepal" (Kathmandu: Ministry of Law and Justice). Cartwright. 2001 AD. 2003. implementation. A. 1968 AD " Black Marketing and Some other Social Offences and Punishment Act " (Kathmandu: Ministry of Law and Justice). 1998 AD " Slaughter House and Inspection of Meat Act " (Kathmandu: Ministry of Law and Justice).. and monitoring and evaluation of relevant policies and programs is also necessary for their efficacy. References Adhikari. University School of Law). ……………… Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti. and Policy" (UK: Cambridge University). "The history of Consumer Protection" (New York: Hauser Global Law School Program. ……………… Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti. ……………… Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti.. "Consumer Protection and the Criminal law. ……………… Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti. 1957 AD " Essential Services Opera- tion Act " (Kathmandu: Ministry of Law and Justice). 1968 AD " The Standard Measurement and Weight Act " (Kathmandu: Ministry of Law and Justice). 1998 AD "Consumer Protection Act" (Kathmandu: Ministry of Law and Justice). ……………… Kanun Kitab Byabastha Samiti. With the help of his female characters Mariam and Laila. marginalized and are subjugated. This attribute of female is highly reflected in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. the Afghan people perform their role positively and have a great hope for the forthcoming days. suppressed. Women play vital role in maintaining integrity. abused and a great sufferer finds hope and beauty in her bleak existence. Women: Unity and Social Integration in Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns Sabitri Dhakal From the beginning of human civilization women have been the victims of patriarchal society. women have always learnt to hope for a better tomorrow. Hosseini has tried to reflect upon the lives of Afghan people who give up their lives for loyalty and honesty. The most positive and enduring theme in A Thousand Splendid Suns is the idea that hope springs eternal. These people have ability to endure pain and suffering. However. These characters in the novel often work to retain hope while dealing with the realities of political and personal oppression. unity and happiness with their positive attitude towards hope. Hosseini examines some serious and grave issues in the novel. The hope doesn’t shatter even after her 126 ÷ bLklzvf . During her childhood. women aren’t unaware about their status and even aren’t unknown to the fact of being in a lopsided position in their life. Mariam. This project focuses on Hosseini’s story of females’ suffering and endurance under the Taliban on the one hand and women as a source of hope and integrity on the other. They are discriminated. Albeit the Taliban rule and several internal wars in the country. the most oppressed. she hopes of a secured and a bright future by showing her enthusiasm to read. Despite this victimization. defeated. but the idea of hope celebrates the beauty and indestructibility of human spirit. Laila too works hand in hand with Zaman in order to bring changes in the country. am going to wait for it” (174). There is a flurry of bLklzvf ÷ 127 . Laila is swarmed. then. Women are the ones who believe in unity and hope for the same. “This fighting is temporary.mother’s death. Another aspect of hope prevalent in the female is the return of Laila in Afghanistan with a hope to rebuild the country. for one. She is successful in bringing happiness and smiles in the faces of Afghani children who had been the victims of war. She becomes a teacher in an orphanage so that she could shape the children with warm light of education. She is hopeful that her daughter can have a full stomach in the orphanage. which was devastated. They come running at full tilt. Mariam too is hopeful. Women believe that there is a silver lining beneath the dark clouds and this is proved from the following lines from the novel: “You go. she is more aware of the beautiful colors around her as she begins to hope for a brighter future. and I. they come running. They’ll sit down and figure something out” (173). But peace is coming. for Mariam is wondrous to the point of exclusion. “They’ll work it out. Albeit the murders and killings in the country the women have a ray of hope. She feels that her life will be filled with happiness after her marriage with Rasheed. The thought of bringing a child into the world. The hope and dreams continue as long as the life goes on. Take your daughter and run away. “When the children spot Laila. love and a better life are among many things that women in Afghanistan hope in the backdrop of war and danger. ” Mammy said. Fariba. Laila too leaves her daughter Aziza in an orphanage when she cannot supply food for her children. a woman who had lost her sons in the war is yet hopeful for the forthcoming days. They try to face the challenges. Laila. They even can abandon their children for their bright future. which in the future are the backbones of the country. The women are a source of hope in the devastating conditions. Despite the deteriorating conditions of a country ravaged by war the women do not run away. all of the oppression and despair that preceded it in her life is forgotten. Send me a postcard. destroyed and ravaged by war. They feel that everything can be attained when there is unity. When Mariam discovers she’s pregnant. whose parents were killed in a blast. Hope of acceptance. marries Rasheed in order to sustain a proper upbringing for her child and have a roof for her own. tugging. By that problem. they are demanding for proper place of women in the society. Today women are often in the spotlight when it comes to questions of integration. Millar states. The female characters yield to a cruel married life. cultural. The unflinching confidence in their ‘selves’ and actions along with the acceptance of socio-cultural values of the society leads them to their goal. which is symbolic in the form of traditional rule. clutching. Integration begs the topic of identity- national. marginalized and alienated in the society. Women are always subordinated. Cott examines the origin of women’s movement: “Such consciousness of . The women want to transform the patriarchal society in a positive way without being extra rebellious. discriminated. Women know that they shouldn’t be violent to exert coercive control over the patriarchal society. Unlike in the past. Hosseini has reflected this nature of women in the novel. religious and so-forth.high pitched greetings. which is authorized by patriarchal culture. “Generally women are quite unsuccessful in achieving their objectives through violence” (118). of patting. Yet the women face challenges in creating a harmonious and friendly society. women have realized their undervalued position being confined within the narrow spaces of domestic walls house managing. Thus. because it acknowledged cultural and social determinants of women’s capabilities as well as divine and natural ones. There are outstretched little hands and appeals for attention. They are often perceived as victims and as those who suffer the most discrimination. Nancy F. the struggle of women is substantively to fight against the ideology of patriarchy. which is as especially challenging issue for women. They challenge the patriarchal society through acceptance.reliance. hope. of shrill voices. and thus allowed for the possibility of change” (202). unity and happiness. Laila 128 ÷ bLklzvf . inferiority was the first group-consciousness likely to produce a feminist movement. which is a marker that shows women are the sources of integrity. Susan L. for self. child rearing and so on. groping. They know that being violent and using violence will not lead them to their achievement. . of jostling with one another to climb into her arms. . women attempt to fight against the system. self-decision and autonomous existence living within the same social milieu. They struggle to assert their self. As a result. Some of them call her Mother”(400). There is no cursing. but rather through the psychologization of complex and contradictory historical and cultural realities. barren life with no objection. Mariam accepts her cruel. nation and sexuality. the sameness of their struggles. There is only the systematic business of beating and being beaten” (262). The sameness of experience is what ties women to women regardless of race. In the same context. In this context. One strong example of her acceptance of the brutal domination is well displayed in the author’s description of her being abused by her husband: “when Rasheed batters her. no screaming. class. consequently. opposition to war). Chandra Talpade Mohanty analyses Robin Morgan’s view in Feminism without Borders: Women are unified by their shared perspective (for example. Their own identity and newness should be there. So. “that opposition is not enough. Their love for the children and their compassion for one another endow them with enough strength and resilience to endure the adversity. In that vacant space after one has resisted there is still the necessity to become oneself anew” (15). the similar experiences and bLklzvf ÷ 129 . The women’s decision to accept or resist the male domination and violence is for the most part contingent on their care and concern for others. It is important. however to note that the females’ acceptance and resistance as two alternative coping responses to the domination are inspired by love and compassion. and shared experience of oppression. Here the homogeneity of women as a group is produced not on the basis of biological essentials. and no surprised yelps. no pleading. This leads in turn to the assumption of women as unified group on the basis of secondary universals. bell hooks states. They are aware that emancipation of females is not enough. They try to revolt by uniting with other females. (112) The violence inflicted upon them.gives up her ambitions and concedes to the contemptible life with Rasheed. the proceeding is always the same. women do not want the males to dominate them further. Subordination in a traditional society allows men to be crueler. Their resistance is most often inspired by their devotion and compassion. shared goals (betterment of human beings). What binds women together is an ahistorical notion of sameness of their oppression and. which in the end leads to their freedom from their violent husband Rasheed. With the advent of Taliban in the Afghani society. Afghanistan is going to need you as much as its menmaybe even more. shares feelings and experiences with Laila. The provisions made by these so-called custodians of religious degraded the condition of Afghan women. The novel presents that the women in the country are hopeful. You can be anything you want. Women are the sufferers but they also are the sources of hope and integration. Marriage can wait. They rebel against the patriarchal domination but their revolt is directed towards the assertion of individuality and personal freedom. such as rape and forced marriages. And also know that when this war is over. I know this about you. women’s solidarity with each other. not necessarily 130 ÷ bLklzvf . As the women were barred from working outside the home they were supposed to do the menial jobs and take care of their children and even other members of the family. They were imprisoned within the four walls of their house. Freedom for the women is consisted of the unflinching confidence in their selves and actions along with the acceptance of socio-cultural values of the society where they live in. education cannot. Women were subjected to gender based human rights abuses. women try to revolt with the patriarchal society by living. advice. very bright girl. You’re a very. The novel too suggests several reservoirs of strength for the resistance and a way to revolt. (114) In conclusion. Yet they were hopeful and optimistic about the future that was to come ahead. women’s situation was getting severely worse. enduring and finally challenging the same family and society for their position and in the same society. Women who had lost all of their male relatives in the war were literally trapped in their homes. With Babi’s words we become clear that when women get education the state also will look forward to such educated women.We can see this in Babi’s words: I know you are still young. Because a society has no chance of success if its women are uneducated. The females believe in unity for the end of discrimination towards them. but I want you to understand and learn this now he said. No chance. Mariam offers sympathy. They were domesticized. Truly you are.similar struggle make the women unite. accepting. the rights of women had gone for a toss. Laila. Laila. As a result of implementing harsh policies. Khaled. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. 2005. Mohanty. Hosseini. A Thousand Splendid Suns. New Delhi: Raj Press. Yearning: race. Miller. The Grounding of Modern Feminism.to the disruption of familial relations and an escape from the responsibilities. 2003. London: Bloomsbury. Victims as offenders: The Paradox of Women’s Violence in Relationships. bLklzvf ÷ 131 . “Sisterhood. 2007. 1987. gender and cultural politics. Toronto: Between the lines. London: Yale University Press. 106-23. Coalition and the Politics of Experience. Works Cited Cott. bell. 116-20. Nancy F. 1990. Chandra Talpade. Susan L.” Feminism Without Borders. hooks. k[i7 132 ÷ bLklzvf . SofDk. bLklzvf ÷ 133 . 134 ÷ bLklzvf . bLklzvf ÷ 135 . 136 ÷ bLklzvf . bLklzvf ÷ 137 . 138 ÷ bLklzvf . bLklzvf ÷ 139 . 140 ÷ bLklzvf . bLklzvf ÷ 141 . 142 ÷ bLklzvf . bLklzvf ÷ 143 .