Culture

Music and danceFolk Dances Rajasthan Kudakna of Meenas 1. Men dance on rasiya songs of Braj while women carry a pot with a lighted lamp on their heads. Charkula 1. Women dance with an elaborate lamp stand on their head. Gair / Geendad 1. In Gair of Mewar, there are inner and outer circles of dancers who move in an out. 2. Gair of Jodhpur is performed in a single file and martial costumes. Teerthali 1. Performed by wome while sitting. They have manjeeras (little brass discs) tied with long strings to their wrists, elbows, waists, arms which they bang together. Males sing and play tandooras. Jasnathi / Fire dance 1. The tempo rises with the dance ending with the dancer dancing on glowing embers. Walar of Garasia tribe 1. Garasias live in Mewar region and this dance is like Ghoomar. Gawari of Bhils 1. Its a dance drama and dance troupes go from village to village. Musical Instruments Rajasthan Sarangi 1. It has 4 main playing strings and 35-40 sympathetic support strings. Nayak Bhopas / Rawanhatthas 1. It is the precursor to violin. It has 2 main strings, a number of support strings and is played with a bow. It has half a coconut shell and is made of bamboo. Kamayacha 1. It has a big circular resonator and gives a deep booming sound. 2. "That" (flat notes) and "khadi belna" (natural notes) are the notes used by the musicians to tune the instruments. Bhapang 1. The Bhapang is a single stringed instrument also known as a 'talking drum' It originates from the Mewati community in the Alwar district. The Bhapang emits a unique sound due to the gut string passing through a skin parchment. It is positioned under the armpit and plucked. Ektara Morchang 1. Shaped like a horseshoe, the morchang has two parallel forks make the frame with a metal tongue in the middle - fixed to one end and free to vibrate at the other. It is held between the teeth and played by using tongue and throat movements to blow and suck air while also plucking the metal tongue with the index finger. Khartals 1. Wooden plates with metallic bells in them. Beaten against each other. Algoza 1. 2 flutes played together. Narh / Nad 1. Vertical flute in which the person whistles as well as produces singing or gurgling sound in his throat at the same time. Raw material TODO in/mystart. Economics: national statistics (non bookish): 20 marker. cooperatives 106 and 111 CA Acts (non bookish): 12 marker. maharaj singh (non bookish): 2 marker. national investment fund (non bookish): 2 marker. transhumance (economic. S&T & Ecology: Bharat norms (non bookish): 12 marker. accident (non bookish): 5 marker. small farms vs big farms (non bookish): 12 marker. FDI (sectoral and spatial): 5 marker. 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Jasrota Paintings Jasrota paintings are mainly found in Jammu and Kashmir and revolve around court scenes.Personality: 14 Bilaspur Paintings Bilaspur town of Himachal witnessed the growth of the Pahari paintings around the mid-17th century. allegorical scenes. portraitures became a common theme. Ramayana and Ragamala series. one can also find inscriptions dating back to the 9th and 10th century.Nurpur Paintings Nurpur paintings of Himachal Pradesh usually employ bright colors and flat backgrounds. However. . people collecting lotuses from a pond. Dhamyal dance is performed either by men alone or with women. The celebration is done usually after the work in the fields has been done. The main Kolams (huge masks) displayed in Padayani are Bhairavi (Kali). Padayani (Kerala) Padayani is one of the most colorful and popular dances of Southern Kerala. Quilon. The ceiling of the Ardhamandapam is adorned with murals from the 7th century. Pathanamthitta and Kottayam districts. in the later periods. The monastery is known for housing some of the most exquisite frescoes in a rock cave. Most of these cave paintings are based on the Pandyan period of the 9th century. fish. Apart from that. Yakshi (fairy) and Pakshi (bird). located at a distance of around 58 km from Trichy. Such temples are in Alleppey. Padayani is associated with the festival of certain temples. Sittanavasal Paintings Sittanavasal is the site of an ancient Jain Monastery. ducks. The spring season is a time of celebration in Haryana. etc. Kalan (god of death). called Padayani or Paddeni. A circular drum (Dhup) is played lightly by the male dancers. two dancing figures. the dazzling colors were replaced by muted ones. The themes of these paintings include animals. Dhamyal (Haryana) Dhamyal or Dhup is one of the most popular folk dances of Haryana. singers and instrumentalists play an important role.Padayani involves a series of divine and semi divine imitation. provides the main rhythm. Perini The Perini Thandavam is a male dance of the warriors. The stick. Kolattam is known by different names in different states of India. used in the Kolattam dance. In the performance of Padayani. actors. Kummi dance is performed by tribal women during festivals. The Kolattam group consists of dancers in the range of 8 to 40. the warriors performed this dominant dance in front of the idol of Nataraja or Lord Shiva. In earlier times the rulers of the Kakatiya dynasty patronized this form of dance. before leaving for the battlefield. As a part of tradition. Kolattam is derived from Kol (a small stick) and Attam (play). The Perini dance is performed to the accompaniment of the beat of the drums. . dancers. This is popular in some parts of Andhra Pradesh state. putting Kolams of different shapes and colors. songs and music and is performed during local village festivals. It is also called as Kolannalu or Kolkolannalu. Kummi is a simple folk dance where dancers form circles and clap in rhythmic way. Kummi (Tamil Nadu) Kummi is a popular folk dance of Tamil Nadu. Kolattam dance is a combination of rhythmic movements. with many projections and devices and a mask for the face or a chest piece to cover the breast and abdomen of the performer. Kolattam 'Kollattam' or the stick dance is one of the most popular dances of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The actors or dancers wear Kolams that are huge headgears. accompanied by dances of boys and girls. Dollu Kunitha (Karnataka) Dollu Kunitha is a popular drum dance of Karnataka state. hanging around their necks. The Dollu Kunitha dance forms a part of the ritualistic dances of the Dodavas of Karnataka. In the Dollu Kanitha dance. The participants or performers sing songs in the praise of local goddess. During the Ghode Modni celebrations people are in a mood for fun and frolic. Ghode Modni dance portrays the brave deeds of the Goan warriors. Lava Dance of Minicoy (Lakshadweep) . armed with swords. The dancers wear tinkling bells around their waist. Elaborate parades and spectacular processions are taken out. the dancers use drums. The songs used in this dance usually have religious and battle fervor.Thapetta Gullu (Andhra Pradesh) Thapetta Gullu is a folk dance form of Srikakulam district. In the Ghode Modni (dummy horse presentation) dance the delightfully dressed dancers perform dances. Ghode Modni (Goa) The culture of Goa bears strong European influence as it was ruled by the Portuguese for many years. While performing the Thapetta Gullu dance. The main emphasis is on quick and light movement of the feet and legs. In the Thapetta Gullu dance more than ten persons participate. Andhra Pradesh. large drums are adorned with colored clothes and hang around the necks of men. Dressed in colorful costumes the performers play skillfully with big sticks in their hands. This gathering of young people is an invitation to everyone to join in the festive spirit. During Dussehra and Holi. Raika and Jhoria are some examples of this type of dance.Lava dance is a colorful and energetic dance of the Minicoy Island of Lakshadweep. The dancers perform to the rhythmic beats of drums and songs. The Ghumer dance. Tarangmel (Goa) Tarangmel is an energetic and youthful dance of Goa. The Gher dance is a favorite and popular dance of the Mina tribe who are similar to the Bhils while Valar is typical dance of the Garasias of Rajasthan. Tera Tali (Rajasthan) . Dandiya (Rajasthan) Dandiya is a popular folk dance of Rajasthan. During the Lava dance performance the dancers are dressed in multi-hued costumes and a headgear. 'dhol' and 'tasha'. The musical instruments used during Tarangmel are 'romut'. Dandiya dance is accompanied by the musical instrument called the 'Meddale' played by the drummer in the centre. They also carry a drum. All these folk dances correspond to the agricultural cycle. The Tarangmel dance is usually performed during Dussehra and Holi celebrations. The Bhil tribal of Rajasthan perform a variety of dances. the energetic young girls and boys throng the streets in colorful group with flags and streamers (tarang). An interesting part of the Tera Tali dance is tying of metal cymbals (Manjiras) to different parts of the body. stand in the center and give the dancers the necessary musical background. The Tera Tali dancers hold cymbals in their hands and strike them in a rhythmic manner.Dhoti. It is performed by two or three women of the 'Kamar' tribe. comprising 'Mridangam' player and a vocalist. This dance is usually performed on the Ekadashi day in the Hindu month of Kartik. mostly on the legs. The musicians.Tera Tali is another famous folk dance of Rajasthan. Dancers move around a group of drum players. accompanied by colorful handkerchiefs. Men and women folk perform the dance on the rhythmic music. Angarakha and Pheta. The Dhangari Gaja dance is performed in the traditional Marathi dresses . . The Dhangari Gaja Dance is performed by Dhangars of Maharashtra to please their God for blessings. In these dances the playful attitude of Lord Krishna is presented. Dindi And Kala Dindi and Kala are devotional dances of Maharashtra. The women folk sit on the ground while performing the Tera Tali which is an elaborate ritual with many other rituals in it. Tippani is a popular folk dance of Saurashtra. On many occasions the women clasp a sword in between their teeth and balance a decorative pot on their head. Dindi is a small drum. Tippani is performed by women laborers in parts of Saurashtra. medicare. The Koli dance is performed by both men and women . legal assistance and air lifting. It encourages and enables them to save for their return and for old age by providing a co-contribution from the Government.000 rupees under the plan can expect a contribution of 3. Mandatory insurance scheme for emigrant workers holding ECR passports and a valid work permit.divided into two groups.000 rupees from the ministry. Eminent personality . It also provides a free Life Insurance Cover against natural death during the period of coverage.. old age pension and also save for resettlement. Pension and Life Insurance Fund 1. 4. These services include boarding/lodging. The main story of the dance is enacted by the smaller group of men and women. These would be setup under the Innovation Universities Bill and would focus only on innovation. Indian diaspora PIO Universities 1. Pravasi Bhartiya Bima Yojana 1. Men would receive 2. 5 special universities will be setup for PIOs where 59% seats would be reserved for them. Women who save 5. Overseas Workers Resource Center 1. Telephone helpline giving authentic information to workers. It has been opened in 43 countries and aims to provide on site welfare services to Indians on a means tested basis. The dances of Kolis incorporate all elements of their surroundings. 2.000 rupees from the ministry each year. 3. Indian Community Welfare Fund 1. In this dance the Kolin or fisherwoman makes advances to the Kolis or fishermen. 2. 2. It provides them life insurance.Koli (Maharashtra) The Koli dance derives its name from the Koli tribe of Maharashtra. emphasizing thought. Shramana Traditions The Shramana movement was a Non-Vedic movement parallel to Vedic Hinduism in ancient India. renunciation and austerities ü Denial of the efficacy of sacrifices and rituals for purification. as understood in most parts of the world. It is believed that the deva do ashtprakari puja of tirthankara and it takes them eight days to do this ashtaprakari puja. They practiced Ahimsa and rigorous ascetism. based on the idea of God. hard work and discipline. while Digambara Jains refer it as Das Lakshana. Buddhism. and Yoga. ü Rejection of the caste system Jain Rituals ü Navkar Mantra is the fundamental prayer of Jainism. The Shramana tradition gave rise to Jainism. Samsara and transmigration of Soul. Normally Svetambara Jains refer it as Paryushana. ü Paryushana is one of the most important festivals for the Jains. Philosophy Śramaṇas held a view of samsara as full of suffering (Dukka). so at the very same time Jains celebrate it as Paryushan. which drew its philosophical essence from Mimamsa. it simply serves as a gesture of deep respect towards beings they believe are more spiritually advanced and to remind followers of the Jainism of their ultimate goal of nirvana. This is called Ashtanhika Mahotsav. and was responsible for the related concepts of saṃsāra (the cycle of birth and death) and moksha (liberation from that cycle). including that of thetirthankara. The other two included Brahmanism. Beliefs and concepts of Śramaṇa philosophies: ü Denial of creator and omnipotent Gods ü Rejection of the Vedas as revealed texts ü Affirmation of Karma and rebirth.2. In this prayer there is no mention of names. The third and most popular strand of Indian philosophical thought revolves around the concept of Bhakti or Theism. Paryushana lasts eight days for Svetambara Jains and ten days for Digambaras Jains. Sramanism. was one of the three strands of Hindu philosophy. . ü Affirmation of the attainment of moksa through Ahimsa. It does not ask for favors or material benefits. They believed in Karma and Moksa and viewed rebirth as undesirable. . ü His illustrations of Ramayana and Mahabharata were the most appealing visual representations of that time. became very popular not only in India but abroad. § The paintings are mostly of Gods and Goddesses because this art of painting flourished at a time when fine-looking and striking temples were being constructed by rulers of several dynasties. who founded the Bengal School of Painting. The rich vibrant colors. pearls. Vienna. dashes of gold. another renowned Indian painter. which mostly depicted mythological themes. ü Rabindranath Tagore started painting in 1930 at the age of 67 and produced some great paintings. He adopted the angular forms and harsh lines of the village patuas and used the village dyes in his paintings. glass pieces and gold. were the pioneers in encouraging Indian themes. He held the first exhibition of his paintings in Galerie Pigalle in Paris in 1930. § The paintings are notable for their adornment in the form of semi-precious stones.Tanjore paintings § A style of painting characterised by bold drawing. ü Abanindranath Tagore's Arabian Nights series (1930) is among his renowned works. ü Other renowned painters like Nandlal Bose. techniques of shading and the use of pure and brilliant colours flourished at Tanjore in South India during the late 18th and 19th centuries. semi-precious stones and fine artistic work are characteristics of these paintings. Sarada Charan Ukil. ü He evolved a national style of painting by combining various regional elements like costumes. Asit Kumar Haldar also belonged to this school. He won a gold medal at the World Art Exhibition. His paintings. § The figures in these paintings are large and the faces are round and divine. modelled his work on the folk art of Bengal. Devi Prasad Roy. for his picture Nair Lady Adorning Her Hair. ü Jamini Roy. Modern Painting § Raja Ravi Verma ü Raja Ravi Verma of Kerala was perhaps the first great modern painter in India. § Bengal school ü Abanindranath Tagore and Havell . which are very individualistic and modem in style. jewellery and facial features. music and dance .Jatra ü Folk dance of West Bengal & Bangladesh ü The name literally means 'going' or 'journey'. Pandavani ü Folk Dance of Chhattisgarh ü Form of story-telling prevalent among the tribals of the Chhatisgarh ü Both entertaining and educating the people. Nagara (a huge drum) and Shehnai (reed pipes). ü Women ornamented with brass fillets and bead necklaces with their tattooed bodies also join the gathering. ü It is performing art combining acting. lanterns and flickering oil lamps. Eastern India Chhau ü Popular folk dance of Orissa/Bihar/Bengal. tossing of horns.1. ü The men with drums usually move in a circle and create a variety of dancing patterns ü As a part of the dance they attack one another and even chase the female dancers ü This dance incorporates the movements of a bison namely charging. ü Chhau means mask. Central India Gaur dance ü Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh ü 'Gaur' means a ferocious bison ü Men put head-dresses with stringed 'cowries' and plumes of peacock feathers and make their way to the dancing ground. which is why it comprises vigorous movements and leaps. ü The themes often revolve around mythological heroes and warriors from the Mahabharata and Ramayana. ü It probably originated as a martial art. songs. ü Pandavani narrates the story of the five Pandava brothers (protagonists of the epic Mahabharata). hurling wisps of grass into the air. ü The stages are decorated and brightly lit by torches. ü Teejan Bai is a known Pandavani artist. 2. to name a few. ü All the Chhau performers hold swords and shields while performing. ü The musical instruments used are the Dhol (a cylindrical drum). ü Dancer climbs a pole and balances himself on his navel on the top of the pole. The dances are performed in circles or parallel rows. ü The dance performed in mid-April when the harvesting of crops is over ü Young men and girls perform the Bihu dance together to the accompaniment of drums and pipes. Bhangra ü Bhangra is a lively form of folk music and dance of Punjab. ü Performers of this dance place a banner into the ground at a fixed location. Dumhal dance is accompanied by songs which the performers themselves sing. Chiraw ü Folk Dance of Mizoram ü It employs a grid of bamboo poles in its performance. swaying of trees 4. North East India Bihu ü Popular folk dance of Assam. ü They tap the bamboos open and closed in rhythmic beats. ü Dancers play the dhol (a large drum). They begin to dance around this banner. North India Dumhal ü A dance performed by the men folk of the Wattal tribe of Kashmir ü This dance is performed with long colorful robes. ü It developed from processions brought out in honour of various deities. beating it with a stick while others play the flute and dholak ü Bhangra eventually became a part of social occasions including weddings Giddha ü It is a folk dance of Punjab performed by women and girls ü It is considered to be the female counterpart of Bhangra. ü Love forms the subject matter of the songs that are sung during the performance. ü The pattern and stepping of the dance resemble the movements of birds. 3.ü Developed from ceremonial functions conducted before setting out on a journey. ü It is an integral part of the Bihu festival of Assam. performed solely by the local menfolk. . tall conical caps (studded with beads and shells). ü The dancers move by stepping alternately in and out of the pairs of horizontal bamboos. ü People sing Boliyaan (lyrics or couplets) in the Punjabi language. Langvir Dance ü This is an acrobatic dance in Uttarkhand. ü The dancers step in and out of the squares formed by the bamboos with ease and grace. ü Associated with the festival of certain temples. called Padayani or Paddeni. Yakshi (fairy) and Pakshi (bird). ü Such temples are in Alleppey. ü They pursue the centuries-old profession of catching snakes and trading snake venom. 6. ü Large drums are adorned with colored clothes and hang around the necks of men. 5. ü The name is derived from the word ghoomna (pirouetting). performing several acrobatic stunts. ü It is generally performed in local fairs and festivals of the area. Kalan (god of death). ü The dance movements and the costumes have an uncanny resemblance to the slithery creatures. Ghoomar Dance ü Characteristic dance of the Bhils . ü The Dollu Kunitha dance forms a part of the ritualistic dances of the Dodavas of Karnataka. ü The main emphasis is on quick and light movement of the feet and legs.a tribal community in Rajastan ü A community dance performed by groups of women on auspicious occasions. Pathanamthitta and Kottayam districts. he balances skillfully and rotates on his belly. Quilon. ü The main Kolams (huge masks) displayed in Padayani are Bhairavi (Kali). ü The songs used in this dance usually have religious and battle fervor. . South India Padayani ü Southern Kerala. Dhimsa ü Andhra Pradesh ü This dance is popular among the tribes inhabiting the Araku Valley region of Vishakhapatam. Dollu Kunitha ü Karnataka state. Kalbelia Dance ü Performed by the womenfolk hailing from the Kalbelia community in Rajastan. ü Dressed in colorful costumes the performers play skillfully with big sticks in their hands. Western India Dandiya ü It is a popular folk dance of Rajasthan.ü To the accompaniment of drum beats and music. ü Dandiya dance is accompanied by the musical instrument called the 'Meddale' played by the drummer in the centre. ü The most popular centres of this traditional theatre form are Kanpur.ü It has been included in UNESCO intangible cultural heritage list Bhavai ü In Rajasthan. ü Among those remembered with reverence is Gulab Bai of Kanpur. ü The meters used in the verses are: Doha. Raasleela ü Theatre form of Uttar Pradesh. prose too. She gave a new dimension to this old theatre form. Chhappai. ü The dialogues in prose combined beautifully with songs and scenes from Krishna's pranks. music and acting. it is Brajbhasha. ü There was a time when only men acted in Nautanki but nowadays. 53. pirouetting and swaying with the soles of their feet perched on top of a glass or on the edge of a sword. ü It is based exclusively on Lord Krishna legends ü It is believed that Nand Das wrote the initial plays based on the life of Krishna. Chaubola. ü Biting satire. Behar-e-tabeel. nagaara and dhol. women have also started taking part in the performances. this spectacular dance form consists of veiled women dancers balancing nearly seven or nine brass pitchers as they dance dexterously. Swang ü Originally it was mainly music-based. . Nautanki ü Associated with Uttar Pradesh. Gradually. the language used is Haryanvi (Bangru) and in Haathras. ü Music is provided with surnai. In the style belonging to Rohtak. wit and parody characterize the form. Lucknow and Haathras. ideals and sensitivity in the drama is discernible. ü The two important styles of Swang are from Rohtak and Haathras. accomplishment of rasa along with the development of character can be seen. ü Haryana and western UP ü Swang means impersonation ü The softness of emotions. North India Bhand Pather ü Traditional theatre form of Kashmir ü A unique combination of dance. played its role in the dialogues. ü The actors of Bhand Pather are mainly from the farming community and the impact of their way of living. Later. found a place in Jatra.in@gmail. Bengal Orissa. ü Mask dance performed exclusively by the Bhandaris (Ksatriya caste). music. ü In this theatre form songs are given prominence in between the dialogues.in GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | gktoday.com | © 2013 Suresh Soni | Some Rights Reserved Jatra ü Muscial plays performed at fairs in honour of gods. Eastern India 49 Conventional General Studies-39 Indian Culture. ü The centers of this form are Kutch and Kathiawar. ü The term for dialogue in this form is bol and rhyme in narration is termed vanag. or religious rituals and ceremonies ü This form was born and nurtured in Bengal. Western India Bhavai ü Traditional theatre form of Gujarat. Mathura and Brindavan can be seen. however.Comepndium of Basics Civil Services Examination 2013 Target 2013 www. worldly love stories too. ü Cultural glimpses of Assam. ü The actors themselves describe the change of scene. Dialogues were added at later stage. ü The Sutradhaar. ü The earlier form of Jatra has been musical. the place of action. ü Krishna Jatra became popular due to Chaitanya's influence. first in Sanskrit and then in either Brajboli or Assamese. etc. ü Included in the UNESCO Representative list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. 54. . The tunes of this theatre form are known as rangat. Bhaona ü It is a presentation of the Ankia Naat of Assam. 55. Ramman ü In Uttarkhand ü It is a multiform cultural event combining theatre. and traditional oral and written tales ü It is celebrated every year in Baisakh month (april) in the courtyard of the temple of Bhumiyal Devta situated in Chamoli district. or narrator begins the story. historical reconstructions.gktoday. Uttarakhand.Maach ü Traditional theatre form of Madhya Pradesh ü The term Maach is used for the stage itself as also for the play. Bhadrakali. She is known as Murki. ü Apart from stylized make-up. there is a rare synthesis of devotional and romantic sentiments. etc. 56. ü The word 'Theyyam' is derived from the Sanskrit word 'Daivam' meaning God. Jagran and Kirtan. as an oblation to the Goddess. footwork at lightning-speed. tabla. Swayamvaram. sarangi. Theyyam ü It is a traditional and extremely popular folk theatre form of Kerala. the Dashavatar performers wear masks of wood and papier mache. ü Classical music. Varaha (boar). Narada. kamasavadha. Danavendra. Krishna (or Balram). ü The seven characters in Mudiyettu: Shiva. South India Dashavatar ü It is the most developed theatre form of the Konkan and Goa regions. ü In Bhavai. Kurma (tortoise). ü It has evolved from the folk forms such as Gondhal. ü Unlike other theatre forms. ü The plays are Avataram. flute.his birth. Mudiyettu ü It is the traditional folk theatre form of Kerala ü It is celebrated in the month of Vrischikam (November-December). Rama. ü It is usually performed only in the Kali temples of Kerala. and vivid gestures make it possible to portray all the emotions through dance. ü It depicts the triumph of goddess Bhadrakali over the asura Darika. childhood pranks and various deeds depicting victory of good over evil.D. Vaman (dwarf). ü The episodes are based on the theme of Lord Krishna . Narsimha (lion-man). Rasa krida. ü The performers personify the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu-the god of preservation and creativity. ü Krishnattam is a cycle of eight plays performed for eight consecutive days. in Tamaasha the female actress is the chief exponent of dance movements in the play. pakhaawaj. under the patronage of King Manavada of Calicut. Kaliamandana. Vivida Vadham. manjeera. Tamaasha ü Traditional folk theatre form of Maharashtra.ü The instruments used in Bhavai are: bhungal. Parashuram. ü The ten incarnations are Matsya (fish). Kooli and Koimbidar (Nandikeshvara) are all heavily made-up. Darika. Buddha and Kalki. rabaab. and Swargarohana. Bana Yudham. Krishnattam ü It is the folk theatre of Kerala ü Came into existence in the middle of 17th century A. . Subhadra vivah. ü At the core of the extensive repertoire of Therukoothu there is a cycle of eight plays based on the life of Draupadi. ü It is mostly performed at the time of annual temple festivals of Mariamman (Rain goddess) to achieve rich harvest. ü Emphasis on hand gestures and eye movements makes this dance and theatre form unique.in GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | gktoday.com | © 2013 Suresh Soni | Some Rights Reserved ü Theyyam is performed by various castes to appease and worship spirits of ancestors. bamboos. ü It is the Vidushak alone who delivers the dialogues. Draupadi swayamvar. . the instrumentalists and Naangyaar.Comepndium of Basics Civil Services Examination 2013 Target 2013 www. Naambiyaar. ü One of the distinguishing features of Theyyam is the colourful costume and awe-inspiring headgears (mudi) nearly 5 to 6 feet high made of arecanut splices.gktoday.Hence it is called God's dance. Lav-kush Yuddh. ü The characters of this theatre form are: Chakyaar or actor.e. ü The Sutradhar or narrator and the Vidushak or jesters are the protagonists. Raajyaabhishek. folk heroes. wax and arac. Abhimanyu vadh. leaf sheaths of arecanut and wooden planks and dyed into different strong colours using turmeric.e. ü The most popular episodes are from the Mahabharata i. ü It is officially recognised by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.in@gmail. 50 Conventional General Studies-39 Indian Culture. Therukoothu ü It is the most popular form of folk drama of Tamil Nadu ü Literally means "street play". Koodiyaattam/ Kuttiyaattam ü It is one of the oldest traditional theatre forms of Kerala and is based on Sanskrit theatre traditions. those taking on women's roles. Baali-Sugreeva yuddha and Panchavati. Yakshagaana ü It is the traditional theatre form of Karnataka ü It is based on mythological stories and Puranas. Karna-Arjun yuddh and from Ramayana i. Orissa. Kathputli. therefore. therefore. ü The puppeteers often hold a wooden prop. songs. Orissa ü Made of light wood. also known as Katha Kalakshepa. the Sutradhara of the Therukoothu performance. more versatile. ü The music is drawn from the popular tunes of the region and is sometimes influenced by the music of Odissi dance. poems and jokes. the most articulate of the puppets.ü Kattiakaran. arched eyebrows and large lips are some of the distinct facial features. Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are some of the regions where this form of puppetry has flourished. large eyes. triangular in shape. ü The costumes of Kundhei resemble those worn by actors of the Jatra traditional theatre. ü Oval faces. ü These puppets wear long trailing skirts and do not have legs. ü The Kathputli is accompanied by a highly dramatised version of the regional music. to which strings are attached for manipulation. other Gods and saints. Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Rajasthan. ü It is a narrative entertainment that consists of prayers. dance. Rajasthan ü Carved from a single piece of wood. ü They have more joints and are. ü Harikatha. ü The troupe consists of one main performer and two co-performers. is a variant which narrates tales of Lord Krishna. solo drama. Marionettes having jointed limbs controlled by strings allow far greater flexibility and are. ü The topic will be either a Hindu mythological story or a contemporary social problem. ü Puppeteers manipulate them with two to five strings which are normally tied to their fingers and not to a prop or a support. these puppets are like large dolls that are colourfully dressed. the Orissa puppets have no legs but wear long flowing skirts. Burrakatha/ Harikatha ü A storytelling technique used in villages of Andhra Pradesh. gives the gist of the play to the audience and Komali entertains the audience with his buffoonery. Kundhei. articulate and easy to manipulate. . 58. String Puppets String puppets are also called as marionettes. Komali. elbows. ü They are made of wood and the strings for manipulation are tied to an iron ring which the puppeteer wears like a crown on his head. Andhra Pradesh. Kerala. They are cut out of leather. 59. Karnataka. for instance. Tamil Nadu ü Bommalattam combine the techniques of both rod and string puppets. ü The music that accompanies is dramatic and beautifully blends folk and classical elements. This tradition of shadow puppets survives in Orissa.Vinayak Puja. Shadow Puppets Shadow puppets are flat figures. heaviest and the most articulate of all traditional Indian marionettes. ü Some of the more complicated movements of the puppet are manipulated by two to three puppeteers at a time. The manipulation between the light and the screen make silhouettes or colourful shadows for the viewers who sit in front of the screen.Gombeyatta. These puppets are manipulated by five to seven strings tied to a prop.gktoday.com | © 2013 Suresh Soni | Some Rights Reserved ü These puppets are mostly small in size. Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Togalu Gombeyatta. which has been treated to make it translucent.in@gmail. ü Bommalattam theatre has elaborate preliminaries which are divided into four parts . hips and knees. Karnataka 52 Conventional General Studies-39 Indian Culture. Shadow puppets are pressed against the screen with a strong source of light behind it. Karnataka ü The puppets are styled and designed like the characters of Yakshagana theatre form of the region. ü The Bommalattam puppets are the largest.5 feet in height weighing about ten kilograms. ü Episodes enacted in Gombeyatta are usually based on Prasangas of the Yakshagana plays. A puppet may be as big as 4. which are manipulated by rods. . ü The puppets however differ in size according to their social status. Bommalattam. Amanattam and Pusenkanattam. shoulders. ü The Gombeyatta puppet figures are highly stylized and have joints at the legs.in GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | gktoday.Comepndium of Basics Civil Services Examination 2013 Target 2013 www. ü A few puppets have jointed arms and hands. ü The music is dominantly influenced by the classical music of the region and the theme of the puppet plays are drawn from the Ramayana. ü These puppets have mostly three joints. This form of puppetry now is found mostly in West Bengal and Orissa. a group of musicians.large size for kings and religious characters and smaller size for common people or servants. The heads. The puppeteers each holding one puppet. stand behind a head-high curtain and while manipulating the rods also move and dance imparting corresponding movements to the puppets. Tholu Bommalata. . but often much larger and supported and manipulated by rods from below. Andhra Pradesh ü The puppets are large in size and have jointed waist. ü A bamboo-made hub is tied firmly to the waist of the puppeteer on which the rod holding the puppet is placed. ü They are coloured on both sides. these puppets throw coloured shadows on the screen. mountains. Mahabharata and Puranas. Ravanachhaya. ü Although. Orissa ü The puppets are in one piece and have no joints. sitting at the side of the stage provide the accompanying music with a drum. is joined at the neck and both hands attached to rods are joined at the shoulders. ü The Bengal rod-puppets are about 3 to 4 feet in height and are costumed like the actors of Jatra theatre form. they create very sensitive and lyrical shadows. are also used. elbows and knees. hence throw opaque shadows on the screen. ü Apart from human and animal characters. Hence the manipulation requires great dexterity. ü The puppets are made of deer skin and are conceived in bold dramatic poses. 60. supported by the main rod. Hence. etc. chariots. harmonium and cymbals. usually three to four in numbers. many props such as trees. West Bengal ü The Puppets are carved from wood and follow the various artistic styles of a particular region. Rod Puppets Rod puppets are an extension of glove-puppets. shoulders. ü While the puppeteers themselves sing and deliver the stylized prose dialogues. ü They are not coloured. Putul Nautch. Ravanachhaya puppets are smaller in size-the largest not more than two feet have no jointed limbs. Every Indian state has its own history behind the New Year celebrations. with two hands emerging from just below the neck. The manipulation technique is simple. ü The theme for Glove puppet plays in Kerala is based on the episodes from either the Ramayana or the Mahabharata. the height of a puppet varies from one foot to two feet. the manipulation is different from other Rod puppets and requires greater dexterity. cut and stitched into a small bag. ü As these puppets have no joints. People in various parts of the country celebrate New Year as per their . cloth or wood. Bihar ü These puppets are made of wood.Yampuri. ü In Pavakoothu. small and thin pieces of gilded tin. Kerala ü It came into existence during the 18th century due to the influence of Kathakali.com | © 2013 Suresh Soni | Some Rights Reserved ü The musical instruments used during the performance are Chenda. The face of the puppet is decorated with paints. West Bengal and Kerala. The movements are controlled by the human hand with the first finger inserted in the head and the middle finger and the thumb are the two arms of the puppet. Ilathalam and Shankha. Chengiloa.in GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | gktoday. Pavakoothu. the feathers of the peacock. 53 Conventional General Studies-39 Indian Culture. Different regions follow different cultures and so the New Year traditions also vary. Orissa.gktoday. The rest of the figure consists of a long flowing skirt. The head is made of Papier mache. these puppets are in one piece and have no joints. The head and the arms are carved of wood and joined together with thick cloth. etc. hand or palm puppets.in@gmail. 61. The tradition of glove puppets in India is popular in Uttar Pradesh. ü Unlike the traditional Rod puppets of West Bengal. Glove Puppets Glove puppets are also known as sleeve.Comepndium of Basics Civil Services Examination 2013 Target 2013 www. § Preparations begin well ahead of the festival. coins and yellow flowers called konna (Cassia fistula).in GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | gktoday. also known as Varuda pirappu.Comepndium of Basics Civil Services Examination 2013 Target 2013 www. people wear new clothes and prepare special dishes and the elders of the house give out money to the children. § It is believed that Lord Brahma. 55 Conventional General Studies-39 Indian Culture. which falls on 14 April. § Offerings to the divine called Vishukanni are neatly arranged on the eve of the festival and consist of rice. § It is celebrated on the first day of the Malayalam month of Medam (mid-April on the Gregorian calendar). § The name Ugadi is derived from the name "Yuga Adi". It is considered auspicious to see the Vishukanni first thing in the morning.. people don new clothes and special dishes are prepared. linen. Houses are given a thorough cleaning. cucumber. to eradicate darkness.gktoday. Gudi Padwa § Gudi Padwa is celebrated as New Year's Day in Maharashtra. § It is celebrated on the first day of the Tamil month Chithirai. § Women draw patterns called kolams. which means 'the beginning of a new age'. Puthandu § Puthandu. people read the Ramayana and go to temples. A lamp called a kuttuvilaku is placed on the center of the kolam.e. The money given is called Vishukaineetam. . is hoisted in every house as a symbolic representation of Rama's victory over Ravana. Brahma's flag (also called Brahmadhvaj). Ugadi § Ugadi is celebrated as New Year's Day in Karnataka and Andhra pradesh. the creator according to Hindu tradition. § A car festival is held at Tiruvadamarudur. near Kumbakonam. Children burst crackers. Kanni means 'auspicious sight'. § Lord Brahma is worshipped on this day and the gudi. Hindu places of worship.com | © 2013 Suresh Soni | Some Rights Reserved § On this day. servants and tenants. Vishu § Vishu is celebrated as New Year's Day in Kerala. which marks the onset of spring. holy texts. began creation on this day. § It is celebrated on the first day of the Hindu month Chaitra. § It is celebrated on the same day as Ugadi i.in@gmail. is celebrated as New Year's Day in Tamil Nadu. the first day of the month Chaitra.traditional calender. A ritual called kanni takes place. betel leaves. a sweet drink. It is celebrated on same day as Puthandu in Tamil Nadu. people greet each other on this day with "Nutan Varsha Abhinandan". Baisakhi commemorates the . § Navreh falls on the same day as Ugadi or Cheiraoba or Gudi Padwa. § Baisakhi falls on 13 or 14 April. § On this day. The first day of this month is considered very important and is celebrated all over the state. Bestu Varas § Bestu Varas is the New Year's Day for Gujaratis and this falls on the day next to Diwali. § On this day. The aboriginal and the farming folk celebrate the Basoa festival. § Sikhs also celebrate this day in honor of their tenth guru. also known as Bishu. Chaitti is cebrated on the same day as Ugadi and Gudi Padwa. Baisakhi § Baisakhi Festival. § This coincides with the first day of the Chaitra (spring) Navratras. also called Vaisakhi. Chaitti and Basoa § The festivals of Chaitti and Basoa are celebrated as New Year festivals in the state of Himachal Pradesh. § Chaitti is celebrated on the first day of month of Chaitra. to their deities. § During the festival people will place water pots on the roadsides to help the thirsty souls. § The day starts with the heavy fire works. Maha vishuva Sankranti § Mahavishuva Sankranti is celebrated as the Oriya New Year. § This day finds mention in Rajtarangini and Nilamat Purana of Kashmir and is regarded as sacred in Kashmir as the Shivratri. is celebrated on the first day of the month of Baisakh. § The festival of Basoa. to welcome New Year.Navreh § Navreh is the lunar New Year celebration in Kashmir. Water is as also offered to animals and birds. This day is also a celebration of Hanuman Jayanti. in the early morning as Hindus believe morning starts at 4 am. the first day of the second month of the year according to the Nanakshahi Calendar. holds great importance for the Sikh community and farmers of Punjab and Haryana. § Mahabishuba Sankranti generally falls on 13 or 14 April. religious people offer delicious Pana. Guru Gobind Singh. and Patna in Bihar. § This mela is attended by a large number of pilgrims from all over the country. § A big one-month long ‘Magha-Mela’ fair begins at Prayag (Allahabad) on this occasion. which takes its name from the surging of rice boiled in a pot of milk. ritual bathing also takes place at many places like Haridvar and Garh Mukteshwar in Uttar Pradesh. § Taking a dip in the holy rivers on this day is regarded as most auspicious. § In essence in the South this Sankrant is a ‘Puja’ (worship) for the Sun God. such as the evocation of Jamshid. § Apart from Triveni. Bengal § In Bengal every year a very big mela is held at Ganga Sagar where the river Ganga is believed to have dived into the nether region and vivified the ashes of the sixty thousand ancestors of King Bhagirath. and this festival has as much or more significance than even Diwali. § It is included in the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage.day when the Sikh Guru eliminated caste differences and founded Khalsa Panth in 1699. a mythological king of Iran. Rice and pulses cooked together in ghee and milk is offered to the family deity after the ritual worship. Uttar Pradesh § In Uttar Pradesh.Sankranti Sankranti is an annual celebration that occurs around the time of the main harvest of a given region. and numerous tales and legends. § Nowruz is associated with various local traditions. § It is very popular particularly amongst farmers. Sankranti is called ‘ Khichiri’. Tamil Nadu § In Tamil Nadu Sankrant is known by the name of ‘ Pongal’. Sankranti is celebrated across the country in different ways. a date originally determined by astronomical calculations. 62. Nowruz is believed to have been invented by Zoroaster himself. § It is a four day festival in Tamil Nadu: . § It is celebrated on 21 March every year. It also marks the beginning of the northward journey of the Sun from its southernmost-limit. Nowruz § Nowruz is the name of the Iranian/Persian New Year in Iranian calendars. and the holiest of them all. a movement traditionally referred to as Uttarayana. § Originally being a Zoroastrian festival. This observance occurs annually around January 14 each year. Harvest festivals . gktoday. is an event held on the day of Mattu Pongal and this is mostly seen in the villages. The Gujarati Pundits on this auspicious day grant scholarships to students for higher studies in astrology and philosophy.ü Day 1: Bhogi Pandigai ü Day 2: Thai Pongal ü Day 3: Maattu Pongal ü Day 4: Kaanum Pongal § The festival is celebrated four days from the last day of the Tamil month Maargazhi to the third day of the Tamil month Thai.in . § This is a special day for the women in Maharashtra when married women are invited for a get-together called ‘Haldi-Kumkum’ and given gifts of any utensil. § The whole event lasts for four days. which the woman of the house purchases on that day. § The elders in the family give gifts to the younger members of the family. the second day Sankranti. Gujarat § In Gujarat Sankrant is observed more or less in the same manner as in Maharashtra but with a difference that in Gujarat there is a custom of giving gifts to relatives. it is celebrated as a three-day harvest festival Pongal. § Jallikattu. the first day Bhogi. § While exchanging tilguls as tokens of goodwill people greet each other saying – ‘til-gul ghya. the third day Kanuma and the fourth day. or taming the wild bull contest.Comepndium of Basics Civil Services Examination 2013 Target 2013 www. Maharashtra § In Maharashtra on the Sankranti day people exchange multi-colored tilguds made from til (sesame seeds) and sugar and til-laddus made from til and jaggery. § The Telugu people call it 'Pedda Panduga' meaning big festival. god god bola’ meaning ‘accept these tilguls and speak sweet words’. § The festival in Karnataka is also celebrated in the same way by exchanging ‘Ellu Bella’ (sesame seeds and Jaggery). Andhra Pradesh § In Andhra Pradesh. Mukkanuma. 54 Conventional General Studies-39 Indian Culture. is celebrated as “ Maghi”.GKToday’s Reader Supported Email Assistance Programme for General Studies Papers of Civil Services Examinations | gktoday. § This movement is distinct from mainstream Bollywood cinema and began around the same time as the French New Wave and Japanese New Wave. which is Sankrant. § The Punjabi's dance their famous Bhangra dance till they get exhausted. Assam § In Assam. dancing and eating their particular dishes sitting together. Tribals of Orissa § Many tribals in our country start their New Year from the day of Sankrant by lighting bonfires. the festival is celebrated as Bhogali Bihu. mainly led by Bengali cinema. commercial Indian cinema was thriving.com | © 2013 Suresh Soni | Some Rights Reserved § This festival thus helps the maintenance of social relationships within the family. the same age saw the emergence of a new Parallel Cinema (Art Cinema) movement. Bundelkhand § In Bundelkhand and Madhya Pradesh Sankrant is known by the name ‘ Sakarat’ and is celebrated with great pomp & merriment accompanied by lot of sweets. caste and community. § Kite flying has been associated with this festival in a big way. Important filmmakers include Satyajit Ray. Bimal Roy and Chetan Anand. While. It is known for its serious content of realism and naturalism. § The Bhuya tribals of Orissa have their Maghyatra in which small home-made articles are put for sale. Punjab § In Punjab huge bonfires are lit on the eve of Sankrant and which is celebrated as "Lohri". § Sweets. Kerala § The 40 days anushthana by the devotees of Ayyappa ends on this day in Sabarimala with a big festival. sugarcane and rice are thrown in the bonfires. § The following day.in@gmail. The movement was initially led by Bengali cinema (which . with a keen eye on the social-political climate of the times. around which friends and relatives gather together. It has become an internationally wellknown event. a date originally determined by astronomical calculations. Ø Ramman. 2) The List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding is composed of those cultural elements that concerned communities and countries consider require urgent measures to keep them alive." This is the longer of the two lists. Parsi new year festivity. Eastern India (three distinct styles hail from Seraikilla. Sanskrit Theatre from Kerala Ø Ramlila. ritual theatre and dance form of Kerala Ø Navroz. Uttarakhand) Ø Kutiyattam. Eight items from India were listed as Masterpieces and now included in the Representative List. Novruz is associated with various local traditions.has produced internationally acclaimed filmmakers such as Satyajit Ray. These are: Ø Chhau Dance. religious festival and ritual theatre of Garhwal hills (Chamoli. Ritwik Ghatak. Purulia and Mayurbhanj) Ø Kalbelia folk songs and dances of Rajasthan Ø Mudiyettu. a mythological king of Iran. Mrinal Sen. traditional performance of Ramayana Ø Tradition of Vedic chanting . and numerous tales and legends. It is celebrated on 21 March every year. and others) and then gained prominence in the other film industries of India 1) The Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity comprises cultural "practices and expressions [that] help demonstrate the diversity of this heritage and raise awareness about its importance. such as the evocation of Jamshid. . . Lt. Marion Bartoli of France won Women's Wimbledon. Films Music Science Social Service Magsaysay Award Misc 1. Andy Murray won Men's. Nobel Prize . Cdr.Literature Sports 1. Abhilash Tomy successfully completed non-stop solo circumnavigation on his sailing vessel “Mhadei”.