DAT Quizlet

DATStudy online at quizlet.com/_13aejk 1. 1. # electrons in SUB SHELL 4l + 2 2. 2. # electrons per shell 2n2 3. 3. # orbitals per shell n2 4. 4. 1amu 1amu=1g/mol 19. 20. a nucleotide is different from a nucleoside. What two components make up a nucleoside? give an example of a nucleoside? sugar and a base. ATP is a nucleoside. Where as a nucleotide is made up from base, phosphate and sugar. 21. a pH gradient is seen during which cellular respiration process? ETC 22. A planaria is a flatworm and contains both male and female? reproductive structures 23. a process in which embryonic tissues influence adjacent tissues to differentiate is called? embryonic induction 24. a protein of 210 amino acids is made from how many DNA nucleotides?: 630 25. a repressor which binds to the operator region in a operon can be deactivated by what? inducer which binds to the binding site of the repressor. by doing so it acts as an allosteric effector altering the shape. 26. a series of mitotic cell divisions that follow fertilization is called? cleavage. 27. A single gene sometimes affects many traits in an organism. A single gene may exert effects on several different phenotypic characteristics pleitrophy 28. a sperm cell comes in contact with the jelly coat surrounding an egg cell known as the? zona pellucida 29. a sperm cell is unable to fertilize oocytes upon immediate ejaculation, which process must occur first? This process is a functional maturation of the spermatozoa. The physiological changes that occur in the spermatozoa. These changes include changes in sperm intracellular ion [ ], motility, and metabolism. capacitation Carbon weighs 12 g/mole= 12 amu 5. 5. 2 Chambered Hearts Fish 6. 6. 2^n how many stereoisomers can a molecule have with n chiral centers 7. 7. 3Chambered Heart Frogs and amphibians 8. 8. 4 Chambered Heart Mammals and bird 9. 9. 5 classes of immunoglobins IgD,A,M,E,G antibodies 10. a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio is characteristic of what generation of a dihybrid cross?: F2 generation 11. A band: covers the entire thick filament 12. A change in the gene pool due to chance is termed? genetic drift. 13. a circus lion learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a hoop to receive a tasty treat. this is an example of? operant conditioning 14. a complex behavioral response to a specific cue or releaser, which is exhibited by all members of the species as a stereotyped response to the same stimulus is known as a? fixed action pattern 15. a fertilized egg is called ? which is haploid. zygote 16. a form of asexual reproduction found in females, where growth and development of embryos occurs without fertilization by a male? parthenogenesis 16. 17. a genetic map involves using? crossover frequencies. 17. 18. a hollow ball of cells is called a ? blastula 19. a multicelled organism that contains tentacles with specialized stinging cells called nematocysts. hydra 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 18. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 30. a suitable vector for recombinant DNA cloning can be? bacteriophage and plasmids 31. a surgical bone repair is termed?: osteoplasty 32. a technique used to clone animals is called? Somatic cell nuclear transfer 33. A the degree of unsaturation of a cell membrane increases, what happens to it fluidity? the fluidity increases with the degree of unsaturation 34. a virus that infects a bacteria is called? bacteriophage. 35. ABO blood types erythrocytes have characteristic cell surface proteins that can be considered antigens; blood type A has antigen A so it produces anti-B antibodies; blood type B has antigen B so it produces anti-A antibodies; blood type O has no antigens so produces anti-A and anti-B antibodies (universal donor); blood type AB has both antigens and is the universal recipient 37. absolute configuration describes the exact spatial arrangement of groups of atoms independent of other molecules. 38. acetaldehyde: name for ethanal 35. 39. Acetylene Common name for ethyne 36. 40. achiral three different substitutents often have plane of symmetry. and rotation of 180 will allow molecule to be superimposed on mirror image 41. Achondroplasia dwarfism, shortness 42. acid hydrolases are contained in which cellular organelle? lysosome 43. Acromegaly overproduction of GH in adults; results in a disproportionate overgrowth of bone, localized especially in the skull, jaw, feet, hands 37. 38. 39. 45. acromegaly overproduction of Growth Hormone in anterior pituitary--causes disproportionate growth in bone, esp skull, jaw, feet, hands 46. Acrosome: membrane bounded structure of the sperm that contains hydrolytic enzymes that breaks open the egg. 42. 47. ACTH Adrenocorticotrophic hormone; stimulates adrenal cortex to syntesize and secrete glucocorticoids; regulated by releasing hormone corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) 43. 48. ACTH adrenocorticotrophic hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland. Stimulates production of glucocorticoids and sex steroids. 49. Action potential speed and amplitude remains constant during action potential - instenisty increase will increase AP as well. 50. Activating Substituents Activating substituents are electron-donating substituents already attached to the aromatic ring. They increase the ring's potential to react with other species. Activating species are ortho/para directing. 51. Active Immunity production of antibodies during an immune response; con be stimulated by a vaccination, could require weeks to build up 52. Active muscle has higher Lactate in muscle than resting muscles 53. actively contracting muscle has a high rate of ? formation? lactic acid formation (lactate) 54. Adaptive radiation: many species emerge from a Single ancestor 55. Adenylate Cyclase ATP c-AMP 44. 45. inhibitor of plant growth hormones 34. overproduction of growth hormone in adults 41. 36. Abscisic acid 33. 44. acromegaly 40. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 56. adenylyl cyclase is the enzyme catalyzes ATP--->cyclic AMP. Which hormone activates adeynylyl cyclase by binding with it? think about it your breaking down ATP and producing HIGH energy epinephrine. 57. ADH/ Vasopressin aka Antidiuretic hormone; synthesized by neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus; transported via axons; stored and released by posterior pituitary; increases permeability of nephron's collecting duct to water which promotes water reabsorption; which increases blood volume; it is released when plasma osmolarity increases or blood volume decreases 58. Adiabatic - NO heat exchange q=0 ΔE= - W 53. 54. 55. 59. Adibiatic Free Expansion of a Gas For an adiabatic free expansion process, the gas is contained in an insulated container and a vacuum. The gas is then let to expand in the vacuum. The work done by or on the system is zero, because the volume of the container does not change. The First Law of Thermodynamics then implies that the net internal energy change of the system is zero. For an ideal gas, the temperature remains constant because the internal energy only depends on temperature in that case. Since at constant temperature, the entropy is proportional to the volume, the entropy increases in this case, therefore this process is irreversible. 60. adjacent cells are held together in cardiac muscle by ? intercalated disks. 61. Adrenal Cortex anterior pituitary produces ACTH which stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete steroid hormones ("corticosteroids") 56. 62. adrenal cortex in times of stress, ACTH( AP gland) secretes corticosteriods. 57. 63. adrenal cortex ATCH stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete steroid hormones (corticosteroids) 64. Adrenal Glands: sit on top of kidneys; consist of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla 58. 65. adrenal glands situated on top of kidneys, consist of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla 59. 66. Adrenal Medulla makes epinephrine and norepinephrine 60. 67. Adrenal Medulla produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) 61. 68. Adrenal medulla produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradenaline), which both belong to Catecholamines (amino acid derived cmpds 69. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Made in anterior pituitary-Stimulates adrenal cortex to make and secrete glucocorticoids, regulated the releasing hormone CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASE FACTOR (CRF) 63. 70. Adrental Cortex secretes 3 hormones -Glucocorticoid: cortisol (increase glucose levels) 64. -Mineralocorticoids secretes aldosterone (reabsorption of NA+ and water in the nephronkidney and K+ secretion in kidney collection duct) -Aldosterone can cause hypertension - high blood pressure and blood volume (if has too much of it) -Cortical sex hormones androgens 71. Afferent neurons sensory neurons 62. 65. 66. 94. 79. 79. cross-bridges remain locked in place. Pyruvate converted to ethanol thus regenerating NAD+ so glycolysis can continue 84. the ovarian follicle becomes the ? corpus luteum 77. butanal 80. the 8-celled embryo reaches the uterus) 76. 87.Forms oxides with oxygen and hydroxides with water . which term regarding muscles best describes whats going on? Rigor mortis. regulate blood plasma levels of sodium and potassium.60 hours. boiling point. Alkene contain carbon carbon double bonds. Alkanes Compounds with only carbon and hydrogen atoms with sigma bonds (single bonds). As chain length increases.Group I elements . 77.Reacts with acids and forms salts--> releases H+ 91. 3rd . Aldose Sugar containing an aldehyde group -CH=O 81. 71. aldosterone example of meneralocorticoids.and 3rd cleavages occur 1st. Negatively charged nucleic acids travel toward the anode (positive end). 75. 87. 85. chain branching decreases boiling point and density.32 hours after fertilization. 85. 74.Forms oxides with oxygen .Wants to lose both valence e's . active reabsorption of Na and passive reabsorption of water in the nephron. Acetaldehyde. 83. After an organism's sense organs receive a stimulus from the environment. 82. Smaller strands travel faster than larger chains. 88.Very reactive . after ovulation has occurred. The media serves as the stationary phase and the nucleic acid as the mobile phase. Propionaldehyde). Alcohol A compound containing an -OH group. this type of neurons send that information back to the central nervous system. -ane 86. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Type of Chromatography. Alkane Chain of carbons connected by single bonds with hydrogen atoms attached. Alkane nomenclature Use the Greek root for the number of carbons followed by the ending. 73. Alcohol Fermentation occurs only in yeast and some bacteria. 84. 69. albumin synthesis occurs? liver 81. 92. 83. melting point. Use same root of alkane but end with "ene" 76. 73. 89. after the ovulation when the ovarian follicle becomes the corpus luteum the corpus luteum will produce ? and ? which will help blood vessel growth? progesterone and estrogen 78. Aldehyde Compound with a HC=O as a terminal group. 70. 86. (Formaldehyde.72 hours (after third cleavage. Alkaline Earth Metals . alcohol: what is produced when o3 with lialh4 or nabh4 . Compound is named by replacing the -e in the corresponding alkane with -ol. aldehyde carbonyl located at the end of the chain named by replacing al with e.Reacts with acids to form salts--> releases H+ 90. However.g.67. and density increase. Alkali Metals . 2nd . Also called afferent neurons? sensory neurons 74. 75.Group II . when do the 1st. 72. 93. after death skeletal muscles. Agonistic behavior "fighting" when they fight over food or mates 80. alcohol fermentation(ethanol) only occurs in yeast 78. 82. e. due to the lack of ATP the actin and myosin filaments remain bonded together until muscles begin decomposing. used to separate nucleic acids based on size/length of chain. These are named by replacing the -e in the corresponding alkane with -al. 68. 2nd. After fertilization.Forms hydroxides with water--> releases H+ . Although this phylum does have a hollow space inside. alpha helix is held together by this type of bond? hydrogen bonds 111. 103. 91. Allantois saclike structure. euglena. Alkyne: carbon carbon triple bonds. Some enzymes are allosteric proteins. 99. 110. Alkenes Compounds containing carbon-carbon double bonds. all of these are eukaryotic heterotrophs and secrete digestive enzymes and then absorb the soluble products of digestion fungi 101. Amide A compound that has a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to nitrogen. 103. 102. H2O. but what differs is? their sequence. Suffix-yne. C02. 93. 94. 90. salt. 107. Allosteric effect The binding of a ligand to one site on a protein molecule in such a way that the properties of another site on the same protein are affected. Water flows into the central space through the many pores in the sponge's outer surface and flows out through the large opening at the top of this phylum. all species use A. all 3 of these species Algae.combines with the chorion to form the mammalian placenta -collect liquid waste from the embryo. birds. Named by replacing the ane in the corresponding alkane with ene. 99. T as their DNA bases. nitrogenous wastes 96. they do not have a digestive gut like other animals. They are named by dropping the -oic in the corresponding acid and adding -amide. 98. The compound is named by replacing the -ane in the corresponding alkane with -yne. and their activity is regulated through the binding of an effector to an allosteric site. 104. 95. also called the seed leaf. alkyne hydrocarbon with one or more carbon carbon triple bond 98. 96. and mammals . C. . 102. as well as to exchange gases 95. has many blood vessels to be able to transport 02. Alpha Carbon: The first carbon atom adjacent to the carbon attached to the targeted functional group. 97. cotyledon 112. 101. Allopatic speciation formation of new species due to geographic isolation 106. Meaning the double bond at end of the chain and single bonded carbon at rest 109. porifera (sponges) 113.88. 108. Substituents attached to the nitrogen are listed following N-. 89. Allosteric interactions molecules bind will have a conformation change and the primary binding will no longer bind to the original substrate 100. and paramecium belong to this group? protist 100. This term will store food for the germinating seedling. Allele one of a number of different forms of a gene 105. G. Alkynes Compounds containing carbon-carbon triple bonds. involved in respiration and excretion. Allantois only found in reptiles. 92. 97. The flow of water brings food and oxygen and carries away waste and carbon dioxide. allyl propylenes attached to a backbone at the C-3 position. 104. 130. IF additional group added. amoebas. Anaphase shortest and briefest stage of all. androgens (androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone) secreted by cortical sex hormones 137. Amine 115. Amphioxus: small marine animals . Amphibians have what type of circulatory system? have closed circulatory system 123. amines A compound in which a carbon is bonded to a nitrogen with a single bond. narrow plants like grass. Anesthesia: Block Na+ voltage gate channels 125. use N- 107. amniotic fluid provides an aqueous environment that protects the developing embryo from shock 109. Annalida Respiration secrete mucus creating a moist surface for gas exchange by diffusion.105. tail= flagellum. 112. 135. . . 115. angiotensin II Made from reaction with renin and angiotensinogen.Dicots: have leaves with netlike veins. 142. Substituent groups attached to the nitrogen can be named using the prefix N-.doesn't lose notochord 124. 23 chromatids 129. 126. Androgens male sex hormones 136. 141. 113. amino peptidase polypeptide digestion(small intestine) 108. 117. angle strain when bond angles deviate from ideal values 130. vascular bundles are scattered . birds. 139. 114. and mammals. Amount of blood in human body 5. (frogs don't have it) 119. 111. an amphioxus is a interverbrates 127. oaks. stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone 129. an increase in the blood on either one of these two ? will cause an increase in breathing rate H+ and or CO2 131. aneuploidy condition. 120. 116. amylase carbohydrate digestion(from pancreas) 125. maple.Monocots has leaves with parallel veins. body/neck= contains mitochondria which provides energy for movement 123. centromeres split and daughter chromosomes begin to separate getting g all 46 chromosome each. an egg cell will contain? 23 chromosomes. broad plants like shrubs 128. use e and replace with AMINE. and grass 127. if more complex molecule present. nitrogen containing compound. 134. flowering plants.fruits. an excited neuron releases what into the synaptic cleft? acetylcholine. Anatomy of a Sperm head= almost all nucleus.5 liters or 5. 138. an individual with down syndrome is also prone to these two other diseases?: alzheimer's and leukemia 132. 119. 114. propels sperm. 133. 118. 140. 110. 124. Amnion a vascular fetal membrane ( fluid filled sac for protects from shock) -in reptiles.invertebrates. use prefix amino. amoeba 128. amylases are secreted by? pancreas and salivary glands. an organism that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen? obligate anaerobic 121. sporozoa. Amnion membrane that encloses amniotic fluid. They are named by replacing the -e in the corresponding alkane with amine. then the circulatory system brings 02 to cells 117. amphibians and reptiles have a ? chambered heart? 3 122.5 quarts 121. 122. 116. 118. longest chain attached to nitrogen used in backbone. extra or missing copies of individual chromosomes 126. an animal-like protist that uses pseudopodia to move and feed is an ? which is a eukaryotic and sometime during their life has either a flagellum or cilia. and ciliates all types of species that fall under the kingdom?: protozoa 120. 106. Angiosperms : "double fertilization" . Anticholinesterases inhibits activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme that degrades acetylcholine in synapse. Anterior Pituitary releases both direct and trophic hormones. 144. ticks. as sensed by baroreceptors in the circulatory system. have defined ventral nerve cord and anterior "brain" (fused ganglia). 152. ie clusters of nerve cell bodies. 139. 154. 150. 146. is regulated by hypothalamic secretions ("releasing/inhibiting hormones or factors). spiracles = where the trachea reach the surface for exchange. 154. Prolactin. 148. Anthropoda Nervous System Similar to annalida nervous system but have more specialized sense organs (compound or simple eyes. Appeasement behavior inhibit others from attacking each other. 140. 133. Annelida Nervous System Have a primitive central nervous system. 170. tympanum for sound) 151. 132. 138. Anterior Pituitary synthesizes direct hormones and tropic hormones. 145. 153. uses diffusion. ACTH. vasopressin) Increases permeability of nephron's collecting duct to water.. so acetylcholine keeps affecting postsynaptic cell and no coordinated muscle contractions can take place 157. as sensed by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus. are both monocots and dicots vascular plants? yes. promotes water reabsorption and increased blood volume. GH. 146. Anomers Cyclic stereoisomers differing in configuration at the hemiacetal carbon (C1). Aplasia almost complete failure of development 161. TSH. C1 and C5 are carbons adjacent to the oxygen in the ring. GH 147. . Aqueous humor formed/produced by eye. no carrier of oxygen needed therefore efficient and insects have a relatively effortless open circulatory system 150. mites 168. Aprocrine sweat gland that responds to stress 151. Anticholinesterases inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterases enzyme. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH. exits through ducts to join venous blood. 137. are birds warm or cold blooded? warm blooded 169. aqueous humor: exits through ducts to join the venous blood. the molecule is referred to as the α anomer.LH. 164. or when blood volume decreases. In a 6-membered ring. appendicular skeleton appendages. 135. the molecule is reffered to as ß anomer. state of peace 162.131. if the hydroxy group attached to C1 and the substituent attached to C5 are trans. Anterior Pituitary Gland secretes FAGTL prolactin FSH. 136. anti conformation most favorable of staggared conformations 152. 143. If both groups are cis. Secreted when plasma osmolarity increases. LH (cause ovulation). FLAT PIG = FSH. annelida primitive central nervous system consisting of a defined ventral nerve cord. Antigens "nonself" entities. 156. 141. 155. 149. and prolactin 149. Regulated by hypothalamic secretions called releasing/inhibiting factors 148. (I)gnore. aprotic solvent not solvated 165. 147. ACTH. antibiotics do not work on viruses why is that?: because viruses do not have organelles. glaucoma happens when outflow of this is blocked 166. 134. 144. Anthropda Respiration consists of many trachea whose branches reach almost every cell. are lysosomes found in both plants and animal cells? yes 142. no muslce contraction can take place 153. 167. 163. have defined nerve pathways from receptors to effectors 145. pectoral and pelvic girdles. Arachnida scorpions. any gene that has the potential to induce cancerous transformations is called? oncogene 160. spiders. antibodies are produced by B cells and can bind to? antigens 156. 143. body can detect and remember these 159. Antibodies are linked by disulfide bonds (S-S bonds also in hair and insulin for protein folding ) 155. 158. Influenced by Zeff and electrostatic attraction between nucleus and electrons . K) . 185. Atomic energy levels . Arthropoda Spiders and crustaceans 161. Arrhenius Equation Cyclic. Arterioles provide greatest resistance to blood flow in the circulation 160. Autonomic Nervous System involuntary movement. 158. Astigmatism irregularly shaped cornea 167. their chromosomes get shorter. 174. 171.Higher Zeff means more attraction and atom becomes more compact . as the diameter of a nerve fiber increases. 165. 184. Each atom in the compound must possess a p orbital in order to allow for maximum conjugation. at some point of development all chordates have pharyngeal pouches. ATP_> cAMP catalyzed by membrane bound enzyme denylate cyclase. 164. cAMP acts as second messenger 176. tympanum for detecting sound. 174. 169. AUG and f-met-tRNA Protein synthesis initiation on the mRNA at the proper site on the ribosome for Prokaryotes 194. 178. the speed? increases as well. the cartilage that covers the bone ends of freely movable joints begins to wear away. Na. A decrease in telomere length is believed to define the aging process.157. Arthropods more specialized than annelids. at the end of long bones. telomere. 180. At the end of chromosomes. has sense organs such as compound or simple eye. 2 divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic 197. thick nerve fibers allow for fast impulses. as CO2 levels increase. 166. k= Ae ^ (-Ea/ RT) A is a constant 168. 191. e to a neg number means a decimal 172. Atomic radius . 192.Peaks= single electron in valence ( Li. . are regions of cartilaginous cells where growth occurs. medulla 179. Ascending Loop: impermeable to water . 175. this is called? osteoarthritis. Auricle: external ear 195. Aromatic Compound 172. 181. Low Ea means High T--> large K and FASTER rxn! 171. DNA sequences called ? decrease in length every time DNA is copied. 182. as cells normally divide.. 173. and a dorsal tubular nerve cord. 190. a notochord.Decreases left to right Increases top to bottom e to a larger number gives a larger number 159. 162. 183.Troughs= Noble gases (totally filled shell) 188. ATP synthase is associated with what organelles? mitochondria and chloroplast 175. the ? sends impulses to the diaphragm and chest muscles. astigmatism irregularly shaped cornea 180. 176. 181. Autolysis cell commits suicide by rupturing the lysosome membrane and releasing its hydrolytic enzymes 196. 170. Aufbau Principle Shells/ sub shells of lowest energy get filled first 193. innervates cardiac and smooth muscle. as a person ages. fully conjugated planar compound with 4n+2∏ electrons.. ATP exergonic. 187. Autosomal Dominant male and female are affected if one parent is the carrier 173. At rest is the [K+] greater inside or outside the neuron? the [K+] is greater inside the cell. 177. Atrophy decrease in cell size 177. whcih will increase breathing rate. 163. this is called the? epiphyseal plate 186. 178. negatively charged even at pH=7 -releases energy that will drive endergonic reactions 189. 179. skull and rib cage 208. Autotrophic Anaerobes make own food. 195. 187. Boxidation of fatty acids occur in the matrix of the ? mitochondria 210. balance is associated with the semicircular canals located? within the inner ear 220. Basilar Membrane: where the hair cells are in the inner ear 223. 185. 190. 204. galactosemia 200. Bacteriophage virus that infects bacterium. 199.182. 192. Batesian mimicry harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals of a harmful species 224. 186. do not require O2 (include chemosynthetic bacteria) 203. bacteria utilize multiple of these to produce ATP? ETC 215. nucleophilic strength decreses: RO->HO>RCO2>ROH>H2O 222. 184. basicity more likely it is to attract positively charged proton. the first used photosynthetic pathways to synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O -. Auxins promotes plant growth and inhibits root elongation. injects its DNA. 199. Autosomal recessive male and female are affected if one parent is the carrier but SKIPS generations. 209. 194. balance and muscle coordination is the function of? cerebellum 219. bacteria are prokaryotes that reproduce by? 206. require O2 (include green plants and photoplankton) 202. thus changing it from a reducing to an oxidizing environment 201. 198. Average KE of a Gas 193. Avogadro's Law Equal volume of 2 gases will contains equal # of moles of each gas 207. Bacterial Replication bacterial replication begins at a point on their circular DNA and proceeds in both directions 217. . bacteriophage then enters either a lytic cycle or a lysogenic cycle 218. Autosomal Recessive Inheritance female and males are affected equally. axial skeleton: vertebral column. Depends only on TEMP (not mass) 189. 211. 191. 202. binary fission 212. KE= 3/2 RT R= 8. Benzyl The term used to describe toluene substituted at the methyl position when it is used as a substituent. Basic Structure of cilia/flagella of all eukaryotic cells cylindrical stalk with 11 microtubles ( 9 paired microtubles in a circle and 2 in center) 221. B cells are lymphocytes that mature where? in the bone marrow. Bacteria electron transport chain uses multiple electron transport chains to produce ATP 213. AV node: atrioventricular node that coordinates heart rate 205. Bacterial DNA found in chromosomes and plasmids 216. attaches to it. 197. 188. skips generations. bores a hole through bacterial cell wall.314 200. 183. Autotroph organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds. Autotrophic Aerobes make own food. heterozygote do not have the trait. Bacteria illustrate an ? selected population R-selected population 214. enhances the production of new xylem cells 204. bacteria are ? which belong to the kingdom of monera prokaryotes 201. 196.this added molecular O2 to the environment. Ex: sickle cell anemia. 198. 205. 203. PKU. Bond Dissociation Energy as related to Heats of Formation . 229. 225. 224. botulism toxin prevents the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic membrane and also results in paralysis. 225. Blind Spot Point where optic nerve exits the eye. medulla . Biome a geographic region inhabited by a distinct community 219. 222. 217. cold winters. lowgrowing shrubs. 241.RELEASES energy when bonds are formed ( negative and eco) ..moss.Enthalpy of formation= NEG ΔH= Bonds broken .Bond dissociation energy= POS . bone resorption osteoclasts break down bone. 218. lowgrowing shrubs. breakdown fats and contains sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the stomach acid 228. 228. 234. beta oxidation secondary process which the body uses for a source of energy. Brainstem midbrain. 229. Blastopore usually form mouth before anus but not in all organisms 214.. 236. 237. each round of beta oxidation produces 1NADH and 1FADH2 and uses 2ATP 226. birds are most likely decendents of? reptiles 213.. Secreted by liver and stored in gall bladder. Bile not an enzyme. Boyle's Law and Curve At constant T---> PV=PV (curve on sheet) 251. Bomb calorimeter or constant volume cal q rxn + qcal=0 245. 211. cold winters. contains NO ENZYME and emulsifies fat. blood vessels and nerves pass through the? Haversian Canals 212. Bond Stength Factors Tucci Ionic/ Dipole-Dipole/ LDF : Ionic:Look at CHARGE (larger ion charge means stronger force) Dipole-Dipole: Look at how POLAR molecules are (greater difference means stronger bond) LDF: Look at molecular mass! Larger atoms have more LDF! 247. bile production occurs in the ? but stored in the ? liver and stored in the gallbladder 230. and short growing season.moss. and short growing season. lichen. Beta-Oxidation of fatty acids occurs inside the matrix of mitochondria 227.TAKES energy to BREAK bonds (positive and endo) . bile secreted by the gall bladder.. -Savanna -Deserts -Grasslands -Temperate deciduous forest 232. 208.. Boiling Point Affected By. -Tundra. 223. Boiling Point Elevation ΔTb= Kb(i)m m= molality 244. Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) prokaryotes from Kingdom Monera -has cell walls 242. 210. Blastulation begins when morula develops a fluid filled cavity called "blastocoel" 216.Bonds formed ALL ELEMENTS must be in gas phase! 246. 250. 209. lichen. 235. releasing minerals such as Ca+2 from bone fluid to blood 248. 220. (no photoreceptors there) 238. 221.. blood travels slowest in ?: capillaries 240. What bonds are in molecule? Covalent> Ionic> H bond> Dipole-dipole> LDF 243. Botulism toxin prevents release of acetylcholine from presynaptic cell causing paralysis 249. 227. Binding energy: . 207. -Taiga . pons. blood clotting involves a series of chain reactions in which fibrinogen is converted into what? fibrin 239. 231. 226. Blastula hollow sphere of single layer of cells 215.206. Formic acid (methanoic acid). 273. 246. imitates protein synthesis. 272. Buffers 258. Calcitonin tones down the blood calcium level by lowering the osteoclastic activity 265. viruses can infect both. Calcitonin made by thyroid gland. can glycogen be stored intracellularly? yes 268. 231.Buffering zone is where the curve is flat and there is a near equal amount of acid or base and its conjugate (Around HALF equivalence point) . 239. 252. 247. by inhibiting Ca2+ release from bone. 269. 232. carboxylic acid always receive number one.2 J 1 Calorie= 1000 calories= 4200 J 267. Buffers in Titrations . "second messenger" -activates enzymes. 257. very oxidized.230. 256. contain carbonyl and OH group. 249. new. c-AMP cyclic-AMP. acetic acid (ethanoic acid) are common names for the simplest types. decreases plasma Ca2+ conc. Carcinoma : Cancer in Epithelial tissues 238. Brownian movement part of intracellular circulation. replication of DNA followed by unequal cytokinesis. 244. calorie 1 calorie= 4. Capacitation sperm will need cap to puncture egg to fertilize it. Budding kind of asexual reproduction. It is needed to mature the sperm 270. 248. 245.buffer RESISTS change in pH (watch out for this in problems) can be a TRICK (Examkracker ex:) .pair donor All Bronsted Bases are Lewis Bases but not the other way around! 253. 262. carbonyl: carbon double bonded to an oxygen 271.Is a mix of a weak acid and the salt of its conjugate base . smaller cell could separate from the parent cell immediately or stick around for a while as an outgrowth and separate at a later stage 236. 237. 264. . 263. the movement of particles due to kinetic energy spreads small. Calcitonin secretion regulated by plasma Ca+ levels 243. liverwort 234. Carboxylic Acid A compound with a COOH terminal group. (activates protein Kinase) -to degrade it use phosphodiesterase cAMP AMP 260.Buffering capacity is MAX when pH is equal to pKa 259. regulated by plasma Ca2+ levels. alter membrane permeability. 255. Bryophytes moss. liverworts. Bryo means moss. 261. antagonistic to parathyroid hormone 242. Compounds are named by replacing the -e in the corresponding alkane with -oic acid. Calcitonin lowers blood Ca+ levels so it stimulates osteoblast activity to store Ca inside the bone thus forming bones. -nonvascular land plants 235. highest priority functional group. Bronsted/Arhennius/Lewis acids and bases Bronsted: Acid is proton donor/ Base is proton acceptor Arennius: Acid gives up H+/ Base releases OH- Lewis Acid is e. can viruses infect plants and animals? yes. 254.pair acceptor/ Base is e. Carcinoma occurs in this type of tissue?: epithelial 274. suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell 233. Calcitonin decreases plasma Ca2+ concentration by inhibiting Ca2+ release from bone. C3H8 + 5O2 = 3CO2 + 4H2O + heat combustion reaction occurs through a radical process 240.Or mix of weak base and salt of its conjugate acid . and hornworts. Calculating Solubility: Given Ksp for AgCl-> what is the solubility? Ksp= [Ag][Cl]= x2 and SOLUBILITY= x!!!! 266. 241. Catecholamines class of amino acid derivatives that epinephrine and norepinephrine belong to 286. shape and density. e. 265. light can't enter therefore blindness 259. Casparian strip waxy band in plant that aid in water control 256. Greater mass and density settle near the bottom while lighter compounds remain on top. Celsius Common Temperatures Freezing point of H20= 0° C BP of H20= 100°C Room temp= 25°C Body temp= 37°C 294. 287. 276. This is meant to simulate a gravitational pull. you spin them and they settle at different levels in the test tube on the basis of their respective densities (denser parts like the nuclei. 268. pd. Centrifugation used to separate cells or mixtures of cells without destroying them. 284. cells of the proximal and distal convoluted tubule are very rich in what type of organelle? mitochondria 291. 283.g. Catalysts . 280. 264. charged particles can go through protein channels and larger charged molecules can cross with the assistance of carrier protiens 288. 275. 277. 282. 267. Cartilage connective tissue derived from mesenchyme. cell death or ? can help sculpt hands and feet as well as eyes during embryonic development. striations as well as complex junctions between adjacent individuals cells called intercalated disc. external auditory canal. 269. takes place on surface of metal so it does syn addition 258. tip of nose. regulates passage of materials in and out of cell. cataracts develop when lens becomes opaque. cells that absorb bone are called?: osteoclast 292. Cataracts lens becomes opaque. ni. which allows it to be permeable to both polar and nonpolar. 285. 262. not bound by a membrane. Cell Theory idea that all living things are composed of cells. 279. INVOLUNTARY 251. pt. cells in the skin are almost waterproof due to this fibrous protein? keratin 290. endoplasmic reticulum. 278. Needs O2 because O2 is the final acceptor of electrons 293. and new cells are produced from existing cells.250. reducing an alkene by adding molecular hydrogen to double bond with aid of metal catalyst.Equilibirum does NOT change. Animal cells usually have 2 centrioles at right angles to each other and lie in the centrosome . larynx. Centrifugation Separation technique used to separate particles according to mass. apoptosis 261. cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA 289. 281. light cannot enter the eye leads to blindness 260. made of phospholipid bilayer. cardiac muscle one or two central nuclei. which is rmbryonic connective tissue that gives rise to most of the connective tissue cells. nonpolar just diffuses through. Cellular Respiration best pathway to harvest energy from glucose. 296. 252. and external ear. Cardiac Muscle single nucleus. mitochondria sink to bottom) 295. straited and myogenic. catalytic hydrogenation 263. Centrioles specialized microtubles involved in spindle organization during cell division. Carrying capacity # of individuals in a species that can be sustained but the avaible resources 253. because once cells die they allow for separation to occur in the region of dying cells. Plants do not have them. cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. cartilage is a connective tissue that is derived from? mesenchyme 255. Cartilage is found in trachea. 266. gets 36-38ATP.Lower Ea! . 257. Cell Membrane has selective permeability. you just get to equilibrium faster Keq ONLY changes with temp!! 254. 270. 301. Cleavage causes contraction of gall bladder and release of bile. Cervical. dark. 330. 328. 302. 276.secretes chorionic Gonadotropin hormones to maintain Corpus Luteum 317. 1ATP formed (substrate level phosphorylation via GTP intermediate. thoracic. 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 is produced. 318. Cholecytokinin Separation technique using retention time of a compound in the mobile phase as it travels through the stationary phase to separate compounds with different chemical properties. hand-eye coordination and timing of rapid movements 304. 325. Reptiles. permits gas exchange integrates sensory input and motor responses 291. 292. pigmented area that reduces reflection in the eye 322. maintence of Chromatography balance. chemotrophs are organism that use redox reactions to produce? ATP 308. Cholecystokinin 314. and fins 327. 279. 323. 326. Chorion: gas exchange. mammals. 331. Cephalopoda octopus and squid. Cerebellum important in motor. Charles' Law and Curve 294. turtles. maintenance of balance. Citric Acid Cycle. 321. cilia would be most affected by a drug that causes destruction of? 305. sacrum coccyx are part of?: vertebral column 293. Cholecystokinin 313. Chiasmata: Point where two chromatids are intertwined 309. However a molecule with multiple centers may not fit 297. Ciliary muscles 306. modulate motor impulses. 285. 288. and snakes is a series of mitotic cell divisions that follows fertilization (does not change overall size) -characteristics of protostomes . Class hormone release from small intestine in Osteichthys response to presence of fats. timing of rapid movements 290. Chromatin from memory and creative though. cerebullum 287. jawless fish. lumbar. which is involved in the digestion of fats For each turn of citric acid cycle.high demand for O2 and has closed circulatory system 274. Agnatha hormone made by duodenum to stimulate 298. centrioles are found only where? in animal cells 298. Chemoreceptors 310. Chiral Molecule 312.invertebrate. chiral object that is not superimposable upon mirror296. 329. Cerebellum 275. 280. causes contraction of gall bladder and release of bile 300. 289. 278. Cenzoic Era newest era (Cenzoic>Mesozoic>Paleozoic>Precambrian) 299. NADH and FADH2 transports e-'s to electron transport chain where more ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation hagfish and lamprey-lack bones. cholecysto = gallbladder and Chondrichthys kinin = movement. 300. Class into this category. and CO2 307. 319. 2 CO2 released. amphiobians. It must have at least one central atom with four different attached atoms. Circulation transportation of material within cells and throughout the body of a multicellular organism in wall of arteries that detect changes in the gas H+.are deuterostomes 316. 283. beneath sclera helps supply blood to retina. 277. 299. Class Reptilia to small intestine (to aid in digestion of fats) deom from small intestine in response to fats. beneath sclera. Chorion lines inside of shell of egg. Class Aves: Birds skates and sharks bony fish lizards. Choroid coordinates muscle for balance and layer equilibrium 271. 282. moist membrane. Chordata Tunicates. cerebral cortex 303. scales. choroid hand eye coordination. chiral center DNA uncoiled microtubules At constant P V/T=V/T 295. O2. Class BILE release. 320. control lens shape and focal length 324.297. 286. 284. 273. 281. 315. 272. 301. helps supply retina with blood. aka Kreb's image Cycle carbon with four different substituents and lack a plane of symmetry 311. A molecule not superimposable on its mirror image. Osmotic pressure ALL take into consideration to Van't Hoff factor (i) 354. and vaccines 336.mcΔT where q water= mass of water or mass of the solution (without ions) 351. Collogen triple helix. -Recombinant DNA tech or genetic engineering . 306. 312. ie jelly fish 341. diols or glycol in syn orientation glycol in syn orientation . Cleavage furrow 333. make OH on each side of double bond. Coacervate droplets a tiny spherical droplet of assorted organic molecules (specifically. Cloning first one on a sheep also cows. 314. 349. Cnidarians simple nervous system called nerve net. nutrient exchange 334. Precursors to the first cells (but these are not living and most are unstable.also uses Bacteriophage vector DNA to make insulin. 303.found in extracellular matrix. some jellyfish have clusters of cells and pathways to coordinate swimming movement 339. Cnidoblast A cell in the epidermis of coelenterates in which a nematocyst is developed. some are dominant and some are recessive. produces progressively smaller cells because the cell number increases but the cell protoplasm (volume of the cytoplasm) remains constant. 307. 311. 322. Codominance Happens when there is multiple alleles for a gene. 308. are specialized cells in the tentacles and body wall of coelenterates. this forms. increases surface:volume ratio which improves gas. Cloning DNA in bacteria another way (other than PCR) to amplify genes. could be metals or small organic groups "coenzymes" 350.use plasmid which are double stranded circular DNA . 315. dilue. has Nematocyte which are the stinging cells. rich in glycine -fibrous protein. fibrous protein that makes up bone and connective tissues -Has Hydroxyporline and hydroxylysine 313. identical copies of DNA produced 337. 352. and goats. 319. jellyfish.q water nΔHrxn= . 309.. cold potassium permanganate alkenes oxidzed with kmno4. if made with cold. 1) ligation of the DNA sequence of interest with vector DNA fragments 2) once the recombinant molecule is formed it can be inserted into the bacteria strain.Boiling point elevation . increases the ratio of nuclear:cytoplasm. Climax Community most stable community marked by large biomass with no environmental changes 335. Cnidaria Nervous System Has a nerve net which is a simple nervous system that has limited centralization. Closed system Exchange of heat and work but not matter with surroundings 338. cochlea functions in hearing 347.Vapor pressure lowering . dominant always wins over recessive (wholly expressed). CO2: the most abundant waster product of metabolism 344. 323. through transformation. corals. Coffee cup calorimeter q rxn + q water= o qrx= . .no notochord Hydras = reproduces by BUDDING asexually -when they grow up they produce sexually Also known as Medusosid stage 340. Cofactor something that is required by the enzyme but is not a protein part of the enzyme. 342. blood type) 317. CO2 in blood is carried as Bicarbonate ions HCO3 in the blood 345. Cnidarians hydras. 348. Collagen triple helix.Uses Somatic cell nuclear transfer. . CNS is comprised of what two components? brain and spinal cord 343. Colligative properties . codon 3 base pairs that code for an amino acid. multiple codons can code for the same amino acid 318. 320. Used to connect and support other body tissues 353. 332. Cleavage in Vertebrate Embryology End of telophase for animal cells when cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells. 324.302. but when there are two dominant alleles they are both expressed simultaneously (ex.. 310. 321. 304. pigs. tadpoles.Freezing point depression . bovine growth hormones. 305. lipid molecules) which is held together by hydrophobic forces from a surrounding liquid. but some are stable!). Absorb and incorporate substances from the surrounding environment 346. 316. the cell membrane indents along the equator of the cell and eventually pinches through the cell series of rapid meiotic divisions in early embryonic development. configuration: spatial arrangement of the atoms or groups of a sterioisomer 368.. Conjugation sex in bacteria..Also known as an emulsion Ex: Milk 326. H2O2. 343. DECREASES solubility 328. Cori Cycle Lactic cycle where lactate is brought back to the liver and is converted into glucose Lactate is transported to the liver by the blood flow. disproportionation. transfers from donor male (+) to recipient female (-) over cytoplasmic conjugation bridge.. only bacteria containing sex factor plasmids can conjugate 372. . 366. Adding an ion that will COMPLEX to part of your dissolved solution essentially PUSHES the reaction to the right--> and MORE solid will dissolve . 2 bacteria temporarily join and transfer genetic info. 377. Corpus luteum: develops because of LH in the Luteal Phase of the Menstrual cycle. 333. LiAlH4. water and heat. Combustion reaction of alkane with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. Sn/HCl. Common oxidizing agents O2. Control of Adrenal Hormones Cortical hormone release under control of Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) 374. 357. usually represented using Newman projections. 337. same molecule only at different points in their rotation. Lewis acids. Compound Light Microscope uses 2 lenses to magnify an object (eyepiece and objective). 371. O3. stuff with lots of oxygens 360. 341. 359. free-radical substitution. 332.Things mixed at semi-molecular level with solute clumps (aggregates) that are REALLy small . Cones high intensity illumination. CrO42-. Zn/HCl. 342. 340. combustion. blue. MnO4-. 329. Convergent evolution: different origin but same biological trait 375. 346. metals. Conjugated Proteins Proteins requiring a covalently bonded prosthetic group to function properly. If you add in NaCl (more Cl ion) then LESS solid will dissolve at equilibrium Application of Le Chatelier 364. Cones type of photoreceptor that responds to high-intensity illumination and are sensitive to color 336.They will stay mixed until you centrifuge them . 355. sensitive to color.. bends/ focuses light rays 378. Colloids . Lewis bases. 339. green. at front of eye. total magnification = eyepiece x magnification of objective. Common reducing agents: H2. 331. 376. Constitutive operons that are always on and can never be turned off because their regulator genes code for defected repressors or there is mutations in the operon 373. 365. Corpus callosum divides the brain hemisphere. Cr2O72-. Cooperative effect when hemoglobin binds to O2 and it makes it easier to bind additional O2 to the other sites 344.. OPPOSITE to common ion effect INCREASES solubility . 338. Community: interactions of different populations of species 362. Hemoglobin is an example. pyrolysis alphabetical order of alkane rxn 358. Common Ion Effect: Ex: AgCl in water 327. Complex Ion Effect Metal + Lewis base--> forms complex ion Keq for this kind of rxn is called K f (K of formation) . have 3 pigments: red. conformational isomer most similar.. 356. Complement defense system an immune response and supplements the inflammatory response 363. Cornea transparent. 369. secretes estrogen and progesterone 334. Conformational Isomer Stereoisomers that differ by rotation about one or more ingle bonds. studies nonliving specimens because you need to stain the cell which kills it 335.325.largest myelinated tracts to allow right and left brain to communicate 379. show them with newmans projections 370. 330. 345. stuff with lots of hydrogens 361. fovea= area densly packed with cones 367. . Cretinism hypothyroidism in infants. Cross over has chiasma as evidence..Can no longer get a liquid no matter how much pressure you put it under 362. 386. 381. 366. 396.. 360. Kinases 399. 352. 351. examples of glucorticoids. characterized by short stature and mental retardation 353. Corpus luteum in menstruation cycle . most androgens secreted by testes and the adrenal cortex has little effect but in females. Crossing over chromatids of homologous chromosomes break at corresponding points and exchange equivalent pieces of DNA. Cuboidal.. mineralocorticoids. . Critical Point . .The temp and pressure at which you can't tell what phase it is! . 3 types = glucocorticoids. and cortical sex hormones 385. this leads to paralysis. 355. creates genetic variation 364. circular motion of cytoplasm around the cell transport molecules 365. -corpus luteum develops from an ovarian follicle during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle o breakdown into Corpus Albicans if no fertilization occurs. 390.. 392. 354.Ovarian follicle becomes corpus luteum after ovulation . in males. 348. 398. derived from cholesterol.. curare blocks the post-synaptic acetylcholine receptors so that acetylcholine is unable to interact with the receptor. Crustacean crabs (anything with shell in water ) 395. Cyclosis or streaming part of intracellular circulation. 350. . happens in prophase 1 meiosis 363. .greater chance of cross over when genes are FAR APART. 394. 380. cortical sex hormones 384. cortisol and cortisone involved in glucose regulation.. covalent bond sharing of electron between atoms 359. Cyclic AMP and Cyclic GMP will activate what enzyme? this enzyme catalyzes reactions involving transferrin of phosphate groups. mineralocorticoids. Curare drug that blacks post-synaptic acetylcholine receptors so acetylcholine cna't interact with next cell which causes paralysis by blocking nerve impulses to muscles 367. regulates anterior pituitary's trophic hormone ACTH 361. 356. 393.temporary endocrine structure-production of progesterone and estradiol to help blood vessel grow 349. corticosteroids secreted by adrenal cortex. include glucocorticoids. 389. Corticosteriods derived from cholesterol. overproduction of androgens by adrenal cortex can cause masculine characteristics ( like facial hair) 382. 383. Courtship behavior precedes mating in most animals 358. cyclic electron flow involves only one photosystems(P700). 391. Cyclosis: streaming movement within cell that allows for transport in the cytoplasm 401. 369. 370. . . 368. columar. Cortical sex hormones adrenal cortex secretes small quantities of androgens (male sex hormones) in both males and females. 397. and squamous is describing? epithelial tissue.Secrete progesterone to maintain the uterine lining . ATP is produce though cyclic photophosphorylation(FERRODOXIN) 400.... 388. 357. Most androgens produced by male testes. Cotyledon: seed leaf that stores food for germinated seedling 387.347. crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes NOT sister chromatids because those are the same. CRF Corticotrophin-releasing factor. Cortical sex hormones adrenal cortex secretes androgens (male sex hormones). Decomposers have the most or least Energy? the least 417. desmosomes are especially abundant in the skin and randomly arranged where? lateral sides of plasma membranes. Cytochromes are associated with what phase of cellular respiration? Electron transport chain. Dermis P total= Sum of all the partial pressures . . 410. 386. 391. 409. except ortho/para directing halogens. Dark reaction in plants in stroma: ATP and NAPDH are used in fixation of Carbon . 419. 375. and intermediate filaments (Keratin made from actin) . 398. 380. Density of water Density of water= 1 g/mL= 1 g/cm3 . 372. and 4. Dermis Partial pressure= Mole fraction x P total .skin 426. 371. 421. where most of the cell's metabolic activity occurs 388. maintains shape and functions in cell motility(ability to move spontaneously and independently) 393.has connective tissue. Darwin lack the understanding of genetics so mutations was never explained by him explained natural selection 414. network of protein fibers that shape the cell -has cellular movement like contracting and glidingwithin cytosol 389. denaturing of a protein causes change in which structures? 2. Cytoskeleton 385. 423.402. 3. 406..2 NAPDH and 3 ATP for each CO2 . 404. second layer of skin under the epidermis. Cytoskeleton made of microtubles and microfilaments. Denaturation of 1 structure proteins only loss if digestion occurs. Denaturation of protein structures are 2.made up of microfilaments. 413. 397. Dalton's Partial Pressure Law Ptotal= ∑XiPtotal 395. 383. gives cell mechanical support. Denitrification bacteria converts NO2 or NO3 to N2 or N2O 422. 381. Cytokinins plant hormones use to promote cell division 387. Deciduous Forest large trees like in the North Carolina 416. These are metadirecting. 411. 424. the mechanical support of the structure. 3. Cytochrome a group of Heme that is found in the electron transport chain 403.6 turns of Dark rxn= 1 glucose molecule 412. 392. sensory receptors. microtubules. Cytokinesis cell division (affiliated with mitosis) 374. They decrease the ring's potential to react with other species. Define Onco tumor 418. They are embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria 373. 415.has it in both Prokaryote and Eukaryotes .. 378.as temp increases the blood vessel dilated to lose that heat. a layer of the skin that has is attached to vessels. 376.. 377. 382. Cytoplasm 407. Deactivating Substituents Electron-withdrawing substituents already attached to the aromatic ring. Dark field microcopy views live cells or flagella that are thin and that can't be view by the light microscope 425. 379. 384. Darwin branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection 394. 408. 390. and hair follicles 396.. and 4 structuresc 420. 405... Desmosomes attach cells together to give mechanical strength. prolactin. diastereomers non mirror image of configurational isomers. 419. 405.Increases BP but not as much as H bonding . Diffusion Gas substance moves from area of hight to low concentration--> diffuses down concentration gradient 412.OM NaOH to titrate 40 mL of HCl--> what was the original concentration? 417. cis and trans alkenes are them. they require multiple chiral centers. Deuterostomes first indentation is the anus and the second is the mouth (echinoderms and chordates) 432... 439. 437. (Ion-dipole interactions are STRONGER than dipole-dipole--> interaction btween full charge (ion) and partial charge) .399.. Diabetes mellitus underproduction or insensitivity to insulin-hyperglycemia 434. 407. Diaphragm (microscope) controls the amount of light passing through specimen 435. 418.... Differentiation occurs when cell has become specialized resulting from selective gene expression which happens once gastrulation is complete. possible when a molecule has two or more stereogenic centers that differ at some but not alll of the centers. 20 (2)= C (40) C= 1M! . Direct Hormones hormones which effect target organs. 445. . 400. Determinate Cleavage cell divides and separated from each other.. . Diencephalon contains thalamus and hypothalamus 438. Despite their primitive appearance. 401. 436. They have the same chemical properties but different physical properties. echinoderms 428. Determinate cleavage results in cells whose future differentiation pathways are determined at an early development stage 430. 415. 402. DNA has it so RNA messes up more 410. 440. Ex It takes 20 mL of 2.. 442. 404. diol two hydroxyl groups 444. 446. determinate cleavage is characteristic of?: protostomes 431. patterns in early embryonic development strongly suggest that this phylum are most closely related to the chordates. 422. Diastereomers Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. 441. 406.They are stronger the more polar the molecule is . 409.. Diastereomers differ in their configurations in at least one chiral center and share the same configuration in at least one chiral center. 427.. Dipole. Difference in RNA and DNA polymerase RNA lack proofreading. Dihybrid Cross you can study two traits as long as the genes are on separate chromosomes and assort independently during meiosis 414. 408. they will die 429. those released from anterior pituitary = Prolactin and GH 423. the animal phylum that developed most recently in evolutionary time. 421. and endorphines.dipole Interactions . Dilution Law! M1V1=M2V2 Concentration x Volume= Concentration x Volume .is random molec motion . Direct hormones growth hormone(somatotropin).Happens between all polar molecules--> they align so partial charge opposites attract . 416. 403. 413. 420. Diabetes insipidus disease insufficient vasopressin production (ADH) 433. 411. 443. Water is oxidized. phrenic nerves 470. Disproportionation Reactions Element in single oxidation state reacts to form 2 different oxidation states . 425. during cleavage what physical changes are not occurring to the embryo? during cleavage the embryo is not increasing in size. during the light reaction what is produced. 434. trisomy on chromosome 21 462. do prokaryotes or eukaryotes lack cholesterol in their cell membranes? prokaryotes lack cholesterol in their cell membranes. 467. 431.. 430. -uses Aldosterone ADH to increase Na+ absorption and concentrate urine . 441. Distillation Separation technique exploiting different boiling points for liquid mixture. DNA ligase joins DNA fragments by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds between DNA nucleotides 455. 437. 433. 435. during the light reactions a high concentration of ? is produced within the thylakoids. and ileum are the 3 sections of? small intestine. 442. Duodenal cells produce hormone secretin stimulates pancreatic juice. DNA is not found in which lacks a nucleus? erythrocytes 454. somatotropin) and Prolactin 448. during inspiration (breathing) what happens to the diaphragm? moves downward 471. 438.424. disproportionation directly stimulate target organincludes growth hormone (HS. during inspiration (breathing) these nerves cause the muscle fibers in the diaphragm to contract and move downward. 452.. 446. 460. during gastrulation a U shaped form gives the name of?: gastrula 468. Duodenum also secretes enterogastrone 464. 428.. 426. lactose. 440. 448. 427.. Mixture is heated slowly and as the liquid with the lower boiling point converts into its gaseous form. DNA sequences that appear to move from one part of hte genome to another are called? transposable elements 456. 459. it passes through a condenser where it cools back to its liquid form. 458.2Cu+--> Cu + Cu2+ 451. do red blood cells contain mitochondria?: no 445. 443. 463. 444. during gastrulation the process in an embryo in which one tissue causes another to differentiate is called? induction 469. 432. jejunum. duodenum. 453.. during reproduction this process produces one single egg and 2 or 3 polar bodies? oogenesis 472. 439.. -pancreas is both endo and endocrine gland that helps digest and also secrete hormones . sucrose digestion( from small intestine) a radical transfers a hydrogen atom to another radical and makes an alkane and alkene 450. do thick nerve fibers allow for fast or slow impulses? fast impulses. Direct hormones (anterior pituitary) 449.. 449.: [ H+ ] . 447. do platelets contain a nucleus? no. and NADP+ is reduced 473. chromosomes are moved into proper position with the aid of this protein? dynein 466. oxidized.. During cell division. 465. DNA-->mRNA is called? and occurs where? called transcription and occurs in the nucleus 457. 461. Distal Convoluted tubule secretion occurs (K+ and H+ by active transport and NH3 diffusion) rich in mitochondria (same with proximal convoluted ) -secretes K+ and absorbs Na+ . 447. 436. Down syndrome is caused by. and reduced? ATP is produced. disaccharidase: maltose. 429. efferent They send information 496. H2O.are deuterostomes sea urchins and sea stars echinoderms do not have a notochord during any stage of development. 466.. Echinoderm G2stage 488. nails. epithelium of nose mouth and anal canal. head connective tissues. skin. H2S. duringwhatstageofinterphasedoesthecellpreparetoseparate? 478. Effector cells semicircular canals (labyrinth) attach to the cochlea and nerves in the inner ear. 484. G1 stage Early475. 483.. Effusion on balance and head . RNA 485. eclipsed conformation locomotion) chromosomal movement 491. Ectoderm germ layer and serve as molecular motors . E=hf 457. . CO. uses ATP to move.. Efferent neurons: motor neurons motor nuerons(muscles and glands) Gas escapes container through tiny opening -Have polarity . and mammary glands . echinoderms do not have of GH a notochord during what stage of"motor development? give an example protein"of has an echinoderm. anaerobic cranial (teeth) and sensory. during what stage of interphase does DNA synthesis occur? 460. 464. pigment . stunted Echinodermata growth.Forms central nervous facultative system. H2S sweat gland that maintains body temperature. 480. hair. During this stage we see the production of mitochondria. 465. nervous system) first to forms from the outermost of the germ layer .arms are attached to the microtubules 492.is random position to molec motion 497. ribosomes and much protein synthesis? 458. anaerobic heterotrophs. 476. cells. Eccrine examined?: metaphase. 469. H2. DON'T have notochord during developing stage. 462. hair..fluid-filled 493. the 481. the lens of the eye. 470. H2. H2O. 453.. integument (includes: epidermis. 468. 455. likeEctoderm in cell division. 451. E=and mc2: ganglia nerves. . retina.coli is this type of anaerobic bacteria? 456. cells in muscles and glands that are not neurons but can receive communication from a neuron 494. in children lack 489. NO O2! Only has CO2. N2. Dwarfism 461. 474. E. 459. NH3. lens of eye. 482. Dynein 463. Earth during what phase can both human autosomes and sex chromosomes precisely 486. Early Earth gases: NO O2 but has NH3. 477. 479. Egg the brain.nuerons 495.450. or 120 separation. flagellum( used for 490. 454. Ear 467.. 452. S-stage 487. example is starfish highest energy no separation. .g. Electron Affinity ..Troughs= noble gases .Si ng . 477. 482.. .. 507. Electron Transport Chain inside inner mitochondrial membrane. antimarkonikov because they want a stable free radical. can study living cells 478... double bond is nucleophile and attack x2. 499. -C onditions H owever . 505.Increases from bottom to top and left to right 476. Emf and Gibbs Free Energy ΔG= -nFE°cell n= # moles transferred 486.Al oud . Electron Microscopy: allows 1000 fold higher magnification than light microscopy.. -Neurula . Electron microscopes reveals organelles that light microscopes cannot do but cell is killed due to chemicals and staining.. electrophilic addition of free radicals in presence of peroxide. 500. 498. electrophile charged. . electrophiles. 505. 494. -Blastrula early stage: when zygote undergoes cell division. Embryo Stages Zygote Morulablastulagastrulaneurula 513. 479. 496. 504. -Vegetal Pole where yolk is most concentrated 472. they prefer to have d either full or half filled and have s half filled 501. energy is released and used to form ATP (via H+ gradient). use markonikovs rule 510..N ear .O ften 483. most of ETC carriers are cytochromes (electron carriers that resemble hemoglobin) which have a central Fe.Cl ing .471.. 493. the final acceptor is O2 which then picks up 2 H+'s to form water .amount of energy RELEASED when something gains an electron . . 499. 500. ends with alcohol 509.Br anches -In . 480.solid balls of cells that go through mitosis to form a hollow ball of blastula 503. 501. -Gastrula .. as electrons transfer from carrier to carrier..S wampy .P arrots .. and make dihalo trans 511. electrophilic addition electrons of pi bond are reactive and easily attacked by molecules that want e pair e. Electronegativity Mnemonic ..F rogs . oxygen or ultraviolet light.. 502. 498.. 495. Electrostatic force F= kQQ/ r2 512... therefore X ends up on least subsituted carbon 508. make cyclic halonium ion with either br or cl. Electrolytic Cell . . ... electrophilic addition of HX e of double bond act as lewis base and react with hydrogen of hx. 488. . 491. . .Peaks= halogens . 481. 475. . electrophilic addition of X2 fast process. 484. electrophilic addition of H2O water can be added to alkenes under acidic conditions. -Animal Pole where yolk is least concentrated 473. 504. .. make carbocation. 497.. 492.. 503. .. 490. 515... Embryonic Stages : -Zygote -Morula 502. 485. 487. make carbocation intermediate. 489. Electron configuration TRAP d4 and d9.B oldly .. Embryology study of the development of a unicellular zygote into a complete multicellular organism 514. contains Morula. -Neutral Plate folding of plate will form neutral tube that becomes brain and spinal cord Gray Crescent: establish body axis0 located on the side of the egg opposite of sperm entry 474... need electrons 506.. 506. blood flow to skeletal muscles 518.. 512. the lining of the urethra. 511. the liver. Endoderm epithelial linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts (including die lungs). Endocrine system communication. 536. Eosinophil: White blood cells: use to battle parasites 523. the thyroid. . 516. pancreas..epidermis> dermis > fatty tissue ( cushion and insulator) . but differe in optical activity and how they react in a chiral environment 527. Endometrium uterine wall 528.serves as food for flowering plant embryo and later no for the germinating seedling 530. . 529. 517. 534.. thyroid. 526. usually occurs in long bones 523. parts of the liver. 535. enantiomer nonsuperimposable mirror image of chiral objects. or if multiple chiral centers. 513. the parathyroid. and corneum (varies in thickness) . glands secrete hormoes into circulatory system 525. spinosum. endochondral ossification cartilage is replaced by one. enantiomer moleculse that have the opposite configuration at their one chiral center. particularly materials that will be secreted by the cell. Epimers Isomers differing in configuration at only one stereogenic center. 527. 516. Emphysema is a pathology marked by the destruction of the ? alveoli 518. Enolization Process by which the carbonyl oxygen of a ketone gets protonated to form an enol. 520. the lungs. 524. the epithelial parts of trachea. 509. 519. the pancreas. 533. granulosum (granules that is easily stained) .. 515. and the intestines. Enamines An amino group attached to a carbon in a carbon-carbon double bond. Epidermis outer layer of skin... Epiglottis prevent food from entering in the lung 528. lucidum. the colon. Enantiomers Nonsuperimposable stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other. provides channels throughout the cytoplasm and provides a direct continuous passageway from the plasma membrane to the nuclear membrane 529. identical physical properties and much of the same chemical properties. 522. and bladder lining 526.. Optical activity is different. 508. F= Faraday or 100000 (104) . 522. Endoderm germ layer Forms stomach. 521... 531. Endocytosis is similar to active transport in that? both endocytosis and active transport require energy. 519. Energy emitted when electron changes levels . 532. must have the opposite configuration at every one of their chiral centers to be enantiomers. 524. a specific steroisomer. . Endoplasmic Reticulum network of membrane enclosed spaces involved in the transport of materials throughout the cell. Emissions spectrum (Bohr) . Endosperm is the tissue produced inside the seeds of most flowering plants around the time of fertilization. 521. 525. 510. Epinephrine increase blood glucose. 507. Enantiomers differ in configuration at every chiral center but share the same chemical and physical properties in a nonstereospecific environment. 517. depends on dermis for O2 and nutrients -made up of layers of Stratums germinativum (contains dividing cells)... the urinary bladder. 514.. the pharynx. has no blood supply. 520. 540. Erythrocytes oxygen carrying components of the blood (the red blood cells). 541. -two or more genes effect one phenotype -affect skin color and fur color . shunts blood to skeletal muscle. 533. heart and brain. epinephrine and nor epinephrine produced by the adrenal medulla 541. ROR 556. necessary for normal female maturation. 548. progesterone. cause thickening of endometrium (uterine wall). Ethylene: stimulates fruit ripening 553. 544. Ethylene stimulate fruit ripening 554. stimulate development of female reproductive tract and contribute to development of secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive. cortisone. modifier gene. . 534. Estrogen female sex hormones. 557. causing rise in B. dilate and constrict blood bessels to increase blood supply to 545. Ether Compound with an oxygen attached to two alkyl groups (R-O-R&#039.lack cell walls. Episomes plasmids able to integrate into the bacterial genome . secreted by ovarian follicles and corpus luteum 551. 538. Epinephrine and thyroxin are hormones derived from? amino acids 543. also neurotransmitters in addition to hormomes 542. 537. shape = biconcave 547. 552. Both epinephrine and norepinephrine increase rate and strength of heartbeat. levels and increase in basal metabolic rate.. ethers functionality is specified by alkoxyprefix. epistatic trait gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at another locus (horse coat color) 547. Compound can be named either as an alkoxyalkane or as an alkyl ether.. -Dilation of pupils . 539. 555. 546. 538. causes rise in blood glucose levels and metabolic rate. and aldosterone are types of these hormones? steroid hormones 550. controlled by sympathetic nerve system. skin. testosterone.. 1 erythrocyte = 250 million molecules of hemoglobin. 543. 536.and fetus Rh+ 548. 553.. while decreasing supply to kidneys. Epinephrine converts glycogen to glucose in liver and muscle. 554. skeletal muscle. blood flow to brain and blood pressure . Erythroblastosis fetalis severe anemia of fetus because red blood cells are being destroyed by anti. epinephrine increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver and muscle cells. 549. 532. are steroid hormones 552.G. Estrogens steroid hormones.530. 531. each hemoglobin carries 4 molecules of oxygen. -Increase heart rate.. Estrogen. 551. 539.. 537. Euglena lives in fresh water . Epistasis one gene that modifies other genes. Erythroblastosis fetalis Mother Rh. 535. causes "fight or flight" response.. heart.. Epiphyseal plate: bone growth at the end of the long bones 544.. 540. 546. brain. glycogenolysis . cant happen with ABO blood types because the anti-A antibodies (etc) cant cross over placenta 549. cortisol.. 550. 542. They are named as alkyl or aryl alkanoates. 558.). respiratory rate. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine Overall Effects increases rate and strength of heart beat. -constrict blood vessels to decrease blood supply to digestive tract and kidneys . Ester Compound with a COOR group. and digestive tract-"Flight or flight response" elicited by sympathetic nervous system.Rh antibodies of mom. Epinephrine physiological details increases conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver and muscle tissue which increases the blood glucose and basal metabolic rate 545. Eukaryote has pH 7. Extracellular circulation. 577.animals cannot convert fatty acids to glucose like humans do 577.cells. Facilitated Diffusion movement of particles down their concentration gradient through special channels or via carrier protiens. Fe+2 (iron) is found in mitochondria. 566. ovulation. requires vessles to transport fluid and a pump to drive the circulation 567.. 1)diffusion. one aqueous and one organic. Fallopian tubes where fertilization occurs 573. and menstruation 580. DEFLATES . thoracic cavity decreases and pressure increases. Fatty Acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol 576. 575.. Exceptions to Octet Rule B: likes to have 3 bonds and only 6 e's P: likes to have 5 bonds and 10 e's S likes to have 6 bonds and 12 e's Expansion can ONLY happen for 3rd row and below (the really really big atoms) ... Evolutionary Path for plant development Bryophytes > gymnopsperms ( first to have seeds) > angiosperms 561.. External Respiration entrance of air into lungs. does no require energy 570. -has flagellum to move.. Coli. pyruvate reduced into ethanol or lactic acid. . Extraction 568. Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the cytosol. 563.4 cells 560. if cells in direct or close contact with external environment food and O2 can just diffuse in 2) Circulatory System. 561. metatarsal are all part of which limb?: lower limb 581.555. plant-like protista (as well as green algae) .. 572. FADH2 yield 2 ATP 571. 574. femur. diaphram relaxes. Two solvents are usually used. Faraday's Law: I x time= n x F F= 100000 (104)Coulombs/mole e n= number moles of electrons . 579. 572. when diffusion won't cut it. Which is the metal found in chloroplast? Mg+2 578. 556.. 562. F factor 567. 562. Exponential Decay: .. 565. gas exchange between alveoli and blood 566. 560. external intercostal muscles relax.follicial tubule. Facultative anaerobic bacteria can live with or without O2 -under anaerobic conditions it switches to fermentation for energy 570. if you have this plasmid= F+ cells. Feedback inhibition: deactivates the enzyme: shuts down the reaction 579. 576. 563. 573. Fermentation way to degrade pyruvate w/o O2 present. conjugation occurs from F+ to an Fcell 569.. and kinds of transport throughout the body of an organism. if you don't have it F. highly motile. generates only 2 ATP per glucose molecule 568. 578. Exocrine glands as opposed to endocrine glands secrete substances transported by ducts not the circulatory system 564. tibia. Fats energy yields more energy than carbs or proteins 575. 558. Separation method exploiting solubility properties. fatty acid metabolize into acetyl-CoA to get in Kreb cycle to make ATP. exhalation passive process. fibula.. 557. 574. and teh component of interest will be soluble in one phase while the impurities will be soluble in the other solvent. Plates metal at the cathode (mass goes up) Corodes substance at the anode (mass goes down) . patella.. Female Menstruation cycle FOLmen. 564. 571. tarsal. 559. 569. luteal phase. NAD+ must be regenerated for glycolysis to continue in absence of O2. lung best studies ex factor in E. 559. 565. Fibroblast produce extracellular fibers and ground substances of connective tissues 587. Ferns vascular plants with large feathery leaves -large leaves with many veins -spores develop on sporophyte in sporangia( anything that produces spores) -Sori. . First Law of Thermodynamics ΔE= Q + W Conservation of energy Change in total INTERNAL energy of system is equal to contributions from heat and work 590. 584. the ovary develops into what? fruit. nourishes. 586. fertilization occurs? in the fallopian tubes 585.. 584. follicle grows and begins secreting estrogen 601. 595. Foramen Magnum spinal cord passage 596. 604. fermentation produces 2ATP. FSH (follicule stimulating hormone) from anterior pituitary promotes development of the follicle. GH 597. 582.natural opening where vessels such as nerves may pass. 9 fused pairs of microtubules will form a ring that surrounds 2 center microtubules 596. 599. 1 ATP formed (substrate level phosphorylation through a GTP intermediate). 603. For each turn of the citric acid cycle. 593. Fission kind of asexual reproduction. NAD is regenerated for glycolysis to continue 583. 605. 592. DNA replicates. Separation technique separating solids from liquids.. fischer projection lowest priority group projects into the page 591.. 602. 600. 591. Flatworm/Round worms cause a lot of human disease. Fluid Mosaic Model cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded the lipids and many of the proteins can move freely within the membrane 599. . ACTCH. 587. 602. ATP. 582. 588. Foramen: natural opening for vessels like nerves to pass through. following fertilization in the angiosperms. Fertilization and types union of sperm and egg to form zygote with diploid # of chromosomes. protects an immature ovum. 594. follicle (in ovaries) multilayer sac of cells that contains. new plasma membrane and cell wall grow inward along the midline of the cell and the result is two equally sized cells with equal amounts of cytoplasm and exact copy of parent DNA` 595. Filtration 593. Fission . 594. LH. how much CO2. 604. Flagella /cilia has 9+2 arrangement of microtubules. 581. NADH and FADH2 is produced? 2 CO2 released. Follicular phase begins with cessation of the menstrual flow from the previous cycle. occurs in single-celled organisms. Foramen passage of nerves.580. external fertilization and internal fertilization (terrestrial vertebrates) 585. 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 603.clusters of sporangia develop on the lower surface of the leaf. FLAT PiG: Six hormones of anterior pituitary: FSH. TSH---Prolactin i(ignore. 590. fish have how a chambered heart? 2 chambered tubular heart 597. 598. 583... 586. This utilizes a filter allowing liquids and small particles to pass through while retaining larger particles. 589.. fish have a ? chambered heart? 2 592. First Law of Thermodynamics ΔE= Q + W Q= positive if system ABSORBS heat and negative if system gives OFF heat . 588. 598. W= positive if work is done ON system and negative if the system DOES work Ex If a gas expands--> it does work on the system of the chamber 589. 601. also produces estrogen 600. ( # dots + # lines) 607.. FSH Follicle stimulating hormone-made in anterior pituitary-cause maturation of ovarian follicles which begin secreting estrogen. Ascomycota-. mildew. 639. 626. Free Energy G . G2 : cells prepare to divide 635.E° anode E° cell is POSITIVE and cell can PROVIDE energy . Freezing Point Depression ΔTf=Kf(i)m m= molality .. 606. frog have how a chambered heart? 3 chambered heart 617.. Fraternal Twins when more than one egg is fertilized 612. 619. G1 : production of mitochondria. 622.. -Diluted urine .. fovea: high visual acuity. 637. Fresh Water Fish -Pee a LOT 613. 628. 621.. Follicle-stimulating hormone.. mushrooms (has polymer chitin) -Eukaryotic heterotrophy -Secrete digestive enzymes and then absorb the soluble products of digestion Reproduce asexually and sexually . females: causes maturation of ovarian follicles which begin secreting estrogen. fresh water fish urinate constantly but rarely. -Similar to Humans than bacterial cells . ...electrons ALWAYS flow to cathode . 620. 623. Fungi Groups Zygomycota. FSH 627. -Haploid state predominates can alternate between the Haploid and diploid states -Have cells walls and are immotile -Attacks dead matter and living tissue such as Athletes foot . males-FSH stimulates maturation of seminiferous tubules and sperm production 608.. -Needs Salt . 626.. Fusion . -Drinks little . 625.. 620. 629.. -Saprophytic break down of living organisms that have died.Free energy that is available to do work 613. 617. 633.. Formal Charge # of valence electrons . 628..current FLOWS to anode . Function of the Skin to protect and regulate body temperature by allowing blood flow through its outer layers 624. (Many but not all) ---> Decomposers that eat off from dead stuff 623. Deuteromycota. 611.. 638. Basidiomycota. 610. 636.. Fungi contain what type of polymer? chitin 631. from the two main headings under the PNS which one further branches off? The Motor devision.. 615. important for high-acuity vision 610.605. 625.. 622. Galvanic Cell E° cell=E° cathode. organelles (longest stage) 634. -Absorbs salt through gills . 615.. 618.. 619. 612. Founders Effect new population is build from very few individuals same as bottlenecks 609. 609..lichen is a type of fungi 632. Fungi molds and yeast.? drink 616... . 627.ANODE on LEFT and CATHODE ON RIGHT . . 616. 606. formaldehyde name for mathanal 608.. 618. . 624.. males: stimulates maturation of seminiferous tubules and sperm production 630. 614. 621.. 607... 614. FSH prevent ovulationprogesterone inhibits this hormone. Fovea: area of retina that is densly packed with cones. 611. controlled by an operon which varies the accessibility of the RNA polymerase to genes being transcribed 654. 653. Cis or trans or e or z 649. 656. gauche conformation: methyl are 60 degrees apart. GH Secreted directly by anterior pituitary. enhances the production of phloem cells. double-walled stage of the embryo resulting from invagination of the blastula. 646. Gibberellins: plant hormones induce flowering and stem elongation 652. in plants it's diploid 643. mesoderm) are formed 642. Basically this means the cathode must have a higher E red or REDUCTION POTENTIAL than the anode . Gene regulation regulation of transcription.640. food stimulates stomach to release gastrin which stimulates gastric glands to release HCl 636.atoms are far apart. Gastrulation 651. promotes bone and muscle growth 651. Geometric isomers are often differentiated using either the cis/trans notation for simple compounds or Z/E notation for more complex compounds. stimulates gastric glands to secrete HCl into response to food 638. 649.no intermol forces (ideally) Flow to fill container . insulin 655. 648. give an example of an echinoderm? starfish 657. 664. Gastrin gastrointestinal hormone. part of the embryo stages and where all 3 germ layer ( ecto.. union of male and female gametes at fertilization restores the diploid sporophyte generation 631. gastrin hormone is made in the stomach and stimulates the secretion of?: HCL 639. Gibberllins stimulate rapid stem elongation. eventually develops into 3 layers 662. 641. and can differ in their physical and chemical properties. Gametophyte in humans/animals and plants 642. . can be used to confer temporary protection against hepatitis and other diseases by passive immunity 644. 650. give an example of a peptide hormone? insulin 656. 645. 648. Gastrula 643. 633. In humans its haploid. the phase where they reproduce sexually. 659. Genus is categorized with the most similarities in groups 647. molluscan class after the blastua has implanted in the uterus. Gigantism overproduction of GH in children 654.allows fluorescent tags to move into the adjacent cell 646. Gametophyte Generation In plants. aka Somatotrophin. 635. Gas . the haploid gametophyte generation produces gametes by mitosis. Growth Hormone. give an example of a hormone that is nonsteroidal? norepinephrine and epinephrine. 658. geometric isomers differ in position of substitutents attached to a double bond or cycloalkane. Ganglia neuronal cell bodies clustered together in the periphery 645.. 641. 657. give two examples of steroid hormones? progesterone and testosterone 653.. 663.COMPRESSIBLE!! . 661. released by stomach. Gastropoda: snails and slugs. Gastrin: made in stomach to stimulate HCl secretion 647. 632. Gamma globulin the fraction of the blood containing a wide variety of antibodies. endo. 660. Geometric Isomers Isomers that differ in the arrangement of substituents around a double bond. 634. 637. 629.. Gastrin 640. 630. geotropism: growth of portions of plants towards or away from gravity. kinda stable 652. Gap Junction allows cells to exchange nutrients and molecular communication. Genotype the genetic makeup of an organism 655. 650. geminal diol with hydroxyl group on same carbon 644. glucocorticoids Include cortisol and cortisone-deal with glucose reg and protein metabolism. 669. 666. Glycine: only optically inactive amino acid -no chiral center and has 2 H 674. glycogen is stored where? liver 678. Glomerular filtrate reabsorbs glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule. antigonistic effects of insulin 670. modifies them (glycosylation). and distributes them to the cell surface by exocytosis 685.people with diabetes glucose will show up in the urine. 660. Glycosylation enzymatic process that links saccharides to produce glycans.658. glaucoma increase of pressure in eye due to blocking of outflow of aqueous humor 677. increase blood glucose levels opposite of insulin 673. Golgi Apparatus receives vesicles and their contents from the ER. conversion of glycogen to glucose and gluconeogenesis. converts glycogen to glucose and gluconeogenesis. GnRH sitmulates A. Gluconeogenesis makes glucose from amino acids and fats and is similar to glycolysis but not reverse of glycolysis (occurs in cytosol) 672. chloroflurohydrocarbons (CFC) causes heat build up in the lower atmosphere 686. . 682. 2 Pyruvate. Glucagon: made by pancreatic alpha cells (increase glucose levels) 671. 680. 676. stimulate protein+fat degradation. all of which increases blood glucose levels. Glaucoma increase pressure in eye because outflow of aqueous humor is blocked 667. lipids or other organic molecules 683. and gluconeogenesis (glucose production from non carb sources)and decreasing protein synthesis. Glucagon Made by alpha cells in pancreas. Glycolysis 2 ATP is formed when making Lactate or Ethanol. produces 2 ATP and reduces 2 NAD+ to 2 NADH 679. 676. Grignard Reagent An alkyl magnesium halide used to make carbon-carbon bonds. Glucagon stimulates protein and fat degradation. to secrete FSH and LH 681. 667. Green house gas effect Methane. 674. conversion of glycogen to glucose. Glucocorticoids 669. Glands in the lining of he esophagus produce what which facilitates swallowing? mucus 666. 682. gluconeogenesis 664. Glycosidic Center Bond that forms when the hemiacetal group of one sugar reacts with a hydroxyl group on another sugar to form an acetal group in between the two sugars. are antagonistic to effects of insulin raise blood glucose by promoting gluconeogenesis and decreasing protein metabolism. 688. ex) cortisol and cortisone. antagonistic to insulin 665. promoted by glucocorticoids 671. glycolysis products oxidative brakedown of glucose. Gonads organs that produce gametes (male=ovaries. 683. female=testes) 686. 684. glucose and other sugars are absorbed into the blood from the intestinal tract and reach the liver via the ?: portal vein. 677. 680. 2ATP and 2NADH 678. 687. 668. 670. 662. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate. 679. 673. attached to proteins. 665. .P. repackages them into vesicles. 681. 675. 659. 689. glucagon stimulates fate and protein degredation. Glucocorticoids 668. 661. Graham's Law for Diffusion/Effusion Rate 1/ Rate 2= √M2/M1 685. raise blood glucose levels by promoting protein breakdown and gluconeogenesis and decrease protein synthesis. Polysaccharides are held together by glycosidic linkages. 675. involved in glucose regulation and protein metabolism. Gluconeogenesis: production of glucose from non-carbohydrates. RAISE blood glucose levels by promoting proteins breakdown. Antagonistic to insulin effects. O3. CO2. 663. Gout disease uric acid crystals deposit it tissues such as big toe 684. glucagon increases plasma glucose 672. Alkyl group in a Grignard reagent has a negative charge and acts as a nucleophile attacking electrophilic carbons. 723. has heme group . Helper T-cells type of lymphocyte that stimulates the production of antibodies by B cells when antigen is present 715. is the STEEP part of curve .... 707..CAN HAPPEN IN VACUUM ( Ex: Hot metal rod emiting heat) 703.690. Helical shaped bacteria spirilla 714. abormalities include dwarfism and gigantism. 713.. 710..High CO2 level. Conduction.. Haloalkane compounds with halogen 695. Hashimotos disease Thyroid involvement 699. Example muscle when fatigued release lactic acid (H+) this high level of H+ promotes O2 release.. fir trees 692. 689. . 693. 708. Convection Heat transfer by flowing gas or liquid 712. CO.. and H+ . 721. Hemophilia sex-linked disorder. 690. via free radical substitution 697. 706. 700. 710.Forms salts with Groups I and II Usually -1 oxidation state 698. 699. 703. halogen: F. H zone region containing thick filaments only 693. pine. 688.. CO2. no natural selection 698. 704. Helper T-cells activating and directing other immune cells . hCG: human chorionic gonadotropin 700. Radiation Heat transfer by EM waves.. somatrotropin) Direct hormone synthesized by anterior pituitary. halogenation in which one or morehydrogen atoms are replaced with a halogen atom. Overproduction of GH in adults: acromegaly 691. Radiation Conduction: Heat transfer by DIRECT contact (need to touch) 711.. bone and muscle growth. 718.. Hemoglobin -sigmoidal curve( S curve). NO TEMP change during phase change . heat input q=mcΔT T can be in K or C--> just needs to MATCH the c value m is the mass of substance being heated .. Halophiles bacteria that lives in extremely salty water 697. increase in acidity will enhance O2 release Allosteric: multiple binding sites. 696. . . no mutation. I 696..F is most eneg .. 708.. 706. Hardy Weinberg Assumption to examine population gene pools no change in gene pool -random mating. 719. 692.binds to O2. 702. Henry's Law Solute concentration= kPsolute Psolute= partial pressure of solute at solution's surface .. 704. 720. 695. hemoglobin in a low pH (acidic environment) will lead O2 to do what? be released by hemoglobin.. 687. Halogens . Growth Hormone (GH. 724. Heat Transfer . Convection. 702. Haloalkanes Alkanes with a halogen substituent. Habitat physical environment in which organisms live 694. 701.. CL. Compound can be named either as a haloalkane or alkyl halide. 694. large pop. 705. 701. Br.are the specific target for the virus that causes AIDS (HIV) 716. 691. 722.lack of blood clotting continuous bleeding 709. 705. (Ex temperature of cup of melting ice is 0 °C) 709. binds to CO tighter than O2 . Gymnosperms spruces. heat of phase change q= nΔH phase change can be n or mass--> just needs to correspond to H value . Henderson Hasselbalch: pH= pKa + log [A-]/[HA] or pOH= pKb + log[B+]/[B] . . 717.Tetramer Have 2 alpha and 2 beta chains: forms quaternary structure 707. no migration. High O2 in blood partial pressure decrease breathing rate 743. the whole bacterial chromosome duplicates and attempts to transfer over. but function can vary 740. Hormones are intercellular messengers produced by these type of glands? ductless 727.G and K) then 2^n.. sex factor gets incorporated into the bacterial genome so when conjugation bridge forms.Can find ΔH of any reaction . Heterotrophic Anaerboes: depend on environment for nutrients. humans) 714.. How and where are fats stored?: stored in the form of triglycerides in the adiopse tissue 730. Hfr cells high frequency of recombination. amoebas. 729. 734. 735..Reverse sign if you flip . 745. affect target cells by extracellular or intracellular receptors 728.. 747. 726. when steroid binds to nuclear receptor alterates rate of transcription and translated into proteins.. 715. How do Annalids circulate? closed circulatory system. . Histones are found only in? eukaryotes 723. 728.. 726. do not require O2 (includes yeasts) 732.. blood circulated mostly by body movements. medulla 722. . 717. nutrient and gas exchange occurs in sinuses 737. require 02 (includes. 712. How many different types of gametes could be produced? determine number of heterozygotes 3 (H. first organisms 713.Arrange series of rxns that give ΔH rxn .Concentration of solute in solution is directly proportional to partial pressure of solute just above solution surface . 739. Heterotrophic Aerobes depend on environment for nutrients. 746. . and medulla 721. 742.Multiply ΔH rxn if you change number of moles to get something to cancel . the blood (interstitial fluid) is in direct contact with body tissues... Heterotroph an organism that depends on complex organic substances for nutrition. 731. acidic potassium permanganate nonterminal alkenes are cleaved to form two molar equivalent of carvoxylic acid . 730. dorsal vessel functions as heart and contracts moving blood towards head. 727. High CO2 and H+ partial pressure increase in breathing rate 719. heterozygous have 2 different alleles for that same trait 733. 724. earthworms.make keton 729. hindbrain(rhombencephalon) posterior part of brain consist of cerebellum.. pons. hot. 725. many times conjugation bridge breaks before all of it can get over 725. 738. Hormones -Derived from steroid (made from cholesterol are lipid soluble) or nonsteroidal (made from amino acids are Water soluble) Norepinephrine/epinephrine= nonsteriodal -Can bind directly to receptors in the nucleus. 720. So 2^3=8. 716. 744. 718. How do Anthropods circulate? have open circulatory systems. HhGgLLKk. Hess's Law . homozygous have 2 of the same alleles for that trait 741. . pons. Hormones classified based on : Peptide hormone or Steroid hormone. homologous structures have? common ancestors. 711. Hindbrain/ Posterior: contains cerebellum.. 736. 5 aortic looks function as additional pumps 731. 749. X-rays are partially blocked ("attenuated") by dense tissues such as bone. 758. How do protozoans circulate? diffusion of gases and nutrients through cell 734. How to Cnidarians circulate? Cnidarians are just 2 layers of cells thick. all cells are in direct contact with either the internal or external environment. How X Rays work X-radiation (composed of Xrays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation. each daughter helix contains an intact strand from the parent helix and a newly synthesized strand therefore DNA replication is semiconservative 759. 756. How to interfere with DNA replication If there is no OH group on the C-3 position it will block it. 748. . 755. corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×1016 Hz to 3×1019 Hz) and energies in the range 120 eV to 120 keV. it must contain 4n+2 conjugated electrons. How many liters of blood does the Human body hold? 4-6 Liters. How many ATP is a NADH worth? 1 NADH = 3 ATP 738.. no need for circulatory system 746. 740. 735. How MRI's work: . Areas where the X-rays strike darken when developed.01 to 10 nanometers. How much ATP is formed by substrate level phosphorylation throughout Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration 2 ATP from Glycolysis. How is RNA different from DNA? 1) has ribose not deoxyribose 2) contains Uracil (U) instead of Thymine 3) usually single stranded 736. How many ATP is a FADH2 worth?: 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP 737. They are shorter in wavelength than UV rays and longer than gamma rays . how many turns of the calvin cycle produce one mole of glucose? six turns of the calvin cycle yield one glucose. 747. 752. 749... 55% plasma/liquid 45% cellular (erythrocytes.748. leukocytes. 765. how many chambers does a heart of a bird have? 4 chambers in a birds heart 739. 753.. how much growth occurs during gastrulation? little if any 764. 742. causing bones to appear lighter than the surrounding soft tissue. platelets) 762. how do erythrocytes (red blood cells) derive their energy? through anabolic respiration. How does DNA replicate DNA molecule unwinds and each strand is a template for complementary base pairing. 757. and pass more easily through soft tissues. 741. 760.. glycolysis. 750. RBC do no have mitochondria 733. 761. 2 (1 from each pyruvate) from citric acid cycle = 4 ATP total 744. Human Chorioinic Gonadotropin (HCG) prevents Corpus Luteum from breaking down . 745. 754. 732. how many nucleotides specify one of the 20 amino acids? 3 nucleotides 763. 743. The part of the patient to be Xrayed is placed between the X-ray source and the image receptor to produce a shadow of the internal structure of that particular part of the body. 751. X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 0. Hückel's Rule In order for a ring to be aromatic.. . Humoral Immunity production of antibodies (aka immunoglobins) after to INCREASES 780. exposure . when image is focused behind retina 768. or N atom. 771.. sperm 760..radius. 767. boron acts as lewis acid and attaches to less hindered carbon.. which involves directly injecting the 778.+ H2O<---> mixing different + OHCH3COOH types of orbitals 787.Same as solvation 788. antimarkonikov. hydride transferred to adjacent carbon.. 776. hyperopia(farsightedness) image is focused behind the retina 769.carpal. hybridization 758. singly base an orbital and diborane add to double bond.789. Hydrolysis of Salts of single electron Weak Acids and Bases and with same spin--> electrons prefer Saltoccupy of a STRONG acid or to784. Hydrostatic Pressure .by 782. Humerus. Hydration (another term used in orgo is HYGROSCOPIC) . 761.766. .777.Oxygen in water is partially negative and surrounds cations/ H is partially positive so it surrounds anions .metacarpalareallpartof? upperlimbs 779.H+ ALWAYS actually exists as H3O+ responsible for 781. 774. 791. Hyperopia .. Hyperplasia increase in cell # . alcohol produced Strong intermolecular bond between a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom (like F. 751.HF is most polar and the the production strongest H bond H of bonding DOES NOT immunoglobins happen with ethers or antibodies. Humans belong to which phylum? chordata 769. human oocytes can be fertilized most successfully by the use of which technique? micro-injection. 764. 773. Hydrolysis B-lymphocytes Add electrons to orbitals with 783.. O. or N) and lone electron pairs on the F..Need a highly eneg atom (FON) bonded to H and a LP . Hund's Rule 757. 763.H bonding antigens BP 770. . CH3COO. Humans illustrate an ? selected population? K-selected population 753. 759. . hyperglycemia: high blood glucose levels. 762. 790. Hydrogen bonding 754. Humoral immunity 756. 752. the act of enzymes digesting large molecules into smaller components Salt of a WEAK acid in water: makes basic solution Salt of a WEAK base: makes acidic solution neutral more favorable 785. 775. hydroboration 750. involved in production of relatively high levels of progesterone and moderate levels of estradiol and inhibin A .. 772. farsightedness. 755.Technically H bonded is a weak type of dipole dipole bonding . 767. -corpus lutein temporary endocrine structure in mammals. Hydrostatic skeleton When water forms shell around ions in solution . Weak acid example to spin in same direction Salt of its conjugate base CH3COONa<---> Na+ + CH3COO- formed by 786. tend to push fluid out of capillary incompressible fluid in the flatworm's tissues 766..ulna. O.cell Hydrogen Bonding into an egg 768. 765. . transporting them via axons into posterior pituitary for secretion and storage. Hypothalamus controls visceral functions ex) hunger. 805. located above pituitary gland. Ideal Gas Law PV= nRT R= 8.. 773. 790. rate. 797. 798.. water flows out. Hyperpolarization when K+ ion channels open and many K+ rush out and the cell becomes more negative inside than it is at its resting potential 771.. Ideal gas . blood from capillary bed in hypothalamus flows through a portal vein into the anterior pituitary where it goes into a second capillary network 781. 809. fatigue. in newborn infantscalled cretinism--mental retardation and short stature 786.. weight loss. Hypotonic solution cell has higher concentration of solutes. 800. hypothalamus controls visceral functions such as hunger.No intermolec volume . HypothalamusAnterior Pituitary Interactions Hypothalamus hormones influence anterior pituitary secretions. temperature regulation. Hypertonic solution cell has lower concentration of solutes. weight gain. I band region containting thin filaments only 789.Perfectly elastic collisions (KE conserved) . thirst. 816. 815. palpitations. Hypothyroidism undersecreted or lack of secretion of thyroid hormones. feelings of excessive warmth. 801. directly above pituitary gland. oversecretion of thyroid hormones--increased metabolic rate. 784.. resp. 804. blood pressure. cold intolerance. 807. 802.r.. 795. . 779. HypothalamusPosterior Pituitary Interactions Neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus synthesize oxytocin and ADH. symptoms: increased metabolic rate. thyroid often enlarges (as with hyperthyroidism) and forms a bulge in neck. protruding eyes . 796. cell could lyse (burst) 810. Hypertrophy: increase in cell size of tissue and organs 776. 788. protruding eyes.... 814. 806. weight loss. water balance. hyperthyroidism oversecretion of hormones 774.. 794. 813. hypothyroidism undersecretion or no hormones secreted at all 787. 818. water flows in. 803. symptoms: slow h. . cell shrivels 775. 777. 817.. 808.. 799. 770.Pointy dots that move randomly Collide with e/o and container wall . thirst.Obeys kinetic molec theory . Hypothalamus 780. . Hyperthyroidism overstimulated thyroid. 778. water balance.. profuse sweating. palpitations. Hypothalamichypophyseal Portal System Blood from capillary bed in hypothalamus flows through portal vein into anterior pituitary. releasing hormones secreted into hypothalamichypophyseal portal system 783. sex drive. Hypothyroidism thyroid hormones (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) are undersecreted or not at all... hormones over secreted.Gases IDEAL at LOW PRESSURE and HIGH TEMP . Hypothalamichypophyseal portal system system that allows releasing hormones from hypothalamus to immediately reach anterior pituitary. thyroid often enlarges (as with hypothyroidism) and forms a bulge in neck 772. blood pressure and temperature regulation. neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus regulate pituitary gland secretions by neg feedback mech. where it diverges into second capillary network 811. . .No intermolecular forces . 793. sex drive. and through the actions of inhibiting and releasing hormones 812. 782. excessive warmth.792. Hyperthyroidism thyroid over stimulated. Receives neural trasnmissions from other parts of brain and from peripheral nerves that trigger specific responses from its neurosecretory cells. also plays a role in controlling the endocrine system part of forebrain. Hypothalamus located in forebrain.called cretinism in infants 785.314 . in a neuron what term describes Inside negative again: repolarization 810.. indicate percentage. 1/16 805. in a pedigree if a certain trait skips generations it a good sign to identify as? if no skipping of generation then? autosomal recessive. in a gastrula (U shaped) whas is the outermost layer called? ectoderm 808. 833. in a energy pyramid. sec. in a dihybrid cross. 816. 801. If 2 gases diffuse down tube from opposite ends... 837. 830.. 792. an action potential would be prevented?: Na+ 800. Imprinting 835. EX: baby bird follows parent's footsteps 840.Lighter gas will travel FASTER and so the gases will meet closer to end where HEAVY gas started 821.. 829. 825.. in a retrovirus Reverse Transcriptase enzyme produces . where will they meet? . in a dihybrid cross. 826. Certain alleles may be under or over represented. 842. in deuterostomes. recessive alleles of both genes. 824. 791. autosomal dominant 813.. this is an example of what type of genetic drift? bottleneck 809. if certain liver problems exist what is a possible body waste that might not be effectively removed possibly causing discoloration of the skin? known term? bile. copy from a . 820. 3/16 804.. 822. what percentage has phenotypically expresses the dominant allele of both genes? 9/16 806.. In females. 832. 841.. 836.4 815... 823. the pH is usually around? 7. tri. template? DNA copy from a RNA 814. Imine 802. P in Pascals V in m3 . In a typical eukaryotic cell. if these channels were blocked. the ovaries produce In females. phase-sensitive rapid learning. if an organism has a diploid number of 18. 828. if ? hormone levels fall so will this ? hormone level falls which cause the uterine wall tissue to break down and menstruation begins? LH fall so will progesterone 793.819. If the biological success of a phylum can be measured by its total number of individuals and its greatest number of different species. in a natural disaster the resulting population is much smaller and not representative of the original one. 831. identical twins are made possible due to? indeterminate cleavage. T in K . 799. in a dihybrid cross. Compound with a carbon double-bonded to nitrogen (C=N).. Ignored: di. if the body needs calcium what happens? then bone is broken down by osteoclast. the ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone . n- 839. if a plasmid becomes incorporated into a chromosome. it is called? episome 795.. indicate percentage of.. 838. Phenotypically expresses the dominant allele of the first gene and the recessive allele of the second gene. the greatest amount of energy is found in the ?: producers. bilirubin 797. 803. then which of the following animals are the most successful? Arthropods 798. the opening of the first indentation becomes the? and the second becomes ? first becomes the anus second becomes the mouth. in a neuron what term describes inside negative with respect to outside?: polarization 811. t. 827. how man chromatids are visible at the end of mitotic prophase? 36 796. 807.. 834. in a neuron what term describes: inside now becomes positive: depolarization 812. 794. 848. premolars and molars exist? 8 incisors. Induction induced to change another: Ex: the optic vesicle is touching the portion of the ectoderm of the head to cause and "induce" the formation of the lens. 865. which of hte following is the common passage through which air and food are transported? pharynx 821. Induced Fit active site has flexibility in its shape. inside of bones is a soft. this makes the chance 50% see on yellow sheet on wall. will develop into viable organisms 832. 866. 829. when the right substrate comes in contact with the active site. 863. in the normal adult how many incisors. in ferns. insluin: decreases plasma glucose .. In a cross involving this Xlinked trait the male parent has normal color vision. 819. offspring will inherit color blindness? draw x-axis. 850. What are the chances (in %) that a male . but the female parent is a carrier. 861. in the glomerular filtrate this compound is reabsorbed. initiation propagation termination steps of free radical substitution 839. Inducible Systems one type of regulation of transcription system. Incomplete Dominance Phenotype is a blend of both alleles (ex. allow transcription when inducer binds to repressor which forms an inducer/repressor complex which can no longer bind and inhibit operator. color blindness is controlled by an X-linked recessive allele. . 823.. x^c -x^c. in light (phase contrast) what is not done? no staining is done. in protostomes. mouth and anus. external intercostals muscles contracts. in what type of organism does the haploid stage of a life cycle dominates? fungi 830. what is the predominant plant form? sporophyte 818. 825. so cells can be seen alive.. in mammal. often accompanied by fever 837. inhalation diaphragm contracts and flattens. net like mass of connective tissue called? marrow 840. Inflammatory Response injured cells release histamine. lung INFLATES 838. 847. 862. inducer is usually the substrate for the enzyme the structural genes encode 835. This reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule. 846. Also called efferent neurons? motor 827. 849.In embryo it is seen in gastrulation 836. 820. 845. the opening of first indentation becomes what? the mouth 826. 4 canines. 8 premolars. 864. In protostomes. in photosynthesis when does carbon fixation occur? dark reactions 824. red and white flower make pink flower) 831. 854. In muscle cells this ion is released from the terminal cisternae and allow for filament sliding?: Ca+ 822. 844. 858. blood flow to region increases. results in identical twins 833. 859. 852. In response to some stimulus or as a voluntary action. Indeterminate Cleavage if cells separate. 856. default: repressor bound to operator. 851. 817. and 12 molars 860. In human beings.. 853. 857. this is the lactose system. x-y y-axis. canines. granulocytes come to injury site and phagocytize antigenic material. the blastopore forms ? while in deuterstomes the blastopore forms the ?. In photosynthesis does glucose get synthesized during light or dark reactions? dark reactions. Glucose 828. this type of neurons carry information away from the central nervous system to an organ or muscle. 855.843. blood vessels dilate. Indeterminate cleavage one that results in cells that maintain the ability to develop into a complete organism. . the conformation of the active site changes to fit the substrate 834. volume increases pressure decreases. 867. . Ionization Energy . link sensory and motor neurons 884.decreases blood glucose level. 853.. Stimulates glucose uptake by muscle and adipose cells and storage of glucose as glycogen in muscle and liver cells... .amount of energy needed to knock off first valence electron . 889. stimulates uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose cells and storage of glucose as glycogen in muscle and liver cells. antagonistic to glucagon and glucocorticoids 879. Translocation results when two nonhomologous chromosomes interchange genes 857. 870. 881.868.. organic solvents. 845. ionic bond transfer of electrions from one atome to another 858. 855. Insulin secreted in response to high blood glucose. Interpahse DNA replication 854.. 871. and replaced by bone. 882.Increases from Bottom to Top . 846. 886. Interferon group of small proteins made by most body cells that responds to virus attackuse for tumor and cancer treatment 849. -Phrenic nerves carry impulses to the diaphragm to allow contraction . 841.. -thoracic pressure decrease as thoracic cavity size increases. Intermediate fibers are made of?: keratin 851... 842. Interferons: produced by cells under viral attack and they diffuse to other cells where they help prevent the spread of the virus 850. 885.Increases from L to R . 877. -acts by binding to receptors located in the plasma membrane of target cells ..G.. 887. 875. 844.. intramembranous ossification mesenchymal connective tissue is transformed into. Also stimulates fat synthesis from glucose and uptake of amino acids. Inversion in a gene when chromosome fragment is turned around 180 degrees. 873. Insulin Made by Beta cells pancreasin response to high B. -Hard to remove: uses Detergent. 852. 872. . Inspiration "breathing" lungs inflate. 869. opposite of glucagon 847. 843. Internal Respiration exchange of gas between blood and cells and intracellular processes of respiration 883. stimulates synthesis of fats from glucose and stimulates uptake of amino acids.. 878. -promotes entry of glucose and some amino acids into muscles and fat cells -lowers blood glucose . insulin secreted in response to high glucose concentration. this is when the cell is pinching itself in or growing inward to divide itself into two cells 856.. Integrated Proteins held in the membrane by hydrophobic interactions with the lipids. and ultrasonic vibrations to remove them 848. -diaphragm moves downward . 888. 876. glucose uptake by muscles and adipose cells. Invagination: In fission. Insulin made by pancreatic Beta cells. Insulin a peptide hormone derived from preproinsulin and pro-insulin -undergoes hydrolysis reaction to active insulin (cleaves two peptide bonds to mature) . Interneurons participate only in local circuits. has peptide hormones 874. 880. 903. the environment does positive work on the gas. IP3 "second messenger" that activates Ca++ channel release from ER 861. is it true that ferns have large leaves with many veins? true 867. Isobaric: No change in pressure 909. Iris colored. 898. .Positive ions are SMALLER than parent atom (fewer shielding electrons and stronger force felt on electrons by nucleus) . controls diameter for pupil 862. Beta sheets produce insulin hormone. 912. the environment does negative work. 899. 870.. the heme group differs in chloroplast where it is Mg+2 instead of Fe+2. 900. 871. Is the heme group the same in both hemoglobin and myoglobin? where does it differ? yes. 874. 896. 905. . is peroxide an oxidizing or reducing agent? oxidizing agent. or the environment does positive work. 875. 895.. or equivalently. 876. 873. bile is not an enzyme 865. Islets of Langerhans Alpha cells produces/ secrete glucagone. the inner and outer layers are not the same. 906. 859. 892. Is it true that natural killer cells are not phagocytic? true 869. muscular. is a fern a vascular or avascular plant? vascular plant which contains xylem and phloem 864. is it true that bacteria and fungi are decomposers that occupy no particular trophic level since they feed on organisms from all trophic levels? true 866. the goal is to have the system produce and deliver work output. 868. .. during isobaric expansion the gas does positive work. is a fern a plant with vascular or avascular leaves? vascular 863. If the volume expands (delta V = final volume initial volume > 0).. then W < 0. during isobaric compression the gas does negative work. is the pH of lysosome acidic or basic? acidic pH below 7. If the volume compresses (delta V = final volume initial volume < 0). When designing a heat engine. 901. That is.Negative ions are LARGER--> they have more shielding e's and more e-e repulsion so radius expand 860. W=PΔV . the gas does positive work on the environment. 891.. then W > 0. 902. 877.890. Ions and radius size . Islet of Langerhans are made up of alpha and beta sheets in the pancreas. The source of energy in a heat engine. is bile an enzyme? no. is a heat input. Restated.Lowest troughs are alkali metals . That is.. 897. 872.. 910. Beta cells produce/ secrete insulin 908. Islets of Langerhans collection of alpha (secretes glucagon) and beta cells (secretes insulin) of the pancreas. 894. What hormone do the alpha sheets produce compared to the beta sheets? alpha sheets produce glucagon. 893. gets reduced. is phospholipid bilayer symmetrical? no. Isobaric Processes The motivation for the specific sign conventions of thermodynamics comes from early development of heat engines.2nd IE ALWAYS higher than 1st IE due to e-e repulsion Highest peaks are noble gases .. 911. . 904. the heme group is the same for both and bind to iron. Restated.. . 907. is it true that hemoglobin and myoglobin are both water soluble? true.. Stationary gel has an established pH gradient and the mobile phase proteins will travel to the point where the pH equals their isoelectric point. Isoelectric Focusing Type of chromatography used to separate proteins based on charge. and feathers.. 880. 879. 898. Keratin fibrous protein found in birds. If the system rejects heat. Named with ONE 897. . Keq= K forward/ K backward 887. then Q > 0.. claws. the environment receives positive heat.. 935. 891.. 928. 918. 929. isomer: same molecular formula but different structure 913. Kidney Loop of Henle---> Distal Convoluted tubule--->Collecting Duct 922. This typically occurs when a system is in contact with an outside thermal reservoir (heat bath).. Ketones are named by replacing the -e in the corresponding alkane with -one. 890. Isoelectric Point Point at which a compound is electrically neutral. in hair. Restated. and the change occurs slowly enough to allow the system to continually adjust to the temperature of the reservoir through heat exchange. Kb x Ka= Kw= 10^ -14 .. . amphibians. Isothermal Process An isothermal process is a change of a system. 915.. ΔG°= -RTln(Keq) . 920. Karyokinesis nuclear division (affiliated with mitosis) 930. the gas receives positive heat from the environment. 923. 895. keratin a fibrous protein can be soft (feathers) or very hard (turtle) due to these type of bonds? disulfide bridges 934. That is. 932. 893. 917. or equivalently... . Restated. Isolated system No exchange of heat. the environment receives positive heat from the gas. reptiles.. 896. negative heat is added to the gas. 933. best looking at the metaphase cuz its most condensed 892. 882. during isobaric expansion/heating.. 927. 914.If heat is added to the system.. That is. Ketone Compound with a nonterminal carbonyl group (R-C=O-R'). work. Ka and Kb Ka of acid HA= [H+][A-]/ HA Kb of base NH3=[NH4+][OH-]/ NH3 . positive heat is added to the gas. nails. K eq and the two ways to get it 921. 924. Joints are stabilized by?: ligaments 931. then Q < 0.. Isothermal No change in T 883.. ln of Keq less than 1 is NEGATIVE . 884. ketone carbonyl located in middle or somewhere in chane. shells. Ketose: Sugar containing a ketone group RC=O-R' 936. Keq Size: Keq= O rxn is at equilibrium Keq>>>> 1 means products are favored at eq Keq<<<<1 means reactants are favored at eq . K= Coulomb's constant 9 x 109 889. during isobaric compression/cooling. or equivalently. 919. or matter with surroundings 881. 925.. Isotonic solution 886. horns. Kselected population low reproductive rates and roughly constant size (humans) 888. 878. . 926. the environment receives negative heat. in which the temperature remains constant: ΔT = 0. cell sized normal because solute concentration the same as outside cell 885. skin. Makes it waterproof cause of disulfide bridges 894. Karyotyping size and arrangement of chromosomes.. 916. lactic acid fermentation occurs in fungi and bacteria. waste storage. Kinetic Theory 4 Assumptions 1. 942. in humans(muscle cells) 912. 958. 954. 914. 952. 944. Killer-T cells "cytotoxic cell kills cells with antigens on it -uses protein perforin to lyse target -kills cancer cells . 940. Large intestine resorption of water . 899. Random molecular motion 2.. MAKE sure to square ALL NUMBERS!!! (Ex 3x3= 27x3!!!!! More positive the Ksp--> the more product will dissolve in solution at equilibrium .. 902. 901. Kingdom Monera Blue-green algae and bacteria 905. 950. aldosterone increases blood volume by reabsorbing calcium at the kidney which increases water 900.. 939. Kinetic vs Thermodynamic Rxn control . 945. bacteria and human muscle cells during strenuous activity. 938.. and minerals. kidneys produce renin. l= angular momentum range: 0 to (n-1) 909.. Lactase hydrolyzes ______ into ______ Lactase hydrolyzes lactose into monoscaccharides (glucose and galactose) 910. Ksp Calculations Ksp= Solubility product constant Changes with TEMP/ Particle Size/ Polarity Ksp for Ag2SO4= [Ag+]2[SO4] ..937. Na. 908. 947. Lactic Acid Fermentation occurs in some fungi.bacteria inside produce vitamin K 953. Perfectly elastic collision and KE conserved . renin converts plasma protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1.. 955. Ksp= [2x]2[x]= 4x3! .. angiotensin 1 converted to angiotension 2. . Kinins promote cell division 907..not true though 960. 948. and ion regulation. angiotension 2 stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone. 949. Lamark theory of acquired characteristics -pass done generation traits . 903. Kingdom Protista green algae and paramecium 906. Land plants Have alterations of generations such as gametophyte (haploid multi-celled stage) with Sporophytes (diploid multicelled satge) 915.. 941.. Negligible molecular volume . Kidneys and blood volume decrease Blood volume decreases.Thermo tells us if rxn is SPONTANEOUS or not (if ΔG is neg) Kinetics is HOW fast rxn will occur (low Ea) 904.. 4. water conservation. pyruvate converted into lactic acid.. 913. 946. 943.. No intermolecular forces 3. -develop in the thymus .. Kinetic energy of ejected electrons . 951. thus NAD+ is regenerated and glycolysis can continue 911. 957.. 961. does not release antibodies . 956. Lactose made of? glucose +galactose 959. 934. releasing the hormones insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream from specialized cells known as the islets of Langerhans.Electron pair donator . 975. lose nuclei. it is a digestive organ. First. Leydig cells and Islet of Langerhans will produce? hormones 928. 977. It serves two major functions.females: stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum. 968. 965. 966.. 930.Electron pair acceptor .No LP on central atom Ex BF3 and AlCl3 925. 929. Ex NH3 926. 985. Ligand binds to receptors which will have a conformational change in the receptorincludes substrates. 983. . But it also functions as an endocrine organ. 982. suspended behind pupil.. Leydig cells secretes testosterones to mature the sperm 927. macrophages and lymphocytes 971. releasing digestive enzymes into the small intestine by means of the pancreatic duct. Least abundant RNA 923.LE is the energy required to BREAK ionic bond 919..LE α electrostatic attraction between ions 920. mRNA=contains codons Atoms that can dissociate to form a stable species after accepting electron pairs. 973. then phagocytized by special cells in liver and spleen 932. . males: stimulates interstitial cells of testes to synthesize testosterone 931. 964. LH Luteinizing hormone-made in anterioir pituitary-stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum. 963. hormones and neurotransmitters. 916. Leaving Group white blood cells. function: protection. ligaments bone to bone connectors 933.962. Lens 924.LE measures ionic bond strength . and NON reactive gases or any kind of INSOLUBLE ion that will NOT complex with your ions do NOT affect it 922. Weak bases tend to be good leaving groups. when mature circulate in blood for 120 days.Have LP's on central atom . Males-stimulates intersititial cells of testes to synthesize testosterone 979. light continues through here 974.. Lewis base .. larger than red blood cells. 980. Leukocytes 970. -in nervous system the ligand is acetylcholine where Na+ rush in and K+ rush out to initiate action potential. Le Chatelier . 921. 918. includes destroying foreign matter..liquids. mitochondria and membrane organelles. 976. 981. Lewis acid 972. . 969. LH Luteinizing hormone. 984. Lattice energy . large organ located behind the stomach. Light reaction in plants ATP produced -Water oxidized . Life cycle of erythrocytes formed from stem cells in bone marrow. inhibitors. activators. . latent period time between the stimulation and the onset of contraction. 967. pancrease 917. Leydig cells are found in the testes and produce?: testosterone 978. solids. 998..3 Diphosphoglycerate --MakesATP-> 3-Phosphoglycerate --> 2Phosphoglycerate --> Phosphoendopyruvate -MakesATP-> Pyruvate 986... ln (x/y) and log (x/y) If X/Y is LESS than 1--> answer is negative If X/Y ≥ 1 then the answer is POSITIVE 1006. Liver stores glycogen not glucose. 1002. 1000.NOT COMPRESSIBLE 1003. 987. 935. Lock and Key Theory One of two theories about enzymes (the other is Induced Fit). Locus is the location of the gene. 946.. Lower limb females tib fib pat towards metatarsal Femur -Tibia . 993. 945. 1008. 1005. make cis. -Bile production -Albumin synthesis . 988. -Destroys old red blood cells Converts nitrogenous waste into urea . 996. 999. 942. 947. .produce NAPDH and high concentration of H ions to make ATP 936. 943. says that the spacial structure of an enzyme's active site is exactly complementary to the spacial structure of the substrate.lipid and proteins are free to move laterally in there but movement from one face to another is prohibited. lymph nodes may contain what two components? lymphocytes and macrophages 951. 1007. 944. 938. 948. occur on metal surface.. 1001. lipase fat digestion( from small intestine) 939.Flows and takes container shape ... 1004. As X/Y gets bigger--> then ln (x/y) gets bigger (more and more POSITIVE) ! Ex ln(5) is less than ln(50) As it gets smaller then the answer gets more and more NEGATIVE . Lipases do what? Break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol 940.. 990.-NADP+ reduced (NADPH is needed for synthesizing glucose) ..6-Phosphate --> Glyceraldehyde 3phosphate (PGAL) -->1...it's NOT symmetrical 941.. this theory has been largely discounted . Luteal Phase LH (luteinizing hormome) causes burst follicle to develop into corpus luteum (secretes estrogen and progesterone). 991..Atoms move about--. 1010.. lindlar's catalyst: palladium or barium sulfate (BaSO4) with quinoline. Light reaction in plants high H+ is produced in thylakoids.Fibia -Patella Tarsal Metatarsal . 992. Liquid . Lumen space inside a tube 949. progesterone causes glands in endometrium to mature and become prepared for implantation of an embryo. . 994. List the Glycolytic Pathway Glucose -UsesATP-> Glucose-6-Phosphate -> Fructose-6-Phosphate -UsesATP->Fructose 1. Lipid Bilayer inside cell membrane... 997. 1009. the estrogen and progesterone are essential in maintaining the endometrium 950. Lymphocytes involved in immune response and production of antibodies (B cells) and cytolysis of infected cells (T cells) . lipase fat digestion(from pancreas) 989. but are close together and bound by intermolec forces . 937. 995. homologous chromosomes (one from mom and one from dad) come together and intertwine (synapsis). 1038.. Lysosome bacteriophage doesn't lyse cell. virus could stay integrated indefinitely or it canreenter lytic cyle from environmental circumstances (radiation. gastrointestinal activity 1017. 1021. 974. hair color. Medulla vitals: breathing. 1035. markovnikov's rule goal is to produce most stable carbocation 1031. only one of these becomes a functional gamete) 1018. Lytic Cycle One of two types of cycles a bacteriophage can enter into. many vertebrates use ? in feces urine or scent glands to mark territories pheromones 968. Mast cells histamine release 1032. heart rate. Malpighian tubules in insects form uric acid and discharge it into the gut 963. no chromosomal replication. 952. 1026. Lysosomes found in both animal and plant cells 1015. found in white blood cells such as macrophages 1014.. Marine (Salt) Fish : -Drinks a LOT -Pee Little -Concentrated urine . 957. 1022. yields 2 N of sister chromatids 964. shortest stage 1033. 1023. break down material ingested by the cell contains hydrolic enzymes that are made in the Rough ER. Maltose made of?: 2 moles of glucose 976. spindle apparatus forms. Macrophages migrate from blood to tissue and become stationary 961. 1039. 1019. 958. 1025.. 1012. Meiosis Interphase parent cell's chromosomes replicate. nucleoli and nuclear membrane disappear.. Mandible strongest bone of the face 978. 1027. 1037.. and gastrointestinal activity 959... bacteriophage takes control of bacterium's genetic machinery and manufactures new progeny. Many characteristics such as skin color. 1036. 956. 969. 1029. bacterial cell lyses and releases new virons. ends with each daughter cell having haploid chromosomes (in human females. Meiosis Metaphase 1 homologous pairs align on equator. 1016. daughter cells get a mixture of mom and dads chromosomes 962. marine fish constantly.. 973. Meiosis Prophase 1 966. bacteriophages that replicate by lytic cycle and kill there host cells are "virulent" 967. mammals and birds have a ? chambered heart? 4 977. 955. mcpba m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid 1024. medulla controls vital functions such as breathing. proceeds exactly like mitosis. 1030.. M : makes up 10% of the cell cycle. 972. ultraviolet light or chemicals) or spontaneously membrane bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes involved in intracellular digestion. 971. macrophages are rich in what?: lysosomes homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of cell. m= magnetic quantum number range: -l to +l 975. Meiosis Second Meiotic Division Happens right after Meiosis 1. 1028. and height result from a blending of several separate genes that vary along a continuum? polygenic inheritance chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Lysosome 954. 1020. Meiosis Anaphase 1 960. each pair attaches to separate spindle fiber by its kinetochore 965. bacteriophage DNA becomes incorporated into the bacterial genome in a harmless form (prophage) and it lies dormant. M line runs in the middle of the H zone 1034.? drink 970. this is called disjunction when they are pulled apart.1011. 1013. where crossing over occurs 979. -Has too much salt . heart rate. . -Gets rid of salt though gills . Lysogenic cycle 953. 995. secretion regulated by light and dark cycles. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance. luster . 1050.this last part not true for everything 986. in primitive vertebrates..5 elements in line from B to At (BAT) and Ge and Sb . melatonin lightens skin by concentrating pigment granules in melanophores (antagonistic to MSH) 982. 1045. Melatonin functions in humans is unclear (thought to be involved in circadian rhythms. 1046. 983.. Primitive vertebrates-LIGHTENs skin by concentrating pigment molecules in melanophores 1043. microfilaments are build by actin 1000.contains single copy of gene 1 X and 1Y 1044. . 1061. Melatonin unclear role in humans. . Mercury Barometer . at this point each chromosome still consists of sister chromatids joined by centromere 981. Methionine: amino acid used to start protein synthesis in eukaryotes. the skeleton. 1062. excretory system. Mesoderm musculoskeletal system. Mendel the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment. Men Hemizygous. connective tissue throughout body. Metals .In between metals and nonmetals in character 1055..Barometer open at one end and closed at other .Measures atmospheric pressure by allowing atm pressure to push on Hg colum . the urogenital system. the heart.. circulatory system. 1048..Malleable... Meso compounds are optically inactive.... 990. 1054.Forms basic oxides . they like to be oxidized!) . Meiosis Telophase 1 nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus. microtubules are built by: tubulin 1002. 1049.change from one cell to another 997. Metaplasia inflammation and irritation. . Mendel's four proposed principles of Inheritance 1) genes exist in alternative forms (alleles) 2) Organisms have 2 alleles for each trait (one from each parent) 3) the 2 alleles segregate during meiosis giving gametes only one allele for each trait 4) If 2 alleles in organism are different then only 1 would be fully expressed (dominant allele) . portions of digestive and respiratory organs 993.Atm pushes through open end and Hg rises in closed end .GOOD REDUCING AGENTS (ie.. 980. methylene refers to the =CH2 group 999. 1060.. 1066. meso compound: a molecule with an internal plane of symmetry 992. 1059. the dermis of skin.1040. 1052. . and the spleen. gonads. .Solid at room temp except Hg which is liquid . 1058. 1051. Menstruation What happens if the ovum is NOT fertilized? corpus luteum atrophies causing drop in progesterone and estrogen levels causing endometruium to slough off which causes menstrual flow 988. 1056. 1047. 991. Metalloids .. the kidney. 1041. Microinjection and viral vector ways to in which a foreign DNA can be introduced to organisms genome. 996. 1064. Mesoderm Germ layer skeletal muscle. blood (lymph cells). 984. mesencephalon midbrain-relay center for visual and auditory impulses.. 1065.Likes to LOSE e's an gain + charge More electroPOSITIVE . secretion regulated by light and dark cycles in environment. Meso Compound A stereoisomer with an internal plane of symmetry.Good heat and electricity conductor . 989. 1063. 1053. 1001. 1057. Menstruation What happens if the ovum IS fertilized? developing placenta produces hCG which maintains the corpus luteum which then can continue to supply the estrogen and progesterone that maintain the uterus and endometrium until placenta takes over in production of those hormones 987. Microvilli and Villi In Small Intestines -Increases in absorption surface . 994.. might deal with reg of circadian rhythms.. 1042. connective tissue. 985. ductile. 998. Mitosis Interphase 90% of cell life spent in interphase. Mitosis Prophase centriole pairs separate and move to polar ends of the cell.. 1070. in animal cells. aldosterone causes active reabsorption of sodium and passive reabsorption of water in the nephron. Mold.remember to account for correct mass of diatomic gases! .Ex O2 is 32 g per mole! 1019. molecular complexes that play a role in adhesion are especially abundant in the surface layer of the skin? desmosomes. 1071. 1078. Mitosis makes up roughly what percent of the cell cycle? 10% 1017. 1090. regulates levels of sodium and potassium and therefore the total extracellular water volume. . chromosomes consist of 2 identical sister chromatids (held together at center by centromere) 1013. Molality Molality= mols of solute/ mass of solvent in KG 1018. LP. mildew. each nucleus has same number of chromosomes (diploid #.. Mitosis Cytokinesis end of telophase. 1004. align them in center of cell (metaphase plate) 1014. Rise in blood volume and pressure 1008. sister chromatids pulled towards opposite poles of cell by shortening spindle fibers 1011. cleavage furrow forms 1081. Villi contains hairs called microvilli to increase surface area for food absorption . Mineralocorticoids 1012. radical) 2= linear 1089.. yeast and mushroom are all examples of? fungi 1020. Molecular Geometry # of electron domains (bonds. 1069. each mitochondrion is bounded by an outer and inner phospholipid bilayer 1009. during this time each chromosome is replicated. Incus. 1085. 1087. also plays a role in motor control 1079. 1072. Mitosis Anaphase centromeres split (so each chromatid can have its own). Mitochondria sites of aerobic respiration within the cell (supplies energy). 2N). fibers attach to chromosomes at centromere. spindle apparatus forms. Molar volume at 0°C and 1 atm Ideal gases occup 22. and stapes -the three small bones in the middle ear that brings the vibration of sounds to the inner ear .1067. 1084. 2 new nuclear membranes form around each set of new chromosomes... 1003. after replication. 3= trigonal planar . cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells (each with own nucleus and organelles). Mineralocorticoids ex) aldosterone. Aldosterone cause active reabsorption of Na and passive reabsorption of water in the nephron. 1073. regulates plasma levels of Na and K. mild treatment of salt removes this type of proteins? peripheral proteins 1006. nuclear membrane dissolves (allows spindle fibers to interact with chromosomes) 1015. Middle Ear Malleus.. 1076. 1074. 1005. 1086. 4= tetrahedral . 1082.. total extracellular water volume. 1083. 1088.. 1080. Midbrain relay center for visual and auditory impulses. 1077. causes increase in blood volume and increase in blood pressure 1007. 1075. Mitosis Telophase spindle apparatus disappears.4 L per mole of molecules at 0°C and 1 atm . Mitosis each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the parent cell's DNA 1010. chromosomes uncoil and resume interphase form 1016. Mitosis Metaphase centriole pairs now at opposite ends of the cell. 1021. includes aldosterone. 1068. Glucose and fructose are examples. Monosaccharides Small unit of carbohydrates. 1038. monocistronic This means mRNA only codes for one polypeptide.Determines the SHAPES! . Morula solid ball of embryonic cells. carries compliment of the DNA sequence and transports it from the nucleus to the ribosomes. 1022. molecular orbital when two atomic orbitals combine. 1033.. less stable antibonding. and octopuses 1025. 1107. if different. MSH Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormonesecreted by intermediate lobe of the pituitary. 1106. clams. 1045. forms about 4 days after fertilization 1091. Mutation in flies 1108. 1101. mRNA messenger RNA. 1102. goes out of the nucleus through nuclear pores. 1121.Response to inflammation signals . Most abundant RNA r-RNA 1036. unclear function in mammals 1114. 1026. has heme group. 1040.. monocots contain how many cotyledons compared to dicots? monocots contain one compared to dicots which contain two.. 1120. has higher O2 affinity than hemoglobin rapid release of O2 in low pressure -no change in O2 binding over pH range . Myoglobin a monomer.. . 1034. Mollusca snails. that may or may not be closely related and share one or more common predators. 1032. most mature bones contain yellow marrow. 1024. 1093. 1111. Mutarotations Conversion of an α anomer to a ß anomer. rotates about the bond between C1 and C2.5= trigonal bipyramidal 6= octahedral . Molecular Geometry and LP's 3 ED: 1 LP= bent 1094. Monosomy nondisjunction (pleiotrophy) -Turner Syndrome: only XO have 45 chromosomes. MSH causes darkening of the skin via induced dispersion of molecules of pigment in melanophore cells 1041. which can convert to red marrow and produce what? red blood cells. make bonding.developed into the macrophages and dendritic cells . have come to mimic each other's warning signals. in mammals its function is unclear. Monohybrid cross where only one trait is being studied 1031. monocots and dicots are part of? angiosperms 1027. 1104. acts as electrical insulator which increases the rate of axon translating to signals 1119. 1028. 1116. 1092. and closes. . HCO3- 1037. wasp. MSH Intermediate lobe of the pituitary. 1112. 1103. most CO2 in the body is transported in the blood as? bicarbonate. 5 ED 1 LP= seesaw 2 LP: T shaped 3 LP: linear 6: 1: sq pyram 2: sq planar 3: T shaped 4: linear 1023. 1100.. in frogs. occuring when a sugar ring opens. 1098. Mullerian mimicry two or more harmful species. and hornets 1042. if sings are the same. monocytes are large cells that develop into? macrophages 1030. 1039. Monocyte a type of white blood cell . obtained mathematically by adding or subtracting wave functions. 1117. 4 ED 1 LP= trigonal pyramidal 2LP= bent 1095.. 1110. multi-allelic trait of discrete trait that has two or more possible alleles (blood type) 1043. 1097. 1035.. sterile female no ovaries. Myopia nearsightedness. -same type of color EX: bees.. Myelin made by Schwann cells. 1099. 1105. 1118. 1115. 1029. 1044. lacking an X chromosome. occurs when image focused in front of retina 1109. slugs. 1046. Morgan chromosome plays in heredity. 1096. is monocistronic 1113. NONtracheophytes lacking vascular tissues such as simple plants 1078.Bad heat and electricity conductor . 1050.If solid. 1052.. feathery leaves? ferns . Similar to osteoclast cells. Neurosecretory Cells (hypothalamus) Regulate pituitary glands secretions via neg feedback mechanisms.. 1151. 1150. 1146. parietal cells. and proteases 1051.. non-cyclic electron flow uses both photosystems(P700 and P680) ATP is produce by non-cyclic photophosphorylation. 1061. nitrogen fixing N2 from the atmosphere is converted into what?: NH3 ammonia 1142. K+ secretion aldosterone 1054. Non Metals 1056. Nerve signals From presynaptic-->synaptic cleft-->Postsynaptic cell 1136. name hormone that increases Na+ and Clreabsorption. 1073.(RT/nF) (lnQ) 1133. grows away from the pull of gravity 1058. 1144. 1067..the way they eat and live and reproduce -if 2 organisms have same niche it will mate at same time and will compete for food 1140. 1131. 1137.. 1076. 1125. 1060. Nematoda: hookworms and pinworms. Nernst Equation Ecell= E°cell . 1048.Oxidation state= 0! .High IE and low EA . name hormone that increases blood calcium in the blood by stimulating blood to release calcium.Don't react . Nerve fibers -bigger fiber= faster impulse and decrease in electrical resistance 1062. NO used to relaxing smooth muscles 1053. and mucous cells 1074.. 1069.. 1068.. and by inhibiting and releasing hormones 1148. Nerve gases: Inhibitor of AcH so it causes death by respiratory paralysis 1134. 1066. Noble Gases . name the 4 cells of the stomach? 1075.Solid. Neurotransmitter epinephrine and norepinephrine 1138. 1063. amylase. chief cells.1047. What is a vascular plant with large. 1064. parathyroid hormone 1141. 1145. 1149. myopia(nearsightedness) image is focus in front of retina 1123.More electronegative . 1130.GOOD OXIDIZING AGENTS (like to be reduced!_ . Nerves bundle of axons covered in connective tissue 1065. nonbonded strain results when nonadjacent atoms or groups compete for space. 1153. . name the type. name hormone that increased blood glucose: cortisol and glucagon role that an organism plays in its natural community. Gcells. Nodes of Ranvier gaps between segments of myelin 1055. 1057. 1147. cause plants require N2 to grow. 1135. . thus it goes in various conformations like chair boat and twist. Nephron any of the small tubules that are the excretory units of the vertebrate kidney 1132. 1127. nitrogen fixing bacteria are present where in the plant? root nodules. l.no notochord . 1049. 1126. negative geotropism . dominant source of energy in flagpole interactions of the boat conformation. or gas at room temp . Nitrile Nitrogen triple-bonded to a carbon. 1129. 1072. name 3 enzymes that secreted by the pancreas? 1059. NADH & FADH2 1122.Like to GAIN electrons (high eneg) causes plant to grow horizontally.. name hormone that vasoconstriction of blood vessels: epinephrine (adrenaline) 1143. 1128. 1139. water is split and fills the holes of P680(photosystem II) 1077. 1071. NADP is reduce to NADPH. . NADH yields 3 ATP 1124. 1070. 1152..Forms acidic oxides . Niche lipases. Neutrophil transfers the electrons to the electron transport chain phagocytic cell doesn't develop into macrophage. brittle and not shiny . Nucleus controls activities of cell. Nuclei neuronal cell bodies clustered together in the CNS 1179.. Ex Gram E weight of H2SO4 is 49 grams per EQUIVALENT (1 mole of H2SO4 is 98 g) 1086. where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis occurs 1095. its strength corresponds to basicity. 1175. neo.. 1156. Nondisjunction either failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis I or failure of sister chromatids to separate properly during meiosis II. Nucleotide is made up of. norepinephrine constrict blood vessels and supply blood to the digestive system 1083. nuclei will be at the bottom while the rest is in the supernatant. O2-hemoglobin dissosciation Curve if temp or CO2 increase or pH decrease -means more O2 is unloaded and will shift to the right on the curve 1097. 1158. 1160. 1172. 1173. 1169. nonsteroid hormones are synthesized from what ? amino acids 1081. 1) deoxyribose 2) phosphate group 3) nitrogenous base 1094. they may not contain the same alleles for these genes.. 1177. nonsteroids can be synthesized from what two components? amino acids and steroid derivatives 1082.. of these compounds which has the highest energy? Phosphoenolpyruvate. Nuclei/Mitochondria/ lysomsomes Nuclei is heavier than mitochondria and lysomsomes so during centrifugation. Now you can understand why this type of chromosomes are similar. 1166. not ignored: iso. including cell division. of the following. Normality Dilution Law NV= NV (same as dilution law) 1085. a nucleus. 1163. oaks. 1088. 1171. 1155. Gram Equiv weight= Molar Mass/ # moles of species that count .1154. cyclo 1090. Resulting zygote could have 3 copies of that chromosome (trisomy) or 1 copy of that chromosome (monosomy). 1159.. of the germ layers which one forms most of the central nervous system?: ectoderm 1101. nucliec acids are linear polymers linked by? phosphodiester bonds 1096. 1170. In protic solvents and situations with different attacking atoms. Notochord support axial body of the embryo -derived from mesoderm layer -worms don't have them .. 1164. maples. Norepinephrine can act as what two things? hormone and neurotransmitter 1084. 1087. 1176. and grasses are examples of? angiosperms 1098. acetyl co-a. 1079. (protons and neutrons). 1157. 1165. nucleophile nucleus lover. They are attracted to positive charge. but not identical although they contain the same genes. which group of invertebrates is apparently most closely related to primitive vertebrates? Echinodermata 1100. 1092. 1091.. . In aprotic solvents with the same attacking atom. 1089. its strength correlates to size. 1161. most monosomies and trisomies are lethal 1080. surrounded by nuclear membrane.. Obligate Anaerobic bacteria dies when expose to O2 1099. contains DNA which is complexed with structural proteins called histones to form chromosomess. 1174. 1162. Olfactory bulb center for reception and integration of olfactory input 1168. Nucleophile A species that tends to donate electrons to another atom. electron rich species that are attracked to charged atoms 1093.: homologous 1178. and ATP phosphoenolpyruvate 1102. 1167. Normality N N= M x # moles of species that count Ex: N of a 2 M solution of H2SO4 is 4N! N= Mass/ Gram Equiv weight . ribosomes. mitochondria. 1199. Osmosis simple diffusion of water from a region of low solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration 1121. matter with surroundings 1190. Organisms that have the characteristics of radial symmetry. 1 functional ovum and 2 or 3 polar bodies 1188.314 . Oncotic Pressure tends to pull fluid into capillary 1109. bone is broken down if calcium is low. ossicles convert the sound waves striking the eardrum into mechanical vibrations. 1111. osteoblast secretes what?: collagen 1202. if a compound is able to rotate plane polarized light. Osteoblasts build bone: secrete collagen but does not carry out mitosis 1203. just nucleus) 1112. 1123. -amplifying sound energy -The smallest bones in the human body located in the middle ear ..1180. synthesize and secrete organic constituents of bone matrix 1124. on a per gram basis. 1200. . 1195. (so type of glial cell) 1181. each with a special structure and function: nucleus.. Once the acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft it interacts with the acetylcholine receptor and triggers an impulse. Osteoblast Build bone. T in Kelvin . Oogenesis: produces 1 egg. 1183. optical activity 1117. 1204. 1126. Golgi apparatus. a spiny skin. lysosomes. promoter gene (noncoding sequence of DNA where the RNA polymerase binds to 1191.. Open system Exchange of heat. operator gene (sequence of nontranscribeable DNA that repressor binds to). 1103. 1184. Binding causes a conformational change leads to? Leads to the opening of the voltage channels. Osmotic pressure: π= MiRT M= molarity R= 8. endoplasmic reticulum. and are found exclusively in a marine habitat would be in which phylum? echinodermata 1119. Organelles 1192. 1107. 1114. 1197. 1196. Oncogene transforms into cancer cells 1185. oligodentrocytes produce myelin in the central nervous system. 1113. Oogenesis production of female eggs. Oogenesis is a discontinuous process in which only a limited number of ova are produced and become arrested during this meiosis phase until puberty? prophase I 1189. 1127. water vascular system.. 1125. 1186. 1116. one diploid female sex cell undergoes meiosis but only forms one single mature egg. 1198. 1122. does not carry out mitosis 1194. Operon made of: structural genes (contain DNA for proteins).. in each division there is one mature ovum and a polar body (no organelles. Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in CNS. work. 1201. vesicles. 1104. Osteoclast destroys bone also known as bone resorption. 1105. Osteoclasts breakdown bone or bone-resorbing cell. Organism that first evolved Jawless Fish such as hagfish and lampreys -Jawless fish>Bony fish> amphibians>reptile>bird>mammals (JB A REAL BAD MAN) 1118.1 functional ovum 1182. which contains the greatest amount of energy? fats 1106. Oogenesis 1187. compounds of the cell. 1115. 1110. vacuoles. organisms which have the greatest number of similarities is? species 1120.. 1108. chloroplasts and centrioles 1193. (10-y. -early earth had very little O2 which promotes growing of living organisms . 1227. 1215..4 x 10 ^ -12 is. Oxytocin synthesized by neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus. or y. stored and released by posterior pituitary. Oxidation of Alcohols Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes using PCC and further oxidized to carboxylic acids using KMnO4.. 1221. Ozone layer splits by sunlight but reforms quickly -converts harmful UV to heat . 1229.g. 1209. 1210. 1232. or CrO3... Osteocytes are living bone cells.. 1134. H2) 2. 1211. 1231. 1212. Atom in elemental form is always 0 (Ex Hg. 1214.. For ionic species--> add to charge on ion . 11. e. 1220. 1206. 1230.. take ABSOLUTE VALUE OF n!!! . involves 2 divisions of primary sex cells which results in 4 haploid (just N) cells called gometes 1130.. 1222. 1140. H2O2 condition 1135.. 1233. Monatomic ions= charge (Ex Na is +1 and Cl is -1) 3.. stimulates milk secretion in the mammary flands 1137. increases strength/freq of uterine muscle contractions. stimulates milk secretion in mammary glands 1138. Ex CO32- 1216..1205.. 1136. it only oxidizes the carbon to an aldehyde under reducing conditions. 1143.z) .. . 1213. if ozidizing make same product as KMNO4 1142. oxidation if reagent has a bunch of oxygen 1132.. Oxygen is -2 unless violated by 2. O is -2.4 . 1129...z times 10n is (n1). F is ALWAYS -1 4. ozone converts much of the harmful ultraviolet light into? heat energy 1139. Oxyhemoglobin when hemoglobin is bound to oxygen. 1218. 1208. C is +4 . 5. 1223. secretion induced by suckling. increases the strength and frequency of contractions.. oxidizing ozonolysis under hot acidic kmO4. is osteoblast cells are trapped within the small spaces of the bone it will mature to osteocytes. Secondary alcohols can be oxidized to ketones using any of these oxidants. Ovulation midway through cycle. Pancreas both an exocrine (secretes digestive enzymes into small intestine via series of ducts)and endocrine organ ( islets of Langerhans) ... 1128. ozonolysis cleaves double bond in half. 1133. 1207. caused by a surge of LH (surge in LH caused by the peak in estrogen levels from the stimulation of the follicle) 1131. Na2Cr2O7.... mature ovarian follicle bursts and realeses an ovum.. 1225. 1219. Oxytocin secreted during childbirth.76 . 1224. 1217. Hydrogen is +1 unless violated by 2 or 3 . 1226. ozonolysis O3 1141.. For neutral species--> add to zero . Oxidation # Rules: Follow in Order! 1.. transported via axons. including by suckling. p[anything] is -log[x] so the pKa of 2. Overview of what happens in Meiosis fusion of 2 gametes. secreted during childbirth.3. primary form of oxygen transport in the blood 1228. stapes to oval window to fluid filled cochlea which creates pressure which then stimulates hair cells in basilar membrane to transduce that pressure into action potentials 1157. when purple it is present gram stain positive. to complex-insulin 1162. incus. pepsinogen is an inactive form of an enzyme. 1156. 1253. (nothing). 1238. 1242. Path of light 1245. Parathyroid Glands: located on posterior surface of thyroid. Parathyroid Gland embedded in posterior surface of thyroid-secretes PTH 1150. bipolar cells. auditory canal) to tympanic membrane (eardrum in middle ear) to 3 ossicles: malleus. an important nerve = vagus nerve 1236. Passive Immunity transfer of antibodies produced by another individual or organism. 1256. 1237. lipase 1235. Peptidoglycans contain? amino sugars 1164. Peptidoglycan composed of polysaccharide and polypeptide -Uses Gram Stains to see its presence. 1249. 1152. increases gut motility. . decreases h. Parthenogenesis kind of asexual reproduction.. 1148. The term that describes an inactive enzyme is? zymogen 1160. 1163. urethra. lens. ganglion cells. Teichoic acids used to recognize binding sites by bacterial viruses that causes infections. enters through pupil. synthesize and secrete PTH 1247. 1144. 1239. Peptides short peptides (amino acid chains)-ADH. 1251. Parasympathetic Nervous System conserves energy returns system to resting levels after exertion. acquired by pregnancy or injection. 1248. 1254. ejaculartory duct. usually not very specific immunity 1155.r. 1244. epididymis.(vagus nerve is an IMPORTANT nerve) 1149. Path of Sperm in Male Reproductive System SEVEN UP Seminiferous tubules. protease. Exocrine: cells secreting digestive enzymes into small intestine via ducts. axons of ganglian cells bundle to form optic nerve 1250. parasympathetic nervous system conserve energy and restore body activity levels following exertion(rest and digest) primarily nuerotransmitter is acetylcholine. active immediately but short lived. Perioxsomes convert H2O2 ---> H2O and O2 1165... Peripheral proteins use Hydrogen bonding and elastic interactions to associate with the membrane -Bound to charged polar head groups of the bilayer -Mild treatment of salt can remove them .1234. 1255. has 2 divisions: somatic automatic (both have motor and sensory parts) 1166. Pancreas exocrine and endocrine organ. Pancreas secretes Amylase. 1241. vas deferens. Path of Sound waves in ear outer ear (auricle[external ear]. 1240. Peripheral Nervous System contains nerves and ganglia. parathyroid gland increases calcium levels by stimulating calcium release from bone and decreasing it from the kidneys 1151. 1252. 1246. 1243. endocrine: islets of Langerhansalpha/beta cells 1146. Parathyroid hormone stimulates Osteoclastic activity 1153. development of an unfertilized egg into an adult organism 1154. photoreceptor cells. penis 1158. Pauli Exlcusion Principle 2 electrons in same orbital must be of different spins 1159. paramecium relies on contractile vacuoles to rid the cell of ? excess water 1147. 1145. peptide hormones: surface receptors(extracellular) generally act via second messenger system 1161. PGAL is made during the light or dark reactions? dark reactions. photosystems light capturing unit in the thylakoid membrane. mark territories. Has two main lobes: anterior and posterior 1193. 1263.. it exsits over a single bond. 1267. 1172. 1274. spruces. small. 1280. Pituitary (hypophysis) small trilobed gland lying at base of brain. Phosphate acts as intercellular buffer H2PO. 1275. 1273.Fusion and Freezing has LOWEST enthalpy change . Phase contrast microscope "light" microscope.Sublimation and Deposition= greatest enthalpy change Vaporization and Condesnation= 2nd largest .. what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype 1177. in humans the third intermediate lobe is rudimentary 1194.. 1268. pH Effect: If you have a solution of dissolving acid 1272.no staining is done and cells are viewed alive 1175.. 1278. Term used to describe benzene when it is used as a substituent. If you add a base like NaOH--> the OH. ΔH fusion +Δ H vaporization= ΔH sublimation! . Pheromones carries info to members of the same species -sex attractants. two types: cones and rods 1183. 1276. pi bond when two p orbitals line up in parallel and electron clouds overlap.energy released when liquid turns into solid 1271. 1261. 1174. photosynthesis and respiration reduction process and oxidation process 1184.ΔH deposition . 1269. 1259. Pineal gland tiny. Phenylketonuria (PKU) molecular disease caused by the inability to produce the proper enzyme for the metabolism of phenylalanine thus a degradation product (phenylpyruvic acid) accumulates 1179. 1178. 1189. Phase Changes ΔH fusion= . HPO as acid and base 1181. 1173. PKU disease high amount of phenylalanine in the blood. 1277. pine trees. Peroxisomes are membranous vesicles that contain enzymes to produce? H202 (hydrogen peroxide) 1168. accelerate reproductive maturity in a # of species 1180. 1187. 2 main lobes = anterior and posterior. 1262.homozygous recessive . 1279.energy released when gas condenses to liquid . CH3CO3H or mcpba and it makes epoxide or oxirane 1169. contrast between cells are produced by differences in refractive index 1176. 1188. 1258.ΔH freezing ΔH vaporization= ΔH condensation ΔH sublimation= . fir trees are examples of? gymnosperms 1191. Phase Contrast Microscopy allows the study of living cells. 1167. 1266. 1170. 1264. Photoreceptors turn light into action potentials.. 1182. Photoelectric Effect . 1260. 1285.. secretes melatonin 1192. base of brain. 1282. photosystem II P680 1186. Phase changes with MOST energy change . phototropism tendency of shoots of plants to bend towards light sources. secretes melatonin 1190. Pinal Gland located at base of brain. Phenotype: physical manifestation of the genetic makeup. Pituitary Gland aka "hypophysis". 1265... 3-lobed gland at base of brain.lack enzyme to digest phenylalanine-result in retardation in children. 1284. Phenyl 1270. HA--> H+ + A- . strong oxidizing agent.. Phase Changes and Energy Release . peroxycarboxylic acid alkene oxidized with this. 1286. photosystem I P700 1185.1257..ions will gobble up the H+ and the rxn will shift RIGHT and MORE acid will dissolve! 1171. 1283. 1281. Platyhelminthes flatworms 1297. uses megakaryocytesfrom red marrows (red marrow= makes RBC. gene affects more than one phenotype 1300. yellow marrow= stores fats) 1294. Placenta Precursor Trophoblast and chorion 1197. polymerization creation of long. occur through a radical mechanism. Platyhelminths tapeworms and flukes. carry accessory genes 1292. 1298. Platelets forms blood clotting. used to maintain bloods osmotic pressure) 1199. chain reaction where fibrinogen convert to fibrin which forms fibrin fibers. waste elimination.. 1201. 1208. pleiotropy condition where one gene controls the expression of more than one trait (sickle cell anemia gene) 1209. a single strand acts as the template DNA and holds the sequence that needs to be amplified 2)PRIMER ANNEALING complementary nucleotides (primers) join the template 3) PRIMER EXTENSION DNA polymerase joins deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) to the primers which leads to the addition of the nucleotides complementary to the template . 1213.. 1206. . Plasmolysis process in plant cells where the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall due to the loss of water through osmosis 1288. Platelets blood clotting. 1198. 1200. polygenic trait inheritance goverened by two or more genes 1211. 1204. high molecular weight polymer composed of repeating subunit called monomers. . Connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake.Includes the class of Trematodas and Monogenea. 1293.1287. -no notochord . Plasmids the small. Polypeptide synthesis stages 1) Initiation: ribosome binds to mRNA (near 5') at a start codon (AUG).make a mesh to trap RBC and become solid barrier 1295. fibrinogen. Pleiotropy single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits -one 1299. 1212. Procedure: 1) DENATURATION DNA denatured with heat to separate strands. Polymorphic Variation Same species but different types 1214. 1195. 1305. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) used to amplify genes. circular segments of DNA that are found in bacteria and that stay separate from the bacterial chromosomes. 1306. 1205. thus will discourage herbivores from consuming them? tannin 1290. no nuclei. 1207. 1289. 1210. 1307. (blood sucking parasites) ... plants may contain ? which imparts an unsatisfactory taste to leaves and twigs. 1203. 1301. and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply 1196. Platelets cell fragments. 1202. MET-tRNA binds bc it has the anti codon UAG 2) Elongation: h-bonds form between mRNA codoin in A site and the complimentary anticondon on the incoming 1303. and albumin ( most abundant. Plexus: network of nerve fibers 1302.. Placenta produces progesterone and estrogen. Plasma cells: antibody production 1291.. clot formation 1296. 1304. Plasma contains globulin. A site now empty 1310. 1232. peptide bond is formed btw the amino acid attached to the incoming tRNA and the MET at the P site. fungi. aminoacyl tRNA complex. EX: Sea Urchin 1314. 1219. hormone secretion is stimulated by action potentials from hypothalamus 1226. 3) Translocation Ribosome advances 3 nucleotides along mRNA. whatever has the MOST 1320. 1322. 1222. pons act as a relay center to allow cortex to communicate with the cerebellum 1316. Precambrian era earliest era (invertebrates. 1224. Posterior pituitary Gland does NOT secrete any Hormones -Stores: ADH (Vasopressin) & Oxytoxinboth made in hypothalamus 1228.. Polyspermy more than one sperm enters the egg. 1215. 1218. monera. 1229. 1217. does not synthesize hormones. 1231. thrusting movement generated by the sliding action of microtubles 1324. potassium permanganate: kmno4 1323. Population same species that interbreed while occupying a given area at a given time 1317. . positive geotropism causes the root to grow downwards and also to grow towards the pull of gravity 1319. Pons relay center to let cortex communicate with cerebellum 1315. 1225. 1220. uncharged tRNA is expelled. this bond forming makes the chain of polypeptide come off of the A site . Precipitation What ever forms a solid most PREFERENTIALLY will precipitate out of solution first (Ie. Stores and releases peptide hormones OXYTOCIN & ADH. peptidyl tRNA from A site slides over to P site. Power Stroke how flagella move. 1309. 1311.to block this from happening. posterior pituitary(nuerohypophysis) stores and releases the pided hormones oxytocin and ADH. Population bottleneck disaster such as flood.. produced by neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus. Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis) Does not synthesize hormones. 1321. heterotrophs) 1325. 1216. Secretion stimulated by action potentials from the hypothalamus 1227. Porteases do what?: Degrade proteins into amino acids 1318. Polyploidy process of genome doubling that gives rise to organisms with multiple sets of chromosomes. or starvation will nearly wipe out the population 1223. 1230.1308. Polysaccharide branched or linearmany more can be made and offers more variety than polypetides which are linear only 1313. disease. the fertilization membrane is develops right after the first sperm to prevent anymore to enter. stores and releases peptide hormones oxytocin and ADH which are produced by neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus. 1221. Polyribosomes ribosomes that can translate multiple strands of mRNA at the same time 1312. Posterior Pituitary aka neurohypophysis. -Centrioles move to opposite poles. Pressure of Gas Concept Pressure due to gas molecules constantly colliding with container walls . 1239. propionaldehyde name for propanal . cosmic rays.. amino acids. Progesterone steroid hormone secreted by corpus luteum during luteal phase of menstrual cycle. 1337. 1330. ammonia. Progeria premature aging 1345.. read from N-Terminus to the C-Terminus.. 1328. reproduce by binary fission . radioactivity) and building blocks of inorganic and organic compounds (salts. plasma membrane.synapsis occurs ( the key to distinguish from meiosis and mitosis) 1252. Ex If PbI2 solid is dissolved in solution of Na2CO3 and PbCO3 forms--> means that CO32.. stimulates milk production and secretion in female mammary glands 1247. Prolactin Direct hormone synthesized by anterior pituitary. 1343. 1334. electricity. Prophase : -chromatids shorten and thicken Nucleoli disappears -Spindle fibers form . Primary Structure of Proteins Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide. nucleic acids. Golgi. 1331. 1341. -Asexual. Prophage a harmless form of bacteriophage DNA that is incorporated into the bacteria chromosome. Prophase 1 Meiosis Crossing over .. ( which is the cells In cytokinesis to make separate daughter cells) .. Prokaryotes -Have ribosomes. kuru. pyrimidines 1339. 1346. EX: glaciers and lava flows 1240.. 1332. Prions 1344. bacteria that contain prophages are resistant to further infection ("super infection") by similar phages 1251. 1336. Nucleus. 1244. Primary Amine An amine where the nitrogen atom is attached to one alkyl chain (H2NR). 1349. scrapie in sheep and Creutzfieldt-Jacob disease -a protein that has adopted to abnormal comformation 1242. stimulates milk production and secretion in female mammary glands 1248. promoter sites bind ? and determine where transcription begins? RNA polymerase 1250. 1340. Primordial Soup the product of the energy around (heat. Primary Succession: without soil and have not previously support community. 1338.Pressure equally distributed over walls of container b/c motion is random 1235. 1350. Producers have the most or least Energy? the most (plants) 1243... primary carbon is bonded to only one other carbon atom 1238. Pressure P= F/A F must be in Newtons Area must be in meters P will be in Pascals . solar radiation. purines. Pressure Units 1 atm= 101 kPa= 101000 Pa= 760 mm Hg= 760 torr 1236. 1342. 1234. 1333. 1237. 1241.. Promoter site determines where transcription begins in Pro and Eukaryotes 1249. negative Ksp) . hydrogen and water) to form sugars. methane. 1246. 1335. mesosomes (membranes bacterial organelle) and nucleoid Lacks membrane bounded organelles: mitochondria. stimulates development and maintenance of endometrial walls in preparation for implantation 1245. 1329. and Lysomsomes. 1253. 1327. ER.will precip out before I-! 1233. infectious proteins in Mad-Cow disease. 1347. Prolactin: secreted directly by anterior pituitary.1326. 1348. 1259. 1371. . proteins molecules may be modified by addition of other groups. 1357. PTH Parathyroid hormone-regulates plasma Ca+2 conc. 1260. 1365. protozoa no organized nervous system. 1261. light. opening that rays travel through 1272.1351. Protozoa and Cnidaria Respiration every cell is in contact with the external environment. c-cbonds are cleave dand make small chain alkyl radicals that recombine to form different alkanes 1277. NAD+ is reduced to NADH 1278. Prosthetic groups: cofactors that bind to the enzyme by strong covalent bonds 1256. unicellular. 1353. 1367.. 1266. Pyloric valve is between what? pyloric valve aka sphincter is between esophagus and duedonum (top portion of small intestine). pyrolysis occur when a molecule is broken down by heat. Raises Ca+2 in blood by increasing bone resorption and decreasing Ca+2 excretion in kidneys 1268.Happens in pessure changes or if volume changes NO WORK happens in isovolumetirc process . PV diagram . 1254. water or alcohol. heat.and chemicals 1358. Prostate gland basic fluid that neutralizes vaginal secretion and enhances sperm mobility 1255. 1360. 1359. e. Pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells may contain what type of cells which secrete mucous? Goblet cells 1265. 1370. anus is formed elsewhere (mollusk. 1372. Which cellular organelles best describes this primary modification? golgi complex. Pyrimidine bases: CYtosine and ThYmine 1276.Work is area under or enclosed by curve . Purine bases Adenine and Guanine 1273. 1267. Pulmonary Arteries Carries low oxygenated blood Pulmonary Veins carry high O2 blood (has valves) -Blood travels slowest in the capillaries 1269. 1361. Provide the connection between sensory neurons and motor neurons: interneurons 1264. PTH increases [Ca2+] in blood by increasing bone resorption and decreases Ca2+ excretion in kidneys. advancing cell membrane extends forward allowing cell to move 1364. 1366.. Pupil under cornea. protobiont precursor of prokaryotes metabolically active protein clusters 1355. decarboxylated and acetyl group left is transferred to coenzyme A to form acetylCoA. pulmonary vein have oxygenated or deoxygenated blood? oxygenated 1270.g. PulseChase experiment using radioactive label on a protein to detect what's happening in the cellintracellular location 1271.heat. used to reduce the avverage molecular weight of heavy oils. protic solvent solvents with protons in solution. Pyruvate Decarboxylation pyruvate transported from cytoplasm to mitochondrial matrix. 1352. have no organized nervous system. 1274. q calorimeter qcal= Ccal ΔT 1363. 1368.calcium is bonded to phosphate in bone and breakdown of bone releases phosphate as well as calcium so parathyroid compensates by stimulating kidneys to excrete phosphate 1362. 1354. respond to stimuli like touch.touch. 1257. chemicals 1263. modifies and preps to be shipped out of the cell by exocytosis. 1275. Protostomes first indentation is the mouth. Protozoa Nervous System because unicellular. may respond to stimuli such as light. large atoms tend to be better nucleophiles in here because they can shed the solvating protons around them and are more polarizable 1258. 1373. 1369. Psuedopodia what amoebas do for locomotion. annelids) 1356. exchange of respiratory gasses through diffusion through cell membrane 1262. arthropods. . happens when organisms carrying different genes or alleles for a trait are crossed 1388.. each referred to as a subunit. ml. Rate Law . Racemic mixtures are not optically active. 1389. 1392. racemic mixture: rotations cancel each other out therefore no optical activity 1291. Red Blood cells It can include catalysts . Mixture is dissolved in saturating amounts in warm solvent. 1292. fast maturation... quantum numbers n. Rselected population rapid growth. 1385. Recombinant DNA or genetic engineering is often called cloning and can be employed to make molecules such as ? human insulin 1393. and very little parental care needed (bacteria) 1283.Stoich coeffs are NEVER the exponents of a rxn UNLESS it is the ELEMENTARY rxn! .Rate law of rxn is rate law of RDS! ..Always need to divide .. 1284.. 1377. 1282. ms 1390. receptors on chromatin-changes in protein synthesis . 1395. the pure substance crystallizes while impurities remain in solution. 1378. NO DNA . Recessive Genes on X chromosome will more likely show up in Males or Females? More likely to show up in males because 1281.gets energy from glycolysis . Separation technique used to purify particles of interest from a mixture of solids. 1380. 1379. l.. As the solution cools. 1391. 1280. affected males can not pass it to their male offspring. Quaternary Structure of Proteins Different polypeptide chains.NO Kreb Cycle. 1279.. Rate Law and the Slow Step Rate of RDS is rate of rxn RATE LAW CANNOT INCLUDE intermediates or products!!!!! . 1285. Racemic Mixture A mixture that contains equal amounts of the (+) and (-) enantiomers.. Radioactive DNA and RNA tracers Use 35P to study DNA/RNA metabolism 1286. 1376. 1290. 1386. 1383. 1293. they only have one X therefore there is no possibility of a dominant second allele to mask it. 1384. Rain Shadow rain reduction on the side of high mountains -no rain or moist-considered deserts 1287. 1381. 1387. 1394. Recrystallization 1288..1374. Recombination when linked genes are separated.. Receptor-Hormone Complex Steroids only: can enter the nucleus and directly activate expression of specific genes by binding to Q< Keq it will move right Q> Keq it will move left . 1375. 1295. 1294. but will pass it to all their female offspring who may or may not show up with it phenotypically .. breaks and then adjacent regions of DNA rearrange. Recovery Stroke return of cilium or flagellum to original position rate= k [X]n[Y]n . lacks mitochondria and nucleus. associate together to form a functional protein. Q Reaction quotient Calculated SAME way as Keq-->compare to Keq value and see how rxn will proceed 1289. 1382. 1396.. replacement of cells occurs by mitosis.. diastereomer. 1409.--> Mn2+ Goes from Purple to COLORLESS . Regeneration of connective tissues ganglion in central nervous system has no regeneration power.. Using Permanganate .. 1414. 1301.. RED CAT AN OX .. 1298... Repressible Systems one type of regulation of transcription system.DOES NOT include the d block .. Similar to titration but look for color change and not pH! . Refractory Period period when cell can't send another action potential because it is recovering/ resetting 1399. 1408. 1300. 1309. reuptake of simple diffusion 1307. use it to determine if a molecule is an enantiomer. 1401. 1302. 1403.+ T red I2--> 2I. 1299. Removal of neurotransmitter in synapse by enzyme degradation. 1404..1397. 1311. 1304. 1312. 1297. Renin enzyme by kidneys-converts plasma protein to angiotensinogen to angiotensin I->angiotenin II 1308. heart and neurons of the CNS cannot regenerate. 1413.. Regeneration kind of asexual reproduction. 1410. 1402.like hybrids but are sterile 1422. ReductionPotentialTableexample .... MnO4.goes from dark blue to colorless . 1416. 1415. 1420. 1411. .. repressor inactive until it combines with corepressor. 1406.. corepressors are often the end products of the biosynthetic pathways they control 1310. Redox Reactions . 1412. 1407. Resolution the differentiation of two closely situated objects (microscope) 1423.. 1405. Means that Ag has a high affinity to be REDUCED and greater ability to be the OXIDIZING AGENT .. Resonance Describes a situation where the atomic connectivity remains unchanged while the electron distribution between the atoms changes. So the most NEGATIVE E red value means that that metal has high affinity to be OXIDIZED and will be the REDUCING AGENT If an OXIDATION rxn is given with a Standard OXIDATION value--> need to reverse the sign!!! CAREFUL!! .. Regulator gene codes for synthesis of a represser molecule that binds to the operator and blocks RNA polymerase from transcribing structural genes 1305. 1421. the repressor/corepressor complex inhibits transcription. 1400. regrowth of a lost or injured body part. 1419.S and P block ..No loosely bound d electrons . relative configuration configuration in relation to another chiral molecule. exists in starfish (more extensive regeneration capabilities) and salamanders (less extensive regeneration capabilities 1303... 2Ag+ + 2e---> 2Ag (E value= +. Reproduction Isolation New species formation. Reduction Potential in Redox Problems all E values are for REDUCTION 1418. Representative elements . Redox Titration Using Iodine I2+ T ox --> 2I . 1296. Reduction happens at cathode ALWAYS and oxidation happens at anode ALWAYS . reducing zn/h or CH3/s with ozonolysis 1417.799) .. etc 1306.OIL RIG Oxidaton is LOSS of electrons Reduction is GAIN of electrons 1398. important for night vision. Rh factor an antigen that may be present on the surface of red blood cells. Promoter site is needed in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes to determine where transcription begins. rods: type of photoreceptor that detects low intensity illumination and are important for night vision. are synthesized by nucleus. 1429. composed of 2 subunits (made of proteins and rRNA). ring strain arise from angle strain. antibodies from mom cross over to baby and destroy the baby's red blood cells creating erythroblastosis fetalis (severe anemia of fetus) 1318.. 1327. Rings of muscle in the wall of the esophagus. Have 3 binding sites A= aminoacyl-tRNA complex binding site. so actin and myosin are locked in bonded together until muscles are decomposed 1436. 1319. 1443. -typically composing about 1% of the red cells in the human body develop and mature in the bone marrow .. 1313. 1437. 1331. 1428. rRNA Ribosomal RNA. torsional strian and nonbonded strain 1325. stomach. 1432. deer has stomach with alkaline pH that is four chambered that is capable to digest cellulose and break it down to glucose 1439. pregnancy worst case scenario: 2nd time pregnancy with Rh. -due to lack of ATP. has the photo receptors that sense light 1316. 1430.. 1324.. P= Peptidyl-tRNA binding site (growing chain). 1435. 1446. Rigor mortis seen after a few hours of death 1440. Ruminants cows. 1442. typical resting membrane potential is 70mV. sheep's. Reticulocytes immature red blood cells.. 1323. only bind together during protein synthesis. Rh. 1434. Rhizopus a parasite.1424. . Resting Potential When a neuron is at rest. .. Rod shaped bacteria Bacilli 1329. Rh+ able to produce Rh antigen 1320. the difference in potential of outside the neuron to inside the neuron. Root mean square speed of gas Urms= √3RT/ Molar Mass Molar Mass in KILOGRAMS . 1427. 1447. uses rhodopsin which absorbs just one wavelength 1330. K+ inside Na+ outside 1314. where tRNA is released 1322. fungal pathogen that spoils food 1321. . free ribosomes are in the cytoplasm. 1444. one large subunit and one small subunit that 1433. E= exit. synthesized in nucleus 1449. ring flip when boat flips 1438.. and other specialized regions are called? sphincters 1326. most abundant of all types of RNA. 1333.. Rh+ = has Rh antigen.. 1425. RNA primase initiates DNA replication using RNA primers 1328..mom and Rh+ baby. 1426. Retina innermost layer of the eye. 1441. Rh- not able to produce Rh antigen 1431. reverse transcriptase is found where? retrovirus 1317. Ribosome sites of protein production. RNA polymerase Binds to promoter site to initiate transcription. Speed of gas molecules . bound ribosomes line the outer membrane of endoplasmic reticulum. potential difference comes from unequal distribution of ions inside and out. Rods low intensity illumination. 1445. 1315. structural component of ribosome. 1448.= does not have Rh antigen. 1332. . 1462.. Secondary succession burned-over. Schwann cells: produce myelin in Peripheral Nervous System. 1344. 1454. plant eating animals such as giraffes are found 1345. 1355. Release from terminal Cisternae 1338. 1460.. neutralizes acid chyme 1477. giving them a negative charge cancelling the effect of charges from the individual amino acids. 1353. 1473.total entropy of universe is always increasing . Saltatory conduction transmission acceleration due to action potential propagation. 1451. 1459. Second Law of Thermodynamics Isolated system will increase in entropy over time . 1470.Cannot be harnessed to do productive work .Open system can decrease in entropy but at the expense of greater increase in entropy of surroundings .. 1461. 1463. 1335. Secondary Structure of Proteins Regularly repeating local structures such as α-Helices and ß-pleated sheets often formed by hydrogen bonds between residues nearby on the chain. Sebaceous gland activity -secretes oil in the skin -as we age we lose oil and have dry skin 1351. Secondary Carbon: Carbon atom bonded to two other carbon atoms. 1474. Secretin hormone released by small intestine when acidic food from stomach enters. gas> liquid> crystals . Sclera thick opaque layer of eye that covers eyeball (the white of the eye) 1465. 1468. Makes up of short tendum repeatition seq) 1343. SA node sinoatrial node " pacemaker" allows heart to beat by sending electrical impulse signals to cause atria to contract and push to ventricles. 1354. 1458. -Universe favors increase in entropy . schwann cells: produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system 1464. gases have most entropy . 1471. Secondary Amine An amine where the nitrogen atom is attached to two alkyl chains (HNR2). non coding.. stimulates secretion of alkaline bicarbonate solution from pancreas which neutralizes the acidity of chyme 1466.. Savanna: grassland with low rainfall. S phase DNA synthesis 1457.1334. SDS binds to the proteins. Sacroendoplasmic Reticulum mimic of ER and produce Calciumacetylcholine triggers action potential to make SacroER produce it. Saliva Glands secrete Amylase to breakdown carbohydrates 1339. it has the maximum number of hydrogens. Lighter proteins travel faster than heavier ones.. . SDS-PAGE Type of chromatography used to separate proteins based on mass. S (entropy) -Measure of disorder -Rxns that produce more moles of gas increase in entropy . 1350.. 1456.. sarcoma occurs only in this type of tissue? connective tissue 1342. 1450. 1348.. Secretin released by small intestine when acidic material enter from stomach. ΔS≥ q/ T . Satellite DNA found in centromeres and are at the end of the chromosomes ( repeatition of short DNA. 1347. 1452. Stim secretion of bicarbonate from pancreas. In short. 1472. 1337. 1475. 1453.. jumps from node to node 1340. 1357. 1476. . 1469. saturated hydrocarbon no double bonds.. . sclera outermost layer of eye 1349. when a fire weeps through it is formed. Sarcoma: Cancer in connective tissues 1341. 1356.. 1352.. 1467.. 1336..REAL processes are never reversible--> entropy change is always greater than the heat transfer over temp ... 1455. (so type of glial cell) 1346. 1380. Small intestine dj ileum -Duodenum -Jejunum Ileum . 1360. 1374. Skeleton muscles Multinucleated.function to sense movement 1361. small DNA binding proteins that allow DNA coiling are called?: histones 1501. NON-striated. More acid dissolves in base than it will in another acid) .. Shielding electrons on Bohr model Shielding e's are those that orbit at smaller radius (than valence) 1364. 1375. Reactivity increases from tertiary to secondary to primary with decreasing steric effects.. 1495. 1363. 1492. 1379. 1483. pulmonary artery.NOT COMPRESSIBLE . (Sense of balance) 1494. 1490.. Simple Diffusion movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradients. Sexlinked genes are mostly carried on the? X Chromosome 1362.no straitions. smooth muscle involuntary. 1479.. the sickle cell hemoglobin carries less O2. multinucleated. Smooth Muscles involuntary muscles found in aorta.Bases are MORE soluble in acids .. 1484. Leaving group leaves. VOLUNTARY 1371. 1493.atoms/molecules vibrate about a fixed position . 1485. found in walls of urinary bladder. 1488. 1481. digestive system. Reactivity increases from methyl to primary to secondary to tertiary with increasing carbocation stability. -INVOLUNTARY. 1504. Solubility and pH . Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum lipid synthesis and drug detoxification. 1489. 1505.. Sn2 Reactions Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions occur through a concerted mechanism where the nucleophile attacks as the leaving group starts to leave. SolubilityRules . 1500. 1370.. 1369. all single bonds are tehese. 1383.... SHE: . 1480. esophagus.. 1482. Somatic and autonomic nervous system Have motor and sensory neurons . 1497. Smooth Muscle single nucleated. semicircular canals helps maintain balance . 1502. Semi log plot . 1366. (Ie. 1358. 1381. Sn1 Reactions Unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions. 1487. similar structures which may be different in function are called? homologous structures 1367. does not require outside energy 1368. 1373. simple twitch: response to a single muscle. 1378. . provides anticodons 1506. has ACTIN and MYOSIN present (not ordered in sacromeres like skeletal muscles) 1376. Semicircular canals are three half-circular. sigma bond when a molecular orbital is formed head to head or tail to tail. forming a carbocation that then reacts with a nucleophile.. Sicklecell anemia disease where red blood cells become crescent shaped because they contain defective hemoglobin. interconnected tubes located inside each ear. 1499. 1365. caused by a single substitution of valine for glutamic acid 1498. Smallest RNA t-RNA-which transport amino acids to the ribosomal site. 1491. 1486... 1382.. 1372... Solid .Does not flow to fill a container . 1359. and blood vessels.OPPOSITE of "like dissolves like" Acids are MORE soluble in base . striated. one central nuclei and myogenic able of contracting without nerve cells 1377. uterus. doesn't undergoes mitosis and contains think MYOSIN protein.. 1503. 1496. skeletal muscle voluntary. bladder respond to action potentials mononucleated . striations.1478. 1529. Sperm ejaculation process SEVEN UP -Seminiferous tubules: spermatogenesis 1523. Spiracles where the trachea reach the surface for exchange 1406... Spinal Cord takes sensory input to brain and response from brain to body. 1517.BUT they can be SUPER slow . 1516. -Urethra Cowper's glands add more mucous to the semen -Penis 1398. 1509. which can be determined by Gram staining. 1510. the inner gray matter is the nerve cell bodies 1533. 1405. Spermatogenesis sperm production. 1525. outer white matter is the motor and sensory axons. reflexes (responses of the spinal cord without the brain). 1390.. 180 degree apart 1389. of the testes? seminiferous tubules 1399. 1404. specific rotation a = observed rotation / concentration * length 1395. 2) Fragments separated by gel electrophoresis.Spontaneous means . 1403. 1536.: segmented blocks of tissue that form on either side of the notochord: development of vertebrae backbone muscles and skin which becomes spinal cord and is axial body support of embryo 1387.spontaneous reactions can occur all by itself . 1534.DO NOT assume an exothermic reaction is spontaneous--> depends on temp! . Sperm and Egg chromosomes haploid. Species Is a member of the population All share common gene pool Capable to interbreed . Spermatogenesis: produce 4 mature spermatozoa 1400.. What does change is the frequency of action potentials. 1508... 1522. 1512. allows for the detection of a specific DNA sequence in a specific DNA sample. 1391. 1526.. Specific gravity of water Specific gravity of water= 1 gm/cm3= 1 1393. 1537. in a cross section of spinal. 1394. Somite : . occurs in seminiferous tubules 1401.... sp2: one s and two p 120 degree apart 1527. . Spermogenesis produces 4 functional spermatozoa 1402.. Speed and amplitude remain constant during? but what does change. 1530. Specific heat of water Amount of energy required to heat water by 1°C 1535.. -Ejaculatory duct . 1511. 1518. Southern blots 1388.. stomach 1532. 1392.. Sporazoans Parasites that include plasmodium that cause malaria 1521. 3) Detect sequence by washing with radioactively labeled probe two p orbital form pi and third p orbital combine with s to make two sp hybrid.. Procedure: 1) DNA is cleaved into restriction fragments by restriction endonucleases that cut at specific restriction sites. 1514. peptidoglycan 1386. action potentials. Sphincters Rings of muscles in the walls of the esophagus. sp3 one s and three p orbitals 1513. sperm production (spermatogenesis) occurs in the .1507. 1520.ΔG .23 chromosomes and 23 chromatids..2 J per gram/ °C . Somatic Nervous System skeletal muscles. 1384. Spontaneous reactions and Standard Free Energy Change . -Epididymis spermatozoa matures 1524. re productively isolated from other species . -Van deferens . 1407. Some monerans have a cell wall made of a sugarprotein complex called ?. voluntary movement 1385. . Takes 4.. Diploid organisms have 23 chromosomes and 46 chromatids 1397. 1528. sp 1396. 1515. Spherical bacteria Cocci 1531. 1519. 1554. showed that a combo of UV radiation. methane. Conjugate bases of strong acids are SUPER Stable and are great Leaving Groups!! They are also very very WEAK bases 1430. diastereomers. Stanley L. 1428.No or minimized FC . and meso compounds. Stable Lewis Structures . Stomach Cells chief cells. stem elongation and flowering in some plants are due to? gibberellins 1419. ammonia and water could form complex organic compounds. Stereoisomers include geometric isomers. stems cells in the bone marrow produce lymphocytes by ?: mitosis 1420. Start codon AUG 1417. 1422. 1566.. intrinsic factor (B-12 absorption) 1556..like charges apart and opposite charges together . and adrenal cortex. (Diploid generation).. starch what is the principal storage of food 1415. HBr Bromic acid 1561.. hydrogen cyanide. 1547. Staphylococci clusters 1414. 1541. HNO3= Nitric Acid Hyrdronium= H3O+ . 1410.1538. Stop codons UAA. Steroids estrogen and aldosterone. Strong Acids HClO4: Percloric Acid HI: Iodic Acid 1560.. NaOH . 1546. S. Mucous Cells (chief pari got mucous!) -Chief cells: secrets pepsinongens 1555.. acetic acid and lactic acid in liquid in apparatus 1413. KOH . Strong Bases LiOH: Lithium Hydroxide 1564. 1425. stomata area where gas exchange occurs in plants 1558. 1548. 1549. 1550. 1408. hydrogen. one week later found urea. UGA. 1423. heat. Gcells.Octet rule must be satisfied on every atom . H2SO4= Sulfuric Acid . the experiment: apparatus with 4 gases continuously circulating past electrical discharges from tungsten electrodes. Stages of mitosis cell cycle G1. placenta. 1427.. ovaries.If FC. Stem cells in the bone marrow are lymphocytes by mitotic division 1418. produced by testes. -Parietal cells secrete HCL. G2. 1543. same atomic connectivity . 1565. Miller 1953... 1429. 1542. 1551. M which is the mitosis which makes up 10% of the cell cycle) 1411.. Steptococci: chains 1421. so they enter taret cells directly and bind to receptor proteins in the cytoplasm. conformational isomers. stereoisomers same chemical formula. . steroid hormones intracellular receptors. UAG 1559. Standard heat of formation Change of heat in rxn where a compound in standard state is formed from elemental components in their standard states 1412. -G-cells secrete gastrin which stimulates HCL production from the Parietal cells Muscous cells: secrete mucous that lubricates the stomach and protects stomach from HCl 1557. evolutionary trend has been towards increased dominance of this phase 1409. enantiomers. the phase where they reproduce asexually. parietal cells. SrOH2 Strontium Hydroxide BaOH2 1562. 1539. hormone/receptor binding to DNA promotes transcription of specific genes 1424. Stereoisomers Compounds with the same molecular formula and connectivity but different arrangements in space. 1563. 1426. Starch and glycogen are polymers ofL? alpha glucose 1416. Lipid soluble. Sporophyte Generation In plants. different in how atoms are arranged in space 1552. 1545. 1544. RbOH Rubidium Hydroxide CsOH: Cesium Hydroxide CaOH2 1567. 1540. steroid hormones are synthesized from?: cholesterol 1553. weight loss. r-RNA are all produced during what stage of protein synthesis? transcription 1453. -cause lipid build up in brain cells. dilates bronchioles to increase gas exchange. 1569. Structural isomers have different chemical and physical properties.r. Strucutral Isomers Compounds with the same molecular formula but different connectivity.1568. 1432..Things mixed at the particle level that will NOT stay mixed 1441. 1570. sympathetic nervous system responsible for fight or flight response. 1571. T-lymphocytes are part of what immunity system? cell mediated immunity. Tautomers: Isomers that can interconvert by exchanging the location of a proton. Sweat glands are aprocrine and eccrine glandsactivity in sweat glands decrease as we age. norepinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter 1443. 1436. 1579. Tay Sachs disease Lysosomal defect (it's absent). 1435. increases b. the gas is condensed on a cold surface. palpitations 1446. Sympatric speciation new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region. 1591. primarily nuerotransmitter is norepinephrine 1444. 1578. and blood flow to skeletal muscles. and death . structural isomers share molecular formula but have different chemical and physical properties 1583. sweating. t-RNA features has unusual bases such as methylinosine. . 1576. pseudouridine. Sucrose made of? glucose + fructose 1438. t calcium 1450. Synapsis happens in meiosis prophase 1 when homologous chromosomes from mom and dad come together and intertwine. 1590. 1573. 1451. symptoms of hyperthyroidism increased metabolic rate.. 1455. 1454. 1594. Conjugate acids are super stable but are also VERY weak! . t-RNA. 1434. fatigue. feelings of excessive warmth. functions in emergency situations.. -common among European infants-Jewish descents which Is fatal in the first 5 years of human life -mental retardation.. 1582. m-RNA. h. and 4thiouridine 1452.. 1580.p. 1592. decreases gut motility. 1431. Submucosa connective tissue with blood and lymph vessels along with nerve plexuses. 1574. sucrose is hydrolyzed into?: 1 mole glucose and 1 mole fructose 1437. Suspension .gets replaced by fibrous tissue 1442. 1584. 1593. 1433. Surfactants in alveoli of the lung made for fetus to breathe easier. substrate level phosphorylation produces a total fo 4 ATP. where crossing over occurs 1448. slow heart rate and respiration rate. symptoms of hypothyroidism weigh gain. summation of twitches build up of twitches over several muscle fibers. Teeth are derived from which germ layer? ectoderm 1456.. 1577.. As it sublimes directly into the gaseous phase. leads to tetanus eventually muscle will fatique and contraction will weaken 1439. protruding eyes. -autosomal recessive disease. Sublimation Separation technique used to separate a mixture of solids from impurities that have different vapor pressures. Synapsis is the pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of? meiosis 1449. 1585. Reduces surface tensionstimulation of first breathe in newborns are high level of CO2 1440. 1586. Sympathetic Nervous System fight or flight response. cold intolerance 1447. 1588. 2 from glycolysis and 1ATP from each turn of citric acid cycle. blindness. 1575. 1589. 1445. 1587. 1581. telecephalon part of forbrain-has cerebral cortex .. 1572. each synaptic pair of homologous chromosomes (because each chromosome has 2 sister chromatids) 1602. major component of it is the cerebral cortex (the highly convoluted gray matter that can e seen on the surface of the brain). speech. Longer telomeres= longer lifespan. The ? is responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis. 1463. The ? is the largest portion of the brain and the seat of consciousness. cardiovascular regulation. 1600. medulla oblangata 1469. cerebellum 1604. sensory perception. Tertiary Structure of Proteins Three-dimensional structure of a peptide. the alternating between the ? and ? filaments gives skeletal muscle its striated appearance. 1465. 1610. Temperature of Gas Concept Measure of AVERAGE KE of gas molecules . 1473. actin (thin) and myosin (thick) . 1597. Controls all voluntary movement. memory. Disulfide bonds and hydrogen bonds can also add to the tertiary structure of the protein. Test Cross if you have a phenotype but you don't know the genotype. It also helps generate emotion hypothalamus 1470. 1468. cerebral cortex interprets sensory signals and sends motor responses and involved in memory and creativity. Telomeres gets shortened after DNA replication. Thalamus relay and integration center for spinal cord and cerebral cortex 1603. tendons bone to muscle 1461. also has olfactory bulb 1458. and creative thought. 1606. Believed as the aging process. 1608. 1464. 1599. 1457. and swallowing. cerebrum 1471.Higher temperatures means molecules are traveling faster 1460. 1596. Sex steroids have some effect on sexual characteristics and processes but are generally overshadowed by the hormones produced by the gonads. Mineralocorticoids affect the rate at which the kidneys absorb certain minerals from the blood. that type of twins result from two eggs which were fertilized independently of each other? fraternal twins 1467.1595. 1607. the ABO blood group classification is an example of? multiple alleles 1472. controls hunger and thirst. The ? does not initiate voluntary movement. 1598. shorter telomere= age faster 1459. 1462. thalamus relay and integration center for spinal cord and cerebral cortex 1466. results from hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions between residues far apart on the chain. It regulates temperature. The adrenal cortex releases 3 hormones? glucocorticoids affect glucose levels in the blood. and manages water balance. Makes sure that movements are coordinated and balanced. The ? is responsible for the control of involuntary functions such as breathing. but it helps fine-tune it. Telencephalon in the forebrain. 1611. 1609. Tetrad In meiosis during prophase 1 when the 2 sister chromosomes come together and intertwine they make a tetrad. Is also processes a great deal of information and helps maintain alertness. cross it with a homozygous recessive (if the recessive doesn't show up parent was AA) 1601. 1605. the alveoli contains substances called ? which reduces the surface tension of the fluid within the infants lungs. surfantants 1475. 1624. 1500. 1617. 1482. The brain and spinal cord are bathed in a fluid called the ?. 1638.. the pancreas can function as what two types of glands?: exocrine and endocrine.K converts inactive prothrombin to its active form thrombin 5) Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin 6) fibrin threads coat damaged area and trap blood cells to form clot 1486. the long-term natural sympathetic and parasympathetic process by which a pond eventually becomes a terrestrial community is hydrogen bonds referred to as? 1487. sweat glands.. bicarbonate. The dermis is living tissue that contains many blood vessels. the main function of bile is to?: breakdown fats in the stomach. 1616. promoter. the development of individuals from an unfertilized eggs is called? parthenogenesis 1492. 1474.. 1626. 1631. 1614. the assemblage of operator. the lens of the eye is derived from which germ layer? ectoderm 1498.. 1633. diapedesis. and other minerals. 1628. The pH of the intracellular fluid is maintained by what buffer? 1508. the phenomenon by which white blood cells adhere increases the probability ofpass crossing over. 1619. The briefest mitotic stage is? 1483. and structural genes is called ? called an operon 1478. 1620. 1623. The developing embryo will most likely attach to ? 1489. 1625. This allows alveoli to expand and stay expanded and not collapse under surface tension after each breath.. 1497.. the amount of blood in an average sized adult is approximately? 5 quarts 1476. 1637. sodium. 1629. 1488. to and through the The food and air passages cross at this structure?: pharynx endothelium of the blood vessels is called? allopatric speciation 1643. 1621. the formation of new species due to geographical isolation is called? geographical separation of population 1634. 1490. The B-pleated sheet represents a secondary structure held together by this type of bond? 1480. the outermost layer of the epidermis is ? this is the layer containing the dead oils that keep the skin from drying out. inferior vena cava. . the main purpose of a decomposition archenteron 1484. 1499. the operator in the transcription . the loss of water from leaves is called? phosphodiester bond 1636.of the heart? 1494. 1502. macrophages 1495.. 1641. the hepatic vein carries blood away from the liver and drains into. 1627. 1615. 1613.. The clotting cascade and calcium and vit. the initial step in the speciation process often involves? 1507. the bond that binds each nucleotide to the next in both RNA and DNA is? 1481. Thecavityofthe? representsthebeginningoftheprimitivegut? 1485. the appendix is an example of? vestigial organ 1477. 1504. 1642. which helps to cushion these delicate organs against damage which is maintained by the glial cells. anaphase pleurae large intestine 1501. 1618. the least abundant RNA? m-RNA 1496. 1622. The automatic region under the PNS->Motor-->Autonomic-->. operon is the control point for ? 1505. stratum corneum 1506. epithelia cells. smooth membranous outer cerebrospinal fluid covering called? transpiration 1635. and sebaceous glands. the largest phagocytic cells are ? which may be found in the lymph nodes? ecological succession endometrium 1491. The farther apart the genes are does what to the probability of crossing over? 1493.1612. 1632.? 1479. the lungs have a thin. thecavityofthe? fungi is? representsthebeginningoftheprimitivegut?:archenteron 1639.. 1503. the main function of ? is the resorption of water. which produce? 1630. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine 1)Platelet finds exposed collagen of damaged vessel 2) most often associated with the Platelet releases chemical that causes neighboring parasympathetic division of platelets to adhere to each other (platelet plug) the autonomic nervous system 3)collected platelets and damaged tissue both released is? thromboplastin 4) Thromboplastin 1640. 1664. 1658. 1518. 1514. for which chordates are named. these type of cells are present to provide physical and metabolic support for neurons glial cells 1530. These type of neurons can either excite or inhibit their target muscles or organs. The primary feature. and cause death by respiratory paralysis? nerve gases 1525. These two nervous systems act antagonistically and often have opposite effects. these substances reduce surface tension and allows the fetus to breathe easier. They are present in the alveoli of the lungs? surfactants 1527. autonomic 1532. 1660. 1648. Incus. The source of O2 produced is the ? that is split during the light reactions? H2O 1516. 1655. Is this the right sequence from most recent to oldest? . the plasmid is circular and is called "Vector DNA" which is ? double stranded. the phenomenon that occurs when one gene PAIR masks or modifies the expression of another gene pair is called? Epistasis. 1652. 1661. 1522. 1662. 1510. 1649. these types of channels are controlled by a substance present in the extracellular fluid of the receptor? ligand-gated channels . sympathetic and parasympathetic 1529. and stapes middle ear 1526. 1521. 1659. 1650. 1666.1644. 1651. these syndrones Edward. 1667. the rate and type of cleavage occurring after fertilization would be most affected by the? amount and distribution of yolk. the term agglutination has to do with what regarding blood? Blood mixing. malleus. analogous structures and vestigial structures. 1653.. 1645. These are inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. which increases velocity several fold. Cenozoic > Mesozoic > Paleozoic > Precambrian true is the right sequence from most recent Cenozoic to oldest prebambrian 1524. 1663. the transfer of DNA by a virus is called? transduction 1523. This nervous system can itself be subdivided into the sympathetic division and parasympathetic division. there are 4 eras. saltatory conduction 1520. the three types of comparative anatomy are homologous structures. columnar 1531. 1656. a tubular rod of tissue that runs longitudinally down the back notochord 1512. two different genes are involved instead of two alleles of a single gene. What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures? Homologous structures have common ancestors but function may not be the same. 1654. Klinefelter syndromes are all due to what?: trisomy nondisjunction 1528. The term that describes the condition of having three copies of a given chromosome or chromosome segment in each somatic cell rather than the normal number of two? trisomy 1519. these are the three bones of what body structure. the sperm cell is unable to survive is this pH environment? highly acidic environment. 1657. The thyroid gland produces what hormone? which has what role in the blood? calcitonin which lowers calcium levels in the blood. Down. 1646. Analogous structures do not have similar ancestors but function are the same. 1509. the shape of the t-RNA molecule is maintained by?: hydrogen bonds 1515. The promoter region in eukaryotes which contain a group of nucleotides is called a? TATA box 1513. the term that describes when nerve impulse jumps from node to node. 1665. 1517. So. 1647. these type of epithelial cells occur in one or more layers are elongated and usually found near base of the cells. is the ? . key is Ancestry.. 1511. such as the heartbeat. 1683. 1680. this kingdom are characterized by a single circular chromosome of DNA.. Mineralocorticoids affect the rate at which the kidneys absorb certain minerals from the blood. Thin filaments in skeletal muscle Are ACTIN ( most abundant cytoplasmic protein): are light bands [I bands] 1535. this nervous system controls processes that an animal does not have voluntary control over.. this part of a plant controls gas exchange by opening and closing?: stomata 1554. and organs. and can even alter membrane permeability? Cyclic AMP 1544. adrenal cortex 1556. initiates protein synthesis. including smooth and cardiac muscle. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) 1543. this little "valve like" cartilage called the ? prevents food from entering the lungs? epiglottis 1550. complement 1537. a single cell membrane that controls the . 1676. this hormone is synthesized in the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones. this is removed from the synapse either by enzyme degradation. 1689. 1687. and a process of asexual reproduction called binary fission that involves dividing into two identical clones. 1677. autonomic 1552. This features of the small intestine increase surface area and aid in food absorption? microvilli and villi 1540. 1671. They consist of two distinct parts the adrenal cortex. Sex steroids have some effect on sexual characteristics and processes but are generally overshadowed by the hormones produced by the gonads. 1675. this part of the adrenal gland releases three types of steroid hormones. 1669. the inner membrane contains a fluid called stroma? chloroplast . 1688. 1679. 1670. glands. 1548. 1533. 1682. this nervous system under the motor system controls tissues other than skeletal muscles. This gland secretes a milky fluid with a pH > 7 ? prostate gland 1542. 1672. this is known as a "second messenger" who activates enzymes. Thick bands in skeletal muscle are MYOSIN: dark bands 1534. This gland enhances sperm motility?: prostate gland 1541. 1673. this consists of a double layer of cells and will be the precursor of the placenta? trophoblast 1538. This joint attaches the lower jaw to the upper jaw? TMJ 1681. this are located on the kidneys. transport of substances into and out of the cell. The glucocorticoids affect glucose levels in the blood. this feature of a bacteria hold the bacteria together to allow DNA transfer during conjugation? pili 1539. this neurotransmitter is the primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system? epinephrine 1553. this is where nitrogenous waste is converted to urea?: liver 1547. This part of a plant is found in higher plants and represents undifferentiated cell types? meristem 1555. 1684.1668. 1686. the external portion of the gland. 1678. the movements of the digestive tract.: adrenal glands 1536. and the adrenal medulla. 1674. Monera 1549. this chemical defense system works with the immune response and supplements the inflammatory response and is comprised of a complex series of serum proteins. 1685. and the contraction of the bladder autonomic 1551. the corticoids. the interior portion. This is located in back of the throat? pharynx 1545. this part of the plant contains an inner and outer membrane. re-uptake or simple diffusion? a neurotransmitter 1546. it consists of the stigma. 1705. which is a hydrolytic enzyme that causes the breakdown of the protective surface of the egg. plasmolysis 1573.: Cnidaria 1559. Several features distinguish phylum from all other animal phyla. This term describes structural evidence for crossing over? Chiasmata 1575.: petal 1577. this term describes the sporeproducing and spore containing reproductive structures. 1706. 1704. respiratory. and accelerate reproductive maturity in a number of species? pheromones 1574. usually a bacterium. but one opening serves as both the mouth and anus. This reproduction process produces 4 mature spermatozoa? spermatogenesis. such as the appendix. 1696. Additionally. mark territories. DNA segments that are movable. this term describes DNA that can "cut" themselves from a chromosome and reinsert themselves in another area. and well-developed circulatory. this term describes shrinkage of a cell due to water loss. 1701. that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but is also capable of switching to fermentation Facultative anaerobic bacteria 1571. and nervous systems. acrosome. This term describes an organism is an organism. sporangia . This term describes the fleshy. and coral. this term describes a membrane-bound structure found at the anterior end of most sperm cells. this term describes the colorful part of the plant that attracts insects. This term describes a cavity or hollow space in a bone? sinus 1563. 1561. this phylum have a true digestive gut like other animals. a tubular rod of tissue that runs longitudinally down the back chordata 1558. 1711. this phylum has three embryonic tissues. this term describes the female part of the plant. 1693. 1699. 1697. this term describes a skull cavity that allows passage of the spinal cord: foramen magnum 1700. outer portion of the external ear? pinna 1579.1690. this term describes the most stable community marked by a large biomass with no environment change? climax community 1581. style. 1572. vestigial 1569. The primary feature. this term describes a natural opening where vessels such as nerves may pass. hydras. 1707. foramen 1566. this phylum is also known as sponges? porifera (sponges) 1560. 1698. 1702. and ovary pistil 1578. 1565. this term describes a useless part of an animal that has no function. sensory 1562. This Phylum includes all stinging marine organisms that exhibit radial symmetry. is the notochord. their body walls are made up of only two layers of cells endoderm and ectoderm. this term describes a primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system? acetylcholine 1567. this sub-division of the CNS include the afferent neurons. 1568. for which chordates are named. 1703. such as jellyfish. this term describes the male part of the plant? stamen 1580. 1691. a complete digestive tract. 1695. locus (Loci) 1564. they have odors as well. 1710. This may allow a somatic cell to alter its genetic constitution without meiosis. 1694. this term describes a genes specific location along a lenght of chromosome. 1708. this term describes something that can act as sex attractants. 1709. This term describes an amino acid which can act as acids or bases?: amphoteric 1570. sea anemones. 1557. this term describes the basic respiratory units where actual gas exchange occurs by passive diffusion? alveoli 1576. 1692. transposable. this type of anaerobic bacteria is killed by O2?: obligate anaerobic bacteria 1593. This type of epithelial cells are thin flat plates with elliptical nuclei? Squamous 1602. 1718. an excitatory neurotransmitter that causes skeletal muscles to contract. 1585. None of these neurons have an inhibitory effect. this type of epithelial cells are square shaped cells can be found in ducts of the glands? cuboidal 1601. these are usually part of intestinal cells which prevent any intestinal content to seep out? tight junction 1597. It allows the conversion of lactate back into glucose. ex. this term refers to the synthesis of biomolecules from simpler compounds? anabolism 1588. This two word name describes a species that cannot survive in an atmosphere of oxygen? obligate anaerobes 1592. 1713. osteoblast 1598. this type of behavior. notochord 1725. somatic 1606. 1722. A cell will either have no chromosomes or it will have double the normal amount? nondisjunction 1724. 1582. This type of neurons only target the skeletal muscles responsible for body movement. 1716. this term refers to the breakdown of nutrients to provide energy? catabolism 1587. this type of hormone acts by binding to receptors located in the plasma membrane of target cells? insulin 1604. classical conditioning 1599. this terms describes the fate of lactic acid produced in muscles. 1731. 1595. 1730. This term describes the tissue that covers all the digestive organs and lines the body cavity? peritoneum 1723. This type of cell binding seals the spaces between cells and prevents cell leakage. this type of fluid aids to neutralize the acidic vaginal secretion? prostatic fluid. 1590. this type of cell deposits collagen and release calcium phosphate to strengthen the bone. 1727. and later for the germinating seedling. over a period of time the child becomes less scared. 1721. 1732. this type of connective tissue is avascular? cartilage 1600. gap junctions 1596. a barking dog scares a child. 1720. they release acetylcholine. this type of conditioning describes the relationship between dog food and bell? in other words a physical response (saliva) to a stimulus from the environment (bell). facultative anaerobic 1594. 1583. this term describes what happens when a failure of the chromosomes to separate during the meiotic cell division. 1584. 1603. this type of bacteria do not require oxygen but grow better when oxygen is present. 1714. 1728. this terms describes the chamber where pollen develops in plants?: anther 1726. this term refers to a type of lymphocyte that stimulates the production of antibodies by B cells when an antigen is present? Helper T cells 1586.1712. this type of neurotransmitter has excitatory and inhibitory effects on muscles and glands throughout the body acetylcholine . Cori Cycle 1591. A side mineral hydroxyapetite is produced. which can be carried back to the muscles via the blood. 1715. This term serves as food for a flowering plant embryo. A repeated stimulus creates a decreased response. This type of cell binding allows cells to exchange nutrients and for "molecular communication". endosperm 1589. habituation 1729. 1717. this term is a cartilaginous rod hat extends from the head to the tail in the embryo of all chordates It is derived from cells of the mesoderm. this type of hormone promotes the entry of glucose and some amino acids into muscle and fat cells?: insulin 1605. 1733. 1719. Secretes thyroxin. 1751. produces and secretes thyroxin and triiodothyronine (the two thyroid hormones) and calcitonin 1616. 1748. bi-lobed structure located on ventral surface of trachea. located ventral surface of trachea. this type of pressure tends to push fluid out of a capillary Hydrostatic 1610.. . TMJ lower and upper jaw attachment 1755. 1607. Thyroid gland Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine-Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). the term is used mainly for plant species. 1747. this type of succession will occur in areas such as burned-over land. 1615. Tonus partial state of contraction. This type of phylum do not exhibit any clear symmetry. 1742. they are a species in which each individual is distinctly male or female..H-In<--> H+ + In- . 1752. secondary succession 1612. 1736. this type of species cannot self fertilize. Titration Indicators -Indicators behave as weak acids/bases . thyroxin and triiodothryronine are what type of hormones? and what do they contain? thyroid hormones and contain iodine 1620. Dioecious species 1611. HIn has different color than In- . 1737. 1622. this type of pressure tends to pull fluid into capillary (circulatory system)? oncotic pressure 1609. 1741.. Thyroid 2-lobed. 1754.. IMPT for growth and neurological development. 1735. totipotency: the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism 1746. derived from iodination of amino acid tyrosine.. triiodothyronine (thyroid hormones) and calcitonin 1750. and they are the only animal phylum that does not possess at least two distinct embryonic tissue layers. 1624. Thyroxine hormone increases the number and activity of mitochondria in cells by binding to the cells' DNA which causes an increase in the? Basal Metabolic Rate 1621..Used in tiny amount and doesn't impact system's pH . Thylakoids a series of disks stacked in each other that contain pigments needed for photosynthesis. Titration Curves Multiprotic . Increase metabolic rate throughout body. 1625. Titration Curve . porifera (sponges) 1608. 1740.. necessary in children for growth and neurological development. 1626. pH= pKa1 at the HALF equivalence point . 1749.. 1745. 1614. 1738. 1st Equiv point occur at Titrant Volume= 1. when fire sweeps through a forest. 1617. 1753. Thylakoid membrane contains chlorophyllmakes the pigment of plants 1618. increases rate of metabolism throughout body 1619. torsional strain results when cyclic molecules must assume conformations that have eclipsed interactions 1627. muscles are never fully relax 1756.. this type of technique allows scientist to quickly clone DNA in a test tube rather than in living cells? PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) 1613. Thyroid Hormones 1744.. 1743. 1739. Thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).1734.0 eq 1623. 1629. A repressor binds to the operator and will block RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter region. Each of the following changes the frequency of alleles in a population.D block . thus stopping transcription true.. 1646. true or false. FSH. 1637.TSH 1775. scientist use this to map genes because the closer genes are together on a chromosome. Transformation when a foreign chromosome fragment is incorporated into the chromosome via recombination 1631. . 1774. Translation where mRNA codons are translated into amino acids. true or false?do platelets. 1760. aids in translation of mRNA's nucleotide code into amino acids. TSH. immigration. feminine males 1773.Electron transitions between nondegenerate d orbits gives transition metal complexes vivid colors . and genetic drift. tropic hormones ACTH. 1779. Transposable elements in DNA can move a DNA segment. true 1770. Transpiration loss of H20 by evaporation in leaves 1634. with no lose of genetic material. ATCH. 1766. 1778. Transition metals . 1761. the more likely they will be transduced together 1630.All three phases exist in equilibrium! 1759. true or false. Mutation. 1767. LH. stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones 1776..High conductivity due to loosely bound outer d electrons . 1764. 1632.. triple bond a sigma bond and two pi bonds 1769. -Down syndrome on chromosome 21 have 47 chromosomes-occur during anaphase 1 or 2 of meiosis Klinefelter syndrome: on sex chromosomes. those released from the anterior pituitary= FSH.nucleus still has the same gene so it is viable.. Tropic hormones Synthesized by anterior pituitary. 1640. 1633. MSH 1644. Trophic Hormones hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones. leukocytes and erythrocytes develop from a common stem cell source? true 1645. 1642. Transcription DNA to mRNA. 1777. trisomy 21 is also called Down Syndrome and is due to ? non-disjunction 1639. at least one tRNA for each amino acid 1641. 1771. 1638. Triple Point . . Transduction when a fragment of bacterial DNA accidentally get packaged with a virus and the virus goes off and infects other bacteria. 1635.1757. . LH. the type of RNA found in the cytoplasm.. XXY and XXXY.3' direction 1758. 1768. 1762.can cut themselves from the chromosome and reinsert themselves in another area.Always have a POSITIVE oxidation # . natural selection. mRNA transcribed on the sense strand in the 5' . Transplant nucleus only a few exceptions that works (tadpoles) cells differentiation.. tRNA transfer RNA. 1643. brings amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis. 1763. 1636.Complex with ligands and d orbitals change in energy (nondegenerate) . Trisomy nondisjunction (get double or none of the chromosomes) (pleiotrophy) -Failure to separate correctly in meiosis -Edward syndrome: on chromosome 18 1772. 1628. occurs in cytoplasm 1765. 1800. 1794. 1652. 1795. members of the kingdom are generally separated from the members of all other kingdoms by having? Prokaryotic cells versus eukaryotic cells. we see an alteration of the rate in which specific genes are transcribed and translated. Steroid: lipid based so intracellular receptors. Small uncharged polar molecules and lipids can readily move through a selectively permeable membrane. True or false. 1791. hormone/receptor binding to DNA promotes transcription of specific genes 1658..mosses. 1799. True or false. grass and low-lying shrubs -very cold has permafrost 1789. 1792. there is a limit to the number of individuals that can occupy one area at a particular time this is referred as? carrying capacity 1659. true 1649. not the urethra which is how the urine leaves the body . trypsin protein digestion(from pancreas) 1786. 1661. true 1650. including thyroxin 1780. stimulates thyroid gland to synthesize and release thyroid hormones. Uric acid excreted from birds. Tundras Habitat treeless region. TSH 1790. 1796. and reptiles 1663. When O2 binds to hemoglobin many salt bridges are broken or disturbed upon binding which leads to cooperative binding in hemoglobin? true 1785. 1655. allantois. 1781.. thyroid stimulating hormone. urine is (hypertonic or hypotonic) to the blood and contains a high urea and solute concentration? hypertonic because urine contains a high solute concentration.. Upper Limb : humor really? U c metacarpal? -Humerus -Radius -Ulna -Carpal Metacarpal . true or false. 1662. 1782. 1787. urine leaves the kidney via? ureters. 1653. including thyroxin (hormone produced by the thyroid glands to regulate metabolism by controlling the rate of oxidation in cells) 1788. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes both utilize electron transport chains? true 1648. ultimately. made in anterior pituitary. it will likely age faster than normal. 1664. When a steroid binds to a nuclear receptor..invertebrates . 1784. TSH Thyroid Stimulating Hormone.. 1798. under the fivekingdom classification. true or false. lichen. insects. Tunicates underwater saclike filter feeders .. Umbilical cord connects embryo to yolk sac. 1660. 1654. 1657. and amnion. -very low rainfall .doesn't lose notochord Tunicates and amphioxus Both are invertebrates and represent Chordates ( have notochord only for some time) . generally act via secondary messengers. True or false. If a clone has chromosomes with short telomeres. 1797. stimualtes thyroid gland to make and release thyroid hormone. Two kinds of hormones peptide and steroid: Peptide: surface receptors. 1783. true 1651. 1793. 1656.1647. 1801. 1802. 1803. 1804. 1805. 1806. 1807. 1808. 1809. 1810. 1811. 1812. 1813. 1814. 1665. Vacuole (and vesicles) 1666. Vagus Nerve membrane bound sacs that transport and store materials that are ingested, secreted, processed or digested by the cell; vacuole=large, more in plants; vessicles=small, more in animals important parasympathetic nerve, innervates many of the thoraci and abdominal viscera; uses acetylcholine as primary neurotransmitter 1667. Van der Waal's equation Deviation from ideal gas behavior P (pressure)= [nRT/ V- nb] - [n2a/V2] Essentially this is P= repulsionattraction ... - b= bounce, the greater b is... more repulsion ... - a= attraction, the greater a is the less pressure there is ... 1668. Van der Waals' forces= London Dispersion Forces - Exists for all molecules - Only significant for non polar molecules - Come from induced and instantaneous dipoles ... - LDF's get bigger for larger molecules (decane has bigger LDF than ethane) ... 1669. Van't Hoff factor - total # of of particles in solution - Ex: glucose is 1 - Ex NaCl is 2 (breaks up into 2 ions) 1670. Vapor Pressure Lowering ΔP=(Mol fraction solute/ Total # moles)iP°solvent ΔP=X(i)P°solvent 1671. Vascular bundles in Angiosperms are multistranded cord of phloem and xylem tissue -Monocots- have scattered vascular tissues, 1 cotyledons -Dicots- vascular tissue is arranged around the center core in the stem, 2 cotyledons ... 1672. Vascular Tissue In plants use to transport things internally -Xylem: transport of Water and minerals UP the stem -Phloem transport nutrients DOWN the stemmainly sucrose 1673. Vegetative propagation asexual reproduction for plants 1674. Vegetative propagation is what form of reproduction? asexual reproduction. one of the sperm cells unites with the egg to form a zygote. 1675. Vertebral column cer the lum sac -cervical -Thoracic -Lumbar -Sacrum -Coccyx ... 1676. Vestibular apparatus maintains equilibrium; located in inner ear 1822. 1677. vestibule containing the sense organs responsible for balance - function to sense movement 1823. 1678. vicinal diols with hydroxyl group on adjacent carbon 1824. 1679. Vinyl monosubstituted ethylene 1680. Virulent bacteriophages bacteriophages that replicate by lytic cycle and kill their host cells 1681. Virus contains DNA or RNA ( never both), lacks cellular organelles so antibodies don't work on them 1682. viruses that bind to bacteria to infect them do so by recognizing this structure on the bacteria and binding to it? teichoic acids 1683. Vitreous humor jelly inside the eye; maintains eye shape and optical properties 1684. vitreous humor: maintains the shape of eye and optical properties 1685. Volvox plant-like protist 1686. Water Phase Diagram - liquid more dense than solid! boundary slopes left 1687. Ways neurotransmitter is removed from synapse 1) Uptake carrier - protein that retakes up the neurotransmitter into the presynaptic cell and recycles it/degrades it 2)Enzyme degrade synapse - enzymes in synapse degrade it 3) neurotransmitters diffuse out of synapse 1815. 1816. 1817. 1818. 1819. 1820. 1821. 1825. 1826. 1827. 1828. 1829. 1830. 1831. 1832. 1833. 1688. Ways you can degrade Pyruvate? Anaerobic=fermentation, aerobic= cell respiration in mitochondria 1689. Weak Acids Do NOT completely dissolve in solution Formic Acid: HCOOH 1834. Acetic Acid CH3COOH 1835. Hydrofluoric Acid HF 1836. Hydrocyanic Acid HCN Hydrogen Sulfide: H2S Water: H2O Conjugate base of a WEAK acid is a relatively STRONG weak base ... Dissolve less in presence of CONJUGATE ion! ... 1839. Ex HF dissolves less if NaF salt is added! 1690. Weak Bases: Ammonia: NH3 1840. Amine NR3 1841. Pryidine C5H5N (aromatic 6 mem ring with N LP) Ammonium Hydroxide: NH4OH 1842. Water H2O Partially disassociate--> conjugate acids are STRONG weak acids ... Dissolve less in presence of its CONJUGATE ion! ... 1691. weak bases what are the best leaving groups? 1692. what are 2 types of hormones that the adrenal medulla gland produces? epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine, 1693. what are 3 key characteristics of echinoderms?: no segmentation exist, adults are symmetrical, are inverterbrates 1694. what are 3 things that can cause the release of integral proteins from the plasma membrane? reagents such as detergents, nonpolar solvent, and denaturing agents 1695. what are segmented worms? Annelids 1696. What are the 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration? 1)Pyruvate Decarboxylation 2)Citric Acid Cycle aka Krebs cycle 3) Electron Transport Chain (ETC) 1837. 1838. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847. 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1697. what are the 3 types of muscles in the body? cardiac, smooth muscle and skeleton muscle. 1698. what are the 4 things that bind to hemoglobin? CO, O2, CO2 and H+ 1699. what are the 4 things that prokaryote cells do contain? ribosomes, nucleic acids, plasma membrane and nuclear region called nucleiod. 1700. what are the 6 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland? LH, FSH, HGH, TSH, prolactin and ACTH 1701. what are the 6 hormones synthesized in the anterior pituitary gland? FSH, TSH, HGH, Prolactin, LH, and ACTH 1702. What are the differences between Plant and Animal Cell division? 1) plant cells do not have centrioles (instead spindle apparatus synthesized by microtuble organizing centers - not visible) 2) plant cells divide by forming cell plate, not like cleavage furrow in plants 1703. What are the four phases of the Menstrual cycle Follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase, menstruation 1704. what are the main headings under the PNS?: Sensory and Motor. 1705. What are the most diverse types of plants? hint they are flowering plants. angiosperms 1706. What are the only type of blood cells that can leave the blood vessels and circulate in the lymphatic system? White blood cells 1707. What are the three methods bacterial cells have for increasing genetic variance of a population? transformation, conjugation, transduction 1708. what are the two examples of genetic drift? bottleneck and founder effect. 1709. What are the two female sex hormomes? progesterone and estrogens; GnRH regulates LH and FSH which regulate progesterone and estrogens 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1710. what are the two hormones that raise glucose levels in the blood? glucagon and cortisol 1711. what are the two main parts of the autonomic nervous system? sympathetic and parasympathetic 1712. what are the two nervous systems?: CNS (central nervous system) and Peripheral nervous system. 1713. what are the two terms that describes a population is originated rebuilt from very few individuals? bottleneck and founder effect. 1714. what are the two types of cells that xylem has? tracheids and vessel members 1715. what are the two ways that hormones can be derived? steroid and peptide hormones 1716. What are the vascular tissue of plants? phloem and xylem 1717. what arises from large, multinucleated cells in the red marrow called megakaryotes. platelets 1718. what bacteria is being described. Rod shaped bacteria?: bacilli 1719. what bacteria is being described. Spherical bacterial? cocci 1720. What binds to the operator? repressor 1721. what binds to the Promoter region? RNA polymerase 1722. what blood type is the universal acceptor? blood type AB. 1723. what blood type is the universal donor? blood type O 1724. what buffer system works primarily in the extracellular fluids of all cells? Phosphate buffer 1725. What cause Denaturation of protein?: pH, heat, radiation, heavy metal: Pb, Ag, Hgcc 1726. what causes the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse? action potentials 1727. what characteristic of bacteria plays a key roll in heat resistant? The greater GC amount, the more stable and more heat resistant the bacteria will be. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1728. what compound is needed for the dark reaction to occur? NADPH 1729. what connects bone to bone?: ligaments 1730. what connects bone to muscle? tendons 1731. what converts hydrogen peroxide into H20 and O2? peroxisomes 1732. what depends on the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen. blood clotting 1733. what describes a sexlinked disorder? hemophilia 1734. what disease may originate through nondisjunction of chromosome 21, and be a autosomal disorder which occurs equally in both sexes? down syndrome 1735. What distinction does RNA polymerase have with DNA polymerase? DNA polymerase proofreads the DNA strand whereas RNA polymerase does not have the proofreading ability. 1736. What divides the brain hemispheres? corpus callosum 1737. what do G-Cells secrete? G-Cells secrete hormone Gastrin which stimulates HCL production of parietal cells. 1738. What do Mucous cells secrete? secretes mucous which protects the stomach lining from the HCL secreted by the parietal cells. 1739. What do Parietal cells secrete?: parietal cells secrete HCL 1740. what does a bacteriophage lack and contain? a bacteriophage contains DNA or RNA but lack organelles. 1741. what does the head of a sperm consist largely of? nucleus 1742. What does the motor division of the PNS further break down to? Somatic and autonomic 1743. what does the oxidation of fatty acids result in?: in the formation of Acetyl Co A 1744. What enzyme catalyzes ATP-->Cyclic AMP? adenylate cyclase and integral membrane protein 1903. 1908.Speed of stirring! (Just speeds up process that will naturally occur given enough time) . What happens in repolarization? 1900. voltage-gated K+ ion channels open and K+ runs down its electrochemical gradient out of the cell. This will cause the cell to shrink. 1758. 1895.Particle size (smaller particles easier to dissolve) . 1754. which repolarizes it 1906. 1907.. 1747. glucose-6-phosphate--> fructose-6phosphate? phosphoglucose isomerase 1746. arterial blood pressure. what happens to a oxygenhemoglobin dissociation curve when the pH is decreased or temperature is increased? the curve shifts to the right. what forces water and solutes out of he glomerular capillaries and into the region inside the bowman's capsule during filtration? blood pressure 1748. what helps regulate the heart. what hormone stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone and estrogen which allow for blood vessels to grow and for the lining to prepare for implantation of the egg. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 1760. 1749.for GASES ONLY--> pressure. what hormone regulates the kidneys gland to reduce water loss in the urine. . 1905..Polarity. what happens to the thoracic pressure as the thoracic cavity size increases? thoracic pressure decreases 1755.. what has a closed circulatory system: annelid 1756.gated ion channels to open.. what has an open circulatory system? arthropod 1757. . 1898. 1901. 1894.. and maintain homeostasis? hypothalamus 1759. which is to be fertilized? LH (lutenizing hormone) . 1899. What factors affect solubility? . translocation. Na+ runs down its concentration gradient into the cell which further depolarizes it 1750. What happens in depolarization? cell gets depolarized enough (generally to -50mV) that this change in voltage causes Na+voltage. 1893. what has happened when two nonhomologous chromosomes interchange genes..Temperature (dissolve better at higher temp) . 1892. cause if they are close to each other and crossing over occurs they would most likely be crossed over together. 1745. 1896. body temperature. what happens to the probability of a crossover between two genes on a homologous chromosome if the genes are further apart? the probability of crossover (separated) increases. what happens to a RBC when it gets placed into a hypertonic solution? RBC will try to balance out the high solute concentration in the solution by diffusing water of its own. we see the attachment of all or part of one chromosome to another. 1751.1891.gases dissolve better at higher pressure (directly proportional) .like dissolves like (in terms of polarity) . 1904. 1753. 1752. what enzyme catalyzes the second step of glycolysis. 1897. what happens during indeterminate cleavage that makes it possible for identical twins? this type of cleavage of the zygote allows for two viable embryos instead of one. 1902. what is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure? systolic is highest blood pressure and diastolic is lowest pressure. 1923. What hormone Increased osteoblast activity. what is being described in the following. what is being described. is an allosteric molecule. what is being described. what is a solid ball of cells called? morula 1767. 1924.1909. skin. digestive and respiratory tracts. teeth. 1917. what is a circular DNA molecules that exist in bacterial cells called?: plasmids 1763. 1786. 1912. kidneys. thylakoid 1770. and circular system?: mesoderm 1774. 1920. 1785. 1922. what is finger like projections on the wall of the small intestine that increase surface area and absorb nutrients? villi 1776. what is split by sunlight but quickly reforms? ozone (O3) 1778. 1916. what is produced in a fatigued muscle?: lactate 1777. hair. 1784. 1911. striated muscle?: locomotion 1769. what is the carbon source of photosynthesis? CO2 1781. 1913. exist as a tetramer. lining of bladder. pancreas and gall bladder. 1914. 1930. 1775. 1928. 1915. 1768. what is being described. 1919. pseudopodia. liver. . eyes. what is the difference in leafs between monocots and dicots? monocots have parallel veins. what is the best technique to determine the the 3-D structure of a macromolecule? x-ray crystallography 1780. What is an association that all of the following have cilia. what is the chromosome number of a somatic cell undergoing mitosis have at anaphase? 4N aka 96 total chromosomes. while in animals the haploid gametophyte is unicellular. 1929. 1931. Insulin is a peptide hormone. muscles. nervous system. what is the deepest layer of the epidermis (above dermis) which contains melanocytes which produces melanin pigment? Stratum germinatium 1783. what is called the voice box? larynx 1921. Skeleton. binds CO with a much greater affinity (binds tighter) than O2? hemoglobin 1771. 1925. A series of disks stacked on each other that contain pigments needed for photosynthesis. lens of eyes? ectoderm 1772. flagella. endoderm 1773. 1927. 1910. gonads. contains heme. What is the difference between Estrogen hormone and insulin hormone? estrogen is a steroid hormone. what is the appendage that are involved in the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells? pilli 1779. 1918. what is a plant feature that is a waxy band in plants that aid in water control? casparian strip 1765. what is a plant hormone involved with promoting cell division? cytokinins 1766. What is a connective tissue with blood and lymph vessels along with nerve plexuses called? submucosa 1764. this is because sister chromatids of each chromosome are now separated from each other and have moved to opposite poles. what is being described. 1782. what is the difference between the haploid gametophyte in plants compared to in animals? in plants the haploid gametophyte is multicellular. 1761. what is a unique characteristic of angiosperms regarding fertilization? double fertilization of the egg nucleus and central nucleus. Retains calcium in the bones by inhibiting osteoclast?: calcitonin 1762. 1926. Dicots have net like veins. what is the name of the passage between the right and left atria in the heart that allows blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation? foramen ovale 1806. what is the name of the only optically inactive protein?: glycine 1805. threshold membrane potential needed to generate an action potential? -50mV 1802. what is the initiation codon in prokaryotes? AUG 1797. what is the formula to measure cardiac output? stoke volume multiplied by heart rate 1794. 1946. what is the hormone that lowers glucose concentration in the blood? insulin 1796. What is the hormone involved in NA+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the kidneys collecting duct. what is the dominant stage of life cycle of mosses? gametophyte 1789. What is the main solute transported by phloem? sucrose 1800. 1939. what is the name of the vein that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus umbilical vein . what is the excitatory neurotransmitter that causes skeletal muscles to contract?: acetylcholine 1792. 1941. 1788. 1940. What is the min. 1943. anaphase is the shortest 1799.(bicarbonate) 1798. 1948. 1945. 1949. 1937. 1934. 1787. what is the first proof and major criterion in defining a species? reproductive isolation 1793. what is the longest and shortest phases of mitosis? prophase is longest. 1936.1932. 1803. 1935. 1942. what is the ion form in which CO2 is carried predominantly in the blood? HCO3. Dicots are net like. What is the enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide to H2 and O2 since it is toxic to cells? catalase 1791. as well as a rise in blood pressure and blood volume? aldosterone 1795. what is the major form of oxygen in the atmosphere? carbon dioxide 1801. 1938. 1933. what is the most abundant waste product of metabolism? CO2 1947. 1944. what is the enzyme needed during the reaction of pyruvate to lactate during fermentation? dehydrogenase aka (lactate dehydrogenase) 1790. what is the difference in their vascular features between monocots and dicots? monocots have parallel vascular systems. what is the name of the amino acid used in eukaryotes for initiation during protein synthesis? methionine 1804.