QUEST REVIEW CENTER1550 Espana Blvd. Cor. Lacson Ave., Sampaloc, Manila NOTES ON CRIMINALISTICS PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION Criminalistics = Is the application of the principles of various sciences in solving problems in connection with the administration of justice. = Also referred to as Forensic Science or Police Science. The word forensic was derived from the Latin word “Forum” which means a “market place”, a place where people gathered for “public discussion” . When it is used in conjunction with other sciences it simply connotes the idea of application to law or for the administration of justice. Sometimes it is also referred to as “legal”. Dr. Hans Gross = An Australian magistrate to described Search for Truth as the ultimate goal of all investigative and detective works. He is known as the Father of Modern Criminalistics. A. PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION “Law of Multiplicity of Evidence” The greater number of similarities or dissimilarities; the greater is the probability for the conclusion to be correct. Alphonse Bertillion = Father of Personal Identification. The first to devise a scientific method of identification called Anthropometry. A fingerprint was first used in China before the birth of Christianity. They called it Hua Chi. I. Personalities in Fingerprints: 1. Nehemiah Grew (1684) – describes the ridges and pores of the hands and feet (Philosophical Transaction) presented in Royal Society of London, England. 2. Govard . Bibloo – works on the sweat pores and ridges. 3. Marcelo Malpighi (1628-1694) – Professor at the University of Bolognia, Italy, known for his discovery of the Epidermis and Dermis layer. Written the book entitled “De Externo Tactus Organo” Father of Dactyloscopy. 4. J.C.A. Mayer (1788) – the first to state that fingerprints are never duplicated in two persons ( Anatomiche Kuphertafeln). 5. Johannes Purkenjie (1823) – Professor at the University of Breslau, Germany. Established a certain role for classification and be able to identify nine (9) types of pattern although never associated to identification 6. Herman Welcker – took his own fingerprints twice with a lapse of forty-one years and show the ridges formation remains the same. 7. William Herschel – the first to advocate the use of fingerprints as substitute for signature from among Indian native to avoid impersonation. Rajadhar Konai = the first person Herschel printed the palm. Parke = Advocate the first state and penal use of fingerprint adopted in SingSing prison on June 5. Louis Police Dept. Mc Cloughry = warden of the Federal Penitentiaries of Leaven Worth. Civil Service Comm. Sgt.. Isaiah West Tabor = Photographer in San Francisco who advocated the use of the system for the registration of the immigrant Chinese. 9. Jennings. who claimed that latent prints would provide positive identification of offenders once apprehended ( A Manual of Practical Dactyloscopy). Henry p De Forest = Utilized the first Municipal Civil use of fingerprint for Criminal Registration on December 1902 (Mun. 1903 later on Auburn Napanoch and Clinton Penitentiaries. IN AMERICA Gilbert Thompson = a geologist in New Mexico. People vs. Tokyo.000. James L. Francis Galton Dr.000. Loop and Whorl Patterns as general classification and identified nine (9) types of pattern.8. Jones = one who first taught FP in the Phils. R. Missouri. Edward Richard Henry – Developed the Henry System of Classification at Scotland Yard which was accepted by almost all English-speaking country. . Japan. Maj. First to establish a Civil Bureau of Personal Identification. 11. FBI = identification unit herein was officially established by an act of congress in 1924. IN THE PHILIPPINES Mr. He said that the possibility of two prints being alike was 1:65. Francis Galton – Developed the Arch. Capt.000. Mary K. John Kenneth Ferrier = First fingerprint instructor at St. Institute of Applied Science = First private school to install laboratories for instruction purposes in dactyloscopy. Dec. Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque and Rai Hem Chandra Bose – the two Hindu police officers who have help Henry in attaining his goal. New York). Holand = first American instructress in dactyloscopy. 21. 1882 as a protection to prevent tampering with the pay order. 10. 1911 = United States leading case wherein the first conviction based on fingerprint was recognized by the judicial authorities (14 points). (1900) Bureau of Prison = (1968) CARPETAS fingerprint was used. Juan Vucetich – A Spanish counterpart of Henry who developed his own system of classification in Argentina and was accepted in almost all Spanish Speaking country. Known as Father of Fingerprint. Established the first official National Government use of fingerpprint. Samuel Langhorne Clemens = An Englishman who informally introduced Dactyloscopy in the United States in his book “ Life in the Mississippi” and “ Pupp n Head Wilson”. Henry Faulds – A surgeoon at Tsukuji Hospital. adopted the first individual use of fingerprint in august 8. John Dellinger – known U. first government recognized school to teach the Science of Fingerprint and other Police Sciences. Infallibility That fingerprint is a positive and reliable means of identification. sweat or any substance capable of producing visibility. Top the Examination People of the Phils.S. Medina. and Flaviano Guerrero. Robert James Pitts – works on Surgery to forged his own fingerprints and was named “Man without fingerprint” Lucila Lalu – the first Filipina Chop-chop lady who was identified through fingerprint. Fingerprints Is an impression design by the first joint of the fingers and thumb on smooth surface through the media of ink. Alphonse Bertillion – known as the Father of the first scientific method of Identification (Anthropometry) DACTYLOSCOPY Definition Dactyloscopy – (derived from the Latin words Dactyl = finger and Skopien – to study or examine) is the practical application of the science of fingerprints. Individuality No two persons have the same fingerprint (based on Statistic Probability) 2.C. Related Sciences to the Study of Fingerprint: . public enemy number one who attempt to destroy his own prints using corrosive acids. Constancy or permanency That the friction ridge once fully developed its arrangement will remains the same throughout man’s life. It is derived from two Greek words. Derma which means Skin and Glype which means Carve. Dermatoglyphics = is the science which deals with the study of skin pattern. Dactylography – is the scientific study of fingerprint as a means of identification. 3. Vs. Basic Principles of Fingerprint 1. College of Criminology. FBI Washington – gave the first examination in FP in 1927 and Agustin Patricio of the Phils. New York Police Dept. Thomas Dugan. Plaridel Education Institute (PEI) now known as Phil. It cannot be easily be forged.First conviction base on Fingerprint and leading case decision in the Phil. Dactylomancy – is the scientific study of fingerprint for purposes of personality interpretation. Jurisprudence (10 points). Isabela Bernales – first Filipina Fingerprint Technician Capt. Generoso Reyes – First Filipino Fingerprint Technician employed by P. Fundamental Layers of the Friction Skin 1. 3. Chiroscopy – ( Greek word “ Cheir” – a hand. Sweat glands – the producers of sweat.) Dermal Papillae = are irregular pegs composed of delicate connective tissue protruding and forming the ridges of the skin on the fingers.Father of Poroscopy) Phalange = is the skeletal finger covered with friction skin. Ridge Formation – (Ridges starts to form in the fingers and thumb during the 3rd to 4th months of the fetus life.1. b. Basal or proximal phalange – it is located at the base of the finger nearest the palm. while permanent damage can be injected to the friction skin due to damage to the dermis layer. Stratum mucosum 2. Epidermis – the outermost layer a. (Edmond Locard. having all the different types of fingerprint patterns and it is located near the tip of the finger. various glands and nerves. . dermal papillae. 4. Poroscopy – (Greek word “poros” – a pare. palms. 2. Dermis – the inner layer containing the blood vessel. and Skopien – to examine)is the science which deals with the study of the footprints. 2. Ridge – the elevated or hill like structure/ the black lines with tiny white dots. and “Skopien” – to examine) is the scientific study of the arrangement of the sweat pores. Stratum Corneum. toes and soles of the feet. c. Middle phalange = the next and above the basal done. Furrow – the depressed or canal like structure/ the white space between ridges. Ridge Destruction – destruction of the friction skin can either be temporary or permanent. Generally temporary destruction occur when only the epidermis layer of the friction skin has been damage. Components of the Friction Skin 1. a. 3. b. “Skopien” –to examine) is the science which deals with the study of the prints of the palms of the hand. Ridge surface a. It is made up of three bones. Sweat duct – the passage way. Terminal phalange = the particular bone covered with friction skin. Podoscopy – ( Greek word “Podo” – the foot. b. Sweat pores – the tiny opening/ the tiny white dots.(Also called as Papillary skin). Friction Skin – is an epidermal hairless skin found on the ventral or lower surface of the hands and feet covered with ridges and furrows. 2. b. Ulnar Loop (RH=\.General Rules on Ridge Destruction a. The Whorl (35%) Basic Elements of Whorl 1. Bifurcation – a ridge formation in which a single ridge splits or divides into two or more ridges. Ridge Dot (island ridge) – refers to a ridge formation in a form of a dot or period. Destruction of the Epidermis – temporary. Double Loop Whorl 1. Plain Whorl (W) At least one circuiting ridge is touched or crossed by the imaginary line traversing between the two deltas. LH=/) is a type of loop pattern in which the slanting or looping ridge flows towards the little finger. c. Central Pocket Loop Whorl No circuiting ridge within the pattern area is touched or cross by an imaginary line drawn between the two deltas. b. A delta 4. 3. The Fingerprint Patterns 1. Plain Arch (A) – is a pattern in which the ridges flows from one side to the other side with a slight raise at the center. Converging Ridge – two ridges that meets at a certain point 4. Two Separate and distinct shoulder 3. Radial Loop (RH=/. b. At least one complete circuiting ridge a. uptrust or an incomplete loop form. At least one Ridge count a. The Loop (60%) Elements of loop 1. Accidental Whorl 1. Two deltas d. LH=\) is a type of loop pattern in which the slanting or looping ridge flows towards the thumb finger. Cut == a depth of more than 1 mm will constitute permanent scar. Tented Arch (T) – is a type of pattern having either an angle. 2. A sufficient Recurve 2. Two separate loop formation 2. A combination of two different patterns with the exception of the plain arch. dermis – permanent damage. 3. Two or more Deltas 2. It resembles a fork shape. 2. Diverging Ridge – two ridges that spread apart . The Arch (5%) a. b. A core 3. Two deltas Ridge Characteristics (Galton Details) 1. Ink Slab – is a metallic or glass plate where the ink is spread for purpose 2. Ending ridge – it refers to an abrupt end of a ridge 7. Fingerprint Ink – is a special form of ink designed for taking fingerprint impression sometimes submitted with a printer’s ink. 6. Sufficient Recurve – a recurving ridge which is complete with its should and free from any appendage. Recurving ridge – a single ridges that curves back to the direction where it started. Pattern Area – is a part of a loop of whorl pattern surrounded by the type lines and consisting of the delta. The Two Fingerprint Terminus (Focal Points) 1. The Core (also known as the heart or the inner terminus) usually found at the center or innermost recurve. Rod or Bar – is a short of long ridge found inside the recurve and directed towards the core 13. use as a reference to classification. Card holder – usually a fixed card holder placed in a flat table designed to prevent the movement of the card in the course of the taking of the fingerprint. Appendage – is a short ridge found at the top or summit of a recurve 12. Type lines – is a diverging ridge that tends to surround the pattern area and serves as a basic boundary of fingerprint impression. 3. Ink Roller – is a rubber made roller designed to spread the fingeprint ink to the slab. 11. The Delta (also called the outer terminus) is a point along a ridge formation found at the center or near the center of the diverging type lines. Enclosure or Lake ridge – a single ridge that divides into two but does not remain open and meet at a certain point to form the original single ridge. Plain Impression – are impression made by simultaneously pressing the finger to the card. . 8. Fingerprint card – is an 8” x 8” card designed for recording fingerprint impression 5. Types of fingerprint impression 1. Rolled Impression – are fingerprint impression taken individually by rolling each finger from one side to the other side and from the tip to the end of the first joint. 4. 2. 2. 10.5. 9. Basic Instrument in taking prints: 1. Obstruction ridge – is a short ridge found inside the recurve which blocks the inner line of flow towards the core. the core and other ridges. U. R. D or X). middle ring fingers only. b. Arch and Loop are non-numerical patterns. Always represented by a numerical value assigned to whorl patterns depending on what finger they appear. T. C. c.Basic Rule in taking Fingerprints: 1. Capital letter – derived from the index fingers which can be (A. / \ = Zero (0) Whorl patterns. It only includes the radial loop (r). Secondary – Represented by Capital and small letter combination based on interpretation made during the blocking. Fingerprint Classification Formula: 1. Small letter – derived from the thumb.1 Ridge Counting of Loop Index Finger 1 to 9 Ridge Count =I 10 or more =0 Middle Finger 1 to 10 Ridge Count =I 11 or more =0 Ring Finger 1 to 13 Ridge Count =I 14 or more = 0 c. c.(WCDX) Finger 1 and 2 Right Thumb and Right Index (16) Finger 3 and 4 Right middle and Right Ring (8) Finger 5 and 6 Right little and Left Thumb (4) Finger 7 and 8 Left Index and Left middle (2) Finger 9 and 10 Left Ring and Left Little (1) The sum of the numerical value assigned to even number of finger represent the numerator and the sum of the assigned value to odd number represent the denominator Plus the pre-established fraction of l/1 to complete the primary. middle. ring and little fingers. Primary Division. Checking 2. W. A. 2. 3. Sub-secondary Division – derived by ridge counting of loop and ridge Tracing of whorl found at the index. T. Blocking-out – is the process if placing under each pattern the letter symbols representing their pattern interpretation prior to the actual classification formula. Subject should be instructed to stand straight but relax facing the slab. Thumb fingers are rolled towards the body while other fingers are rolled away from the body.2 Ridge Tracing of Whorl . The subject hand should be completely dry 3. plain arch (a) and tented arch (t). CLASSIFICATION FORMULA a. Latent Prints = prints found at the scene of the crime. d. e. Types of latent prints 1. Final Division (derived from the little fingers only). e. Major Division (Taken from Thumb fingers only) d.3 Arch = dash (-) e.2 Loop = Ridge Counting = S. Meeting Whorl (M) when there are only two orless intervening ridge/s c. 2. Double loop Whorl – get the ridge count of the top loop Accidental Whorl = get the least ridge count. or M.3 Plain Arch and Tented Arch are always dash (-) d. Invisible prints = prints that are generally made by sweat or perspiration that requires developing for visibility. Radial or Ulnar Plain or Central pocket loop Whorl = will be treated as an ulnar loop. Key Division = derived by getting the ridge count of the first (l) loop except the little fingers. the first whorl will be ridge counted for the purpose. Subject Factor b.1 Loop and Whorl are both subject to ridge counting. O. It can either be: Molded prints or Prints made by contamination with colored substance. Inner Whorl (I) When the tracing goes above or inside the right delta and there are three (3) or more intervening ridges. Reference Classification Formula = is an additional formula serve as a reference in case of doubtful prints. M or L Table 1 Table 2 1 to 11 = S 1 to 17 = S 12 to 16 = M 18 to 22 = M 17 or more = L 23 or more = L d. Nature of the surface .2 Arch = dash (-) f. Place the bottom of the classification formula. Factors Affecting Stability or Prints at the Crime Scene a. In the absence of the loop.1 Whorl = Ridge tracing = I. Outer Whorl (O) when the tracing ridge goes below or outside the right delta and there are three (3) or more intervening ridges. Visible prints = are those prints which are readily visible to the naked eye. Laser Method = is a modern method of tracing and developing prints. Climatic Condition Methods of Developing Prints: 1. Ninhydrin Method = is considered as one of the best method used in developing prints in paper. Rolling Method = basically used in developing prints in paper done by simply rolling the paper with powder spreading in its surface. 4. c. Post Mortem Fingerprints = are prints taken from a diseased person. 6. 3. 5. Silver Nitrate method – done by spraying a 5 percent solution of silver nitrate to the surface of the paper. Fuming Methods = done by using chemical fumes such as Iodine and Ammonium Fumes. (Use of Powder and Brush) 2. Dusting Method = considered as the simplest and traditional methods used in developing prints at the scene of the crime. .