Conkling on Islanders and Islandness

March 28, 2018 | Author: Cristian Morales | Category: Academic Publishing, Science And Technology, Scholarly Communication, Technology, Digital & Social Media


Comments



Description

American Geographical Society2Q,VODQGHUVDQG,VODQGQHVV $XWKRU VVODQGV $SU.3KLOLS&RQNOLQJ 6RXUFH*HRJUDSKLFDO5HYLHZ9RO1R. .184. use.org. preserve and extend access to Geographical Review. $FFHVVHG Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use. http://www.153. please contact support@jstor. For more information about JSTOR. 22 Oct 2013 14:15:23 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . and students discover. researchers. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars.jstor. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. http://www.170 on Tue.jstor.SS 3XEOLVKHGE\American Geographical Society 6WDEOH85/http://www.jsp .jstor. available at .org This content downloaded from 134.org/stable/30034161 . and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. American Geographical Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize.org/page/info/about/policies/terms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on Tue. 22 Oct 2013 14:15:23 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . $SULO $PHULFDQ RI1HZ<RUN F E\WKH &RS\ULJKW *HRJUDSKLFDO 6RFLHW\ This content downloaded from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his content downloaded from 134.170 on Tue.153.184. 22 Oct 2013 14:15:23 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . 6/$1'1(66  0DLQH V )LIWHHQ <HDU5RXQG .VODQG 9LQDOKDYLQ .QVWLWXWH.VOHVIRUG *UHDW &UDQEHUU\ 1RUWK +DYHQ )UHQFKER 6ZDQUV .VODQG .6/$1'(56 $1' .VOH$X+DXW 0DWLQLFXV 'LDPRQG *UHDW &KHEHDJXH &OLII 3HDNV /RQJ 0RQKHJDQ *XOI 0DLQH RI     0LOHV ).VODQG &RPPXQLWLHV 8QEULGJHG LVOHVERUR 0DPH .21 .* 0DLQH V ILIWHHQ LVODQG FRPPXQLWLHV &RQRYHU \HDUURXQG XQEULGJHG E\ &DUWRJUDSK\ 6KH\ . VODQGHUV VKDUH DFRPPRQ VHQVH ZLWK RWKHU LVODQGHUV LQPXFKWKH ZRUOGZLGH VDPH WKDW VFLHQWLVWV VKDUH D FRPPRQ VHQVH ZRUOGZLGH RQ V XFK DVGHQRWD ZD\ WKLQJV DQG WLRQ FRQWURO 3XW] . .QKDELWHG LVODQGV DUHVRPHWKLQJ OLNH DUHFDSDEOH RIVHOIPDLQWHQDQFH DTXDULD 7KH\ EXWOLNH DQDTXDULXP WKHLU IXQFWLRQDO ODFN DQGDUHFRQWLQX FRPSRQHQWV GLYHUVLW\ VWUHVVHG WR D FRQWLQHQWDO WKHUH DUH I HZHU RU DOO\ &RPSDUHG FRPPXQLW\ HFRRSWLRQV ZKLFK DQ LVODQG FDQ WR  7KDW D Q LVODQG V VWUDWHJLHV E\ FRPPXQLW\ DGMXVW FKDQJHV KXPDQFRPPXQLW\ LVOLNHDQDTXDULXP LVQRWVLPSO\ DPHWDSKRU RUDQDORJXH IRU VRFLDOOLIH RQDQLVODQG LVTXLWH LQDJROGILVK OLIH ERZO OLWHUDOO\ 7KHUH LVVHOIFRQVFLRXVQHVV DERXW .VODQG LQVWLWXWLRQV DUHGHHSDQGWUDGLWLRQDOO\ IRU VHOGRP HIIHFWLYH WKH\ RSHUDWH IRU WKH RIWKHLU PHPEHUV :KDW LQWKHP LVJDLQHG LVDFHOHEUDWLRQ RI VROHO\ DGYDQWDJH DQGIHOORZVKLS DUH D EOHQG R I RI R UDO RI I R U RPDQWLFLVP O LWHUDWXUH LGHQWLW\ 7KH\ LQULWHV RIXQLW\ RIVHFXULW\ RI DQG FRPPLVHUDWLRQDOO WKH UXP Z LW DUW VKDULQJ LQOLIH WUXO\ LPSRUWDQW WKLQJV .FDOOLWFHOODUKROH LVODQGQHVV LVODQGHUV DPRQJ 7KLV L V D VHQVH R I R I Z KDW FRXOG K DYH O RVV EHHQRIZKDW PHODQFKRO\ JHQHUDOL]HG WKDW VKRXOGQ W RI W KH DQG W HDUV WKDW KDYH EORRGVZHDW SUREDEO\ KDSSHQHG SHUPH DWHVHYHU\ IRRW RILVODQG DQG E HDFK URFN VRLO . VODQGV P RUH FRP HVVD\ WKDQ RWKHU ZULWHU KDV ) RZOHV D QG *RGZLQ .  ORJLF SURRI KDVDVVXUHGO\ -RKQ)RZOHVLIKHGLGQRWFRLQWKHZRUGLVODQGQHVV SRSXODU L]HGLWLQKLVQRYHO7KH0DJXVDQGLQKLVERRNOHQJWK 2Q. VODQGQHVV )RZOHV . 22 Oct 2013 14:15:23 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . SOHWHO\ DQ\ This content downloaded from 134.153.184.170 on Tue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his content downloaded from 134. DUFKLSHODJRHV WKDW 0DLQHLVODQGEXWVRRQDIWHU . DERXWPDNLQJLVODQGVP\OLIH V PHQWORQJEHIRUH.UHSLWFKHG EOHDN ZKLWHQHVV RXWRIWKH WHQW SRLQW DQGWULHG QRWWRWKLQN DERXWHDWLQJ DGGHGWRP\ ZHQW RYHU QRWHV OLVWV P\ 7KHQH[W .ZRXOGQ W EHVHHLQJ WKH FRPH .KDGHYHUWKRXJKW ZRUN DEDQGRQHGRQDQLVODQGLQWKHIRJ IRXQGP\VHOI WKDW FURVVHG PLQG ILUVW RIGRXEW XQWLO WKH .153. 22 Oct 2013 14:15:23 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .VODQG V QRUWKZHVW VR.184.EHJDQ RIWKHSUHYLRXV WRWKHHYHQWV .KDGSUHWW\ PXFKHDWHQ PH%\WKLV WLPH KDYHIRUJRWWHQ HYHU\WKLQJ .170 on Tue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on Tue.VODQG :HKDYH DOOPRUQLQJ VWHDPHG 7REHKHUH WKHJXOOV DPRQJ 7KDWVFUHDP DWXVIURP DERYH .FKRRVH WREULQJ WKHFKLOGUHQ KHUH 7RFHOHEUDWH WKLV )DWKHU V 'D\ ZHZLOOQRWILQG .153.QRZLQJ \RXKHUH :KHUH ZH YH EHHQVRPDQ\ WLPHV EHIRUH 9LVLWV WRWKHVH FOLIIV \HDUV SDVWDOZD\V )HOW VRODUJH DQGWLPH VRLPPHQVH RXWRYHU WKH ZKROH RFHDQ ([SDQGLQJ :KHQ OLWWOH FOLPEHG WKH KLOOV ER\V +HDGVSRNLQJ IURP EURZQ JUDVVHV This content downloaded from 134. 22 Oct 2013 14:15:23 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . FROOHFWLQJ &RQNOLQJ 7KLVVDPHIHHOLQJ WKDWLVRODWLRQRQDQLVODQGFDQFUHDWHDQGUHLQIRUFH WKHH[SH ULHQFHRIWUDQVFHQGHQFH FDPHEDFNWRPHDIWHU ZLIH G LHG : H KDG PHW P\ RULJLQDOO\ RQDQLVODQGDQGLVODQGVFRQQHFWHGDQGUHFRQQHFWHG XVWKURXJKRXW DOORXU\HDUV WRJHWKHU 5DYHQ V *RUH 7KHVWHHS VWRQH EHDFKLVKRW :KHUH D\HOORZ ZLQGVWLUV HGGLHV DJDLQVW 7KHVNLQ DQGERQHVRI%ULPVWRQH . 170 on Tue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ct 2013 14:15:23 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .VLW\RXU UHVWOHVV RUPLQH VSLULW 7KDWXQOHDVKHV WKHVH IXULHV ZLQJHG :KHUH WKH VHDMXVWSRXQGV WKH VKRUH" WKLV HQGOHVV URWH %XW RKWKHVKHHQ JLYHV 7REULPVWRQHV UROOHG DQGWXPEOHG This content downloaded from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his content downloaded from 134.170 on Tue. 22 Oct 2013 14:15:23 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .VODQG 6WXGLHV DWWKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI3ULQFH (GZDUG WKHHSLSKDQ\ RIZKDWLVODQGQHVV LVFDPHZKLOHGULYLQJ . $FKRUQ V OLQHV WKDW 1RZKHUH  LVWKHUH DVSRW QRWPHDVXUHG KDQGV LV E\KXPDQ HFKRHGLQ*HRUJH 3XW] V WR KRZ FHOODUKROH H[TXLVLWH SKUDVH PHODQFKRO\FRQYH\ DQGWUHHRQDQLVODQGKDVEHHQPDGHVDFUHG WKH O LYHV DQG SODFHVWRQH HYHU\ E\ GHDWKV RIWKRVH ZKRP\VWLFDOO\ FRQQHFW XVDFURVV WKH ERXQGDULHV RI W LPH SHUPHDEOH )RU'DYLG:HDOH DSULQFLSDO DWWKH.VODQG DURXQGWKHLVODQGZLWKKLVVRQ +HVDWTXLHWO\ LQWKHVHDW RXWWKH ZLQGRZ DWWKHSDVVLQJ DQG MXVWORRNLQJ ODQGVFDSH .153. W L V VRXUFH WKH VRXUFH DQG UHIHUHQFH IRU WKH WKH SRLQW LPDJLQDWLRQ SULPDO RXU RI FRPPXQDO DQG ZLVGRP LQVLJKW WKDQ IRU DQLQGLYLGXDO WKH IDLOXUH WRUHVSHFW )RU WKH LVODQG QROHVV FRPPXQLW\ RI DQG WUXWK DERXW RXUVHOYHV LVDVHULRXV IDLOXUH WKH UHSXGLDWLRQ VRXOGHVWUR\LQJ $Q\ RI ZH DUHDQG ZKR RXU .VODQG LQVLGH <RX EHFRPH WDNH LQVLGH GHHS ORQJ\RX DSDUW DFUHDWXUH EHFRPHV DSDUW RI DV LVWRVD\ RI WKH .VODQGHU ZKLFK KHUH IRU WKH .&$/ 5(9.VODQGHUV .VODQG ZDV\RX ZLOO H[DFWO\ KDSSHQV \RX LQJHVWLQJ DQ. 7+( *(2*5$3+.VODQGQHVV D DQG IXQGDPHQWDO LV WKHUHIRUH UHSXGLDWLRQ GHHS RIRXUXQLTXHO\ H[LVWHQFH :HDOH .VODQGQHVV SURYLQFH ODQGVFDSH RI .(: +HZDV LQWKH 7KHQ LWRFFXUUHG ZKDW KHZDV +H WRPH ODQGVFDSH GRLQJ WDNLQJ LI $QG WKDW LV ZKDW ZKHQ OLYH WKH .VODQG .VODQGQHVV EHLQJ \RXU DVEUHDWKLQJ DVPDUURZ DQG DVQDWXUDO DQG XQVHOIFRQVFLRXV GHHS RIWKLV WKDW LVWRVD\ LWV LV 7KHWRSRJUDSK\ DQG . GRQ W WDON .DP QRW FKLOGUHQ ZHUH ERUQ VOHHS WKRXJK ZH D RI RI PDGH D  KDQGIXO PXG ERRWV (YHQ RQRXU VPDOO IDPLOLHV UH LVODQG XS P\ WREHQR VHHPV WRHQGXUH 6RPHWLPHV WKHUH WRFRPH QRU QHLWKHU WKH ILUVW WKH ORQJHVW LQWR WKH LQLWLDWLRQ WRWKH WKDW PXVW EHSDLG EHIRUH HQG GXHV VLPSO\ EHORQJLQJ ZRPDQ LQWRZQ DQG DVLOYHUKDLUHG . DP DQDWLYH Q RW EHIRUH XV ZKR KDYH FRPH 0DLQHU DOWKRXJK SHRSOH LQ EXW .ZDV LQDFRIIHH 2QHGD\ VSDUNO\H\HG VKRS DQG .MXVWOLVWHQ .VDLG .NQRZ V WDUWOHG UHSOLHG ODXJKHG \RX \RX UH . 5RVHEXG DELW VDLGWRPH .IHHO DV L I W KH VRPHWLPHV OLQH ORQJ RI SODFH P\ \HDUV RIP\ WZR .KHDU UDGLR RQWKH HDFK +RZ NQRZ" 6KH GLG VDLG 2K \RX PRUQLQJ \RX LQ 6KH IRU LI KDYH HYHU DQ\ 2K :HOO\RX UHSOLHG MXVW MXPS ULJKW VXJJHVWLRQVXV . DOO DQDWLYH LVODQGHU HYHQ LQ0DLQH .DUHQ 5REHUWV LVODQG -DFNVRQ LPSRVHV KHU GHVFULEHG KRZVKHHDUQHG ZLWK KHUKXVEDQG WRUDLVH KHUIRXU KDYHQ FKLOGUHQ VHQVHRILVODQGQHVV WKH IRXU DORWRYHU ODVW KDVFKDQJHG DQGFRPPXQLW\ RIIULHQGVKLS 0\GHILQLWLRQ D OLVW LV D W EDFN RI WKH EHKLQG .  SUHFLRXV LVDTXDOLW\ RIEHLQJWKDWLVGHHSO\ RILVODQGQHVV :HDOH V GHILQLWLRQ /LNH$FKRUQ ZLWKRXW IURP DQLVODQGHU V DQGXOWLPDWHO\ FDQQRW EHVHSDUDWHG LQWHUQDOL]HG LGHQWLW\ LQVSLWH QHHGWREH LVODQGHUV RIWKHIDFW WKDW WKLV IDLOXUH ULVNLQJ VRXOGHVWUR\LQJ DVKRUH WROGPH QDWLYH ZKRPRYHG WRWKHPDLQODQG 2UDVRQH0DLQHLVODQG OLQNHG RXWRIWKH WDNH WKHLVODQG EXW\RXFDQQRW WKHJLUO RXWRIWKHLVODQG <RXFDQWDNH JLUO QDWLYHERUQ LV ZLWKLQ GRQRWUHVLGH WKHTXDOLWLHV RILVODQGQHVV 2IFRXUVH RQO\ WKDW WKH DQG YDOXHV FDQ HDUQHG RYHU E H WLPH ODQGHUV SHUVSHFWLYHV E\DFFHSWLQJ WKH\ RII 9LQDO LVODQG ZKRPRYHG WRDVPDOO OLIH . QWKLV L VODQGQHVV ZD\ VXJJHVWV LQVWLWXWLRQV DQG IRU DOO ZLWK DKDUGHU IODPH LVODQG  OLNH WKDW KH FRQYHUWV EXUQ>V@ YDOXHV WKDQ GRHVWKHQDWDO .  -DFNVRQ LWFDQ LVSULPDULO\ DVDELUWKULJKW LVODQGQHVV WKDW -DFNVRQ JUDQWHG $OWKRXJK VXJJHVWV RI ZKDWHYHU DV DV3XW]KDVZULWWHQ DOVREHHDUQHG P\WKV E\DGRSWLQJ RQH VRZQ LQWKHVHQVH RIVWR 7KLVGRHVQRWPHDQP\WKV WKHDGRSWHG SODFHRQHFDQGLVFRYHU DQG Y DOXHV WKDW DUH WUDGL WKRVH ULHVRUZKDW LVQRWWUXH EXWUDWKHU PRWLIV LPDJHV VRFLDO LQVSLWH RIKLVWRU\ DQGJURVV WRDFRPPXQLW\ DQGZKLFK WLRQDO FKDQJHV SHUVLVW DQG K H REVHUYHV WKDW RQH F DQ E H  FRQYHUWHG WR 3XW] .  H[SHULHQFH This content downloaded from 134. 22 Oct 2013 14:15:23 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .153.184.170 on Tue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on Tue.VODQGQHVV DOVRPHDQV WKDW OLYH DOLIH FORVHU WRQDWXUH WKDQ PRVW PDLQODQGHUV GR7KHUK\WKPV \RX RIWLGHV DQGVWRUPV GHWHUPLQH ZKDW QRWGR6XUYLYDO ZLQG \RXGRDQGZLOO GHSHQGV RQDGHHSUHVSHFW IRU WKH IRUFHV RIQDWXUH DQGDQLQVWLQFWLYH RIRQH V XQGHUVWDQGLQJ UHODWLYH WRH[HUFLVH FRQWURO RYHUWKHP . 22 Oct 2013 14:15:23 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .184.VODQGQHVV LVVLPXOWDQHRXVO\ SRZHUOHVVQHVV This content downloaded from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on Tue.Q2QH/DQG7ZR:RUOGV WR1HZ(QJODQG HGLWHG 7KH  E\''3ODWW :D\PRXWK V 9R\DJH RRWK $QQLYHUVDU\ RI *HRUJH 0DLQH.VODQGQHVV LVRODWLRQ RI L VODQG WKDW WKH H[SHULHQFHV DFFRPSDQ\ SK\VLFDO DQGWHQDFLRXV WKHREVWLQDWH LVDEVRUEHG LQWRWKHERQHVRILVODQGHUV WKDW WKURXJK RQWKHLU QDWLYHERUQ DVZHOO DVRQWKHLU LVODQG FRPPXQLWLHV H[HUW KROGWKDW FRQYHUWV DQ WKXV LV . SULQWHG )URP WKH ZHFHOHEUDWH RILVODQGQHVV WKHVSHFLDO TXDOLWLHV GHVFULSWLRQV IRUHJRLQJ DQG DUHPRVWIXQGDPHQWDOO\ WKH RI R IWHQ .184.QVWLWXWH 5RFNODQG This content downloaded from 134.VODQGV GHILQHG E\ SUHVHQFH IULJKWHQLQJ WKH FORVHU WR Z DWHU WKDW FUHDWH DVHQVH RI D  ERGLHV R I SODFH LPSDVVDEOH RFFDVLRQDOO\ DQGHPEUDFHG ZKRVHHFFHQWULFLWLHV DUHWROHUDWHG QDWXUDO ZRUOG DQGWRQHLJKERUV WKH IURP RILVODQGQHVV VHQVDWLRQ WKDW GHULYHV :HWKLQN DVDPHWDSK\VLFDO KHLJKWHQHG LVDVHQVH OLIH .VODQG-RXUQDO    7LPH&DSVXOHV7KH(FRORJ\RI0LGFRDVW0DLQHLQ.153.VODQG $FKRUQ -RXUQDO .VODQG-RXUQDO   WKH WKH . 22 Oct 2013 14:15:23 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions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ct 2013 14:15:23 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .VODQG.Q+ROGLQJ 7KH%HVW HGLWHG 3ODWW *URXQG -RXUQDO RR RI.VODQG -DFNVRQ -RXUQDO &%.VODQG.6/$1'1(66  %URZQ )RZOHV /LWWOH -7KH0DJXV%RVWRQ  6LUHQ &DOO.VODQGQHVV .VODQG E\3 DQG''3ODWW 0DLQH.VODQG  3XW] -RXUQDO ' .VODQG &RDVW 5RFNODQG YRO 0XVFRQJXV RI %D\DQG0RQKHJDQ 0DLQH7LOEXU\ 0DLQH.VODQG.QVWLWXWH 0DLQH7LOEXU\ +RXVH3XEOLVKHUV *DUGLQHU 0LG0DLQH YROL3HQREVFRW 5HY HG5RFNODQG 0DLQH.VODQG  :HDOH -RXUQDO This content downloaded from 134.170 on Tue.
Copyright © 2024 DOKUMEN.SITE Inc.