Construction Carpentry and Joinery Techniques

Skills for Work: Construction Crafts Intermediate 1 Carpentry and Joinery TechniquesSupport Material November 2005 Scottish Further Education Unit Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Acknowledgements SFEU is grateful to the subject specialists in Scotland’s Colleges and other agencies and industry bodies who have been involved in the writing of this and other support materials in the Skills for Work series. SFEU is grateful to the subject specialists in Scotland’s Colleges and other agencies and industry bodies who have been involved in the writing of this and other support materials in the Skills for Work series. SFEU is also grateful for the contribution of the Scottish Qualifications Authority in the compilation of these materials, specifically, for its permission to reproduce extracts from Course and Unit Specifications, and the Skills for Work Rationale, and material originally produced for the Scottish Progression Award in Construction. © Scottish Further Education Unit 2005 Scottish Further Education Unit 3 Enquiries relating to this Support Pack or issues relating to copyright should be addressed to: Information and Publications Co-ordinator The Scottish Further Education Unit Argyll Court Castle Business Park Stirling FK9 4TY Website: www. teachers and lecturers have permission to use the pack and reproduce items from the pack provided that this is to support teaching and learning processes and that no profit is made from such use.org. However.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques DM82 10 Introduction These notes are provided to support teachers and lecturers presenting the Scottish Qualifications Authority Unit DM82 10. National Assessment Bank materials.sqa. the source should be acknowledged. Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques.uk Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this Support Pack. teachers and lecturers should satisfy themselves that the information passed to candidates is accurate and in accordance with the current SQA arrangements documents.sfeu.ac. If reproduced in part. Copyright for this pack is held by the Scottish Further Education Unit (SFEU). SFEU will accept no responsibility for any consequences deriving either directly or indirectly from the use of this Pack. Scottish Further Education Unit 4 . Centre Approval and certification can be obtained from: The Scottish Qualifications Authority Hanover House 24 Douglas Street Glasgow G2 7NQ Website: www.uk Further information regarding this Unit including Unit Specification. Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Contents What are Skills for Work Courses all about? The Course in Construction Crafts (Intermediate 1) Unit Specification: statement of standards Tutor notes Introduction Carpentry and joinery – an introduction Prefabricated structures Basic carpentry and joinery terms Carpentry and joinery – health and safety Carpentry and joinery tools Materials used for constructing timber structures Setting out and measuring timber structures Erecting a prefabricated structure Carpentry and joinery techniques and “tricks of the trade” Carpentry and joinery standards and tolerances Standards Tolerances Checking standards of carpentry and joinery 7 10 12 16 16 17 18 18 24 25 27 28 29 31 32 32 33 34 Scottish Further Education Unit 5 . Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Scottish Further Education Unit 6 . self-assessing and identifying learning points The Skills for Work Courses are also designed to provide candidates with opportunities for developing Core Skills and enhancing skills and attitudes for employability.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 What are Skills for Work Courses all about? Skills for Work Courses are designed to help candidates to develop: • skills and knowledge in a broad vocational area • Core Skills • an understanding of the workplace • positive attitudes to learning • skills and attitudes for employability A key feature of these Courses is the emphasis on experiential learning. This means learning through practical experience and learning by reflecting on experience. Scottish Further Education Unit 7 . Learning through practical experience Teaching/learning programmes should include some or all of the following: • learning in real or simulated workplace settings • learning through role play activities in vocational contexts • carrying out case study work • planning and carrying out practical tasks and assignments Learning through reflecting at all stages of the experience Teaching/learning programmes should include some or all of the following: • preparing and planning for the activity • taking stock throughout the activity • reviewing and adapting as necessary • reflecting after the activity has been completed • evaluating. providing different learning environments and experiences which simulate aspects of the workplace. These opportunities include giving young people direct access to workplace experiences or. are outlined below: • generic skills/attitudes valued by employers • understanding of the workplace and the employee’s responsibilities.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Core Skills The five Core Skills are: • Communication • Numeracy • Information Technology • Problem Solving • Working with Others Opportunities for developing these skills are highlighted in each of the Course and Unit Specifications. including self-employment. role play and other practical activities. visiting speakers. through partnership arrangements. customer care • self-evaluation skills • positive attitude to learning • flexible approaches to solving problems • adaptability and positive attitude to change • confidence to set goals. appearance. These experiences might include site visits. Employability The skills and attitudes for employability. reflect and learn from experience • specific vocational skills/knowledge Course Specifications highlight the links to National Occupational Standards in the vocational area and identify progression opportunities Opportunities for developing these skills and attitudes are highlighted in each of the Course and Unit Specifications. for example time-keeping. Scottish Further Education Unit 8 . These are that they should become: • successful learners • confident individuals • responsible citizens • effective contributors The learning environments. Scottish Further Education Unit 9 . the focus on experiential learning and the opportunities to develop employability and Core Skills in these Courses contribute to meeting these aspirations.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 A Curriculum for Excellence (Scottish Executive 2004) identifies aspirations for every young person. The general aims of the Construction Crafts Course are to: • widen participation in vocationally-related learning for 14-16 year olds • allow candidates to experience vocationally-related learning • provide candidates with a broad introduction to the construction crafts vocational sector • encourage candidates to foster a good work ethic. skills and understanding associated with a range of craft skills in construction at this level • develop an awareness that health and safety issues are integral to the world of work generally and construction in particular • encourage candidates to develop a positive attitude to waste minimisation and environmental issues Scottish Further Education Unit 10 . practical skills. the Course will rely on and build on existing partnerships between schools and colleges (or other agencies). The purpose of the Course is to ensure that candidates start to develop the general skills.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 The Course in Construction Crafts (Intermediate 1) Course Rationale The Intermediate 1 Construction Crafts Course has been designed to provide a basis for progression into further education or for moving directly into training in employment within the construction sector. learning and assessment styles to motivate candidates to achieve their full potential • facilitate progression to further education and/or training In particular. This may be particularly pertinent in the case of the Construction Crafts Course due to the specialist expertise and facilities available in. Further Education colleges and training providers. if the school has suitable facilities and teaching expertise. The primary target group for this Course is school candidates in S3 and S4. for example. knowledge and understanding and employability skills needed within the sector. the Construction Crafts Course is designed at a level and scope such that it can be delivered in schools. including timekeeping. for this group of candidates. Nevertheless. The Course is also suitable for adult candidates who are seeking to enhance their employability and develop introductory vocational skills in the construction sector. the aims of this Course in Construction Crafts are to: • give candidates the technical knowledge. It is anticipated that. a positive attitude and other relevant employability skills • provide opportunities to develop a range of Core Skills in a realistic context • encourage candidates to take charge of their own learning and development • provide a range of teaching. carpentry and joinery and plastering. Whether as part of a pre-vocational college programme or otherwise. Candidates who are uncertain which trade to follow. Scottish Further Education Unit 11 . study and training for employment in construction and the built environment sectors and related occupations The Intermediate 1 Course in Construction Crafts has been designed with Occupational Standards in mind. to these Standards. and to use their studies to help them decide the career they wish to follow. or who do not obtain a placement. it would be expected that candidates embarking on the Course would find the following learning skills and aptitudes helpful: • basic proficiency in literacy • basic proficiency in numeracy • some aptitude for graphical forms of communication (the reading of basic drawings is required by the course) • motivation to work independently This Course supports progression into appropriate further education or for training in employment. and should remain. the Construction Crafts Course should facilitate progression to the SPA in Building Crafts or an appropriate National Certificate programme. There is a link. The Course provides the basis for candidates to gain an insight into craft occupations such as brickwork. significantly more onerous than those for this Course which is at an introductory level.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 • enable candidates to develop and apply practical. may undertake pre-vocational courses at Further Education colleges. Candidates who choose such a route will experience appropriate training and undertake SVQs in the workplace. Candidates studying this Course in Construction Crafts and choosing a craft option may be aiming to progress into a craft apprenticeship in industry. The standards required of first-year apprentices in the building industry are. technical and communication skills as a foundation for future learning and progression • encourage candidates to apply their knowledge and understanding of construction by using skills of evaluation and problem-solving in a vocational context • encourage candidates to plan their work and review their progress • prepare candidates for further learning opportunities. While no formal entrance qualifications are required for this Course. though not directly. Performance Criteria a) The selection of tools and equipment is appropriate for the work to be done. b) The structure is erected in accordance with drawings. Outcome 1 Select. All sections of the statement of standards are mandatory and cannot be altered without reference to the Scottish Qualifications Authority. use and maintain basic carpentry and joinery tools and equipment. d) Health and safety requirements are complied with during all activities. Scottish Further Education Unit 12 . maintained.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Unit Specification: statement of standards Unit: Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques (Intermediate 1) Acceptable performance in this Unit will be the satisfactory achievement of the standards set out in this part of the Unit Specification. b) The tools are used correctly and solely for the purpose for which they were intended. c) The structure is dismantled and properly stored for future use. Outcome 2 Erect and dismantle a prefabricated timber structure. c) The tools are serviced. Performance Criteria a) A prefabricated structure is erected in a prescribed sequence. cleaned and stored in accordance with good practice. b) The replacement panel is constructed to match the existing panel in accordance with working drawings. Performance Criteria a) The designated panel is identified and removed from an erected structure. e) Health and safety requirements are complied with during all activities. d) A quality check is carried out on the finished work against prescribed standards and tolerances.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Outcome 3 Replace a designated timber panel. Scottish Further Education Unit 13 . c) Joints and fixings of the replacement panel are in accordance with working drawings and given specification. sharpening them when necessary and storing them correctly after use • correctly erecting and dismantling a prefabricated timber framed structure • constructing a replacement timber panel using prescribed joints and fixing methods • candidates carrying out a quality check of own work against given standards and tolerances before submitting for final assessment • maintaining a clean. Performance evidence will be supported by assessor checklists. The evidence may be gathered at different points throughout the Unit. Scottish Further Education Unit 14 . tidy and safe working area and adhering to health and safety requirements throughout all activities The National Assessment Bank item (NAB) for this Unit contains candidate review sheets and an assessor observation checklist. using these tools in a correct and safe manner. using them solely for the purpose for which they were intended. NB Centres must refer to the full Unit specification for detailed information related to this Unit. The practical activities will cover: • choosing the correct hand tools for particular tasks. The NAB illustrates the national standard required for this Unit.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Evidence requirements for the Unit Performance evidence is required to show that all Outcomes and Performance Criteria have been achieved. Centres who wish to devise their own assessments should refer to the NAB to ensure a comparable standard. This evidence will be generated from an integrated assessment consisting of practical activities carried out in supervised workshop conditions. Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Teacher/lecturer support materials Scottish Further Education Unit 15 . Student tasks and activities are identified with the symbol Scottish Further Education Unit 16 . It is recommended that the candidate to tutor ratio for delivery of this Unit is a maximum of 12 candidates to 1 tutor.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Tutor notes Introduction These notes have been prepared to help you deliver and assess the Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques Unit as part of the Construction Crafts Intermediate 1 course. The craft of the carpenter and joiner has a real and tangible tradition behind it. Indeed it is safe to say that the skills taught by Joseph to Jesus and the tools he used are similar to those used by apprentices today. Scottish Further Education Unit 17 . builder and furnisher of the home. fashioning it to size and shape on site. In the past. the carpenter and joiner was the most important person in the house building industry being the designer. A visit to any medieval building will show the standard and skill these craftsmen were able to produce without the electrically powered machinery and equipment we take for granted today.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Carpentry and joinery – an introduction Making things from wood is one of the oldest occupations in the world. It is a trade to be proud of and is well worth considering as a career. He cut his material direct from the tree. The hand tools and techniques used by the modern carpenter and joiner have their roots firmly in the past and have much in common with their predecessors. A modern apprentice carpenter and joiner serves a four year apprenticeship. The bottom member in a timber partition/ wall. Basic carpentry and joinery terms There are a large number of different carpentry and joinery terms. The top member in a timber partition/ wall. For example. prepared in standard sections. the [horizontal] runners at top (header) and bottom (sole plate) and the [horizontal] dwangs in the middle of the partition. The length. breadth and thickness of a material eg. 100 x 50 x 2400mm indicates a piece of timber that is 100mm wide.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Prefabricated structures Pre-fabrication is the logical extension of the principles of mass production and consists of preparing completely finished articles in the factory ready for installation on the building site. The vertical members in a timber partition/ wall. Header Sole Plate Studs Cladding Rafter Joist Tongue and Groove Flooring Section sizes T W L Scottish Further Education Unit 18 . Some of the terms are illustrated on the pages that follow: Member A piece of [normally] structural timber in a building. Strips of timber or sheet material that have a tongue on one side and a groove on the other that allow the boards to easily fit together forming a strong joint. wall or roof. Timber houses. wall or partition members include the [vertical] studs. The main support in a timber floor or ceiling. The main supporting member in a roof. 50mm thick and 2400mm long. Some of these are quite complicated but here is a list of terms that will enable you to understand the basic principles required to build a prefabricated timber structure. and floor sections and roofs can be constructed in this manner whilst doors hung to frames and complete with all fixtures and fittings are an excellent example of modern organised production. The material used to cover a timber partition. Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Scottish Further Education Unit 19 . Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Housing joint detail 10mm deep Practice joint to be made before replacing the p Scottish Further Education Unit 20 . Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Elevations of prefabricated structure with roof joists shown Scottish Further Education Unit 21 . It is unlikely to split the wood. Below is a selection of common wire nails. When a piece of timber is vertical (90° to the horizontal) it is said to be plumb. • Annular nail – The teeth of this nail hold it in place firmly. This technique is used when a piece of timber is to be temporarily fixed or is held in position until the carpenter and joiner is happy that it is correctly positioned. Therefore. It is not attractive in shape and it can split wood when hammered in position. Level Plumb Nails When a piece of timber is perfectly horizontal it is said to be level.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Stitch Nailing This is a technique where the nail is almost driven in but the head is left protruding to allow the nail to be easily removed. • Lost head nail – This is ideal if it is necessary to hide the head of the nail as a punch can be used to hammer the head beneath the surface level. • Round wire nail – This is used for general work. • Oval wire nail – This is a long nail and care must be taken when it is hammered into the wood. Scottish Further Education Unit 22 . it is used for fixing chipboard and other sheet materials. There are many nails available mostly made out of steel wire. The basic types of screw are: • Countersunk – either with a slot.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Screws Screws are used to fix timber and sheet materials together. • Twin thread – available in all head styles. Scottish Further Education Unit 23 . pozi or philips head. windows. • Raised head – again normally only in slot head. • Round head – normally only in slot head. used primarily for fixing handles to doors. etc. They can be used to join materials together permanently although as they can be removed with relative ease they are also good as a way of fixing materials temporarily. Twin threads generally have a pozidrive head although they can have philips heads. The picture shows a pozidrive head. The picture is of a slot head screw. this screw is threaded along its whole length. a very decorative screw when made in brass. this could be as simple as wearing gloves to carry off-the-saw (OS) timber • always keep your working area tidy • always report any hazard you see • never carry on or lark about on a site or in a workshop • always take care of. Health and safety is taken very seriously in the construction industry. There is an old saying that “a tidy joiner is a safe joiner”. but here are some general rules to follow in order to work safely: • always wear the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) as instructed. clean and maintain the tools you use • don’t talk to others. be distracted by or distract others while you are working • at the end of a work session always leave the workshop or site the way you would hope to find it because if you leave stuff lying about someone could trip over it and injure themselves! Scottish Further Education Unit 24 . Working in the building industry can be hazardous. This is very true.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Carpentry and joinery – health and safety Apprentice Carpenters and Joiners cannot finish their apprenticeship until they have successfully completed a health and safety test. Handsaw Jack plane The jackplane is used for rough work and for planing up (dressing smooth) timber from rough stock. It is easy to handle and is used for removing large quantities of material. as in straightening surfaces and reducing thickness.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Carpentry and joinery tools There is a wide range of tools in a carpenter and joiner’s tool kit. These saws are generally discarded when they are blunt. select and use the correct tools required to construct and repair a prefabricated structure. Retractable measuring tape Used to measure long lengths of timber. Generally these rules are made of boxwood. Try square This tool is used to mark square lines around a section of timber. Used primarily for roughing and finishing work on site. Used to drive in and remove nails from timber and to aid knocking together frames. It can also be used to check if the bottom of a joint is level. Scottish Further Education Unit 25 . but more recently nylon rules have become increasingly popular throughout the trade. Shown below is a basic list that will enable you to identify. Four fold rule The advantage of the folding rule over a rigid rule is that it closes or folds from 1 metre down to 250mm by means of hinges therefore is more easily transported by the joiner. Claw hammer The tool that everyone associates with the carpenter and joiner. and ensuring work is plumb prior to fixing. This tool is used for marking any angle that is not 90°. Sliding bevel These are only a selection of the hand tools that you may require to complete the tasks. Write below any other tools that you may have used and ask your tutor to check that you have used the correct names. It can also be used to determine angles and bevels of inclined members. roof rafters. eg. Scottish Further Education Unit 26 . Spirit level Used for levelling out work.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Bevel edged chisel Although originally designed to allow the joiner to cut into the angle of a dovetail its strength and adaptability soon made it the preferred chisel of the woodworker. The level comes in various sizes ranging from 25mm long (a line level) to 1200mm long (a bricklayers level). Redwood is commonly used for external components like doors. Normal sheet sizes are 1200 x 2400mm and it is available in thicknesses from 9. Baltic Pine and Red Deal. European whitewood CLS Plasterboard Plywood Oriented Strand Board Scottish Further Education Unit 27 . A strong and durable timber. it is not as durable but just as strong. A cladding material for walls and roofs. Normal sheet sizes are 1200 x 2400mm.4 or 4.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Materials used for constructing timber structures To build a timber framed structure many materials can be used. Lighter in colour than the redwood.5mm to about 30mm. CLS is the preferred material for manufacturing timber framed housing kits.8 metre lengths.3m stages up to about 6m. Canadian Lumber Standard (CLS) is a manufactured timber utilising shorter sectioned material. A cladding material for walls and ceilings. It comes in a variety of sections with 100 x 50mm and 150 x 50mm being the most common and lengths from 3m rising in 0. OSB is a cladding material for walls and roofs. Available in 38 x 66mm or 38 x 89mm sections. Like European redwood this is a collection of European softwoods. Ideal for rafters in roofs and floor joists its section sizes are similar to redwood. For this reason it is used as a structural component internally. Plywood comes in thicknesses from 3mm to about 25mm. Some of these timbers are Scots Pine. windows etc. it is usually only in 2. Normal sheet sizes are 1200 x 2400mm. Listed below is only a small selection of those that could be used and their common sizes: European redwood This is a term that links many of the softwoods that grow across the whole of Europe each with common properties that result in them being classified together. OSB is available in thicknesses from 6mm to about 25mm. If accurate measurement is not achieved it could cause many problems. take a look at the drawing and answer the questions below: 1m door 4m 1m 1m 6m Plan 1.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Setting out and measuring timber structures A carpenter and joiner must be able to measure accurately. For example what if an important component. As an exercise to practise your calculations. say a door or a window. was made too small for the opening? Imagine the cost implications if the joiner measured a floor and got the quantity of material required completely wrong! How do you explain to a customer that the price for the job is wrong because of your measurements? Do you think the customer would want to pay you the extra cost you want? Measuring accurately and getting it right first time (or at least double-checking your calculations) is very important. What will be the length of skirting required for fitting around the perimeter of the room? Answer – (Show all your working) 2. What will be the area of flooring required to replace the existing floor finish? Answer – (Show all your working) Now discuss your answers with your tutor Scottish Further Education Unit 28 . You must get the position of the first side correct or the building could be in the wrong position. Lift the other roof section into place and fix to sides. Lift one of the roof sections into place and fix to sides. Lay floor panel in place and pack to level. Erect side C. brace and stitch to side A with wire nails. Erect side A and brace it to plumb. Here is the suggested sequence for erecting the prefabricated structure for your task: • Step 1 • Step 2 • Step 3 • Step 4 • Step 5 • Step 6 • Step 7 • Step 8 • Step 9 Read the plan of the drawing and establish the correct position where the structure is to be built. Congratulations! You have successfully erected a timber structure. plumb. Erect side D. This will cause problems with the planning department of the local council. Erect side B. Just as important is the sequence of erecting the building to make the job easier and safer. brace and stitch to side B with wire nails.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Erecting a prefabricated structure The correct sequence of setting out a prefabricated structure is extremely important. stitch to sides A and C with wire nails. Finally. check each of the sides for plumb and complete fixings. plumb. Scottish Further Education Unit 29 . Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Erection sequence Scottish Further Education Unit 30 . If you were learning to play golf you would have to concentrate to begin with on how to hold the golf club properly. Learn to cut timber square. because practice makes perfect. Exactly the same applies here. Scottish Further Education Unit 31 . practice. When using any cutting tool eg. practise and practise again. The best tip of all? This never changes. Remember – practice. If the tools are used this way the only thing on the floor will be shavings and not your fingers and blood. Organise your working area. Enjoy it.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Carpentry and joinery techniques and “tricks of the trade” There are many “tricks of the trade” but here are a few basic ones that will help you develop the basic techniques of carpentry and joinery. But be warned – it won’t always be easy! However working in wood is good fun. Get simple things correct at the very beginning. other things will become much easier as you progress. For example learn how to hold a hammer and a saw correctly. practice. Try to anticipate any problems and be observant of all aspects of your task. Think through every task before you commence any work. You need to practise. Place your tools and materials where you need them and keep the area tidy at all times. so be patient and don’t expect to become a carpenter and joiner in four hours or four weeks. Remember!! There are no short cuts. Learn to work in an organised and logical manner. However. A carpenter and joiner serves a four year apprenticeship. If you get this right. Learn to use your tools correctly – This will enable you to gain confidence as you practise the various techniques. Your tutor will be able to tell you why the correct way is the best way. Above all learn from your mistakes. Help yourself by using a try square at all times to mark out your timber before cutting. make sure your fingers are behind the cutting edge. This will help you to work well. Try your best at all times and eventually you will master and learn the basics of the carpentry and joinery trade. a chisel or a saw. without tripping up over things and getting frustrated. you should be able to produce a good standard of joinery by the end of this Unit. It is very important that you listen to everything you are told. if you listen carefully and try hard. Remember – it is important that you understand what you want to achieve before you start. Remember you are learning to cut wood and not your fingers. • Finished dimensions The finished dimensions (sizes) are very important. albeit very slowly. It is in fact quite dangerous.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Carpentry and joinery standards and tolerances All buildings have to be built to standards and tolerances. or the opening too large. Ask yourself: Would you buy a house that was not level? • Being plumb The wall must be vertical otherwise known as “plumb”. If the door is however within the allowed tolerance we can adjust the opening or the door to fit. but this all costs time and money! Remember!! You will be asked to check the structures that you build to see if they meet the required standards. then we could reduce the opening size by making the frame a bit smaller. Many people nowadays choose a house because of its appearance from outside but also look for quality of construction in how it is finished internally. Would you buy a house that was not plumb? It is therefore very important to build walls or timber partitions “plumb”. Scottish Further Education Unit 32 . Poor work is immediately noticed even by non-experts. • Joints tight It is important for the strength of any structure that the joints are tight. Structures built “off the level” are very noticeable. All components must therefore be built to required standards. What can we do with a door that is not the correct size for the opening? If the door is too large it will not fit into the opening and if it is too small it will fall through! • Opening sizes The finished sizes of any opening are very important. the door could be reduced in size to fit. These standards include: • Being level Floors and roofs should be level. Again think about the door that is too small for the opening or indeed the opening that is too small for the door. Everyone sees it around the building. If the door is too small. What does this mean? Standards Carpentry and joinery components are some of the most noticeable aspects of a house. If the door is too large or the opening too small. The tower is basically falling down. This means that the materials and the way they are put together are up to the expectations of the client. The most famous example of a wall being off the plumb is the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Carpentry and joinery must therefore look good and pleasing to the eye. practice and more practice over a period of years. Here are some typical examples of the tolerances you may have to achieve when you are building your own component. Plumb + or – 5mm per m This means your wall can be a maximum of 5mm off the vertical in every metre. We therefore allow tolerances that are acceptable within which to build. Opening Sizes + or – 3mm This means your window and door opening can be 3mm too low. Time served carpenters and joiners are required to work to much stricter tolerances. More than 5mm would not be accepted. 3mm too high or 3mm too wide. Any more than 5mm would not be acceptable. Finished Dimensions + or – 5mm This means your structure can be up to 5mm too big or 5mm too small.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Tolerances It is a fact that very few timber structures are built absolutely perfect. Scottish Further Education Unit 33 . This can only be achieved by practice. Remember!! These tolerances are set for you. Any more than this would not be accepted. Level + or – 5mm This means that your floor can be a maximum of 5mm off the level in either direction. Here is an example of a checklist that has been marked. This is known as carrying out your quality check.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Checking standards of carpentry and joinery Craftsmanship is defined as the skill employed in making something properly. This is achieved by having complete mastery over your tools and materials plus using them with skill and honesty. The efficiency of the modern building still depends on the teamwork of the all the trades. Outcome 3 – Erect and Repair Timber Frame Candidate Panel constructed to size – within 5mm Housing joints correct size – within 3mm Opening sizes correct – within 3mm Sheet material cut and fixed to position – within 5mm Floor placed in correct position – within 5mm Erect pre-fabricated panels – plumb within 5mm/m Store tools and materials correctly after use Handle and transport tools and materials correctly Health and safety is complied with at all times including PPE The candidates quality check is accurate Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Assessor only marks Assessor Comments Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No More care required Wear safety boots PPE 9mm out Scottish Further Education Unit 34 . How do you think you could do this? The answer is by marking your own work against a checklist. To help maintain standards it is essential that each carpenter and joiner performs a quality check on his own work. You will be shown how to do this in the workshop. can you identify the details of the problem? Answer: 3. In your own words.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 1. if there has been any difference of opinion.) Answer: Scottish Further Education Unit 35 . Has the assessor had any disagreement with the candidate’s check? Answer: 2. Do you think checking your own work is a good idea? (Give reasons for your answer. What is the name of the material used for cladding walls and ceilings? a) chipboard b) MDF c) hardboard d) plasterboard 3. Your working area should be kept tidy: a) all of the time b) before the tea break c) at the end of the working day d) at the start of the working day 5. Put a circle around the answer you think is correct. A sliding bevel is used to: a) keep in your pocket b) mark lines that are not 45° or 90° c) mark curved lines d) throw at people Scottish Further Education Unit 36 . The material used to cover a timber frame is called: a) cladding b) lagging c) flooring d) facing 2. 1.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Formative assessment for carpentry and joinery techniques Underpinning knowledge questions This quiz is for fun. What do the letters PPE stand for? a) Personal Stereo Equipment b) Personal Protective Example c) Personal Protective Equipment d) Peoples Protective Equipment 4. A claw hammer is used for: a) cutting sheet materials b) hitting your friend’s fingers c) banging on the bench d) hammering in and withdrawing nails 7. European Redwood is a: a) hardwood grown in Asia b) softwood grown in America c) hardwood grown in Europe d) softwood grown in Europe 8. Where would you find a rafter? a) in a roof b) in the floor c) in a partition d) in a skip 10.5mm x 65mm b) 65mm x 65mm c) 38mm x 66mm d) 38mm x 75mm 9.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 6. A tolerance for finished dimensions of + or – 5mm means that: a) your component can be a maximum of 5 mm too small b) your component can be a maximum of 5mm out of plumb c) your component can be a maximum of 5 mm out of level d) your component can be a maximum of 10 mm too big Mark achieved = …… from 10 correct Scottish Further Education Unit 37 . Which of these is a standard size for CLS? a) 102. a 5. a cladding plasterboard Personal Protective Equipment all of the time mark lines that are not 45° or 90° hammering in and withdrawing nails softwood grown in Europe 38mm x 66mm in a roof your component can be a maximum of 5mm too small Scottish Further Education Unit 38 . a 2. b 6. a 10.Construction Crafts: Carpentry and Joinery Techniques – Intermediate 1 Formative Assessment for Prefabricated Structures Underpinning knowledge questions – Answer key 1. c 9. c 4. d 3. d 8. d 7.