CURS 10, 15 APRILIE 2010, MEDIU, JURNALISM, ANUL 2 I.GRAMMAR – MODALS 2: PAST Explanations Ability: To talk about general past ability we use could, couldn’t and was able to. Jane could swim/was able to swim when she was ten. To talk about one specific past action we only use was able to. When David fell in the river, Jane was able to rescue him. Certainty and uncertainty The form is: modal + have + past participle. You must have left your passport on the plane. (deduction: I’m sure you did) Lina can’t have written this. (deduction: I’m sure she didn’t) Maria might/may/could have taken the bus. (uncertainty: perhaps she did) Obligation To talk about obligation in the past we use had to, didn’t have to, didn’t need to, needn’t have done. There is no past form of must. When I was at school, we had to/didn’t have to wear a uniform. In strict grammar there is a difference between didn’t need to and needn’t have done. I didn’t need to do any homework yesterday. (I had a choice) I needn’t have done any homework yesterday. (I did it, but it wasn’t necessary) But in everyday speech we use didn’t need to for both cases. Opinions and advice The form is: modal + have + past participle. I think you should have worked harder. You shouldn’t have eaten so much! We can use ought to have done and ought not to have done in the same way. These forms mean that you are making a criticism. So in the example above we are saying ‘I think you were wrong.’ 1 Terry…………………………………………. I didn’t …………………………… d) Perhaps Tim has lost his way.Practice: 1. e) It wasn’t necessary for us to pay to get in.the last bus. Rewrite each sentence beginning as shown.. Diana…………………………………………your books. b) Did you manage to stop him? Were ……………………………..you the answer.. David…………………………………………noticed you. 2 . You should ………………………………. d) Emma was wrong not to tell you the answer. c) It wasn’t necessary to work hard. a) I’m sure you dropped your wallet at the bus stop. I didn’t ………………………………………. g) Perhaps David didn’t notice you. but it wasn’t necessary. For each question. Do not change the meaning. f) It would have been a good idea to tell me. I needn’t…………………………………. c) Peter knew how to skate when he was twelve. You could………………………….. b) Maybe Joanna missed the last bus.. i) It wasn’t necessary for me to buy any food yesterday... Tim might…………………………. h) Terry arrived early. We……………………………………………pay to get in. The class must…………………………… h) I helped her but it wasn’t necessary. f) I’m sure that Diana didn’t take your books. Contractions count as one word. Peter…………………………………………. j) It was a bad idea for us to be rude to the policeman! We……………………………………………been rude to the policeman! 2. complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. a) You were wrong to study so late! You shouldn’t have studied so late. Joanna………………………………………. Emma……………………………………….arrived early.skate when he was twelve..any food yesterday. using no more than three words. e) It was possible for you to hurt yourself. g) I’m sure the class enjoyed it. You must have dropped you wallet at the bus stop. hold the ball but you can’t carry it. Complete the sentences with the correct form of have to or be allowed to. Should/umbrella b) I’ve lost my bag. ‘I’ve got a bad cough. a) I’m completely soaked! We should have taken an umbrella. You ought …………………………………. young people……………………drink in pubs until they are 18. j) I’m sure the butler didn’t do it.i) It was a mistake to leave. but I……………………………………. you shouldn’t/don’t have to drink coffee before you go to bed. In basketball you…………. My dad………………. Choose the correct answers: a) b) c) d) e) f) Soldiers should/have to wear a uniform. a) b) c) d) e) f) In Britain. I suppose she …………………………………… might/address g) I did badly in the test.take your passport with you when you travel abroad. Mark’s a sales representative. You used to………………. We……………………………… could/fun 4. couldn’t/get through d) I forgot Kate’s birthday. 5. I…………………………………………. He has to/must travel a lot. Complete each sentence so that it contains the words in bold. If you can’t sleep. ought/harder h) It’s a shame we didn’t go on holiday. They went out to dinner so she…………….. You ………………. You mustn’t/shouldn’t smoke. I think I……………………………………… must/bus c) I tried to phone Sam. You mustn’t/don’t have to eat those berries – they are poisonous.walk three miles to school when he was a boy. I………………………………………… should/present e) The cat doesn’t like fruit! It……………………………………… can’t/orange f) Jo isn’t here yet. Do you must/have to get up early tomorrow? 3 . The butler can’t…………………………… 3.cook a meal.smoke on buses but you can’t now. four years ago.II.. the injured cat was already dead/died. 2. More than fifty relatives/parents were invited to Jack’s party. Tim cried when he heard about the ……………. Diana is Jane and Mary’s …………. When Paul arrived. 4 ..but are not exactly the same.for three years. By the time the vet arrived..than a friend.’ Diana has been………….sister. There is a strong……………between them.. VOCABULARY – FAMILY AND FRIENDS 1. but hasn’t got married yet. but doesn’t believe in marriage. There was a great………………in the village when their team won the cup. alike children couple elder housewife husband single a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) engaged twin friendship Jane got married to her husband. I occasionally meet Terry.. he received a warm and friendly…………. She calls them her ‘little sisters. Mary isn’t married. but he’s more an…………. Six months after their………………. 3. Jane’s friends think that she and Bob are the perfect …………. There should be more facilities for youth/young people in this town. David and Diana have two sons and one daughter/girl I think we should try to understand the problems of aged/old people. Underline the correct word in each sentence: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Children are not allowed to see this film.. Acquaint Resemble a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) celebrate die engage greet marry relate All Sue’s friends and relations/relatives came to her party. Dina and her mother look alike... In an ideal ………………. Unfortunately it rained on Nick and Helen’s wedding/marriage day...of his old dog.. Complete each sentence with a word from the box.sister. She says she believes in …………………. Michael and Lisa got married. They haven’t got any……………. Complete each sentence with a noun formed from a verb in the box. Mary. Bob. but they want a large family. Jane and Mary look…………. was born half an hour before she was.. Jane’s …………. It’s for adults/old only. husband and wife share each other’s problems. She has a career and doesn’t like the idea of being a ……………. She says she prefers to be…………….yet. . ……. but they live a very full life. She always offers to help in the house when she stays with us. I keep leaving and coming back. 5 . Matthew brought up the children……….. The baby was called Clare. She’s a colleague of mine. 4. Complete each sentence with a word or phrase from the box. Even before she married my brother we’d become good friends. 5) after my dog while I’m away? 6) out with George’s younger sister 7) round for dinner on Friday. After against a) b) c) d) e) away in on on and off out over It would be nice to meet again.. I’ve always got on well with my sister-in-law……. 4) in on Steve for a chat..for the weekend. Complete each part sentence (a-j) with an ending (1-10) a) I’ve started going b) When little Tina is grown c) I wonder if you could put d) Carol doesn’t really get e) Everyone says that Tom f) Let’s have some friends g) Do you think you could look h) Why don’t we all get i) Ellen and Laura were brought j) If I have time I’ll drop 1) takes after his father 2) together again next Friday evening? 3) up by an aunt after their parents died. They’re both in their seventies. Georgiana is the ideal guest. Use each word or phrase once only. a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) We’ve got a new neighbour called Helen Wills. She moved into the house next door yesterday.h) It’s my anniversary/birthday today. I’m afraid Sonia isn’t here.for several years. We both work in the same department at the bank. I’ve lived here………. ………. I’m eighteen years old. I’ll get in touch with you next week. ……. and has designed her own wedding dress. 8) on well with her mother-in-law 9) up she wants to be an astronaut 10) us up for a few days next week? 5) Match each sentence (a-h) with a sentence (1-8) which helps to explain the meaing of the word in italics. 6. ……… I was happy that he’d invited me to his party. 5 This is Sue. I’m sure that Mary will be a wonderful bride. She’s a dressmaker. Next week I’m going to stay with my grandparents..its grandmother. ……… Andrew is going to be our best man. ……. he’ll stand next to John.his own after his wife died. ……… At the end of the evening I thanked our host. When John and I get married. She went ………. most of the journalists on American tabloids were British with what one of them.. that ‘Comment is free but facts are sacred’ has come to summarise this approach. The observation of C. The Star. …………… . Journalism was to act as a custodian of the public interest. called a ‘talent to sensationalise’. The news media are supposed to stimulate and reflet the citizen’s concern with government. IV grandparents ……………… ……………. Initially. economic and social ideas and information. whereas in the United States of America a strict division has been established.Scott. Carrie told Luke their relationship was………. which emerged at the beginning of the 19 th century. Globe and Sun.f) Peter is…………at the moment but he’ll be back in half an hour. editorial director of Globe Communications. the Fleet Street titles are mainstream. editor and later proprietor of the (Manchester) Guardian. fearlessly and freely. ……………… ……………….P. 7. the Guardian asked: “Are we witnessing the tabloiding of Britain?” Conventional definitions of journalism emphasise the importance of news. Tabloid journalism has been disowned by journalism at large. Who are these people? a) your mothers’parents b) your mother’s brother c) your mother’s sister d) your husband’s son from a previous marriage e) the sister of the person you marry f) your brother’s (or sister’s) male child g) your brother’s (or sister’s) female child h) a child with no brothers and sisters i) someone from another country j) someone you have not met before III. Yet.. has admitted. to be an integral part of the democratic process. In February 1994. g) Ann decided to get married……….. and stress the rational communication of political. its mission was to tell the truth. “We’re the French Foreign Legion of journalism. was modelled on his London papers The Sun and News of the World. and performing the function of the watchdog on the State. publisher of the National Examiner. h) After their final quarrel. The notion of the press as the Fourth Estate. established by Rupert Murdoch. saw newspapers as providing an extra-parliamentary platform.the wishes of her parents. and they have been seen as having exercised an overriding influence on setting the news agenda for all the media. Phil Bunton. ‘Serious’ and tabloid journalism The distinction between ‘serious’ and tabloid journalism has been unclear in Britain. ………………… ………………. editor of the tabloid Weekly World News. Eddie Clontz.” Contemporary American tabloid journalism was largely based on the Fleet Street model of the 1970s and 1970s. while the American tabloids are not legally classified as newspapers (they are regarded as magazines). More than a quarter of England's primary schools have no male teachers 6 . ……………… …………………. 7 . People can be suspicious of your motives and feel they need an explanation. For many young men. The figures. The TDA also found that 83 per cent of parents and 76 per cent of boys want more men teaching in primary schools. show that more than a quarter of all the 17. Hampshire.587 school staffrooms populated solely by women. it has emerged. But Matthew Friday. "People expect male teachers to fit into one of two stereotypes: sporty and practical or effeminate and 'therefore gay'.(Daily Telegraph) More than a quarter of England's primary schools do not have a single male teacher. The latest revelation follows research by the Government's Training and Development Agency (TDA) that found that almost half of men believed that male primary school teachers had helped their development. so I'm in a sort of uneasy third place. "Our anxiety does ultimately discriminate against men. Norfolk and Cumbria. The figures are despite a multi-million pound Government campaign to encourage men back into what is now seen as a "feminine" career." Tanya Byron. with 4. believes the Government needs to do more to reverse the decline. and the men that do train mostly go into secondary education. but experts say it is vital for boys – many of whom do not have a father present at home – to have positive male role models as they grow up. child psychologist and presenter of BBC's Little Angels. Of the 800 adults surveyed." he says. Derbyshire." I am neither." Although a Durham University study recently revealed that the presence of a male teacher does not improve boys' grades – which have fallen significantly below those of girls in recent decades – they are vital for their overall development and to make clear that learning is not a "feminine" virtue. Lancashire. said parents were still suspicious when a male teacher arrives. Essex. over-the-top concern about paedophilia and child molestation – that it is not safe to leave children with men. Surrey. which they don't with female teachers. a third had been challenged to work harder because of men in their primary years. Men also tend to shun working with younger children over fears they will be accused of paedophilia. This puts men off working in primary schools because they are concerned about how they will be viewed and what parents will think of them. while half said they had been more likely to report problems such as bullying to male teachers. south London. released under the Freedom of Information Act. Some counties. We have to challenge these negative and unhelpful belief systems. Teacher training colleges are still admitting three women for every man. have more than 100 primary schools where there is not a single male teacher. She said: "There is a paranoid. a 32-year-old teacher at Ravenstone Primary School in Balham. including Hertfordshire.357 primary schools in England do not have a single male teacher. when they go to secondary school. the lack of male teachers at primary school means they do not have regular contact with an adult man until the age of 11. 8 . 5. Men fear working with primary school children. He said: "There has never been a better time to be a teacher with pay at record levels. Less male applicants came forward in the last year. Male teachers are necessary for the overall development of boy students. Scools Minister Jim Knight describes an improving situation. 3. stay clear of e) something that has existed for a long time f) requiring more than usually expected or thought due. 2. and schools given full power to impose discipline – but we know there is more to do to take on a long-standing and completely false perception among some men that primary schools don't offer as demanding a job as secondary schools. 7. 4. "The Teacher Training and Development Agency's more direct and male-centred recruitment campaigns are helping to get more men in the classroom – and we are starting to see more male applicants come forward in the last year. They inspire children to feel more confident. strength. Child psychologist Tanya Byron believes the Government does more than enough to create a positive and helpful system of education. A lot of primary schools in England do not have any male teacher. or patience g) (United Kingdom) a region created by territorial division for the purpose of local government. 6." Match the words with their definitions 1) to shun 2) county 3) to bully 4) sporty 5) overall 6) facility 7) long-standing 8) demanding a) be bossy towards b) Favourable to sports. more support staff than ever before to free them up to focus on the classroom. Requiring much endurance.Miss Byron said: "Male primary school teachers can often be stable and reliable figures in the lives of the children that they teach." Schools Minister Jim Knight insisted the situation was improving. Parents are not prejudiced against male teachers. better facilities. (United States) the largest administrative district within a state h) including everything Are these sentences true or false? 1. to work harder and behave better. Flashy in appearance c) a building or place that provides a particular service or is used for a particular industry d) avoid and stay away from deliberately.