1Descriptive Statistics This Chapter Includes : Definition and functions of statistics; Statistical techniques commonly used in business activities. Marks of Short Notes, Distinguish Between, Descriptive & Practical Questions SHORT NOTES 2003 - Dec [5] {C} (a) Write notes on the following: (ii) Laws of statistics. (4 marks) Answer : (ii) The theory of sampling is based upon the following laws of statistics: (a) Law of Statistical Regularity : This law states that, if on random basis, a large sample is drawn from the population, the same shall represent the characteristics of the population. The theory is backed by the fundamentals of probability theory. (b) Law of Inertia of Large Numbers : This law states that larger is the sample size, better goes the accuracy the reason being greater consistency and stability in large number as opposed to the smaller number. The theory stands as a corollary of the first law. Both these laws of statistics form the basis on which the entire theory of sampling Q&A-2.201 rather derived on the basis of prior exercise of logical and rational thoughts. intelligence.2B 2004 . Analytical Statistics : This division of statistics ambits in itself those techniques and methods which seeks to analyse and compare the two sets of data by establishing functional relation between the two. misuse of statistics are many. laws of statistics are not so accurate and exact. King. (b) Statistical results are true on average only : This reflects that statistics is an inexact science and the results are not universally true. deafness etc. The user of statistical techniques should .Dec [5] {C} Write notes on the following: (ii) Inferential and analytical statistics (5 marks) (iii) Limitations of statistics (5 marks) Answer : (ii) Inferential Statistics : Inferential statistics refers to that categorisation or classification of statistics wherein techniques of statistics are adopted to derive inferences (conclusions) on the basis of estimates drawn from samples about the population. Dealing in aggregates leaving apart individuals constitute its major limitation. They are an outcome of certain set of assumptions and cannot be completely valid in all situations.e. Such statistical inferences / conclusion are based on fundamental theories of mathematics & are not guided by mere intuition. honesty poverty. mathematics etc.Q&A-2. (d) Statistics studies groups only : One of the major flaw in statistics is that is deals with groups and not with individuals. (c) Statistical Laws are not exact : Unlike the laws of physics. (e) Inherent limitation of Statistics : Statistics does not provides for the best or the most optimum solution. The reason accorded any statisticians being such qualitative aspects cannot be expressed in numbers. (f) Last but not the least.202 rests. To quote Bowley has said. regression etc are available which helps and facilitate comparison and establish relationship between variables. Therefore it is advised that inferences should not be drawn merely by relying on statistical methods above rather needs to be studied in consonance with the other methods. O CS Foundation Programme Paper . “Statistics are like a clay of which one can make a God or a devil” Despite of the universal applicability and widespread use of statistics the same suffers from certain limitations which can be summed up as follows: (a) Statistics studies only quantitative facts : This stands as one of the biggest limitation of statistics that it deals with only one characteristics i. beauty. quantitative. chemistry.I. A large number of techniques like correlation. blindness. “statistics can prove anything”Statistical tools can be deployed to distort and manipulate the data in the manner we like. leaving apart the other important aspect being the qualitative aspects like efficiency. (iii) Rightly make by W. business. Its importance can be explained as follows: (a) Presentation of data : Statistics helps in presentation of facts and data in definite.Dec [5] {C} (iii) on page no. leaving no room for ambiguity (b) Simplification of complex data in condensed form : Not only statistics present data in definite and precise form but at the same time helps in the conversion of huge data in meaningful and condensed form so that the same become much more understandable.203 be one skilled and experienced. law and order.[Chapter # 1] Descriptive Statistics O Q&A-2. It is the ability of statistics to present comprehensive and complex facts into simple crystalised form. One needs to have sound knowledge of the subject as well exercise self control of an artist. national and even policies at global level. taxation. Such relationship further help in evaluation and in making comparisons. 211 (4 marks) DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS 1998 . Even helps. (7 marks) Answer : In the present scenario. state. statistics has carved out an important place for itself due to its increasing utility.Dec [6] (a) Discuss the following : (i) Characteristics of statistics (4 marks) (ii) Stages of statistical enquiry (4 marks) Answer : . (c) Helpful in policy formulation process : Statistics provides the raw data useful for the formulation of economic. (d) Useful in making comparisons : It facilitates comparisons and analysis of study of relationship between two facts. The modern culture has become a statistical culture due to the widespread use of statistics in the varied fields. precise and proper convincing form. 1999 .June [6] (a) "Statistics can prove anything". Answer : Please refer 2004 .Dec [5] {C} (a) (ii) on page no.212 (7 marks) 1999 . This enables them to attempt an effective diagnosis of the problem and arrive at suitable solution.Dec [6] (a) Discuss the uses and limitations of statistics. 2005 .June [5] {C} (a) Write notes on the following: (ii) Law of statistical regularity Answer : Please refer 2003 . (e) Facilitates forecasting : Statistical information helps in forecasting which refers to the formal process of predicting future event that will guide the future path of an organisation. (g) Framing and Testing Hypothesis : Statistics helps both in formulating hypothesis and testing the feasibility of such hypothesis so as to arrive at correct decisions. Examine. in formulating policies relating to population employment. (f) Establishes Cause and effect relationship : Statistics helps in striking out cause and effect relationship between different sets of data. preferences.204 (i) O CS Foundation Programme Paper . (c) Affected by multiplicity of causes : Statistics is not merely affected by single factor. the next ingredient classification calls for arranging data into certain classes on the basis of similarity of characteristics while the last tabulation consists of arranging the classified data arrived as above in columns and rows to . (b) Statistics are numerically expressed : Statistics are essentially quantitative i. the objective should be defined as well as specified in order to derive correct inferences and conclusion.Q&A-2. (g) Lastly. (ii) Statistical enquiry consists of five stages which can be expressed as follows : (a) Collection of data : The first step in statistical enquiry is collection of data from the various sources available. 6 mt long. classification and tabulation. (e) Collection in Systematic Manner : Statistics should be collected in a systematic manner. expressed in terms of numbers. taste. Yet if the data is not mutually related or inter related that can not be considered a statistics.e. For example varied figures like 6 ft height. Statistics should be placed in relation to each other. honesty. rather large number of factors simultaneous affect it. A single figure even though can be numerically expressed cannot be called statistics as the same does not facilitates comparison. While secondary data is generally organised. 70 yrs of age does not constitute statistics though they very well qualify as numerical data. In other words statistical data should be comparable. Comparability is the most important attribute for numerical data to be coined as statistics unless the quality of comparison is present they cannot be termed as statistics. For example prices of goods are affected by demand. A suitable plan before actually collecting data should be prepared so as to collect the actual data needed so that it may lead to proper conclusions.2B Main characterstics of statistics can be described as follows: (a) Statistics are aggregates of facts : Statistics is all about the study of aggregate of facts rather than individual facts. The degree of accuracy of estimated value largely depends on the nature & purpose. (b) Organisation of Data : Organisation of data constitutes the second most important stage of enquiry This stage consists of editing. Qualitative aspects like beauty. While collecting data the aim / objective should be kept clearly in mind for also care otherwise should be taken as this forms the basis of correct conclusions. primary data is data collected by person / investigator himself needs. A single number does not constitute statistics as no analysis or inference can be derived from it. supply. (f) Collection for a predetermined objective : The objective or aim of collection of data should be very well known. income level and numerous other factors. Sources may further be classified as published. unpublished and even primary and secondary. (d) Statistics must be based on reasonable standards of accuracy : Reasonable level of accuracy is a prerequisite for ensuring proper use and application. poverty do not constitute statistics. their organisations. Editing refers to the process of removing commissions. (7 marks) Answer : To quote Bowley once highlighted the importance of statistics by stating “ The principle function of statistics is that it enlarges individual's knowledge and expertise”.205 enable one to make clear and crisp analysis.June [6] (a) on page no. (c) Presentation of data : Presentation of data can be done to suit one's need so facilitate statistical analysis data can be presented in form of diagrams.their judgement.June [6] (a) Discuss the functions of statistics. 2000 . of an individual shall be deemed as irrelevant. 2000 . length weight age etc.the various techniques of statistics widen the limited human knowledge. thus enlarging both. charts. the reason being . It provides opportunities to individual . make them capable of drawing inferences and conclusion. 2001 . regression. understanding and include all proper judgement without which the very objective of statistical enquiry conducted shall stand defeated and the whole process & efforts shall be in vain. Answer : Please refer 1999 . (d) Analysis of Data : After the data has been properly organised and presented. In the present scenario statistics has gained widespread popularity on account of its increasing utility. their knowledge and experience. statistics adds to it. numerical data should possess certain qualities in addition.Dec [6] (a) "All numerical statements are not statistics.213 2001 . While individual knowledge is limited. A single figure even though numerically expressed does not constitute statistics because such figures lack the capacity of being interrelated." Examine.June [6] (a) "Statistics widens the field of knowledge". (8 marks) Answer : All numerical statements and data cannot be coined 'statistics' yet all statistics consists of numerical statements and data. Elucidate the statement. (e) Interpretation of data : The term 'interpretation' means the act of drawing conclusions. For example figures dealing with height. their knowledge and experience. measures of central tendencies. This statement clearly reflects that numerical data cannot be automatically termed as statistics. the data needs to be analysed in order to gain insight and to facilitate correct conclusion. This task requires high degree of skill. Various tools & techniques like correlation.[Chapter # 1] Descriptive Statistics O Q&A-2. etc. dispersion etc are employed thereof. care.June [6] (b) Explain the following: (i) Population and sample (iii) Distrust and misuse of statistics (6 marks) (3 marks) (3 marks) . all are positively affected by statistics. They equip human beings and enable them to search and open new vistas of knowledge which were till then unknown to mankind. cannot be compared and thus conclusions cannot be arrived at. graphs. Infact statistics is neither to be trusted blindly nor distrusted outright.Q&A-2. they may be presented in a manner to mislead the end user. rather arises because the users tend to alter the data to suit their convenience. instead of for illumination. Some of the important uses of statistics include the following: . it is like a lamppost for support to blindman. In other way round. policy formulations. (iii) Distrust of statistics means lack of confidence in statistical statements methods. Statistics is widely used in almost all areas for better and effective decision making.206 O CS Foundation Programme Paper . Following can be regarded as the main causes of distrust of statistics: (a) Collection of statistics is not done in correct manner. figures do not lie. To sum up.whether constructive or destructive. It must be used out cautiously and with full care Thus statistics should not be used as a blind man uses a lamp post for support. ‘There are three kinds of lies . as such. liars non expert and unskilled persons make incorrect use of statistics to arrive at predetermined conclusions held by them. dammed lies and statistics. On the other hand sample is only a part of the population kept under discussion and help us to draw conclusion about the whole of the universe. one cannot make its fruitful use. (b) Even on correct collection. For example.Dec [6] (a) "Statistics should not be used as a blind man uses a lamp post for support. It merely consists of tools in the hands of user and it is upto the user how he makes use of it . instead of illumination 2001 . Rightly said “A population is the totality of objects under consideration”. It is because without an adequate knowledge and understanding of the subject. “sample is a miniature picture of population from which it is taken”. Population thus refers to the summation of all items kept under observation. statistics. (c) Different kinds of statistics are obtained in respect of a given problem. (7 marks) Answer : The statement that statistics should not be used as a blindman uses a lamppost for support instead of illumination is correct. optimum use of human and material resources etc.lies. Distrust of statistics arises not because of any fault in statistics as a subject matter.2B Answer : (i) The aggregate of all similar units being the subject matter of an investigation is called census or universe or population. Sample does not cover each and every item present in the population yet characteristics of `SAMPLE’ are deemed to reveal characteristics of the entire `POPULATION’. in a survey of any class all the students constituting that class shall be termed as population. For untrained person. instead a powerful tool for analysis. (d) Lack of knowledge of the subject. tools and techniques rightly said. On the basis of sample drawn. Statistics is subject of doubt and suspicion on account of its misuse by unscrupulous persons who seek their personal gains." Comment. do not prove anything. growth. (b) Economics and the state : Statistics play a prime role in ensuring the proper functioning of the state. One of the advancement caused by computerisation is that statistical tools have gained much popularity particularly in field of economic policy formulation. sale. studies mortality.’’ Economics deals with the basic questions of what to produce. in business field statistics has lot of to contribute. In the present day. population. accounting etc. in the present day world it has gained widespread popularity and is used in various areas : (a) Statistics and Economics : According to Marshall “statistics are the straw out of which I. It positively contributes towards business activities like purchase. production plans. in all of which statistics has something or the other to contribute. marketing. (c) Statistics and business : Statistics provide a fertile ground for forecasting which lay the foundation of any successful business. it has widespread applicability in the field of social sciences too. botany. In ancient times also it was used in framing monetary and fiscal policies and even collecting statistical data With changing time and widening scope of state activities. It. production distribution. like every other economists have to make bricks.” (d) Statistics and natural science and social science : Statistics plays a crucial role in the study of all natural sciences like biology.Dec [8] (b) "In the modern age of information technology. education and other related factors. for instance. in areas of financial planning. Apart from this economics . To quote “it is not an exaggeration to say that today mostly every decision in business us made hence. development. trade is impossible without the use of statistics. It also helps in running public administration efficiently and effectively. This increasing applicability in the varied fields has further increased with the increase in computerisation and other development.207 It is used by the trade and industry. statistics can be applied to many areas. It is also used by the Planning Commission and other Government Department/Agencies in National Income estimates and other Policy formulation to the country. 2005 . exchange and public finance.consumption.[Chapter # 1] Descriptive Statistics O (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Q&A-2. MG has pointed the widespread use of statistics by stating “statistical thinking will one day be as necessary for efficient citizenship as the . (6 marks) Answer : Unlike ancient times where statistics had only limited applicability. Even the role of statistics has increased manifold and accelerate the overall development of the entire system. zoology. It is used by statesman for formulation of hypothesis and testing their validity. and for whom to produce. Apart from natural sciences. It is used by experts in understanding and formulation of appropriate economics policies for business and state. how. labour control and market services etc." Write a note on important areas where statistics can be applied. for better decision making and optimum utilisation of resources. It is also used by economists in formulations of economic planning and forecasting the future. It is statistics which provides statistical information to solve such questions. production control. death. statistics provides information to the business units in making decisions about size. Chon rightly remarked. location.Dec [5] {C} (a) (ii) on page no. quality of soil. 211 2008 . sale.June [5] {C} (a) Discuss of the following with suitable examples : (i) Statistics is a method of decision-making in the face of uncertainty (3 marks) (v) Law of statistical regularity (3 marks) Answer : (i) Statistical data and techniques like sampling.Dec [5] {C} (iii) on page no.June [5] {C} (a) Discuss any three of the following with examples : (i) Statistics are aggregate of facts (ii) Statistics are affected to a marked extent by multiplicity of causes (iii) Statistics should be placed in relation to each other (iv) Statistics do not deal with isolated measurements (3 marks each) Answer : (i) Statistics are aggregate of facts: A single and isolated numerical figures cannot be regarded as statistics. experts have devised the ways and means for segregating the effect of various forces on an event. cannot be regarded statistics although aggregates of such figures would be called statistics because of their comparability and relationship as part of a common phenomenon. “Statistics is a method of decision making in the face of uncertainity on the basis of numerical data and calculated risks”. production. distribution and in industry used extensively in quality control.208 O CS Foundation Programme Paper .Q&A-2. The business and economic phenomena are complex in the sense that they are affected to a considerable extent by a number of forces or factors operating together. It is very difficult to study separately the effect of these forces on the production of rice. employment etc. Most of the factors are even difficult to identify.212 (4 marks) 2007 . statistics of production of rice are affected by the rainfall. probability.2B ability to read and write. Statistics means an aggregate or a set of numerical figures which are related to one another. Answer : Please refer 2004 . (ii) Statistics are affected to a marked extent by multiplicity of causes: Statistical data basically refers to measurement of facts in a complex and dynamic situation. seeds etc. For example. However. This expresses the applicability and growing importance of statistics in the field of business management wherein statistics has an indispensable role to play. place or . a single figure relating to production. For example. (v) Please refer 2003 . (iii) Statistics should be placed in relation to each other: This characteristic of statistics require that the collected statistics should be comparable with reference to time. For example. 2006 .Dec [5] {C} (b) State the limitations of statistics. estimation and forecasting all have crucial role to play. It is for the simple reason that such figures are unrelated and cannot be compared. birth. 211 2010 .June [6] (a) on page no. The valid comparisons can be made only if the data are homogenous i. (vi) The data should be collected in a systematic manner which require careful planning of data collection approach. Answer : Please refer 2005 . and not statistics when they relate to an individual item. (5 marks) Answer : (a) Please Refer 2008 Dec [7] (i) of Descriptive Question on Page no. Data are statistics when they relate to measurement of masses. (ii) It should be numerically expressed. likes are compared with likes. 2009 .. all the numerical facts are called statistics and should be comparable. numerical data should possesses the following characteristics.June [7] Attempt the following : (i) Comment on the statement that 'statistics can prove anything'. (5 marks) Answer : It is true that all statistics are numerical statements but all numerical statements are not statistics.Dec [8] (b) on page no. 219.209 any other condition. (i) It should be aggregate of facts. Answer : (i) Please refer 1999 . (iv) Statistics does not deal with isolated measurements: Isolated measurements are not statistics. (iii) It must have a reasonable degree of accuracy. For example. 213 (5 marks) 2009 .Dec [7] Attempt the following : (i) Define ‘statistics’ and discuss its importance in business and management. In order that statistics are comparable.e. (v) To be a statistics.” Explain. In the absence of above characteristics.[Chapter # 1] Descriptive Statistics O Q&A-2. 217. (b) Please Refer 2003 Dec [5] {C} (a) of Short Notes on Page no. data must be collected for pre-determined purpose.Dec [7] (a) Discuss the usefulness of statistics in economics.June [7] (a) State the characteristics which the numerical data should possess to be known as statistics. it is essential that they are homogeneous and pertain to same investigation.Dec [7] Attempt of the following : (i) “All statistics are numerical statements but all numerical statements are not statistics. 2008 . (iv) It can be affected to market extent by multiplicity of causes. (5 marks) 2010 . numerical data cannot be called statistics and hence all statistics are numerical statements of facts but all numerical statements of facts are not statistics. To be a statistics. (5 marks) . (5 marks) (b) Explain laws of statistics. Dec [5] {C} (b) Choose the most appropriate answer from the given options in respect of the following : (i) Statistics in plural sense refers to — (a) Statistical data (b) Statistical methods (c) Applied statistics (d) Inductive statistics.Q&A-2.June [5] {C} (b) Choose the most appropriate answer from the given options in respect of the following : (i) Statistics deals with ) (a) Independent data (b) Quantitative data (c) Qualitative data (d) Both (b) and (c). 2009 . 2009 .2B OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 2009 . with reasons in brief.June [5] {C} (a) State. whether the following statements are correct or incorrect : (i) Perfect accuracy is unattainable in statistical enquiries. .Dec [5] {C} (a) State. (1 mark) Answer : (i) (b) Quantitative data.Dec [6] (b) Re-write the following sentences after filling-in the blank spaces with appropriate word(s)/figure(s) : (i) Descriptive statistics deals with _________. (2 marks) Answer : (i) Incorrect: Statistics does not study the qualitative phenomenon Statistics deals with quantitative data only and not the qualitative phenomenon. whether the following statements are correct or incorrect : (i) Statistics studies qualitative phenomenon. 2009 . (1 mark) Answer : (a) Statistical data 2009 .210 O CS Foundation Programme Paper . (2 marks) Answer : (i) Perfect accuracy is unattainable in statistical enquiries because in statistics there remains errors in measurement & collection of data. with reasons in brief. (vi) Statistics is a branch of applied mathematics which specialises in data. 1 Explain laws of statistics. 10.000 it does not indicate that each and every is earning is Rs. with reasons in brief. Y They are true on average basis only and are not perfectly accurate.June [6] (b) Re-write the following sentences after filling-in the blank spaces with appropriate word(s)/figure(s): (i) The law of inertia of large numbers is of the law of statistical regularity. 2010 .Dec [5] (a) (ii).June [7] (b) Frequency 2 Times Table Showing Marks of Compulsory Questions . Y For instance. 2010 . (1 mark) 2010 .Dec [6] (b) Re-write the following sentences after filling-in the blank spaces with appropriate word(s)/figure(s) : (i) __________ is indispensable for functioning of the State. 2010 . whether the following statements are true or false: (i) Statistical laws are not exact. whether the following statements are correct or incorrect: (i) Statistical results are true only on an average. (2 marks) Answer : Y Statiscal results depict an average behaviour / tendency.Dec [5] {C} (a) State. Y Statistical conclusions cannot be regarded as universal truths. statistics was known as— (a) The science of kings (b) The science of Statecraft (c) Political arithmetic (d) All of the above.000. Question 03 . (1 mark) Answer : (i) The law of inertia of large numbers is corollary of the law of statistical regularity. (1 mark each) Answer : (i) Descriptive statistics deals with numerical data. (2 marks) (b) Choose the most appropriate answer from the given options in respect of the following : (i) In ancient times.211 (vi) _____ is a branch of applied mathematics which specialises in data.[Chapter # 1] Descriptive Statistics O Q&A-2. with reasons in brief. 10. (1 mark) Repeatedly Asked Questions No. 10 . if average salary of 50 employees is Rs.June [5] {C} (a) State. quantitative analysis etc. measures of central tendency. . Science of King’ or ‘science of state craft’ In the modern day world statistics has widespread applicability. diagrammatic or graphical form and to describe their characteristics.212 Year Objective Descriptive Total O 06 J 06 D CS Foundation Programme Paper . 3 : Explain the division or classification of statistics : Answer : Statistics can be categorised as follows : (a) Descriptive statistics : It ambits in itself those methods which deals with facts and figures.2B 07 J 07 D 08 J 08 D 09 J 3 4 4 6 6 9 9 3 3 2 3 09 D 3 10 J 2 10 D 3 Topic not yet asked but equally Important for examination Question No. collected in a systematic manner for a predetermined purpose and placed in relation to each other”.Q&A-2. 1 : What do you mean by statistics ? Answer : Statistics is thought to be derived from Latin word ‘status’ or German word ‘statistic’ or Italian word ‘Statist’ which all means or ‘political state’. to present them in tabular. besides. Question No. index number. survey.Shot notes] Question No. 2 : What are the basis of statistics ? Answer : The complete theory of sampling is based on two laws of statistics which are as follows : (a) Law of statistical Regularity : (For content refer June 2005) (b) Law of Inertia of large members (refer Dec . dispersion trend analysis are also used which helps us to draw attention on the description/ characteristics of data which are otherwise not noticed. enumerated or estimated according to standards of accuracy. It consists of methods which are used to collect data. On the other hand in singular sense.2003 . definition of statistics in plural sense of is given by Prof Horace Secrist is ‘statistics are aggregates of facts affected by multiplicity of causes numerically expressed. In ancient time statistics was popularly known as ‘science of state’. ‘statistics’ means statistical methods tools and techniques deployed in order to derive inferences or conclusions. sampling. (b) Applied statistics : This deals with application of statistical techniques to actual situations of life and other specific problem using quality control. The most comprehensive. [Chapter # 1] Descriptive Statistics O Q&A-2. matrix etc which have wide applicability in mathematics are used in statistics too.(c) Statistical methods [2] Which of the following is the law of statistics : (a) Law of small numbers (b) Law of integers (c) Law of random numbers (d) Law of statistical regularity Ans . (d) Mathematical statistics : This is concerned with the application of various mathematical theories and techniques of statistics. theory of integration. . this division is concerned with mathematical aspects of statistics (e) Inferential statistics (f) Analytical statistics Multiple Choice Questions [1] Statistics in singular sense means_______. [5] Which of the following is not a stage of statistical enquiry or investigation: (a) Analysis of data (b) Collection of data (c) Modification and manipulation (d) Organising and presentation. forecasting or making judgements about particular phenomenon on basis of the observations made and are backed by scientific thoughts and not by hit or any trial method.(b) Quantitative data [4] Statistics is affected by : (a) One factor (b) None factor (c) reasonable causes (d) Multiplicity of causes Ans . differentiation. (a) Inferential statistics (b) Statistical data (c) Statistical methods (d) Inductive statistics Ans . Thus. For example.213 (c) Inductive statistics : This division of statistics covers those methods of statistics which help in daring or estimating.(d) Multiplicity of causes.(d) Law of statistical regularity [3] Statistics deals with : (a) Qualitative data (b) Quantitative data (c) Voluminous data (d) None of the above Ans . Primary. Ans .Quantitative (2) Statistics relates to_______ of facts.aspects. Ans .(c) Modification and Manipulation [6] _______ is that division of statistics which is used to draw conclusions and statistical inferences about population based on samples. (a) Inferential statistics (b) Descriptive statistics (c) Analytical statistics (d) Inductive statistics. Fill in the Blanks : (1) Statistics in sense of numerical data primarily refers to ----. secondary. Ans . inconsistences or any sort of inaccuracy. better are the results.(a) Inferential statistics [7] Analytical statistics consists of those statistical methods and techniques which tries to : (a) Estimate particular phenomenon (b) Apply statistical tools to real life problems (c) Establishes relationship between variables. Ans . (5) _______ of data refers to removing omission.(c) Establishes relationship between variables. (8) _______ in the branch of statistics which deals with application of mathematical techniques and theories to develop statistical theories.Conclusions (7) _______ states that larger the size of sample. .Mathematical statistics (9) Statistical laws are _______ exact.estimating a particular phenomenon. Ans .Aggregate (3) A single number even if numerically expanded _______ be called statistics.214 O CS Foundation Programme Paper . Ans . (d) Draw inferences or conclusions Ans . Ans . Ans .Cannot (4) During the collection stage of statistical enquiry data may be collected from _______ and _______ sources.2B Ans .The Law of inertia of large numbers.not (10) Inductive statistics is concerned with those techniques of statistics which help in_______ on basis of random observation.Editing (6) Interpretation of data refers to drawing _______ from the data. Ans . Ans . Ans .Q&A-2. 215 .[Chapter # 1] Descriptive Statistics O Q&A-2.