concept of ojas in Ayurveda

“FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON CONCEPTOF OJAS” By Dr. JIRANKALGIKAR YOGESH MUKUND B.A.M.S., Dissertation submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore. In the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF MEDICINE (AYURVEDA) In AYURVEDA SIDDHANTA Under The Guidance of DR. N. ANJANEYA MURTHY M.D. (AYU), Sahitya Shastry Professor and HOD, Department of Post Graduate Studies in Ayurveda Siddhanta, G.A.M.C., Mysore. Co-Guide DR. K VENKAT SHIVUDU M.D. (Ayu) Asst. Professor, J.S.S. Ayurveda Medical College, Mysore. DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN AYURVEDA SIDDHANTA GOVERNMENT AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE, MYSORE. 2008 RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN AYURVEDA SIDDHANTA, GOVERNMENT AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE MYSORE. DECLARATION I hereby declare that this Dissertation “FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF OJAS” is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. N. Anjaneya Murthy, Professor, Department of Post Graduate Studies in Ayurveda Siddhanta, Government Ayurveda Medical College, Mysore. Date: Signature of the Candidate Place: Mysore Dr. Jirankalgikar Yogesh Mukund RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN AYURVEDA SIDDHANTA, GOVERNMENT AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE MYSORE. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF OJAS” is a bonafide research work done by Dr.JIRANKALGIKAR YOGESH MUKUND in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Medicine (Ayurveda). Date: Signature of the Guide Place: Mysore Dr. N.Anjaneya Murthy Professor and H.O.D, Department of Post Graduate Studies In Ayurveda Siddhanta, Government Ayurveda Medical College, Mysore. D.D.JIRANKALGIKAR YOGESH MUKUND in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Medicine (Ayurveda). Ayurveda Medical College.RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES. (AYU) .S. KARNATAKA DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN AYURVEDA SIDDHANTA.O. of Ayurveda Siddhanta J. K VENKAT SHIVUDU M. Mysore. Date: Signature of the Co-Guide Place: Mysore DR. GOVERNMENT AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE MYSORE. Professor. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF OJAS” is a bonafide research work done by Dr.S. H. & Asst. Dept. N. Date: Date: Place: Mysore Place: Mysore .D. Seal & Signature of the HOD Seal & Signature of the Principal Dr. Mysore. Government Ayurveda Medical College. Mysore. Satpute Principal Government Ayurveda Medical College.O. Department of Post Graduate Studies in Ayurveda Siddhanta.RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES. Ashok D. Mysore. KARNATAKA DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN AYURVEDA SIDDHANTA GOVERNMENT AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE MYSORE. Government Ayurveda Medical College. ENDORSEMENT BY THE HOD.Anjaneya Murthy.JIRANKALGIKAR YOGESH MUKUND under the guidance of Professor Dr. N. Dr. Anjaneya Murthy Professor and H. PRINCIPAL / HEAD OF THE INSTITUTION This is to certify that the dissertation “FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF OJAS” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. Department of Post Graduate Studies In Ayurveda Siddhanta. COPY RIGHT Declaration by the Candidate I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences. use and disseminate this dissertation / thesis in print or electronic format for academic / research purpose. GOVERNMENT AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE MYSORE. Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve. Jirankalgikar Yogesh Mukund © Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences. Date : Signature of the Candidate Place : Mysore Dr. Karnataka . KARNATAKA DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN AYURVEDA SIDDHANTA.RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES. Dedicated with due regards … to the sacred commemoration of my deceased grandfather … . Shantharam.M.A. Assistant Professor. suggestions and guidance given by my respected teacher Dr. continuous support and suggestions which have very crucial role in completion of this study. I am thankful to my teachers Dr.Balakrishna.Naseema Akhtar. Professor and H.T.Lancy Disuza and Dr.A. Dr. of Naveen Nyaya. I am obliged by continuous inspiration. of Ayurveda Siddhanta. for his continuous encouragement and suggestions during the course of study.S. Satpute Principal.Shanthala Priyadarshini.H.D.M.C.C. I am also grateful to my co-guide Dr.N. Maharaja’s Sanskrit College.A. Mysore.C.G. I am thankful to Dr.S Ayurveda Medical College.A. for their support and suggestions. Mysore.A.S. for his kind support in understanding grammatical aspects of Ayurvedic literature in this course of study. Assistant Professor. of Dravya guna.Malhari Kamalakar Sirdeshpande.V.M.K.Bhat. I am also thankful to all other teachers of G. Dr.Chate and Dr.C. Dept. Department of Post Graduate studies in Ayurveda Siddhanta.Anjaneya Murthy.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It gives me immense pleasure to acknowledge all of them who have helped/ blessed me for successful completion of this dissertation. Dr.O. Mysore.D.Ksheresagar. J. affection. for his valuable suggestions. Dr. Dept. Dept. G. Professor. Dr. Dr.Ashok.T. I express my deep sense of gratitude to Vidwan Shri Gangadhara Y. guidance.Katti for their special attention. D.R. for his valuable support and apt suggestions. G.Maitreyae for their timely suggestions and encouragement.G. Mysore.Chandramauli. I am grateful to Dr. Manjara Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya. Venkat Shivudu. Maharashtra. Dr. care and all sorts of help in successful completion of this study. Latur.M.Gopinath.B.Mangalgi. Dr. I owe my deepest sense of gratitude to my Hon’ble guide Dr. Mysore. i . S.Ranjithkumar Shetty and Dr.R.Gurudeep Singh. Dr. Dr. Saool Heart Foundation.Rameshkumar. who have knowingly.Leela. D. Dr. Assistant Professor.O. Simha Heart Foundation. M. Mysore.D Dept of Physiology.I. Mysore for his valuable guidelines and suggestions during review of modern literature in this course of study.Studies in Kayachikitsa.S. Dr.Studies.S Ayurveda Medical College for their help and guidance during the course of the study.Sharma. for his efforts in successful and attractive presentation of this work.S.R.T. Sangli.Venkateshulu.K.Alka Jayavanth Kumar.K..M.D. Microdot Creators. Prasad.C.S.G. and Mrs. ii . Prof.Shivaramaprasad Professor and H. M.Vijaylakshmi for their continuous help.Bimal Chajer.H.Kiran Mutanalli. and H. Maharashtra.D Dept of Anatomy J.S.Medical College. Dr.Soubhagya Bilagi and Dr.M. Mysore.O.Sudhakar Reddy.A. I extend my thanks to my seniors.O. Mysore. Dr. Dr.I. Dr. J.Pankaj Pathak.Rajsimha. Dr.Medical College. Mysore.Kalyani Bhusane.Joshi. Dept of Pathology. Wockhardt hospital. Assistant Professor.G.B.S.Shenoy. I will like to thank Dr. I also extent my thanks to my junior collogues Dr.I express my gratitude to Dr. Consulting cardiologist. Dr.H.D. Prof and H. Dr. all my teachers from J. Dr.Gorkal. Dean of P. I extent my sense of acknowledgement to all those persons.M.M. I am thankful to my classmates Dr. I also thank Dr. Dept.D. Dr.M. unknowingly helped in this course of study and also beg pardon for missing names. Dept of P.Thatte.P.Nagaraja. Dr.Rajesh Bhat. Dr.C and R.S.K. Hassan.G. College of Ayurveda.Aparna.G.A. I also thank Mr.Savitha. of Physiology.Shashidhar. Dr.C and R. Dr. S.D. encouragement and suggestions. I also thank Dr.K. Lucknow. Mysore. Geetha for their timely support during my course of study.D.Annaporani.Shamsundar. Bangalore. Dr.Gadag for his whole hearted support and help which he rendered to me at a very crucial period.S. New Delhi.Abdul Khadar and Dr.Purshottama. and many other experts in the field of Ayurveda as well as modern medicine who have given their valuable suggestions during this course of study. Dr. my father and mother. Jirankalgikar Yogesh Mukund) iii .I will like to remember my family. Finally it is benediction of God Venketeshwara that I have reached to this stage in my life. my elder brother at this moment as I would not have achieved this feet without the love . Date : Place : Mysore (Dr. care they are bestowing on me in my life. grand father and grand mother. Comprehensive understanding of this concept of ojas may help to understand immunological disorders in a better way and will brighten the perspective of treatment of these disorders. Methods Collection. analysis of data from various Ayurvedic as well as modern medicine textbooks. Interpretation and Conclusion Different versions of various authors in Ayurvedic classics regarding ojas are not contrary to each other. Taking these needs into consideration objectives was formed. Key Words Ojas. rearrangement. Never the less their collective understanding cohesively enrich the various aspects of concept of ojas. bala being a functional entity is karya and ojas is karana for it. Discussions with large number of scholars both from the field of Ayurveda as well as modern medicine were also carried out. iv . Immunity has been compared to bala in Ayurveda. Recent advances in modern medicine are also needed to be reviewed for any parallel concept to ojas. compilation. Structural basis of immune response collectively comes nearer to concept of ojas in perspective of immunity / bala. Prostaglandins are having great similarities with ojas when compared on the basis of gunas and karmas. Different versions in description of ojas of various authors in Ayurvedic literature are also needed to be analysed for better understanding. journals. Ayu.ABSTRACT Need for the Study and Objectives Immunological disorders are one of the biggest questions in front of medical fraternity in this era. Prostaglandins. Bala. websites was done. structural basis of immune response. CONTENTS Acknowledgement i – iii Abstract iv Introduction 01 Objectives 04 Review of Ayurvedic Literature 05 Review of Modern Literature 37 Materials and Methods 79 Discussion 82 Conclusion 117 Recommendation for Further Study 118 Summary 119 Bibliographic Reference s 120 v . 01 Showing Gunas of Ojas 11 02 Showing Karmas of Ojas 13 03 Showing Sthanas of Ojas 17 04 Showing different opinions in Ayurvedic classics about pramana of ojas 18 05 Showing Aaharapariposhana karma according to Acharya Charaka 19 06 Showing the Aharapariposhana Krama according to Acharya Sushruta 20 07 Showing different views on poshana of ojas according to various Ayurvedic classics 21 08 Showing different lakshanas of ojokshaya as per various Authors 25 09 Showing Comparison between properties of Ojas. Madya and Visha 27 10 Showing different concepts quoted as ojas according to various authors 36 11 Showing various ligants and receptors of prostaglandins with their actions 40 12 Showing major components of the innate immune system 60 13 Showing Cytokines of clinical importance and their description 66 14 Showing Properties of human immunoglobulins (Ig) 76 15 Showing the Mahabhuta Predominance and Karmas of Ojogunas 88 16 Showing the Summary of Gunas of Ojas 103 17 Showing Differences in ojas and bala 107 18 Showing Similarities in physico-chemical properties of Ojas and Prostaglandins 111 19 Showing Similarities in Functions of Ojas and Prostaglandins 111 20 Showing Other Similarities in Ojas and Prostaglandins 111 21 Showing Comparison of Structural basis of Immune structures 114 vi . Name of the Table Page No.No.LIST OF TABLES T. vii .LIST OF FIGURES No. 01 Name of Figure Showing schematic representation of different layers of Page No.Bale Verb 05 02 Showing the Nishpatti of Rupa Ojaha from word Ojas 06 03 Showing relation between diet and synthesis of PG and its 42 effects on human body. 57 Immunity in human body 02 Showing schematic presentation of Immune mechanism 59 03 Showing schematic representation of complement system 64 04 Showing components of immunoglobulin 72 LIST OF FLOW CHARTS No. 01 Showing the Derivation of word Ojas from Ubje . Name of Flow Chart Page No. Department of Post Graduate Studies in Ayurveda Siddhanta.M. Mysore. ANJANEYA MURTHY M.S. Mysore. N.A. K VENKAT SHIVUDU M. 2008 . (AYU). DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN AYURVEDA SIDDHANTA GOVERNMENT AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE. J.A.“FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF OJAS” By Dr.C. In the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF MEDICINE (AYURVEDA) In AYURVEDA SIDDHANTA Under The Guidance of DR. JIRANKALGIKAR YOGESH MUKUND B.M. Bangalore.D. MYSORE. Karnataka. Professor.D. Co-Guide DR.S.S. Sahitya Shastry Professor and HOD. (Ayu) Asst. Dissertation submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences... G. Ayurveda Medical College. RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES. Department of Post Graduate Studies in Ayurveda Siddhanta. Mysore. N. Anjaneya Murthy. Jirankalgikar Yogesh Mukund . KARNATAKA DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN AYURVEDA SIDDHANTA. Professor. Date: Signature of the Candidate Place: Mysore Dr. DECLARATION I hereby declare that this Dissertation “FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF OJAS” is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. GOVERNMENT AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE MYSORE. Government Ayurveda Medical College. KARNATAKA DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN AYURVEDA SIDDHANTA.D. GOVERNMENT AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE MYSORE. .RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES. Date: Signature of the Guide Place: Mysore Dr. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON CON CEPT OF OJAS” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. N.JIRANKALGIKAR YOGESH MUKUND in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Medicine (Ayurveda). Mysore. Department of Post Graduate Studies In Ayurveda Siddhanta.Anjaneya Murthy Professor and H.O. Government Ayurveda Medical College. Ayurveda Medical College. & Asst. H.D.JIRANKALGIKAR YOGESH MUKUND in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Medicine (Ayurveda).RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES. Date: Signature of the Co-Guide Place: Mysore DR. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF OJAS” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. Professor. Mysore.S. GOVERNMENT AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE MYSORE. KARNATAKA DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN AYURVEDA SIDDHANTA.S. Dept.O. K VENKAT SHIVUDU M. (AYU) . of Ayurveda Siddhanta J.D. Mysore. Ashok D. Department of Post Graduate Studies In Ayurveda Siddhanta. PRINCIPAL / HEAD OF THE INSTITUTION This is to certify that the dissertation “FUNDAMENTAL STUDY ON CONCEPT OF OJAS” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. Anjaneya Murthy Professor and H.O.N. Mysore. ENDORSEMENT BY THE HOD.JIRANKALGIKAR YOGESH MUKUND under the guidance of Professor Dr. Date: Date: Place: Mysore Place: Mysore .D. Satpute Principal Government Ayurveda Medical College. Department of Post Graduate Studies in Ayurveda Siddhanta. Dr. Government Ayurveda Medical College. Government Ayurveda Medical College. KARNATAKA DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN AYURVEDA SIDDHANTA GOVERNMENT AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE MYSORE.RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES. Mysore. N. Seal & Signature of the HOD Seal & Signature of the Principal Dr.Anjaneya Murthy. Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve.RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES. Jirankalgikar Yogesh Mukund © Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences. Date : Signature of the Candidate Place : Mysore Dr. COPY RIGHT Declaration by the Candidate I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences. Karnataka . GOVERNMENT AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE MYSORE. use and disseminate this dissertation / thesis in print or electronic format for academic / research purpose. KARNATAKA DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN AYURVEDA SIDDHANTA. Dedicated with due regards … to the sacred commemoration of my deceased grandfather … . Dr.Malhari Kamalakar Sirdeshpande. i . Dr.H.A. I am thankful to Dr. Assistant Professor. J.S.Chandramauli. Professor and H. Dr.C. I am also thankful to all other teachers of G. Mysore. for his continuous encouragement and suggestions during the course of study.D.T. for his valuable support and apt suggestions.M.G. Dept. for his kind support in understanding grammatical aspects of Ayurvedic literature in this course of study.K. continuous support and suggestions which have very crucial role in completion of this study.Bhat.A. care and all sorts of help in successful completion of this study. Dr. Maharaja’s Sanskrit College.Maitreyae for their timely suggestions and encouragement.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It gives me immense pleasure to acknowledge all of them who have he lped/ blessed me for successful completion of this dissertation. for their support and suggestions.Gopinath. Latur. guidance.C.S. I am grateful to Dr.A.Chate and Dr.D. Dept. of Ayurveda Siddhanta.V. I express my deep sense of gratitude to Vidwan Shri Gangadhara Y. Assistant Professor. Dr. Professor.S Ayurveda Medical College.Anjaneya Murthy.A.Ksheresagar.N. affection.C.C.Mangalgi.Lancy Disuza and Dr.Naseema Akhtar.G. Mysore. Dr. Mysore.M. I am obliged by continuous inspiration. Department of Post Graduate studies in Ayurveda Siddhanta. G. Satpute Principal.B.O.A.Shantharam. suggestions and guidance given by my respected teacher Dr.Katti for their special attention. Mysore.T. I am thankful to my teachers Dr.M. Manjara Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya.Balakrishna. Dept. I owe my deepest sense of gratitude to my Hon’ble guide Dr. G. I am also grateful to my co-guide Dr. of Naveen Nyaya. of Dravya guna. Dr. for his valuable suggestions.Shanthala Priyadarshini. Venkat Shivudu. Mysore. Dr.M. Maharashtra.Ashok.R. D. A.Studies. and Mrs.Rajsimha. Dr.H. Simha Heart Foundation.Vijaylakshmi for their continuous help.M. I also thank Dr. Mysore.Purshottama. Mysore.G.G.G.Joshi.D.M. all my teachers from J.Sudhakar Reddy. Sangli.O.M.Kalyani Bhusane.S.Medical College. encouragement and suggestions. ii .Sharma. Mysore. Bangalore.Nagaraja. Dr. and many other experts in the field of Ayurveda as well as modern medicine who have given their valuable suggestions during this course of study. Dr.C and R.Ranjithkumar Shetty and Dr.Pankaj Pathak. Dr.M. Dr. Dept of Pathology.K.I.C and R.O. I also extent my thanks to my junior collogues Dr.C.K. New Delhi.I.Gorkal. Dept of P. Dr. Prof and H.Rameshkumar.M. of Physiology. Saool Heart Foundation. M.T.S Ayurveda Medical College for their help and guidance during the course of the study.K.D Dept of Anatomy J.Rajesh Bhat. Lucknow.Abdul Khadar and Dr.S.Annaporani. Dr.S.A. Geetha for their timely support during my course of study. I also thank Dr. I extent my sense of acknowledgement to all those persons. Hassan.Leela.O. Dr.D. Mysore for his valuable guidelines and suggestions during review of modern literature in this course of study. I extend my thanks to my seniors.D. Mysore. Prasad.Venkateshulu. Dr. I will like to thank Dr. Dr.P.Aparna. Dept.Shashidhar.B. Dr. I also thank Mr.Bimal Chajer.Medical College. College of Ayurveda. Dr.S.S. Assistant Professor.Soubhagya Bilagi and Dr. I am thankful to my classmates Dr. Dean of P.R. J.S.Kiran Mutanalli.I express my gratitude to Dr..Thatte.H. Mysore.S. Maharashtra. Dr.S. Wockhardt hospital. and H. Assistant Professor.G.D. D. Dr.Studies in Kayachikitsa.Shenoy.Savitha. Microdot Creators.Shamsundar. for his efforts in successful and attractive presentation of this work. Dr. who have knowingly.K. S. M. Dr. Dr.Gurudeep Singh.D Dept of Physiology. Dr.R.Shivaramaprasad Professor and H.D. Prof. Consulting cardiologist.Alka Jayavanth Kumar.Gadag for his whole hearted support and help which he rendered to me at a very crucial period. Dr. unknowingly helped in this course of study and also beg pardon for missing names. I will like to remember my family. grand father and grand mother. Date : Place : Mysore (Dr. care they are bestowing on me in my life. my father and mother. my elder brother at this moment as I would not have achieved this feet without the love . Jirankalgikar Yogesh Mukund) iii . Finally it is benediction of God Venketeshwara that I have reached to this stage in my life. ABSTRACT Need for the Study and Objectives Immunological disorders are one of the biggest questions in front of medical fraternity in this era. Comprehensive understanding of this concept of ojas may help to understand immunological disorders in a better way and will brighten the perspective of treatment of these disorders. Different versions in description of ojas of various authors in Ayurvedic literature are also needed to be analysed for better understanding. Structural basis of immune response collectively comes nearer to concept of ojas in perspective of immunity / bala. bala being a functional entity is karya and ojas is karana for it. structural basis of immune response. Discussions with large number of scholars both from the field of Ayurveda as well as modern medicine were also carried out. iv . journals. Recent advances in modern medicine are also needed to be reviewed for any parallel concept to ojas. Taking these needs into consideration objectives was formed. Never the less their collective understanding cohesively enrich the various aspects of concept of ojas. Prostaglandins. analysis of data from various Ayurvedic as well as modern medicine textbooks. websites was done. rearrangement. Ayu. Immunity has been compared to bala in Ayurveda. compilation. Prostaglandins are having great similarities with ojas when compared on the basis of gunas and karmas. Methods Collection. Key Words Ojas. Interpretation and Conclusion Different versions of various authors in Ayurvedic classics regarding ojas are not contrary to each other. Bala. CONTENTS Acknowledgement i – iii Abstract iv Introduction 01 Objectives 04 Review of Ayurvedic Literature 05 Review of Modern Literature 37 Materials and Methods 79 Discussion 82 Conclusion 117 Recommendation for Furthe r Study 118 Summary 119 Bibliographic Reference s 120 v LIST OF TABLES T.No. Name of the Table Page No. 01 Showing Gunas of Ojas 11 02 03 Showing Karmas of Ojas Showing Sthanas of Ojas 13 17 04 Showing different opinions in Ayurvedic classics about pramana of ojas 18 05 Showing Aaharapariposhana karma according to Acharya Charaka 19 06 Showing the Aharapariposhana Krama according to Acharya Sushruta Showing different views on poshana of ojas according to various Ayurvedic classics Showing different lakshanas of ojokshaya as per various Authors Showing Comparison between properties of Ojas, Madya and Visha 20 10 Showing different concepts quoted as ojas according to various authors 36 11 Showing various ligants and receptors of prostaglandins with their actions 40 12 13 Showing major components of the innate immune system Showing Cytokines of clinical importance and their description 60 66 14 15 Showing Properties of human immunoglobulins (Ig) Showing the Mahabhuta Predominance and Karmas of Ojogunas Showing the Summary of Gunas of Ojas Showing Differences in ojas and bala 76 88 07 08 09 16 17 18 21 25 27 103 107 111 19 Showing Similarities in physico-chemical properties of Ojas and Prostaglandins Showing Similarities in Functions of Ojas and Prostaglandins 20 Showing Other Similarities in Ojas and Prostaglandins 111 21 Showing Comparison of Structural basis of Immune structures 114 vi 111 LIST OF FIGURES No. 01 Name of Figure Showing schematic representation of different layers of Page No. 57 Immunity in human body 02 Showing schematic presentation of Immune mechanism 59 03 Showing schematic representation of complement system 64 04 Showing components of immunoglobulin 72 LIST OF FLOW CHARTS No. Name of Flow Chart Page No. 01 Showing the Derivation of word Ojas from Ubje - Bale Verb 05 02 Showing the Nishpatti of Rupa Ojaha from word Ojas 06 03 Showing relation between diet and synthesis of PG and its 42 effects on human body. vii This external milieu continuously undergoes changes because of kala and is bound to influence homeostasis of internal milieu. All the body actions thus can be ascribed to shareera and or manas. purusha. Thus this samyoga itself is ayu and viyoga is mrutyu. maintains and protects this samyoga life cannot exist.1 INTRODUCTION Ayurveda word literally means veda of Ayu. For this the knowledge of ayu is a must. Thus Ayurveda is a science which deals with jnyana of Ayu. regulation and sometimes complementation is also one among prerequisites for bringing synergism in functions of human body. Satva. Anuvrutti of chetana in other words is stated as samyoga of shareera. Maintenance of this homeostasis in healthy and restoration/re-establishment of it in a diseased is to be achieved by chikitsa. This samya/homeostasis in dehadhatus is the karya of Ayurveda. shastra. Initiation of this samyoga and maintaining it is the most important prerequisite of human life. Word veda has various meanings such as jnyana. loka has its influence on internal milieu i. protection of ayu etc. Such mechanism of co-operation. Without any such mechanism which initiates. A regulatory mechanism which controls shareera as well as manas independently and collectively is also an important pre-requisite for existence of life / ayu. Prayojana of Ayurveda is dhatu samya. transformations in external milieu influence the condition of internal milieu and enforce changes in it. External milieu i. labha.e. complementing actions of various systems with one another is the essence of multicellularity.e. methods to achieve ayu. This communication and co-ordination between various actions/ functions in human body. Ayu is anuvrutti of chetana. satva and atma. Any changes. All the multi cellular organisms including human beings need a mechanism which co-ordinates the different functions of individual at the levels of systems. Aatma being drashta does not actively participate in any of body actions. atma and shareera are three pillars of life. tissues and cells. communication. etc. satta. if there is nivruti of chetana then it is death. A mechanism is Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . indriya. With advances in the field of applied sciences. This mechanism in addition helps to fasten recovery of homeostasis after its derailment / vaishamya. in all the three stages of human life utpatti. sarva cheshtasu apratighata. coordination between shareera and manas and its protection from influencing harmful factors are to be fulfilled for healthy life and longevity. Dehadharaka samyoga dharana. Newer and newer understandings of body mechanisms are emerging. maintenance of ayu. A critical survey and analysis of these advances may not only help to find an equivalent for concept of ojas but also to understand and utilize this concept in a greater and better manner. For this purpose of initiation and maintenance of these mechanisms a dravya should be adhara. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . modern medicine is also accepting holistic nature of life. Multifaceted actions of various body components are being understood and accepted in modern medicine. Sometimes factors from internal milieu itself may reason for vitiation. Bala is karya and ojas is karana. and transplants of human organs under its preview. Among various functions of ojas one is bala poshana. Scope of immunology which was limited to mere infectious diseases has evolved largely to take metabolic disorders. These necessities/requirements for initiation. sthiti and laya. These mechanisms being karyas need to have a dravya/structural basis. One of the biggest problems in front of medical fraternity in this era is treatment of immuno-deficiency disorders. deha sthiti nibandhana are few of the functions attributed to ojas. Such a mechanism is very essential for healthy life. This prompts or re-ascertains the quest for searching a modern equivalent entity to ojas. Thus the concept of ojas has its own importance and a very essential role extending from utpatti to mruthyu. Ayurveda has established the concept of ojas for this purpose. Ayurveda believes in karya karana siddhanta. ie. Newer roles of substances that were conventionally accepted as a part of only one system in human body are emerging in this era. tumor immunology. autoimmune disorders..2 essential to protect and maintain homeostasis of purusha by preventing the influence from changes in external milieu. Immunity is capacity of human body to get protected from harmful stimulus. Sthira and sara gunas of ojas. finding an equivalent from modern medicine and understanding practical utility of this concept . Ojas has got a vital role not only in swasthya rakshana/protection of health but also in achievement of extra-ordinary status of health.facie overview of available literature on ojas in Ayurvedic classics sometimes may lead to doubts/ambiguities by virtue of different versions available in explanation of ojas. effort for better understanding of so called different schools of thoughts.3 This highlights the need of hour to understand concept of ojas with its all aspects in order to elicit better understanding of these immunological diseases from Ayurvedic perspective. Thus in nutshell this study aims at understanding concept of ojas along with its role in trividha avastatas of life. A prima. Hence taking above all points into consideration an attempt is designed to study this very important and the unique concept in Ayurveda. quoting ojas as upadhatu and mala of shukra and also shukra vishesha are few of such versions. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . A literary surve y of available Ayurvedic literature would help to create foundation for all the works on ojas and thus a fundamental study is designed to understand concept of ojas. This dissertation is a humble attempt to compile. An attempt to understand the reason of difference in various different classics. as well as different citations of same classic is also necessary for comprehensive understanding of concept of ojas. which is called as positive health. An attempt to find equivalent concept from modern medicine has also been undertaken in order to understand concept of ojas in a better way and its presentation in front of modern world. analyze and represent concept of ojas in conventional methodology of description. This will help in strengthening chances of better treatment options for these immunological disorders by applying Ayurvedic principles of management. 4. 2. 3. To understand and explain precisely the fundamental concept of ojas on the basis of available Ayurvedic literature. To co relate different schools of thoughts about the concept of ojas in Ayurvedic literature.4 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 1. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . To evaluate the utility of this concept in day to day practice. To study the concept of ojas in the light of modern medical literature in an attempt to find a parallel entity to it. Now word becomes “Oj+Asun”.1 Flow Chart 1 Showing the Derivation of word Ojas from Ubje . Now by aadesha of “Sarvadhatukardhadhatukayoho ll” “U-Kara” undergoes vruddhi and becomes “OKara”.Bale Verb Ubje – Bale “Ubje bale balopascha ll” “Ba-kara” lopa Uj “Sarvadhatukayoho asun ll” “Asun” Pratyaya Uj + Asun “Sarvadhatukardhadhatukayoho ll” Gunavruddhi of “U” Oj + Asun “Halantyam ll” “Na-kara” lopa Oj + As “Upadesheajanunasikaha ll” “Krut taddshitasamascha ll” “U-kara” lopa Ojas Krudanta pratipadika of “Ubje-Bale” Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Protection of aarogya of a healthy person and achievement of aarogya in a diseased individual is Aim of Ayurveda. Compilation of these various references collectively is necessary for comprehensive description of ojas. Thus this chapter aims to compile available literature on ojas and represent it in conventionally accepted form of description. Ayurvedic Samhitas are having vast material related to concept of ojas but it is scattered in various different contexts. This process can be shown in a flow chart as follows. By aadesha of sutra “Upadesheajnanunasikaha ll” lopa of “U-kara” takes place. by aadesha of sutra “Sarvadhatubhyo asun ll” and word becomes “Uj+Asun”. While making krudanta by “Asun” pratyaya in Unadi prakriya. kama and moksha. By aadesha of sutra “Halyantam ll” lopa of “Na-kara” takes place and word now becomes “Oj+As” = “Ojas”. Utpatti of word “Ojas” The word Ojas is derived from dhatu “Ubje-Bale”. The concept of ojas has a very important role to play in achievement of this aim. By aadesha of sutra “Ubje-bale balopascha ll” lopa of “Ba-kara” takes place.5 REVIEW OF AYURVEDIC LITERATURE Aarogya is the moola of for achieving dharma. artha. Now the dhatu becomes “Uj”. composite words/samasika padas not only loose their own meaning but also collectively lead towards one another meaning. So now word is “Ojas + Sun”.6 Nishpatti of rupa “Ojaha” from word “Ojas” “Ojas” is “Sa” karnata (i. This guna is called Ojoguna of kavya and quoted as atma of kavya. By aadesha of sutra “Susajusho ruhu ll” padanta “Sa-kara” gets converted into refa i.2 Flow Chart 2. Ojaha is prathama ekvachana of this word. Oja – It is a kavyaguna which means in formation of large samasas.e. By aadesha of sutra “Kharavasanayoho Visarjaneeyaha ll” padanta “khar” pratyaya is converted to visarga and thus “Ojaha” rupa is formed. In prathma ekvachana pratyaya of napumsakalinga is “Sun”. ending with consonent sa) word in napumsakalinga (neutral gender).e. By aadesha of sutra“Swamolruk ll” lopa of “Sun” pratyaya takes place and word becomes “Ojas”. Showing the Nishpatti of Rupa Ojaha from word Ojas Ojas Prathma Ekvachana “Sun” pratyaya Ojas + Sun “Swamolruk ll” Lopa of “Sun” pratyaya in Napumsakalinga Ojas “Sasajusho rahu ll” Padanta “Sa” karasya “ra”kara Ojar “Kharavasanayohovisarjaneeyaha” Prathama eka vachana of word Ojas Visarga of “ra”kara Ojaha Other words related to Ojas Ojaha – It is “a” karant pumlingi shabda which means odd numbers.3 Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . This process can be shown in a flow chart as follows. “Ra-kara” and word becomes “Ojar”. Vruk. Those words are. Pajaha. Choutram. Badhaha. Ability 5. Shyambarum6 . Bodily strength 2. Dhamasi. Yaha. Different Meanings of word Ojas in Sanskrit . Twaksha. Tavirshi. The generative faculty 8. Splendour Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Shusham. Saha. Vigour 3. Shadhaha. Ojaha. Power 7 6. 2) Another meaning is “Ubje-Aarjave”. Vargaha.4 3) Medini kosha gives meanings of word ojas as a. Energy 4. Vrujanam. Shushnam. Poumsyani. Daksha. Vadhaha. Ojas word is formed by this process so it has to be used in meaning bala. Sandrasa. d) Balam – This enforces prakuta avastha or opposes/resists vikruti. Balayoho a) Deeptau – one which is swayamprakashi b) Avashtambha – one which maintains “Sthairya”. Word “Aarjava” is originated from “Ruju” word which means sahaja in this context. Tavoha. Majmana. Shushmam. Virility 7. Infact they stress on different aspects of bala. Deeptau b. Avashtambhe c. Veelu.7 Different meanings of word Ojas 1) Meaning of the sutra “Ubje-bale balopascha” is “ubja” dhatu when used in meaning of bala then lopa of bakara takes place. Dravinam. Nrumnam. So “Ubj-arjave” means Sahaja/Prakruta/ avaikarika bala.5 4) In Yaska Nighantu 28 different words are used in meaning of bala. Taraha.English dictionaries 1. Shavaha. Prakashe d. c) Prakasha – “Prakarshena deeptau” which gives light/prakasha to others. 13 Acharya Chandranandana comments as ojas is pradhana moola of deha dhatus. sitam means shubra in colour and as it is karana for srushti utpatti so soumya in nature.16 Acharya Arunadatta comments as para is utkrushta thus Ojas is utkrushta teja of all seven deha dhatus. Acharya Sushruta defines ojas as param/supreme tejas of dhatus from rasa to shukra. raktam ishat means kinchit/slight rakta/ red. Ojas is prakrushta dhama of saaras. sapitakam means slight peeta.12 Ashtanga Hrudaya defines ojas as it is para teja of shukranta (rasa to shukra) dhatus. white. It does poshana of bala. sheeta. Acharya Dalhana comments as param means utkrushta. An elaborate form of style 11. a shuddha/clear substance having rakta varna along with ishat peeta varna and residing in hrudaya is called ojas in shareera. sheeta gunas.14 Acharya Sharangadhara defines ojas as a substance residing in whole body having snigdha. Water 12. Thus according to him ojas has shweta varna along with peeta and rakta as anugata varnas. as ghruta is sneha of whole milk. Acharya Hemadri comments as ojas is mala as it is explained after other malas. Acharya Gangadhara comments on it as ojas is shubhra/white. Acharya Chakrapani has commented on this as shuddha means shukla i. ishat rakta and peeta9 . Light 10. Acharya Chakrapani comments as here teja means saara as in context of ghrita and madhu. Acharya Kashiram Vaidya comments on this as snigdha is sachikkana.15 Acharya Bhavamishra defines ojas as sarwasharisastha snigdha.11 Ashtanga Sangraha quotes as para teja of all shareera dhatus is called as ojas. Metallic luster 8 Definition of Ojas Acharya Charaka defines ojas as. Acharya Indu comments as para word here is related to ojas and thus it is definition of para ojas. teja means sneha.e. ojas is sheeta and not ushna.8 9. and sthira substance which is somatmaka in nature and does balapushti. similarly ojas is sneha of all dhatus in body.16 Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . It is called bala as per swashastra siddhanta. sara means prasaransheela/ easily spreading nature. sheeta. ishat rakta peetaka. sheeta. picchila. Second interpretation of “ishat” word can also be taken as less in quantity signifying ashtabindukatva of ojas. prasanna. red and yellow shades. madhu rasa/ taste like honey and lajagandha/smell like paddy at the time of utpatti in shareera. sapeetakam means slight yellowish. ten gunas are same in ojas and milk. bahal.18 Acharya Charaka in another context explains about colour and nature of ojas when it is in hrudaya as shuddha. it is sthira as it gives sthairya to shareera avayavas. shlakshna. sheeta. sthira. snigdha. bahala.22 Acharya Charaka quotes ten gunas of ojas as guru. mrudu. shuklam as atishwetam.23 Acharya Sushruta quotes gunas of ojas as somatmaka. Acharya Chakrapani quotes as these sweet taste etc.20 Acharya Charaka explains ten gunas of goksheera as swadu. snigdha. Acharya Gangadhara accepts another patha as shubhram which means shukla/white colour having ishat rakta and ishat peet varnas i. vivikta. Acharya Gangadhara comments as all milks are having ojovriddikaratva still ojovardhaka guna in cow’s milk is again mentioned because of it’s more samanata in gunas than other varities of milk. vivikta Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . madhura.21 Acharya Charaka quotes ojas as madhura swabhavam. Acharya Chakrapani comments as prasanna means nirdosha. manda & prasanna. mrudu and mrutsna. Sheeta is veerya.17 Acharya Gangadhara comments as ojas when first created in body then it is sarpirvarna and madhu rasa after words it becomes lajagandhi. guru. nirdosha is called guna by prashastata or consider prasanna as guna other than gurvadi gunas. raktam ishat means slight reddish. mrudu. Acharya Dalhana comments on it as somatmaka meaning soumya. sthira.19 Acharya Charaka has explained that ojas is having same gunas as that milk.9 Gunas of Ojas Acharya Charaka quotes that ojas is having sarpirvarna/colour like ghee. Another patha is “shukra” which signifies taila and kshaudra as anugata varnas of ojas along with shukla. shukla. picchila and snigdha. so ojas is having shukla varna and rakta and peeta as anugata varnas.e. Acharya Chakrapani comments on this as shuddha means shukla/white. saram. snigdha means having onctiousness. kshlaksha. 29 Acharya Sharangadhara quotes ojogunas as sheeta. ishat lohit peetaka.10 means having supreme qualities and mrudu means tendere or soft to touch. by word “cha” gurvadi anukta gunas are also to be included.30 Acharya Bhavamishra quotes white colour of ojas. Vivikta means pratyagram i.31 Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . “Rasam” is another patha in place of “saram” which means madhura rasa. Shukla is prime or important colour and it does not have tantrantara virodha with other anugata varnas in tantrantaras (Charaka Samhita). shuddha. Sara means which moves through out body. Mrutsna means soft to touch. snigdha and somatmaka. Vivikta is nirmala/clear. ishat sapeetakam. shuddha. and rakta peeta in colour.e. 27 Ashtanga Hrudaya explains ojas gunas as snigdha. somatmaka.26 Ashtanga Sangraha quotes gunas of ojas as mrudu. rakta. ishat raktam sapeetakam means slight reddish and slight yellowish. aashyava (not having back colour). 25 Acharya Haranachandra Chakravarthy quotes as sthira means one which makes a person stable in the conditions of sukha and dukha. which does not undergo paryushitata/staleness.28 Acharya Kashyapa explains gunas of ojas as it is anupashtista/separated from sheshma. Sthira means stable. somatmaka. mrutsam means picchila.24 Acharya Chakrapani comments as gunas of ojas are told for knowledge of treatment. Acharya Indu comments as shuddha means anupahata. S + + + + + + + + + S. Showing Gunas of Ojas Name of the Guna Snigdha Sheeta Guru Mrudu Kshakshna Bahala Madhura Sthira Prasanna Mrutsna Sara Vivikta Picchila Sarpivarna Madhurasa Lajagandhi Ishatrakta Ishatpeeta Somatmaka Shuddha Shukla C. apratihgata means unimpaired power which is seen by bhara grahanadi bala. Here Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas .P.S. vacha.S B.11 Table No. A. Acharya Dalhana comments on this as these are prakruta/physiological karmas of ojas here stiraupachita mamsata means bala by upachaya/prosperity of all dhatus.1. sarva cheshta means kaya. varnaprasada. abhyantara karana means jnyanendriyas or bahya means both jnyanendriyas as well as karmendriyas and abhyantara means mana. bahyanam karanam aatmakarya pratipatti and abhyantaranam karanam aatmakarya pratipatti.H + K.32 Acharya Chakrapani comments on this as sthira upachita mamsatva means sarvadhatu sneharupa mamsa apyayana. manovyapara. buddhi etc. bahya karana means karmendriyas. swaravarna prasada means nairmalya/clarity.S Sh. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Karmas of Ojas Karmas of ojas in Garbhavastha are discussed under utpatti of ojas.S + + A. Acharya Sushruta explains karmas of ojas as sthiraupachita mamsata. swaraprasada. sarvachestasu apratighata. 35 Acharya Chakrapani accepts different patha which means its abhava causes shareera nasha. Word dhari means jeeva dharaka samyoga pradhanata. preenita means tarpita.33 Acharya Haranachandra comments as bahya karana means payu adi and abhyantara means chakshuradi : pratipatti means pravrutti as “pratipathi pravruttim cha” is stated by Medini Kosha34 Acharya Sushruta further adds as if deha ayayavas are vyapta by ojas then they are in existence/bhavati if there is abhava of ojas in deha avayavas then nasha/sheeryana of deha avayavas takes place. vartayanti means jeevanti. He accepts other patha which says that unless and until there is no loss of ojas there can not be loss of purusha.37 Acharya Charaka explains preenana of sarva shareera is done by ojas. Shareera rasa sneha means shareerasaara saara. budhyadi. gets destructed which is having similarity of a Acharya Charaka’s version of tannashanna vinashyanti. sheeryante means himsyante. If nasha of ojas residing in hrudaya takes place then nasha of shareera will take place.12 mamsa is told as it can be seen from outside. and chintyadi vishayas of these karanas. bahya karana means karmendriyas where as abhyatara karana means jnyanendriyas with manas. Atmakarya means visargadi. Here chesta means kaya parispanda. Without ojas life of all bhutas can not be present. Without ojas life of sarva bhutas/all living organisms can not be continued. Like this stability and prosperity of all other dhatus is to be understood. Same karmas of ojas has been shown by Acharya Charaka in vyatireka in ojo kshaya lakshanas. Pratipatti means anusthiti. It is shareera rasa sneha and pranas are pratishita in it. Acharya Dalhana comments as bhavati means utpadyate.36 Acharya Haranachandra comments as “cha kara ” is for avadharana. and then vishista bhutamaya ojas does bala brumhana of vishishta indriya. Acharya Gangadhara comments as sarvajantus can have anuvartana of jeevana if preena by ojas is done. apratighata/non obstuctiveness to these kriyas.38 Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Thus all indriyas are anushhita in their swakarya by ojo anugraha. words rasa and sneha here mean saara which means saara of shareeradhatus. Acharya Chakrapani comments on it as this is applicable for both types of ojas. sheeryante means vinashyanit/getting destructed. It can be understood as indriyas are bhautika. If kshaya of ojas takes place without kshaya of dhatus then marana will take place. He further add that vividha deha samshrita bhavas which are originated from ojas such as utsaha.P + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . In body.41 Acharya Bhavamishra also quotes as ojas does balaposhana of shareera 42 . If there is no nasha of ojas then there will not be nasha of deha. Acharya Indu comments that without nasha of ashtabindwatmaka ojas nasha of shareera can not take place.39 Ashtanga Hrudaya quotes karmas of ojas as dehasthiti nibandhana.H Sh.2. S B. Nishpatti of vividha dehasamshrita bhavas is also done by ojas. and ojas is karana for these avasthas.S + C. sukumarata and ojas also performs function of dehasthiti nibandhana43 . Table No. Showing Karmas of Ojas Karmas Sthira upachila mamsata Sarva chesthasu apratighata Swaraprasada Varnaprasada Bahya karanam atma karya pratipatti Abhyatara karanam atma karya pratipatti Shareera dharana Dehapreena Prana ashraya Dehasthiti nibandhana Dehasamsthita bhava nishpandana Shareerabala pushti S.40 Acharya Sharangadhara explains karmas of ojas as it does balaposhana of shareera. health/aarogya is maintained. pratibha. Vividha bhavas having samshraya in deha originate form ojas.13 Ashtanga Sangraha explains karmas of ojas as pranas are pratishithita in ojas and it does preenana of deha. Acharya Hemadri comments as dehasya sthiti is different avasthas of deha. pranas stay in ojas. If abhava of ojas takes place then there will be abhava of prani. When nasha of ojas takes place nasha of shareera is fixed. lavanya. dhairya.S A. Acharya Arunadatta comments as dehasya sthiti nibandhanam means adhisthana/abode of jeevita. Unless ojas is in state of normalcy.S A. dhamani/siras divide in bahudha means in many branches. Acharya Gangadhara comments as hrudaya is sthana of para ojas.47 Ashtanga Sangraha also quotes two types of Ojas as para and rasatmaka. Word bindu is having meaning as karsha which means ashtabinduka means eight karshas. Acharya Chakrapani comments on word ishat as very less quantity & indicative of ashtabinduka ojas. Acharya Chakrapani has commented on this as hrudaya is sthana of para ojas which is astabindwatmaka. Para is alpa pramana and explained by ‘hrudi tishtati ……ll” where as apara is shlaishmika ojas explained in context of anjalimana of Shareera sthana as “Tavadeva parimana ll 44 Acharya Chakrapani quotes ojas which is ashraya for prana is asthabindu in pramana and having ashraya in hrudaya.45 Acharya Gangadhara comments as hrudaya is sthana of shreshtha/superior ojas which is ashta bindurupa.14 Types of Ojas Acharya Charaka quotes as sthana of para ojas is hrudaya. These mahaphala Acharya Chakrapani Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas .48 Sthanas of Ojas Hrudaya is quoted mainly as sthana of ojas by Acharya Charaka. Ardhanjali means ashta karsha only so both are one and same. Acharya Gangadhara comments on word ishat as less and it is related to rakta & sapeetaka.46 Acharya Charaka quotes that shuddha. Acharya Gangadhara opines that hrudaya is seat of ojas and he states that there are no different types of ojas as para and apara.49 Acharya Charaka in another context has quoted sthana of para ojas is hrudaya and vahana of ojas is done by dhamanis in shareera continuously. ishat rakta sapeetaka dravya having sthana in hrudaya is called as ojas. Acharya Chakrapani commentes as sthana of apara ojas is hrudaya shrita dasha dhamanis. 50 Acharya charaka quotes thatdasha/ten dhamanis along with hrudaya perform vidhamana of ojas in all shareera and hence called as ojovaha mahamula dhamanis. He further condemns two different types of ojas and says that ashtabinduka ojas and ardhanjali ojas are one and the same.He further describes these dhamanis as tatphala and mahamoola. Acharya Chakrapani while commenting on this shloka says that word para means superior which indicate two types of ojas para and apara. Acharya Gangadhara comments as tatphala means having ojas as phala.55 Ashtanga Sangraha quotes hrudaya as sthana of ojas but it is vyapta in shareera. meda. asthi. majja.61 Acharya Bhela has quoted twelve sthanas of tejas/ojas. sweda.53 Acharya Chakrapani comments as ojas is hrudayasthayi still it is vyapta in sampurna deha. mamsa.60 Acharya Bhavamishra quotes sthana of ojas as sarvashareera. shleshma. Cheshta means vakkayamanasovyaparara.54 Acharya Dalhana quotes hrudaya as sthana of ojas.57 Ashtanga Hrudaya comments as dasha moola sthita siraras do vahana of rasatmaka ojas in all over body and all cheshtas depend on this. Acharya Dalhana comments as deha and avayavas utpatti can take place if ojas is vyapta in complete body. mutra and purisha. Mahaphala means sakta to mahat/hrudaya or these dasha siras divide in various ways so called mahaphala.58 Acharya Kashyapa also quotes hrudaya as sthana of ojas. 52 Acharya Sushruta quoes as if ojas is vyapta in deha then only avayavas and shareera can be in proper state.56 Ashtanga Hrudaya quotes sthana of ojas as hrudaya but it is vyapi.59 Acharya Sharangadhara quotes sarva shareera as sthana of ojas.62 Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Acharya Indu comments on this as ojas is seated in hrudaya but is vyapta in shareera. Acharya Sushruta’s references regarding dasha dhamanis are quoted by Acharya Gangadhara. These are (rasa) shonita. Acharya Arunadatta comments on this as hrutstha meaning having ashraya in hrudaya.15 comments as hrudaya along with dhamanis do visarpanna of ojas through shareera. These siras do vahana of ojas in all shareera.51 Acharya Chakrapani comments as these hrudayashrita dasha dhamanis divide in large number to acquire shareera in a shape like a growing pratana / creeper and supply ojas to complete body. Rasatmaka means rasa swabhava/fluid nature. shukla. nibaddha means nischayena sthita. Acharya Arunadatta comments as sakalashareera vyapi shadbinduka ojas is having vishesha sthana as hrudaya. These ten siras are attached with hrudaya and hrudaya is moolasthana of these siras hence these siras are called mahamoola siras. pitta. garbhasya prathama dhatu is rasadhatu. Acharya Gangadhara comment as ojas is saara of shukra before shukra. Here word kitta/mala used for ojas is to show it’s inferiorty from garbha.63 Utpatti of shareera takes place in stree shareera when shukra and shonita of good qualities undergo samyoga inside garbhashaya.64 Acharya Charaka quotes ojas as “aadisaara” of garbha. It is present in all stages of garbha and enters hrudaya when hrudaya becomes pravyakta /manifested. ojas acquires its position in hrudaya. shonita samyoga.67 Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . after samyoga it is separated from shukra and hence called as saara of garbha rasa. Before manifestation of hrudaya it is in the form of garbha saara. After vyaktata of hrudaya in garbha. Acharya Charaka has explained regarding utpatti of ojas as during utpatti of shareera (garbha) ojas is first padartha to be formed. Acharya Indu comments as without ojas there will not be jeeva anupravesha in shukra and shonita. Acharya Chakrapani comments on it as before garbha utpatti ojas is in form of saara of shukra and shonita. nutrition of ojas will be explained under poshana. ojas acquires it’s position in garbha hrudaya and perform its all functions. After shukra shonita samyoga ojas is in the state of garbh saara. It first does ashraya in hrudaya and then does dehavyapana.66 Ashtanga Sangraha quotes ojas as addi saara of garbha and it is rasa of garbharasa before vyaktata of hrudaya in garbhavastha. saara of this rasadhatu is ojas. at shukra shonita samyoga garbha (saara) and ojas (mala) are formed.After manifestation of hrudaya in garbha.16 Utpatti of Ojas Primordial creation (origination) of ojas is considered here. After vyaktata of hrudaya it takes ashraya in hrudaya. In this way it is present and essential in all stages garbhavastha.65 Acharya Hemadri opines as. H K.17 Table No.S + + + + + + + + + + + B.P + Chakrapani Gangadhara Hemadri + + + + + + + + + + Mamsa + Meda + Asthi + Majja + Shukla/shukra + Sweda + Pitta + Kapha + Mutra + Purisha + Rasa + Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . 3.S S.S Sh. A.S A.S.S + B. Showing Sthanas of Ojas Sthana Hrudaya Dasha dhamanis Sarva shareera Shonita C. Acharya Gangadhara comments as this is pramana of shleshmavishesha ojas. Acharya Arundatta comments on this as here “swa” word indicates that it is of pramana of anjali of specific person for him.18 Ojopramana Acharya Charaka explains pramana of shlaishmika ojas as ardhanjali. Acharya Kashyapa explains pramana of ojas is equal to pramana of kapha which is shat/six anjali. Vruddhi or kshaya of ojas does dushana of shareera69 . Acharya Chakrapani quotes a tantrantara vachana which explains that hrudayashryee ojas is ashta bindwatmaka. 71 . This ojas is having similar gunas as that of vishuddha shleshma and hence called as shlaishmika ojas. Acharya Arunadatta quotes pramana of ojas as six bindus. 4. Ashtanga Hrudaya explains pramana of ojas as swaprasruta. Ashta bindwatmaka ojas does not undergo vruddhi.73 Acharya Bhavamishra quotes pramana of ojas as ashtabindu.74 Table No. Bindu means karsha. It is circulated through ojovahi dhamanis. He further opines that para ojas is ashta bindu pramana and apara or shalishmika ojas is ardhanjali. Acharya Chakrapani comments as this is pramana of ojas which is other than ashtabindu ojas.68 Ashtanga Sangraha quotes two pramanas of ojas as ashta bindwatmaka of para ojas which is hrudayastha and prasruta which is rasatmaka. Showing different opinions in Ayurvedic classics about pramana of ojas Name of author Charaka Samhita Ashtanga Sangraha Ashtanga Hrudaya Kashyapa Samhita Chakrapani Hemadri Bhavaprakasha Tantrantara Vachana (Chakrapani tika ) Gangadhara Para ojas Ashta bindu Apara Ojas Ojas Shlaishmika Ojas Ardhanjali Prasruta Swa prasruta Six anjali Ashta bindu Shat bindu Ashta bindu Ashta Bindu Ardhanjali Swa prasruta Two palas Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas .72 Acharya Gangadhara opines that ashta bindu and ardhanjali are one and same and it equals to ashta karsha. hrasa as its nasha leads to nasha of purusha. so ardhanjali means ashta karsha.There is one pathabheda which says that this is pramana of Ojas. Acharya Indu comments on this as ojas do anugraha to shareera when in prakruta pramana. Thus here prasruta does not mean two palas 70 . Acharya Charaka has explained that aahara does poshana of ojas.78 Acharya Chakrapani while commenting on upadhatu varnana condemns the opinion of ojas as upadhatu.19 Poshana of ojas Primordial creation of origin of ojas in shareera is explained in utpatti & here poshana i.5.79 Acharya Sushruta explains dhatu pariposhana by help of ksheeradadhi nyaya.. This is explained as rasa gets converted in rakta and so on to become shukra. This dhatwantara pariposhana is explained by Acharya Chakrapani which is summarized below: 77 Table No. While supporting dhatutva of shukra he explains that it does poshana of ojas. dhatu or mala and says that there is no necessity to count it differently from seven dhatus as it is saara of all dhatus. Thus (purva) prior dhatu is aahara for next (para) dhatu. Prasada part of aahara rasa does poshana of ojas 75 Acharya Chakrapani comments as ojas is sara of seven dhatus and its poshana is understood by seven dhatu poshana but still it is mentioned separately because of its shreshtha prana dharakavta.e. (dhatvohi dhatvaahara). nutrition will be explained. Showing Aharapariposhana karma according to Acharya Charaka Dravya Saarabhaga Kittabhaga Aahara Aahara rasa Purisha and mutra Rasa Rakta Kapha Rakta Mamsa Pitta Mamsa Meda Khamalas Meda Asthi Sweda Asthi Majja Kesha and nakha Majja Shukra Twak & akshi sneha Shukra Garbha prasada - Acharya Chakrapani further states another school of thought which opines as garbhaprasadaja means ojas and condemns it. For this reason separate agni for ojas is also not explained.76 Acharya Charaka further quotes that previous dhatus are aahara for next dhatus. All the dhatus are of two types’ saara and kitta. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . 87 Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Sthulabhaga is that dhatu itself and malabhaga does poshana of respective dhatumalas.20 Acharya Dalhana comments on it has all dhatus are of three bhagas. Rasa Rakta Rasadhatu Kapha 3. Anyamatas of absence of shukra paka and garbha as saara of shukra are quoted 83 . Mamsa Meda Mamsadhatu Indriya malas 5. Asthi Majja Asthi Kesha.86 Acharya Charaka explains utpatti of ojas in shareera by one simile as honey bees collect makaranda from different fruits and flowers and nurture or convert it to honey similarly ojas is nurtured or converted from shareera gunas . anubhaga. Showing the Aharapariposhana Krama according to A. Acharya Sharanghara also quote that poshana of ojas is done by shukra85 . Aahara Rasadhatu Aahara rasa Purisha mutra 2. Ashtanga Sangraha quotes ojas as mala of shukra dhatu which means its poshana is done from shukra.82 Ashtanga Sangraha in another context explains as ojas is saara of shukra. Shukra Ojoposhana Shukra - Acharya Chakrapani both opine that shukra is saara rupa so no mala forms after shukradhatwagni vyapara 81. Anubhaga does poshana of para/next dhatu. Sushruta Dhatu Anubhaga Sthulabhaga Malabhaga 1. Meda Asthi Meda Sweda 6. Rakta Mamsa Raktadhatu Pitta 4. there is no mala of shukra as it is very pure. Acharya Bhavamishra explains ojoposhana by sookshma bhaga shukra dhatu. twak sneha 8. This can be tabulated in short as Table No.6. loma 7. sthulabhaga and malabhaga. Majja Shukra Majja Akshi. Ashtanga Hrudaya also quotes poshana of ojas is done by shukra84 .Acharya Chakrapani comments as gunas means saarabhagas of shareera dhatus. Ojas is included under dasha pranayatanas. He further relates this to para ojas which is situated in hrudaya88 . Acharya Chakrapani comments as if a small avavyaya/fraction of ojas also gets destroyed it will lead to death.e.92 Ashtanga Hrudaya explains as unless and until ojas is in samya avastha shareera also remains in samya avastha93 ..7. Showing different views on poshana of ojas according to various Ayurvedic classics No Name of author 1 Charaka Samhita Poshaka padartha Ahara 2 3 4 Shukra Shukra Shukra Mode of poshana Ahara rasa .21 Table No. Acharya Bhela explains that until sthanas of ojas are prakruta pranee experiences sukha and vice versa. 96 Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . If its abhava occurs in shareera avayavas then decaying of these avayavas takes place.91 Ashtanga Sangraha quotes ojas as param jeevitaspada i. Ashwinau treated rajayakshma of Soma raja by increasing ojas by virtue of which he attained shuddhata of manas and returned to his normal swaroopa.95 Ojovruddhi No direct reference of ojovruddhi and its effect on body is available in Charaka Samhita. It is called as uttama pranayatana. Acharya Indu comments on this as when compared to other abodes such as shira / head. ojas is more important abode of jeevita. supreme seat / abode of jeevita. santata poshana nyaya As mala of shukra As mala of shukra As Garbha Prasadaja Shukra As Ashtama dhatu Ahara As per ksheera dadhi nyaya 5 6 Ashtanga Sangraha Ashtanga Hrudaya Anyamata (Chakrapani tika) Anyamata (Chakrapani tika) Sushruta Samhita Importance of Ojas Acharya Charaka quotes as if nasha of ojas takes place then nasha of purusha occurs.89 Ojas does preenana of shareera and without ojas life can not exist. In some other contexts ojo vruddhi is referred/quoted one among them is. It is shareera rasa sneha and pranas are pratishtita in ojas90.94 Acharya Kashyapa explains as if ojovruddhi takes place then shareera vruddhi takes place and shareera kshaya takes place if kshaya of ojas takes palce. samyak i. pushti means sthoulyam.103 Symptoms of ojokshaya are scaredness (bibheti). bala means samarthya. Acharya Hemadri comments as tushti means santosha. dhatus and malas separate description of ojokshaya is available. Acharya Indu comments on this as ojovruddhi by administration of jeevantyadi aushadhas. In sixth month of garbhavastha increase in varna and ojasof garbha takes place. tushti means feeling of happiness.98 Acharya Bhavamishra also explain same symptoms as that of Ashtanga Sangraha. It is worth mentioning that after explaining kshayas of doshas.e. balodaya means shakti utkarsha.97 Ashtanga Hrudaya also quotes symptoms of ojovruddhi same as that of Ashtanga sangraha. durbalata. agitated organs (vyathita Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . If this increased ojas undergo visramasa or vyapat then it is cause for diseases as that of vatadi vruddhi. Acharya Arundatta comments on this as pushti means vruddhi/increase.22 No references of ojovruddhi were found in Sushruta Samhita in this course of study. ojovruddhi is not vikarakari/creating diseases as that of vatadi vruddhi. Tushti means contentment of manas and excessive nourishment of bala.102 After meticulous search of Ayurvedic texts. Bahuoja / having more ojas is quoted as lakshana of kapha prakruti 100 .99 Other than these many references are available scattered in Ayurvedic Samhitas some of them are compiled here.101 Ojosaara is one among nine saaras explained by Acharya Kashyapa but unfortunately its description is not available. repeated worries (abheekshnam dhyayati). proper increase of these entities takes place by ojovruddhi. afflicted status of complexion and mind (duschaya and durmana). Ojokshaya Acharya Charaka has explained ojokshaya in the context of eighteen kshaya. no references regarding treatment of ojovruddhi were found. Ashtanga Sangraha explains symptoms at ojovruddhi as tushti and pusht i of deha and exaltation of bala. 108 Kshaya: Symptoms of kshaya are murccha. mutra and or vatadi doshas. varnabheda.e. Kriya sannirodha means ishat karmahani i. glani. Word cha here indicates impairment in normal physiological functions of bala. Acharya Chakrapani comments as murccha means sarvatha cheshta nasha i. kriya sannirodha and shrama. Acharya Dalhana comments on world murccha as indriyas could not function for getting vidjnyana.. dosha chyavana. Acharya Dalhana comments on this as stabdha gatrata means loss of movements of joints such as inability in knee joint flexion etc. vatashopha. Visramasa-: Symptoms of visramasa are sandhi vishlesha. dryness (rukshata) and emaciation (kshamata). Acharya Chakrapani comments on word durmana as bala heenata of manas. tandra and nidra..dosha chyavana can be interpreted as bhramsha i. Acharya Gangadhara opines as agitation is seen in all organs and not only in sense organs.e.104 Acharya Sushruta has explained three modes of vitiation of ojas/bala as thrayobala doshas. He also quotes a tantratara vachana of Jatukarna which explains that kshaya manifests because of nasha of swagunakriya of doshadi dravyas. state of delusion. laxity in joints . They are visramasa. slight impairment from normal functions of shareera.e. Pralapa means irrelevant talking109 .106 Vyapat: Symptoms of vyapat are stabdhata and guruta in gatras (insensitivity and heaviness in body organs). no exultation for work. varnabheda means vikruta / pathological discolorations of body (other than gauradi varnas). Tandra means non-perceptibility of sense organs towards their vishayas107 . Moha means vaichittya i. manas and vanee. deviation of vatadi doshas from normalcy or bhramsha of ojas by vatadi doshas. Acharya Dalhana comments on this as sandhi vishlesha means vishatana in sandhis i.23 indriyas). moha.. gatra sadana. Glani means apraharsha i. mamsa kshaya.. pralapa.e.e.105 Acharya Chakrapani comments on word dosha chyavana as bhramsha of mala. complete loss of consciousness.e.110 Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Word cha indicates hanee in swagunakriya of ojas. vyapat and kshaya. ajnyana and marana. Acharya Chakrapani comments as hanee of prakruta guna karmas of Ojas is also seen in vyapat. 24 Ashtanga Sangraha quotes same symptoms as that of Charaka Samhita. Ashtanga Hrudaya quotes same symptoms as that of Charaka Samhita. Acharya Hemadri while commenting on this opines as durbala means heena bala, vyathita indriya means vyatha in hrudaya and other sthanas, duschaya means maleen kanti, durmana means nisnehata, kshama means krushanga i.e. emaciated boy. 111 In many other contexts scattered references of ojokshaya and its other forms are available, few of them are mentioned here. 1. Ojasravana – In pitta vriddha vatakapha kshaya avastha of tridosha yugapat vruddhikshaya bheda (Ch.Su.17/63) 2. Ojo nasha – Importance of ojas (Ch. Su. 17/64) 3. Ojo nasha – Importance of ojas (Ch. Su. 30/11) 4. Kashaya rasata of ojas – Madhumeha Samprapthi (Ch.Ni.4/4) 5. Ojopratihatva – Arishta lakshana (Ch.In.12/57) 6. Ojo nasha – Arishta lakshana (Ch.In.12/54) 7. Ojokshaya – Gramyaahara sevanajanya parinama (Ch. Chi. 1/2/3) 8. Ojoparikshaya – Rajayakshma lakshana (Ch. Chi. 8/4) 9. Ojohanee – Rajayakshma lakshana (Ch. Chi. 8/4) 10. Ojoguna kshaya – Pandu samprapti (Ch. Chi. 18/5) 11. Ojohanana – Mruthtika bhakshana janya pandu samprapti (Chi.Chi.16/29) 12. Ojasankshobha – Effect of madya on shareera (Ch. Chi. 24/25) 13. Ojobalavarna nasha – Udanavritta prana vata lakshana (Ch.Chi.28/208) 14. Ojobhramsha – Pittavritta udana vata lakshana (Ch. Chi. 28/224) 15. Ojo asthiratva – Ashtama masa garbhini avastha varnana (Ch.Sha.8/24) 16. Ojokshapana – Amla rasa atisevanajanya parinama (A.S. Su 18/17) 17. Ojovisramasa – Vriddha pitta karma (A.S.Su. 19/5) 18. Ojokshaya – Atilanghita purusha lakshana (A.S Su 24/16) 19. Ojopraksharana – Sneha vyapat (Ch.Su.13/71) 20. Ksheena Ojas – Vataja kasa lakshana (Su.U.52/8) 21. Ojovishlesha – Vikasee dravya vyakhya (Sh.S.P.K.4/20) 22. Hrutaujasa – Sannipata jwara bheda (Su.U.39/42) This also provides an insight to a list of pathological/physiological conditions in which there is vitiation in status of ojas. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas 25 Table No.8. Showing different lakshanas of ojokshaya as per various Authors Symptom Ch.Sam. Su.Sam As.San. As.Hru. Scared ness (bibheti), + + + Durbalata + + + Repeated worries (abheekshnam dhyayati), + + + Afflicted status of complexion and mind + + + (duschaya and durmana), Agitated organs (vyathita indriyas), + Dryness (rukshata) + + + Emaciation (kshamata). + + + Murccha + Moha, + Pralapa, + Ajnyana + Mamsa kshaya + Marana + Etiological factors / Nidana of Ojokshaya: Acharya Charaka has explained samanya kshaya karanas as vyayama/exercise anashana (abstinence from food intake), pramitashana (over indulgence in food item of only one taste among six tastes), excessive exposure to vata (wind), atapa (warmth), bhaya (fear), shoka (sorrow), rukshagunayukta peya pana, prajagarana (excessive wakefulness), atipravritti of kapha, shonita and shukra; kala and bhutopaghata. Acharya Chakrapani comments on this as pramitashana means over indulgence in eating food of one rasa i.e. eka rasabhyasa, atipravritti means excessive excretion, kala means vardhakya and aadanakala. Bhutopaghata means pishacchadi upaghata. Acharya Gangadhara comments as kapha ativartana is to be understood as because of atiyoga of vamana, shonita atipravritti by raktamokshana i.e. siravedha etc., shukra atipravritti by over indulgence in sexual activities. He further adds as all hetus are not all kshayas but a relative understanding is to be done.112 Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas 26 Acharya Sushruta has explained nidanas of ojokshaya as abhighata, kshaya, kopa, shoka, dhyana, shrama, kshudha. By these nidanas vata with vitiated pitta does visramasa of ojas from its position/ sthanas. Acharya Dalhana classifies these nidanas and comments as abhighatadi nidanas are responsible for visramsa of ojas i.e. displacement from original sthanas / position. If vitiated dosha dhatus combine with ojas (doshadushya samsarga) then properties of ojas change and it leads to ojovyapat . Ojokshaya is quantitative loss of ojas which is because of shoka etc. nidanas; vata and pitta separate or displace ojas from dhatus. The word dhatu can be interpreted as hrudaya.113 Acharya Chakrapani comments as all dhatuvaha srotas are also ojovaha and word dhatu can be taken for hrudaya in this context.114 Acharya Haranachandra comments as here dasha ojovaha dhamanis quoted by Acharya Charaka are to be understood as dhatuvaha srotas. He further condemns doubts raised on whether visramsa and vyapat as part of kshaya or not and ascertains that these are a type of kshaya only. 115 Ashtanga Hrudaya and Ashtanga Sangraha quote nidanas of ojokshaya as kopa, dhyana, shoka, shramadi. 116, 117 Acharya Hemadri comments on word aadi and adds bhrama, trasa, katurasa and ruksha guna yukta bhojana. Madya by virtue of its dasha gunas which are opposite to dasha gunas of ojas causes ojokshaya. Acharya Charaka has explained it in detail which is presented in tabular form below. 118 Visha is having opposite gunas of ojas and thus by virtue of these gunas visha vitiate ojas and causes death. This mechanism is achieved by primary vitiation of rakta followed by all doshas, dhatus and finally hrudaya is vitiated which leads to death. Acharya Arundatta has explained how dasha gunas of visha vitiate ojas which is presented in a tabular form below. 119 Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas Klinna. moha ayasa. 8. Tila. Improper and impaired dhatuvyapara leads to ojokshaya. 10. lobha. 4. These lead to impaired and improper dhatu vyapara leading to ojokshaya.123 Gramyaahara and other nidanas explained by Acharya Charaka vitiate ojas by disturbing dhatu pariposhana. Overstress to body by irregular and excessive exercise (Atimatra and vishama vyayama) 12. 124 Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . 7. pooti. Excess exposure to bhaya. 3.27 Table No. lavana and katu rasa bhojana. paryusheeta bhojana. Madya. 2. Gramyaahara. guru. Visha Properties of Madya Properties of Ojas Properties of Visha Laghu Guru Laghu Ushna Sheeta Ushna Teekshna Mrudu Teekshna Vikasee Kshlakshna Vikasee Sookshma Sandra/bahala Sookshma Amlarasa Madhura Rasa Avyakta rasa Vyavayee Sthira Vyavayee Aashukari Prasanna/prasada Aashukari Vishada Picchila Vishada Ruksha Snigdha Ruksha Avidhiyukta gramya dharma sevana leads to ojokshaya. Amla. 5.120 Amlarasa atupayoga leads to ojokshaya. Viruddha bhojana asatmya bhojana. Showing Comparison between properties of Ojas. shushka mamsa and shaka bhojana.9. Daily indulgence / consumption of madya stree and diwaswapna. Atilanghana causes ojokshaya122 Vikasee dravyas do vishlesha of ojas from dhatus. Virudha and nava shooka and shami dhanya sevana. krodha. List of these nidanas is given bellow 1. 11. Repeated vishamashana and adhyashana 6. abhishyandi bhojana.121 Kshara is also kshyakara/apathya for ojas. Ruksha. shoka. palala and pishtanna sevana. kshara. 9. Kshara. Prashama means shanti and jnyana means tatvajnyana. mudgaparnee. Apyayana means vardhana i. Here bala means shakti upachalakshana bala. conditions mean kshaya. Acharya Gangadhara comments on this as these all upayas are for ojas rakshana. 15/8).28 Chikitsa of Ojokshaya Acharya Charaka has advised to avoid manasika dukha hetus in particular for protecting ojas hrudaya.e.126 Acharya Chakrapani comments as kriya vishesha means ojovardhaka and ojovishodhaka treatment . mamsaradi are medicines to be used.H.128 Ashtanga Hrudaya quotes same line of treatment as that of Ashtanga Sangraha. Word aadi states that other drugs of these qualities can also be used. Acharya Hemadri comments on it as jeevaneeya means jeevanti etc. ksheera.127 Ashtanga Sangraha explains treatment of ojokshaya as jeevaneeya aushadhas. mashaparnee. He also opines that this prashama sevana is explained in next shloka of utkrushtatama list. Acharya Dalhana comments as kriya vishesha means rasayana and vajikaranadi chikitsa. jeevaka and madhuka quoted in (A. Acharya Chakrapani comments as hrudaya. ojovaha dhamanis and ojas are to be protected. dravyas are to be understood from word aadi. Other conditions and patients who have lost consciousness are asadhya so are to be avoided. Su. rushabhaka. mahameda. tadashrita bhavas and ojovaha dhamanis. Sharkara etc. kshreerakakolee. increasing. rasa means mamsa rasa. Other Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Prashama and jnyana are also to be practiced. Other It is varjya as it is associated with moha. Acharya Arundatta comments as jeevaneeya means jeevaneeya gana of ten drugs comprising of jeevanti. kakolee. meda.. Acharya Indu comments on this as ksheera and mamsa rasa sadhana is to be done by jeevaneeya aushadhas. oujasya/beneficial for ojas and srotopraasadanakara dravyas. Aviruddha means not opposite to agni and other shareera bhavas. For protection of these bhavas one should indulge / consume hrudya/beneficial for hrudaya.125 Acharya Sushruta explains as kriya vishesha and aviruddha dravyas are to be used for apyayana of ojas in conditions of visramsa and vyapat.. Here an attempt is made to group these scattered references under three headings of 1. Aushadha: • Rasnadi niruha basti is indicted for ojokheena. • Goghruta is indicated for use in those who want augmentation of ojas. • Madhura rasa increases ojas. which brings back normalcy of dhatus and thus purify them. Aushadha.29 madhura rasa dravyas and ksheera can be used. • Ghruta increases ojas.129 Vidhivat Rasayana sevana leads to regularize dhatu pariposhana krama. Anna 2. • Ghruta satmyata increases ojas in shareera. • Goksheera does ojovruddhi. Word aadi indicate kakandola.. snigdha.133 Other than this many aahara dravyas.131 He further adds as madhura.130 Acharya Kashyapa states that if samyak sneha upayoga is done it leads to ojovruddhi. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . By samya and utkrushtatama dhatus ojovruddhi takes place. drugs. • Ksheera is having its ten gunas equal as that of ojas and hence increases ojas. sheeta and laghu aahara increases ojas and hence to be given to balakas. • Mamsarasa increases ojas. aushadhas and viharas are explained in Ayurvedic Samhitas which bring about augmentation of ojas in different contexts. • Shulya mamsa increase ojas and indicated in ojoheena patients. Vihara Anna: • Aahara is moola karana for poshana of ojas. • Mamsa increases / does pushti of ojas. 3.132 He also quotes that samanata of vatadi doshas leads to ojovruddhi. atmagupta ghruta etc. Su 69/06) • Aindra rasayana is quoted as having param ojaskara property (Ch.H. • Nagabaladi ghruta increases ojas (A.P.Su. • Ratnadharana increases ojas (Ch.Sh.S Chi 284/47) • Mruga shakruta is having property of ojokshaya harana (A.Chi 24/63).Su 5/97). • Aasana made up of bala vyayana increases ojas (Su. 3/24) • Balataila increases ojas (A.K.Chi 24/72).5/102).30 • Mamsa basti is also indicted. • Anulepana increases ojas (Su.H.Chi 24/75). vastradharana increases ojas (B.U.S.S. • Shatavari increases ojas (K.Chi 1/3/28) Punarnavadyarishta increases ojas in short duration of time (Ch.K.Chi 24/82).Chi9/46) Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . • Kreeda and vihara are indicated in order to avoid ojokshaya offer madya pana (A. 186 page).S. • Dandadharana. • Chatradharna increases ojas (Su.12/38) Vihara: • Snana is called as best / supreme entity to increase ojas (Ch. • Kamadeva ghruta increases ojas. • Padatradharana increases ojas (Su. 186 page). • Shatapushpa is indicated for ojovruddhi (K. • Bala ghruta increases ojas. 5/94).S. • Madhuka pushpadi modaka is indicated in ksheena ojas (As chi 5/31) • Anupaajadyasthi taila is quoted as amrita for ksheena ojas patients (A.S.K.Chi. 4/42) • Langhana increases ojas (As chi 113). This chapter is intended to take review of some important concepts which are closely related to ojas. Rasa dhatu are also called as ojas to tantrantaras135 Acharya Hemadri quotes as: 1. Rasa 3. Jeevashonita 3. Regarding word ojas. this has worsened the scenario little more. Dhatu teja 2. Jeevashonita 4. Acharya Dalhana quotes as 1. As main aim of this exercise is to understand relation of these terms with ojas only relevant information of these dehadhatus with relation to ojas is included here. Further more many dehadhatus of shareera having similar properties of ojas are termed as ojas in different contexts. Prakruta shleshma are the terms for which word ojas is used by vaidyas136 . Thus it is needed that a careful study of such dehadhatus of shareera for understanding their relation with ojas on basis of comparison of guna karmas of these dehadhatus and ojas. Unfortunately this is creating ambiguity in the mind of scholars of Ayurveda and misleading or increasing confusion in proper and clear understanding of concept of ojas.31 CONCEPTS CLOSELY RELATED TO OJAS In Ayurvedic literature one word is used in different meanings and one has to understand the meaning of such words by careful study of context. Ushma 2. it has been used in different meanings in different contexts. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . abhipraya of tantrakarta and help of tantrayuktis134 . This will also help in understanding guna karmas of ojas in a better manner. picchila.140 Acharya Charaka has called prakruta kapha as bala and it is also called as ojas. mrudu.141 Acharya Kashyapa quotes pramana of prakruta kapha and ojas are same i. bala. shira. kshama. Agni /Ushma and Ojas Acharya Charaka has quoted ushma as paryaya for agni while explaining bhutagni. parvasandhis.145 Ashtanga Hrudaya quotes ushma as paryaya for agni in context of aama. Shleshma is paryaya used for kapha. medodhatu.32 Acharya Charaka has used word ojas for prakruta kapha and bala. gaurava. vrishata.146 Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . sthira. He also quotes as prakruta kapha is reason for bala and hence called as bala. Acharya Sushruta has used word for bala. Gunas of prakruta kapha are guru. rasa dhatu. Shlish aalingane one which has capacity to bind is called shleshma. Acharya Gangadhara opines as this prakruta gati yukta kapha is reason for bala and hence called as ojas and bala. dhruti and alobha are prakruta karmas of kapha.144 In one another context Acharya Charaka quotes that ushma which is present in agni is sama in samyavastha of doshas.137 Sthanas of kapha are ura. madhura. bandha. six / shat anjali 142 . ghrana.e. Let us consider these contexts one by one. Kapha and Ojas Kapha is one among tridoshas. kantha. One more interpretation of word ojas is sarabhaga. Sneha. kloma. sheeta. Acharya Chakrapani comments on this as shleshma is hetu for shlaishmika ojas.138 Kledaka kapha.139 Avalambana is commented as swakarmani samarthya by commentriators. Ojoposhana is explained as karma of kapha dosha143 . Ura is main sthana among these all sthanas. one among five bhedas of kapha is having sthana in hrudaya and does avalambana of hrudaya. It is having shweta varna and madhura rasa. Acharya Sushruta also used this word for atmashakti of drugs. Kena jalena phalati iti kapha is derivation of word of kapha which means its nourishment is done by jala. amashaya. jivha. snigdha. Soma by virtue of kapha does/performs its various functions in body and hence kapha is called Soumya. sthiratva. Acharya Chakrapani comments on this as ushma is paryaya of agni and it is different from agni outside body. Here word rasatmaka is commented as it is sara part of aahara and fluid in nature (drawaswabhava) 163 . It is parama sookshma tejobhuta saara of aahara. vardhana. Purusha is called as rasaja hence special precautions are to be taken to protect rasa while consuming anna. Acharya Dalhana comments that in tantrantara. Ojas is defined as para teja of rasadi dhatus by Acharya Vagbhata and Acharya Sushruta151. pana and performing achara159 . Acharya Sharangadhara quotes ojokshaya as one among karanas of glani.147 Agni is explained as hetu for ojas and teja148. glani and shabda asahishnuta160 . kshama. Tushti is interpreted as manapreetee and preenana means ashwasana of hrudaya158 . Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Word rasa indicates gati. if it is in prakruta avastha then prolonged healthy life span is result. Its sthana is located in hrudaya. If agni is lost then death is result. Samagni leads to drudha gatrata and ojovruddhi 155. Agni is mula of bala and hence all efforts are to be done for protection of agni153 . shosha. Tushti. Ushma is one among aahara parinamkara bhavas which does pachana of aahara152 .161 Ashtanga Sangraha explains rasatmaka ojas as second type of ojas162 . Acharya Bhavamishra explains that ojas is of two types aagneya and soumya150 . pushti and rakta pushti are karmas of rasa dhatu as quoted by Ashtanga Sangraha. One which is always on move is called as rasa. Agni is mula for bala and bala is mula for jeevana. if it is vikruta then it leads to disease154 . ushma is also called as ojas149. so in nutshell principle of chikitsa is agni pari rakshana156 . Rasa Dhatu and Ojas Rasa is one among seven dhatus in shareera. It enters in dhamanis through hrudaya.33 Ushma is one among karyas of pitta. Symptoms of rasakshaya are rukshata. It does tarpana. Acharya Charaka explains as agni by virtue of pitta perform different functions in shareera. dharana and yapana of whole human body by circulating through dhamanis. Ashtanga Hrudaya explains ten mahamoola siras which are attached to hrudaya do vahana of rasatmaka ojas all over body. It is soumya and drava in nature and does snehana of shareera157 . Acharya Charaka has used word ojas while explaining importance of purisha raksha in rajayakshma chikitsa context. aasya vairasya. Rakta Dhatu and Ojas Rakta dhatu is second dhatu among sapta dhatus. shlaithya of angas. shwasa. indriya. Acharya Chakrapani commenting on the same word rasauja in dushya sangraha in prameha chikitsa context accepts rasa and ojas as two separate entitites165 .34 Acharya Charaka in Nidanasthana in prameha dushya varnana context quotes a word rasachauja which is interpreted by Acharya Chakrapani as “ojorupi rasa”. Rakta is moola of deha and dharana of deha is done by rakta only so special precautions are to be taken for protection of it. Rakta is one among dasha pranayatas. aalasya. Acharya Chakrapani opines that here word Ojas is used for rasa dhatu171 . bala and sukha then he is considered as having vishuddha rakta175. shaitya. klaibya. Jeeva shonita is explained by Acharya Dalhana as shonita which has achieved vishuddhata by samyoga with shareera. Acharya Hemadri quotes tantrantara vachana from Kharanadi which says that rasa is called as ojas167 . varna. Vishuddha rakta is responsible for bala. jwara. Pramana of rakta is eight anjali177 . Rasa vruddhi and rasa dushti (pradosha) are manifested by various symptoms and diseases in human body. If a person is having prasanna varna. Normal functions of rakta are mamsa pushti. satva and atma172. Acharya Chakrapani comments on word jeeva shonita as jeevana hetu dhatu rupa shonita which means that rakta dhatu which is hetu / reason for life173 . tushti. Acharya Chakrapani quotes anyamata as hrudayastha rasa is called as ojas168 . are among few vikaras which are manifested due to rasa dushti171 . Rasa dhatu undergo ranjana. gaurava. praseka. aruchi. avyahata agni. Rasa vruddhi symptoms are agnisadana. coloration to become rakta. pushti. kasa and atinidra169 . sthiti and pralaya of deha176 . Rakta is as equal to jeeva. indriyas and indriyarthas. Acharya Gangadhara opines as these two are different entities and are to be interpreted as rasa and ojas164 . sukha and ayusha174 . Word moola is commented here reason for utpatti. Anna ashraddha. Acharya Dalhana comment as in tantrantara rasa is called also called as ojas166 . jeevana and varnaprasadana on symptoms of rakta kshaya are affliction towards amla and sheeta Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . pleeha. deha bala. Acharya Hemadri also quotes that word ojas is used for rakta while commenting on word jeevana which is karma of rakta. Sthana of shukra is sarva shareera184 . Word shukra is derived form “Shuch” dhatu by “rak” pratyaya which means. 191 . Bala and Ojas Acharya Sushruta explains that ojas is called as bala according to swa shastra siddhanta. Rakta dushti or pradosha also gives rise to many diseases few among them are raktapitta. Acharya Chakrapani quotes anyamata as ojas is shukravishesha192 .35 food. preeti. Other gunas include guru. bahala. Acharya Dalhana has quoted that though here ojas and balas are said to be one and same it is because of the similar therapeutic measures used for both ojas Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . seventh dhatu in shareera. Ashtanga Sangraha and Ashtanga Hrudaya quote ojas as mala of shukra190. Ashtanga Sangraha quotes ojas as shukra saara and quotes that there is no mala of shukra193 . Shukra and Ojas Shukra is last. He also quote a tantrantara mata that shukra gets converted into ojas and condemn it. harsha and beeja prayojana185 . bahu. picchila182 . shira shaithilya and rukshata178 . If kshaya of it takes place then many diseases many occur or it many lead to death187 . chyavana. Gunas of shukra are it having madhura rasa. kamala. snigdha. Acharya Dalhana and Acharya Bhavamishra quote that shukra does ojoposhana. Acharya Sharangadhara quotes ojas as upadhatu of shukra189 . shwitra and others180 . It is one among dasha pranayatas. It is soumya in nature183 . asrugdara. very clear. Acharya Dalhana quotes that in tantrantara rakta is called as Ojas. kushtha etc diseases179 . shukla varna and madhugandha. vidradhi. Acharya Arundatta comments as jeevana means ojavruddhikara181 . Shukra is called as parama dhama of aahara and it should be protected. Rakta vruddhi is manifested by visarpa. Acharya Chakrapani opines that shukra do ojojanana188 . Pramana of shukra is ardhanjali186 . Karmas of shukra are dhairya. Acharya Charaka has quoted prakruta kapha as bala as well as ojas 195 . rasa and veerya etc but bala is not having these and it is inferred by power/strength to lift load etc194 . Table No. Showing different concepts quoted as ojas according to various Ayurvedic texts. Balaposhana is explained as karma of ojas by various Acharyas.36 and bala. In paramartha their difference is clear as ojas has rupa. 10. Dalhana Commentary Hemadri commentary + Rasa Dhatu + + Jeeva shonita + + Name of concept Prakruta kapha Bala Charaka Samhita + Sushruta Samhita + + Dhatu teja Agni / Ushma + + Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Discussions with experts in field of Ayurveda and different specialties in modern medicine were exhaustively carried out. One more point to be noted is. case studies and journals was done. 1. a list of few important concepts which are usually co related is prepared and given below. Basis of this was references available in Ayurvedic literature about all three. Prostaglandins 2. Vitamins 6. research papers. Conduction system of heart 8. A probable list of entities from modern medicine which have similarities with ojas was prepared. Different co relations done by stewards of Ayurveda and modern medicine both in recent eras were also taken into consideration. In this era of globalization these efforts of conveying Ayurvedic treasure of knowledge to western world are having a grater role in achieving aim of Ayurveda Swasthasya swastha rakshana and aaturasya vikaara prashamana (i. Testosterones 10 Nucleo . Immunity 3. Glucose 5. For this purpose meticulous review and critical analysis of modern medicine textbooks. this review is not intended to describe modern concepts comprehensively. Hormones 4.37 REVIEW OF MODERN LITERATURE After complete review of concept of ojas and related concepts in Ayurveda. pathological and treatment aspects of ojas with more emphasis on physiological aspect.proteins etc. After surveying these references. Neuro transmitters in brain 9. physiological. an effort is necessary to find a parallel concept in modern medicine. Rather it will be more focused on aspects of these concepts having similarities and differences with that of ojas. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . maintaining health of healthy and curing diseases of diseased). Among these various concepts prostaglandins and immunity are discussed here briefly. Properdin 7.e. reflecting their origin from the 20-carbon (eicosa-) polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid (arachidonate) and the 20-carbon derivatives of linoleic and linolenic acids. undergo oxidation by consumption of two oxygen molecules to form arachidonic acid by action of phospholipase A2 . 197 Synthesis of Prostaglandins Phospholipids present in cell membranes when stimulated by various stimuli such as angiotensin II. The prostaglandins together with the thromboxanes form the prostanoid class of fatty acid derivatives. This process is catalyzed by PGHS (prostaglandin H synthase) which possesses two enzymatic activities cyclooxygenase and peroxidase. E and F. Thinking they had come from the prostate gland. It has since been determined that they exist and are synthesized in virtually every cell of the body. and thrombin etc. About 95% of infused PGE2 (but not PGI2) is inactivated during one passage through the pulmonary circulation. epinephrine. Product of cyclooxygenase pathway is converted in to prostaglandins D. he named them prostaglandins. Arachidonic acid is present in membranes and accounts for 5-15 % of fatty acids in phospholipids. Arachidonic acid can be prepared by human cells from linolenic acid. These substances are called eicosanoids. 198 Prostaglandins catabolism Because of their very short half life period (two to four minutes) most of them are efficiently and rapidly inactivated. bradykinin. Arachidonic acid is converted into endoperoxide PGG2. including a 5-carbon ring. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . The prostanoid class is a subclass of eicosanoids. 196 A prostaglandin is any member of a group of compounds derived from fatty acids containing 20 carbon atoms.38 PROSTAGLANDINS Prostaglandins (PG) were first discovered and isolated from human semen in the 1930s by Ulf von Euler of Sweden. Another unusual feature is that the same prostaglandins act differently in different tissues. Two classes of receptors exist to transduce signals for the eicosanoids: the well.39 Action of prostaglandins Prostaglandins are a group of hormone.characterized G protein–coupled receptor class and the nuclear peroxisome proliferator activator receptors (PPAR) class. Thus. Prostanoid and Platelet-Activating Factor Receptors: Newly prostanoids are released by carrier-assisted diffusion to act locally on the generated cell of origin or on neighboring cells. Prostaglandin Receptors: PGs act locally near their sites of formation. eicosanoids act as intracellular ligands that bind to PPAR-a & PPAR-g to regulate lipid and glucose metabolism. in addition to their extracellular functions. All eicosanoid receptors are G protein–coupled receptors that interact with Gs. they differ from hormones in that they act locally.like substances. and inflammatory responses. Gi. and they are metabolized very rapidly. 200 Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Prostagla ndins act in a manner similar to that of hormones. near their site of synthesis. or Gq to modulate the activities of adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase. Mechanism of action of prostaglandins Many of the responses can be understood in light of the distribution of prostaglandin receptors and their coupling to second messenger systems that modulate cellular activity. Another role of prostaglandins is to act as chemical messengers. by stimulating target cells into action. The diversity of their effects is explained to a large extent by their interaction with a diverse family of distinct receptors. which are orphan nuclear receptors acting directly as transcription factors after binding to the appropriate eicosanoid.199 Prostaglandins show only paracrine (on cells near the secreting cell) and autocrine (on secreting cell) actions because of very low half life period. adipocyte differentiation. like hormones they play a role in a wide variety of physiological processes. However prostaglandins have their effect on entire human body as they are produced in almost all cells of human body. However. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas .40 Table No. Diet and prostaglandins Average daily intake of arachidonic acid is estimated to be approximately 100200 mg/day that accounts for the total daily production of various PGs. The number of double bonds in the side chains is indicated by subscript numbers. Active forms of prostaglandins are PGD2. and PGF2. on the basis of the configuration of the cyclopentane ring. A variety of prostaglandins are identified. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are present mainly in marine fish. Cow’s milk contains very small amounts of linolenic acid GLA0.11 Showing various ligants and receptors of prostaglandins with their actions 201 Types of prostaglandins The prostaglandins are divided into groups PGE and PGF. PGE2. and arachidonic acid. v. lower blood pressure. activate telomerase. schizophrenia. and possess PPAR ligand activity and release nitric oxide. 202 Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency is known to alter the immune response in several experimental systems. In addition.lived rise in splenic levels of PGE and PGF within 2 minutes after injection. have anti-arrhythmic action. injection of 5 X IO8 sheep erythrocytes with a sharp. resolvins.41 Essential fatty acids (EFAs) and the ir long-chain metabolites and other products such as prostaglandins E1 (PGE1). Researches show that when for studying the effects of EFAs on immunity Lewis rats were fed diets either adequate or deficient in EFAs for 70-80 days. thrombus formation.203 Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . show antiinflammatory actions. EFA deficiency resulted in a diminution of this PG response. protectins including neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) prevent platelet aggregation. and enhances cognitive function. thus prevent platelet aggregation. various EFAs and their long-chain metabolites not only enhance nitric oxide generation but also react with nitric oxide to yield their respective derivatives that produce vascular relaxation. and could be administered from childhood for life long. PG production in liver homogenates was also depressed in EFA-deficient liver. lipoxins (LXs). inhibit neutrophil nitroalkene degranulation and superoxide formation.The alterations in immune response resulting from changes in PG synthetic capacity may be important in the etiology of certain syndromes such as the lupus erythematosus in NZB/W mice. and have cytoprotective properties. inhibit platelet activation. and cardiovascular diseases. ameliorate the adverse actions of homocysteine. PGI3. and serve as endogenous anti. short.inflammatory molecules. Furthermore. reduce low density lipids LDL-C. Alzheimer’s disease. EFA-adequate rats responded to an i. appropriate combination of ω3 and ω6 fatty acids may even show additional benefits in the form of protection from depression. atherosclerosis. prostacyclin (PGI2). It has been known to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases including stroke. 204 Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Showing relation between diet and synthesis of PG and its effects on human body.3.42 Flow Chart No. • By reacting with female cervical mucus to make it more receptive to sperm movement. has a mean semen concentration of 73. The total PG content of the average human male ejaculate is 1 mg.vivo research has shown the potential benefit of vaginally placed PG in the assistance of reproductive success.2 µg/ml. whereas PGF has been shown in vitro to create a contractile response. and notably high inter-individual variation (range 2–272 µg/ml) PG were first described in 1947 with lower concentrations of PGE being found in couples with unexplained infertility.43 Physiological Functions of Prostaglandins In Reproduction Prostaglandins aid process of fertilization in following ways. • Strikingly PGE. • In a research study where Prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha and PGE were measured in 163 semen samples from 145 men attending male infertility Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . thus suggesting that the relaxation of the tubal isthmus is a prerequisite for sperm penetration into the Fallopian tube. ensuring uterine receptivity for pregnancy • Human in-vitro research has shown that PGE induces a relaxation response on the non-pregnant human uterine and fallopian tube smooth muscle. but not PGF. The most dominant active prostagland in. • By possibly causing backward. has been shown to improve significantly the ability of human spermatozoa to penetrate zona-free hamster oocytes • Human in. and comprises PGE and PGF together with their 19-hydroxylated derivatives. it has also been shown that PGE is more potent than PGF on myometrial response and that both PG inhibit tubal motility. Novel animal studies involving the use of intrauterine PGE infusion have resulted in the maintenance of corpora luteal function and stimulation of progesterone production.vivo effects from both PG are stimulatory on the myometrium Moreover. The in. human seminal plasma possesses the highest concentration of PG. • Of all body fluids. • PGs are known to enhance sperm transport and increase the fertilization rate in rabbits. reverse peristaltic contractions in uterus and fallopian tubes to move the ejaculated sperm toward the ovaries (a few sperm reach the upper ends of the fallopian tubes within 5 minutes where as normal speed of sperm in female genital tract is 3mm /min). PGE. 0 +/.24 micrograms/ml and 46. 206 Renal physiology • Prostaglandins increase GFR (glomerular filtration rate). prostaglandins may reduce sodium reabsorption by a hemodynamic mechanism and /or through a direct action on tubular sodium chloride transport. • Prostaglandins (e.5 micrograms/ml. Result s suggest that seminal PGs are important to the human male fertility potential in that their levels are significantly interdependent with specific parameters of male fertility. sodium and water homeostasis. Thus.. • Maintenance of Vascular Function: Renal prostaglandins are thought to be important mediators of vascular function. • Prostaglandins control of renin release mediating through macula densa pathway as they are released when NaCl transport decreases and thus increase renin release. Renal prostaglandins may be of importance in pathophysiological states associated with enhanced activity of the renin angiotensin system.0. and renin release. PGI2) may play a key role in mediating the renin-release response to loop diuretics.g. 205 • Another study examined whether the prostagland in E1 analogue misoprostol (400 µg). 207 Blood and vascular System • Prostaglandins accelerate capacity of red blood cells to pass through minute blood vessels. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that renal prostaglandins protect the preglomerular vessels form excessive angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction. when placed vaginally at the time of intrauterine insemination (IUI) improves pregnancy rates or not? It is concluded that the use of vaginal misoprostol may improve the chance for pregnancy in women having IUI in a wide variety f cycle types.44 clinic. The concentrations of seminal PGF2 alpha and PGE concentrations were 2. • Prostaglandins increase blood flow in the renal cortex and decrease blood flow in the renal medulla.4. respectively.78 +/. Induction of Menstruation In process of onset of menstruation endometrium becomes thinner. • The changes in blood pressure associated with exercise could be due a humoral mechanism which includes the reduction of the activity of the renin– angiotensin–aldosterone system and of the sympathetic nervous system activity and an increase in prostaglandins with vasodilator effect Gastrointestinal tract • Prostaglandins protect gastric mucosa from gastric juices and HCL and prevent auto digestion of mucosa • Mucus and HCO3 . Control of the menstrual cycle PGF 2a appears to be a physiologic luteolysin responsible for regression of the corpus luteum (luteolysis). The vasospasm is probably produced by locally released prostaglandins.secreted by mucosal cells also play an important role in protecting the duodenum from damage when acid-rich gastric juice is secreted into it. which adds to the coiling of the spiral arteries. • Monocytes secrete prostaglandins of the E series. HCO3 . there are large quantities of prostaglandins in the secretory endometrium and in menstrual blood.45 • PGE2 one member of this class causes dilatation of blood vessels. lysosomal membranes break down. • Platelet inhibitory effects of prostaglandins are most important. leading to spotty hemorrhages that become confluent and produce the menstrual flow. Regression of the corpus luteum starting 3-4 days before Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . One theory of the onset of menstruation holds that in necrotic endometrial cells.secretion is also stimulated by prostaglandins along with local reflexes. with the release of enzymes that foster the formation of prostaglandins from cellular phospholipids. Foci of necrosis appear in the endometrium. The synergistic effect of both prostacyclin and nitric oxide enhances the antiplatelet activity. Prostaglandins stimulate mucus secretion. additional spasm and then necrosis of the walls of the spiral arteries. and infusions of PGF 2a produce endometrial necrosis and bleeding. possibly by causing the release of prostaglandins. Nervous system • Release of prostaglandin D2 in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus causes increased slow-wave sleep and REM sleep whereas release of PGE2 causes wakefulness. It appears that at least in some species luteolysis is produced by the combined action of PGF2a and ET-1. and causes production of more prostaglandins which in turn cause uterine contractions. • Arachidonic acid metabolites have been implicated as diffusible modulators in the CNS. oxytocin secreted by the corpus luteum appears to exert a local luteolytic effect.46 menses is the key to the menstrual cycle. Onset of labor One factor responsible for the onset of labor is the increase in circulating estrogens. The prostaglandins enhance the oxytocin. particularly for LTP and other forms of plasticity. increases the number of gap junctions between myometrial cells. • PGE2 is a potent broncho dilator Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Oxytocin increases uterine contractions in two ways: • It acts directly on uterine smooth muscle cells to make them contract and • It stimulates the formation of prostaglandins in the decidua. • Relatively high concentrations of prostaglandin E2a because of its vasodilator action maintains patent state of ductus arterious in utero. Respiratory system • Prostaglandins are important constituent of surfactant which is necessary for starting the process of respiration at time of birth.induced contractions. This makes the uterus more excitable. Heart • Prostaglandins are one of important chemical factors responsible for variations in coronary flow by virtue of their property of vasodilation. In some domestic animals. a relative increase in the vasoconstricting. deoxycorticosterone. prostaglandins.e. and nitric oxide) play a role in auto regulation by modulating vascular tone. In contrast. endothelins. • The etiology of pre eclampsia: The etiology of pre eclampsia remains unknown. platelet-disaggregating prostaglandins (PGI2 and PGE) are increased during normal pregnancy and may account for many of the observed hemodynamic changes. prostaglandins specifically PGI2. Because of their widespread and varied effects in the human body. and release of a number of prostaglandins. platelet-aggregating prostaglandins Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . some of which may play a role in the regulation of pulmonary vascular resistance. PGE. • Release of prostacyclin by endothelial cells causes relaxation of the underlying vascular smooth muscle and prevents platelet aggregation within the bloodstream. and vasodilating prostaglandins produced by the uteroplacental unit. metabolism. which begin as early as the first trimester. Although PGF2a induces constriction of the iris sphincter muscle. Auto regulation maintains a constant ocular blood flow to tissues during changes in perfusion pressure. whereas PGF2 alpha and PGA2 are pulmonary vasoconstrictors. Maintainers of ocular pressure Resistance to blood flow depends on the state and caliber of the ocular arteries and is influenced by hypertensive arterial changes and efficiency of the auto regulation of the blood flow. Endothelial-derived molecules (i. The vasodilating. thromboxane A2. and PGF2 have come under much investigation as possible etiologic factors. Prostaglandins I2 (PGI2) and E (PGE2) are active pulmonary vasodilators. thromboxane A2. its overall effect in the eye is to decrease intraocular pressure by increasing the aqueous humor outflow of the eye via the uveoscleral and trabecular meshwo rk pathway Physiology Of pregnancy • One of reasons for hypertension in pregnancy is increase in estrogen..47 • Lung tissue is particularly active in the synthesis. reaches a nadir in mid pregnancy. as well as endothelial nitric oxide. mediate extravasation and pain sensation. and atrial natriuretic peptides. and returns toward pregestational levels before term. The endothelial responses by vasodilators which include prostaglandin E and I. the pulse pressure widens. interferon (IFN) inhibition of prostaglandin E].. Prostaglandins increase sperm motile activity (chemokinesis). and influence cellular and humoral immunity.g. potentiate inflammatory mediators. • Phagocytes orient toward the chemo attractant source in the extra vascular space after getting stimulated from chemo attractants and opsonins. • PGE2 also may play a role in T.208 • Blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance in pregnancy: Systemic arterial pressure begins to fall during the first trimester. Immunity • Prostaglandins cause vasodilatation. probably mediated by gestational hormonal activity.lymphocyte development by regulating apoptosis of immature thymocytes. Reduction in blood pressure is caused by a decline in systemic vascular resistance due to reduced vascular tone. which is expressed on both the emigrating leukocyte and the endothelial cells. increased levels of circulating prostaglandins. TNF-induction of VEGF. Diapedesis involves platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM) 1 (CD31). Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . The disruption in the delicate balance between these two opposing pairs of prostaglandins may play an important role in the causation of pre eclampsia. The process of migration into tissues is called diapedesis and involves the crawling of neutrophils between post capillary endothelial cells that open junctions between adjacent cells to permit leukocyte passage. Because diastolic blood pressure decreases substantially more than systolic pressure.48 (thromboxane A2 and PGF2 is seen in pre eclampsia. and migrate them directionally (chemotaxis) into tissues. Cytokines regulate some of these processes [e. These factors primarily in bone modulate the rate at which new remodeling sites are Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . perhaps because of the high metabolic activity and oxygen requirements of the gastric mucosa. hereby decreasing intracellular cyclic AMP and gastric acid secretion. 14)PGJ2. and their divergent roles in immune regulation. PGE2 and PGI2 are the major prostaglandins synthesized by the gastric mucosa. • Role of prostaglandins in process of apotosis is being stressed and researches are on going for therapeutic usage in activating immune response against tumor cells.209 Physiology of gastric secretion Gastric defenses against acid: The stomach protects itself from acid damage by a number of mechanisms that require adequate mucosal blood flow. One key defense is the secretion of a mucus layer that protects gastric epithelial cells. They bind to the EP3 receptor on parietal cells and stimulate the Gi pathway. is a potent che mo-attractant for eosinophils and induces chemotaxis and migration of Th2 lymphocytes (T helper cells) • Prostaglandins are potent lipid molecules that affect key aspects of immunity. a major product of mast cells. slows ion diffusion. which also directly inhibit gastric acid secretion by parietal cells. The original view of prostaglandins was that they were simply immunoinhibitory. including prostaglandins and members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) super family. Mucus production is stimulated by prostaglandins E2 and I2. 210 Bone remodeling Bone remodeling is regulated by several circulating hormones. Recent researches review focus on findings concerning prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the PGD2metabolite 5-deoxy-Delta (12. and prevents mucosal damage by macromolecules such as pepsin. PGE2 also can prevent gastric injury by cytoprotective effects that include stimulation of mucin and bicarbonate secretion and increased mucosal blood flow. Gastric mucus is soluble when secreted but quickly forms an insoluble gel that coats the mucosal surface of the stomach.49 • PGD2. 4. Systemic Mastocytosis: Systemic mastocytosis is a condition in which there are excessive mast cells in the bone marrow. followed by a period of repair during which new bone tissue is synthesized by osteoblasts. It is about five times more potent than • PGE2in producing this effect. Intra hypothalamic injection of prostaglandins produces fever. PGE2 elicits vasodilation and a drop in blood pressure. In patients with systemic mastocytosis. Infusion of PGD2 results in flushing. it is a potent constrictor of both pulmonary arteries and veins but does not alter blood pressure. prostaglandin D2. and hypotension. 2. nasal stuffiness. Prostaglandins are mediators of inflammation which in normal limits is essential complement of immunity. Pathological Aspects of Prostaglandins 1.50 activated. a process that results initially reabsorption by osteoclasts. subsequent formation of F-ring metabolites may result in hypertension. this PGD2 effect is resistant to antihistamines Pharmacological Properties of Prostaglandins 1) Cardiovascular system • In most vascular beds. a potent vasodilator with proven efficacy in severe heart failure when coupled with catecholamines It can be concluded that chronic infusions with prostaglandin E1 at reduced Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Accumulation of prostaglandins is one of major causes of dysmenorrhea 3. and skin. reticuloendothelial system. although vasoconstrictor effects have been reported. bones. depending on which PGE2 receptor is activated. released from mast cells in large amounts. has been found to be the major mediator of severe episodes of vasodilation and hypotension. PGI2 relaxes vascular smooth muscle. Responses to PGF2a vary with vascular bed. Change in balance of two important types of prostaglandins is one of the possible factors which cause pre eclapsia. 5. Researchers report that with prostaglandin E1. causing prominent hypotension and reflex tachycardia on intravenous administration. The fever produced by cytokines is probably due to local release of prostaglandins in the hypothalamus. GI system. • Aspirin and NSAIDs suppress this response by inhibiting PGE2 synthesis but do not influence body temperature when it is elevated by factors such as exercise or in response to ambient temperature. inflammation.lymphocytes to inhibit mitogen-stimulated proliferation and lymphokine release by sensitized cells 4) Fever • Regulation of body temperature requires a delicate balance between the production and loss of heat. 211 2) Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation Low concentrations of PGE2 enhance and higher concentrations inhibit platelet aggregation. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . as a result of formation of cytokines such as IL-1b. PGE2. The cytokines increase synthesis of PGE2 in circumventricular organs in and adjacent to the preoptic hypothalamic area. Both PGI2 and PGD2 inhibit the aggregation of platelets in vitro. increases cyclic AMP and triggers the hypothalamus to elevate body temperature by promoting an increase in heat generation and a decrease in heat loss. Prostaglandins generally inhibit lymphocyte function and proliferation. or malignancy).inflammatory. PGE2 acts on T. interferons. the hypothalamus regulates the set point at which body temperature is maintained. suppressing the immune response. PGE2 depresses the humoral antibody response by inhibiting the differentiation of Blymphocytes into antibody-secreting plasma cells.51 dosages is a feasible and safe therapeutic adjunct to bridge end-stage heart failure patients and may yield desirable effects in a subset of patients in the absence of inotropic support by dobutamine. graft rejection. IL-6. This set point is elevated in fever (from infection. in turn. Prostanoids can exert both kinds of activity pro-inflammatory and anti. tissue damage. as reflected by the clinical usefulness of the NSAIDs. 3) Inflammation and immunity Prostaglandins play a major role in the inflammatory and immune responses. and TNF-α. e. and epilepsy. Centrally. PGs contribute to pain both peripherally and centrally. The release of these eicosanoids during the inflammatory process thus serves as an amplification system for the pain mechanism COX-2 has been implicated in several neurological diseases.52 5) Kidney and urine formation PGs influence renal salt and water excretion by alterations in renal blood flow and by direct effects on renal tubules. the best established biologically active mediators are PGE2 and PGD2. PGD2 also appears to act on arachnoid trabecular cells in the basal forebrain to mediate an increase in extracellular adenosine that. PGEs inhibit water reabsorption induced by vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). prostaglandins. PGE2. PGE2 and PGI2 infused directly into the renal arteries of dogs increase renal blood flow and provoke diuresis. 7) Central nervous system While various effects have been reported following injection of several PGs into discrete brain areas. PGD2 do not induce fever. PGE2 and PGI2 sensitize the peripheral nerve endings to painful stimuli by lowering the threshold of nociceptors. facilitates induction of sleep. a condition associated with the loss of COX-2 expression in the pigmented epithelium of the ciliary body. apparently through a direct effect on the granular juxtaglomerular cells. and kaliuresis. Parkinson’s disease. in turn. natriuresis. PLA2 and COX-2 synthesis are increased at sites of local inflammatio n that are. in turn. PGE2 also inhibits chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the rabbit. Exogenous PGF2a and PGI2 induce fever but do not contribute to the pyretic response. PGI2. associated with increased central PGE2 biosynthesis. kallikrein. with little change in glomerular filtration rate. PGE2 can increase excitability in pain transmission neuronal pathways in the spinal cord. and kinin). 6) Auto Regulation of Intraocular Pressure A variety of F prostaglandin-receptor agonists have proven effective in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma. and PGD2 stimulate renin secretion from the renal cortex. One of major mechanisms involved in the hypertension of renal disease is decreased production of renal vasodilators (i. and clinical trials of selective inhibitors of COX-2 are ongoing in the chemoprevention of Alzheimer’s disease. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . The induction of fever by a range of endogenous and exogenous pyrogens appears to be mediated by PGE2.. These and other variable responses suggest that there is no easy explanation of the physiological and pathological actions of the prostaglandins. The upper part at times shows spasm while the lower part is inactive or relaxes. Therapeutic Aspects of Prostaglandins Induction of labor and Therapeutic Abortion: There has been intense interest in the effects of the PGs on the female reproductive system. stimulation of insulin release. prolactin. and they have been used widely for the induction of midtrimester abortion.53 8) Endocrine system A number of endocrine tissues respond to PGs. Prostaglandins do reach the blood stream after sexual intercourse and Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . The critical role of PGF2a in parturition relies on its ability to induce an oxytocin-dependent decline in progesterone levels. however. In a number of species. Systemic or intravaginal administration of the PGE1 analog misoprostol in combination with mifepristone or methotrexate is highly effective in the termination of early pregnancy. their action as abortifacients may be variable and often incomplete and accompanied by adve rse effects. Researchers show that there is some evidence that different parts of the uterus respond differently to prostaglandins. to be of value in missed abortion and molar gestation. PGE2 works as part of a positivefeedback loop to induce oocyte maturation required for fertilization during and after ovulation. and thyrotropin like effects on the thyroid. PGs appear. PGE2 stimulates bone formation and reabsorption through osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities affecting bone strength and composition. the systemic administration of PGE2 increases circulating concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). growth hormone. PGE2 or PGF2a are used to facilitate labor by promoting ripening and dilation of the cervix. Other effects include stimulation of steroid production by the adrenals. When given early in pregnancy. 9) Bone remodeling PGs are strong modulators of bone metabolism. and gonadotropins. 54 are probably absorbed directly from the vagina. 212 Gastric Cytoprotection Prostaglandins are inhibited by NSAID s which results in reduced protection to gastric mucosa from auto digestion from gastric juices increasing susceptibility to peptic ulcers. It provided a means of securing adequate oxygenation or systemic perfusion in a number of neonates. Impotence PGE1 (alprostadil) may be used in the treatment of impotence. and acidotic infants The ductus arteriosus in neonates is highly sensitive to vasodilation by PGE1. Maintenance of a patent ductus may be important hemodynamically in some neonates with congenital heart disease. Intracavernous injection of PGE1 causes complete or partial erection in impotent patients who do not have disorders of the vascular system or cavernous body damage. The capacity of several PG analogs to suppress gastric ulceration is a property of therapeutic importance. It is not known whether they reach the amniotic fluid after intercourse. although it has been superseded largely by the use of PDE5 inhibitors. tadalafil. severely hypoxemic. Maintenance of Patent Ductus Arteriosus One of the important historical milestones in development of pediatric cardiology (in late 1970s) is the introduction of prostaglandinsE1 for the treatment of ductus-dependent pulmonary or systemic circulation. As a result. The agent is available as a sterile powder that is reconstituted with water for injections (CAVERJECT). PGE1 (alprostadil. and vardenafil. PGE1 is more effective than papaverine. pediatric cardiologists and pediatric cardiovascular surgeons are not obliged to perform emergency diagnostic cardiac catheterizations or palliative or reparative operations in very ill. They are probably destroyed during circulation of the blood. but not definitive. therapy to maintain temporary patency until surgery can be performed. The erection lasts for 1–3 hours and is sufficient for sexual intercourse. such as sildenafil. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . PROSTIN VR PEDIATRIC) is highly effective for palliative. e) Pediatric heart transplantation f) Tricuspid atresia. The mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. Few diseases where prostaglandins are used are listed bellow. a firm. Both TGF and Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Gastroduodenal Mucosal Defense Epithelial cell regeneration is regulated by prostaglandins and growth factors such as EGF and TGF. contracted uterus greatly reduces the incidence and extent of hemorrhage. In tandem with epithelial cell renewal. The prostaglandin analog misoprostol may be used in normotensive patients for this purpose. and regurgitation g) Pulmonary stenosis h) Pulmonary atresia and ventricular Septal Defect i) Aortic arch anomalies j) Congenitally corrected transposition of the Great Arteries k) Aortic Stenosis l) Tetralogy of Fallot. The prostaglandins have made a revolution in saving children's lives in neonatal cardiology. stenosis.55 In patients with congenital heart disease whose survival is duct dependent. the availability is compulsory and the application of prostaglandins as a palliative medicament. m) Pulmonary Hypertension n) Claudication and peripheral vascular disease Puerperium After delivery of the fetus or after therapeutic abortion. formation of new vessels (angiogenesis) within the injured microvascular bed occurs. Use as an Autonomic Agent in the Glaucoma PGF2a analogs appear to lower IOP by facilitating aqueous outflow through the accessory uveoscleral outflow pathway. a) Maintenance of a patient in cardiac shock b) In critical coarctation of the aorta c) In obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage d) Treatment hypoplastic left heart syndrome with a ventricular septal defect. and are important in maintaining mucosal blood flow and epithelial cell restitution. Prostaglandins play a central role in gastric epithelial defense/repair. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . The gastric mucosa contains abundant levels of prostaglandins that regulate the release of mucosal bicarbonate and mucus.56 vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are important in regulating angiogenesis in the gastric mucosa. inhibit parietal cell secretion. harmful or harmless) is called immune response. to mount rapid recall immune responses. The normal immune system has three key properties: a highly diverse repertoire of antigen receptors that enables recognition of a nearly infinite range of pathogens. cells and tissues that participate in inducing immunity collectively constitute the immune system and its reaction to the entry of any "foreign substance" (infectious or otherwise. immune memory. more specifically to infectious disease.57 IMMUNITY Resistance of the body against the pathogenic agents is known as immunity.214 The human immune system has evolved over millions of years from both invertebrate and vertebrate organisms to develop sophisticated defense mechanisms to protect the host from microbes and their virulence factors. Showing schematic representation of different layers of Immunity in human body. The term immunity refers to a state of insusceptibility to disease. and immunologic tolerance. The molecules. to avoid immune Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Figure No.1. How adaptive immunity is recruited to the defense of the host by innate immune responses will be also discussed. Important components of the recognition of microbes by the innate immune system include (1) recognition by germ line–encoded host molecules. such as macrophages. 215 Adaptive immunity is found only in vertebrates and is based on the generation of antigen receptors on T and B lymphocytes by gene rearrangements. (2) recognition of key microbe virulence factors but not recognition of self. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Here the cellular components. There are two fundamentally different types of responses to invading microbes. such that individual T or B cells express unique antigen receptors on their surface capable of specifically recognizing diverse antigens of the myriad infectious agents in the environment. the adaptive immune system. T and B lymphocytes bring both specificity and immune memory to vertebrate host defenses. From invertebrates. key molecules and mechanisms that make up the innate and adaptive immune systems will be reviewed. in concert with dendritic cells. humans have inherited the innate immune system. Coupled with finely tuned specific recognition mechanisms that maintain tolerance (non reactivity) to self-antigens. macrophages and NK cells may kill pathogens directly or. Cells of the innate immune system. and (3) non recognition of benign foreign molecules or microbes. recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are highly conserved among many microbes and use a diverse set of pattern recognition receptor molecules (PRRs).58 damage to normal self. These are innate immunity and acquired immunity. and natural killer (NK) lymphocytes.tissues.molecules. may activate a series of events that both slow the infection and recruit the more recently evolved arm of the human immune system. Upon contact with pathogens. an ancient defense system that uses germ line–encoded proteins to recognize pathogens. dendritic cells. Schematic presentation of Immune mechanism. which eliminate microorganisms by ingesting and degrading them. Soluble plasma proteins and glycoproteins that bind microorganisms and target them for phagocytosis (i.2. opsonization) or for attack by the complement system. leading to microbial death by cytolysis. 216 The Innate Immune System In general. Complement system component s. 2.e. and 3. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . the innate immune system consists of three major components 1. a subset of primitive T cells pivotal for cell.mediated destruction of tumor cells and virally infected cell. Natural killer (NK) cells..59 Figure No. 4. Phagocytic cells. Activated macrophages migrate in response to chemotactic stimuli and engulf and kill bacteria by processes generally similar to those occurring in neutrophils. natural killer cells(NK). Macrophages become activated by lymphokines from T lymphocytes.They also secrete up to 100 different substances. and proteins that bind complement compone nts Cytokines Autocrine. direct. endocrine cytokines that mediate host defense and inflammation. lipid transferases. and clot-promoting factors . granulsyin. and DCs attract immune effectors through secretion of chemokines. dendritic cells. neutrophils. 217 Name of the Group Name of the Components Pattern recognition receptors C type lectins. Some of them end up as the multinucleated giant cells seen in chronic inflammatory diseases such as tuberculosis. The tissue macrophages include the Kupffer cells of the liver. eosinophils. paracrine. including factors that affect lymphocytes and other cells. They then enter the tissues and become tissue macrophages. histatin. They play a key role in immunity . When dendritic cells come in contact with bacterial products. protegrin.60 Table No.12. scavenger (PRR) receptors. but bone marrow transplantation data in humans suggest that they persist for about 3 months. and regulate adaptive immune responses Macrophages Monocytes enter the blood from the bone marrow and circulate for about 72 hours. The maturation of DCs is regulated through cell-to-cell contact and soluble factors. pentraxins. basophils. as well as recruit. mast cells. prostaglandins of the E series. secretory leukoprotease inhibitor. and microglia in the brain. cathelin. Their life span in the tissues is unknown. and probiotics Cells Macrophages. viral proteins. NK-T cells. integrins Antimicrobial peptides Alpha and beta deensins . and epithelial cells Complement components Classic and alternative complement pathway. Showing major components of the innate immune system. all of which come from the circulation. myeloid DCs and plasmacytoid DCs. pulmonary alveolar macrophages. or host proteins released as danger signals from distressed Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . leucine-rich proteins. It appears that they do not reenter the circulation. Dendritic Cells Human dendritic cells (DCs) are heterogenous and contain two subsets. NKs cells express surface receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (CD16) and for NCAM-I (CD56). Upon interaction of neutrophils with opsonized bacteria or immune complexes. and many NK cells express some T lineage markers.infectious agent molecules bind to various TLRs and activate dendritic cells to release cytokines and chemokines that drive cells of the innate immune system to become activated to respond to the invading organism. which is stimulated to proliferate by colony-stimulating factors. and recruit T and B cells of the adaptive immune system to respond thus. or basophil) is derived from a different subclass of progenitor cell. and other enzymes) and specific granules (containing lactoferrin. During terminal maturation of granulocytes. lysozyme. Eosinophils. Large Granular Lymphocytes/ Natural killer cells Large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) or NK cells account for approximately 5– 10% of peripheral blood lymphocytes.61 host cells . Each type of granulocyte (neutrophil. and Basophils) Granulocytes are derived from stem cells in bone marrow. particularly CD8. class-specific nuclear morphology and cytoplasmic granules appear that allow for histological identification of granulocyte type. and proliferate in response to IL-2. NK cells arise in both bone marrow and thymic micro environments. elastase. Neutrophils Neutrophills express Fc receptors for IgG (CD16) and receptors for activated complement components (C3b or CD35). Granulocytes (Neutrophils. collagenase. dendritic cells are important bridges between early (innate) and later (adaptive) immunity. NK cells share features with both monocytes-macrophages and neutrophils in that they mediate both antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and NK cell activity. The Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . and other enzymes) are released. and microbicidal superoxide radicals (O 2 – ) are generated at the neutrophil surface. eosinophil. NKs cells are non adherent. . lysozyme. azurophilic granules (containing myeloperoxidase. Functionally. non phagocytic cells with large azurophilic cytoplasmic granules. thus participating in the nonspecific natural immunity that Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . histamine. upon cross. and neutral protease. Mast cells and basophils can also mediate immunity through the binding of anti pathogen antibodies.62 generation of superoxide leads to inflammation by direct injury to tissue and by alteration of macromolecules such as collagen and DNA. and they are abundant beneath epithelial surfaces. Their granules contain heparin. brasiliensis worms are antigen-specific T helper cells that produce IL-4. thus providing an example of regulation of innate immune responses by adaptive immunity antigen-specific T cells. the y release TNF-a in response to bacterial products by an antibodyindependent mechanism. can release histamine. Key to regulation of eosinophil cytotoxicity to N. all mediators of allergic immediate (anaphylaxis) hypersensitivity responses. eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis. In Nippostrongylus brasiliensis helminth infection. Eosinophils Eosinophils express Fc receptors for IgG (CD32) and are potent cytotoxic effector cells for various parasitic organisms. they degranulate when IgE-coated antigens bind to their surface. like basophils. In addition to this involvement in acquired immunity. They are involved in inflammatory responses initiated by immunoglobulins IgE and IgG. Basophils express high-affinity surface receptors for IgE (FcRI) and. The inflammation combats invading parasites. Basophils Basophils and tissue mast cells are potent reservoirs of cytokines such as IL-4 and can respond to bacteria and viruses with anti pathogen cytokine production through multiple TLRs expressed on their surface.linking of basophil-bound IgE by antigen. and. They have IgE receptors on their cell membranes. Mast cells Mast cells are heavily granulated wandering cells that are found in areas rich in connective tissue. and many proteases. eosinophils are key cytotoxic effector cells in removal of these parasites. This is a particularly important host defense mechanism against parasitic diseases. The heparin appears to play a role in granule formation. C6. 2. C8. 3. is a series of plasma enzymes. resulting in cell lysis. are critical for opsonization (coating by antibody and complement) in preparation for phagocytosis. The three pathways of complement activation converge on the final common terminal pathway. C3 cleavage by each pathway results in activation of C5. C1r.63 combats infections. Activation of the classic complement pathway via C1. The MBL pathway substitutes MBL-associated serine proteases (MASPs) 1 and 2 for C1q.independent and is activated by binding of C3 directly to pathogens and "altered self" such as tumor cells. an important soluble component of the innate immune system. Alternative activation pathway activated by microbes or tumor cells. The MBL activation pathway is activated by mannose on the surface of bacteria and viruses. and proteins that are activated in a cascading fashion. when bound to target surfaces such as bacteria and other foreign antigens. C4. Activation of the classic complement pathway via immune complex binding to C1q links the innate and adaptive immune systems via specific antibody in the immune complex. and C1s to activate C4. In the renal glomerular inflammatory disease IgA nephropathy. The series of enzymes of the complement system are serine proteases. IgA activates the alternative complement pathway and causes glomerular damage and decreased renal function. MBL (a serum collectin) activation pathway activated by microbes with terminal mannose groups. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . The alternative complement activation pathway is antibody. C3. Marked mast cells degranulation produces clinical manifestations of allergy up to and including anaphylaxis The Complement System The complement system. C7. and factor B both lead to cleavage and activation of C3. C3 activation fragments. and C2 and activation of the alternative pathway via factor D. resulting in the membrane attack complex that physically inserts into the membranes of target cells or bacteria and lyses them. Classic activation pathway activated by antigen/antibody immune complexes. regulatory proteins. and C9. There are three pathways of the complement system: 1. C4. It plays a part in tissue inflammation as well as the engulfing of pathogens by phagocytes. As a component of the alternative pathway for complement activation (otherwise known as the "properdin pathway"). complement activation is a critical component of innate immunity for responding to microbial infection. C3). an innate-immunity series of proenzymes dissolved in the circulation. and promote microbe or opsonized cell lysis (membrane attack complex). This branch of the complement system is Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas .64 Figure No. The alternative pathway is not dependent on antibodies. It participates in some specific immune responses. to stabilize the alternative C3 convertase (C3bBb) that then cleaves more C3. In the complement system. C5a).3. promote activation and enhancement of inflammation (anaphylatoxins. Showing Schematic representation of complement system 218 Thus. C3b. it is also called "Factor P". it complexes with another protein. In addition it is known to help to neutralize some viruses. In general the cleavage products of complement components facilitate microbe or damaged cell clearance (C1q. Properdin or factor P Properdin is a globulin protein found in the blood serum of higher animals. C3a. like molecules that act. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . and the membrane attack complex. extension of pseudopodia with migration of the cell toward the source of the chemokine.stimulating factor 2. Some of them have systemic as well as local paracrine effects. Properdin participates in two distinct complement activation pathways: one that occurs by the standard model and one that proceeds by the properdin-directed model. glial cells. They are secreted not only by lymphocytes and macrophages but by endothelial cells. and other types of cells. and it is clear that they also play a role in the regulation of cell growth and angiogenesis. its name is changed to interleukin. Another super family of cytokines is the chemokine family. Over 40 have now been identified. IL-6. opsonins. For example. generally in a paracrine fashion. B cell. IL-1. renal graft rejection etc but these concepts are still in experimental stage . The chemokine receptors are serpentine receptors that act via heterotrimeric G proteins to cause. and IL-1 increases slow-wave sleep and reduces appetite. eg. neurons. and cell walls. Once the amino acid sequence of a factor in humans is known. and tumor necrosis factor a cause fever. the name of B cell-differentiating factor was changed to interleukin-4. to regulate immune responses. polysaccharides. Chemokines are substances that attract neutrophils and other white blood cells to areas of inflammation or immune response.219 Cytokines Cytokines are hormone. all of which help fight pathogens.65 activated by IgA immune complexes and bacterial endotoxins. B cell-differentiating factor. among other things. cancer pathology. Recent studies show it’s important role in apotosis . chemotactic factors. Thus. for example. and results in producing anaphylatoxins. Most of the Cytokines are initially named for their actions. and IgE production. promotion of inflammation Clinical Relevance Implicated in the pathogenesis of septic shock. macrophages differentiation of B acts as an autocrine cells. Castleman's disease. basophils. stimulation of the growth factor in production of acutemyeloma and in phase proteins mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis Interleukin-8 T cells and Chemotaxis of Levels are increased in macrophages neutrophils. to stimulate IgE cells. used in the macrophages treatment of metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. plays a part eosinophils class switching in mast-cell sensitization and thus in allergy and in defense against nematode infections Interleukin-5 Type 2 (TH2) Differentiation of Monoclonal antibody helper T cells. and monocytes.induced phase proteins thrombocytopenia in patients with cancer Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . and killer cells. mast lymphocytes. basophils. rheumatoid arthritis. and various other tumors Interleukin-4 Type 2 (TH2) Activation of As a result of its ability helper T cells. mast eosinophils against interleukin-5 cells.66 Table No. melanoma.induced latephase eosinophilia in animal models of allergy Interleukin-6 Type 2 (TH2) Activation of Overproduced in helper T cells and lymphocytes. and used to inhibit the eosinophils antigen. making it a potentially useful marker of disease activity Interleukin-11 Bone marrow Stimulation of the Used to reduce stromal cells production of acutechemotherapy. natural lymphokine-activated killer cells. and atherosclerosis Interleukin-2 Type 1 (TH1) Activation of Used to induce helper T cells lymphocyes. 13. Showing Cytokines of clinical importance and their description 220 Cytokine Cellular Sources Major Activities Interleukin-1 Macrophages Activation of T cells and macrophages. diseases accompanied and T cells by neutrophilia. melanoma. chronic hepatitis B infection. inflammation factor a T cells. and mast cells Lymphotoxin (tumor necrosis factor ß Transforming growth factor ß Granulocytemacrophage colonystimulating factor Interferon-a Interferon-ß Interferon-? Clinical Relevance May be useful as an adjuvant for vaccines Treatment with antibodies against tumor necrosis factor a beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis Type 1 (TH1) Promotion of Implicated in the helper T cells and B inflammation pathoge nesis of multiple cells sclerosis and insulindependent diabetes mellitus T cells. and mast cells multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis T cells. Promotion of the Used to reduce macrophages. B therapeutic agent in cells. growth of granulocytes neutropenia after natural killer cells. B cells. and monocytes chemotherapy for and B cells tumors and in ganciclovir-treated patients with AIDS. and chronic hepatitis C infection Virally infected Induction of resistance Used to reduce the cells of cells to viral infection frequency and severity of relapses in multiple sclerosis Type 1 (TH1) Activation of Used to enhance the helper T cells and macrophages. induction of type 1 (TH1) helper T cells Tumor Macrophages. inhibition killing of phagocytosed natural killer cells of type 2 (TH2) helper bacteria in chronic T cells granulomatous disease Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Immunosuppression May be useful macrophages. Promotion of necrosis natural killer cells.67 Cytokine Cellular Sources Major Activities Interleukin-12 Macrophages and B Stimulation of the cells production of interferon ? by type 1 (TH1) helper T cells and by natural killer cells. used to stimulate cell production after bone marrow transplantation Virally infected Induction of resistance Used to treat AIDScells of cells to viral infection related Kaposi's sarcoma. through their barrier and relatively broad types of actions. it can respond more rapidly and vigorously on a second exposure to an antigen. adaptive immunity is flexible. Innate immune responses. represent the first line of defense against pathogens. it is now understood that synergy between the two systems is required to provide adequate immune reactivity against invading pathogens. which results in the co amplification of each respective response and leads to the ultimate destruction and elimination of the invading pathogen. These subsets inc lude. These two components work in tandem to achieve complete protection against stimuli. innate and adaptive immune responses were studied as separate systems because of their different mechanisms of action. However. Most of these functions are carried out by the cells themselves or through secreted molecules. that is. namely. The primary blood cell elements of the adaptive immune system are T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. For performing these diverse functions T cells have several subsets.221 T lymphocytes T cells arise from the stem cells in the bone marrow and then migrate to the thymus (hence the designation "T" cells) for their maturation and differentiation. including • Providing helper signal to B cells for antibody production. There are multiple interactions occurring between the two systems. Adaptive response can be further classified as cell mediated and humoral. Immunologic memory provides a more powerful response to a repeated exposure to the same foreign substance or antigen. and has immunological memory. specific. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . • Generating effector cells that can either kill infected/neoplastic cells directly or through increasing the phagocytic function of cells including macrophages. T cells perform several key functions. lymphokines. • Regulating the quality and quantity of the immune response. For many years.68 Overview of Adaptive Immunity In contrast to innate immunity. The adaptive response becomes evident a few days later because it requires time for sufficient antigen-specific receptors to be generated through clonal expansion/proliferation. Adaptive immunity is more complex because it provides the ability to respond very specifically. like antigen-presenting cell. They are the main effector cells in cell. is involved in immunity against helminthic infections and allergic reactions. IL-5 which is an eosinophil-activating factor. On the other hand. Thus. ii) facilitate interaction of T cells with other cells. and • Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) T cells (TDTH). etc. they further differentiate into either of two functional subsets called TH1 and TH2 cells.mediated immune response (suppressor action). These molecules play important roles in the physiological functions of T cells like i) binding of T cell to ligands on other cells. they mainly produce a T-cell growth factor called interleukin2 (IL-2).222 B lymphocytes The second major class of lymphocytes is called B cells because in birds they were first shown to mature and differentiate in a gut-related organ called bursa of Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . besides carrying CD3. The CTLs carry CD8 molecule (CD3+CD8+ cells). Most of them are members of the Ig or integrin superfamily. or vascular endothelial cells. also carries the CD4 molecule (CD3+CD4+ cells). Most of the TDTH cells are also CD4+ (CD3+CD4+ cells). If the stimulation is continued. TH1 cells mainly secrete IL-2 and interferon-g (IFN-g).When stimulated under different experimental conditions. thus increasing the strength of their adhesion. T cells also show a number of accessory molecules on their surface. proteins. TH2 cells produce interleukin-4 (IL-4) which is known to induce IgE production. They also help B cells in producing IgM and IgG antibodies that are effective in activating the complement cascade facilitating engulfment by phagocytic cells. therefore. CD4+ TH cells produce different sets of cytokines. On further antigenic stimulation they differentiate into so-called THO cells that produce a large variety of cytokines. This subset. • Cytotoxic or cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs).69 • T helper (TH) cells. proteoglycans. The TH subset.mediated immune response against intracellular infective agents. and IL-10 and IL-13 which together with IL-4 modulate cell. When naive CD4+ TH cells (cells that have never been in contact with antigen) are stimulated. Humoral secretions of Adaptive Immune system Immunoglobulins The human immunoglobulins are a family of proteins that confer humoral immunity and perform vital roles in promoting cellular immunity. B cells differentiate and mature into plasma cells under the T ‘helper’ influence. B cells require a second ‘helper’ signal from the specific T cell. some of other T-independent antigens have the capacity to non-specifically stimulate B cells. Five distinct classes or isotypes of immunoglobulins (IgG. IgG2. Also. IgD. the early stages of maturation and differentiation of this cla ss of lymphocytes occurs in the bone marrow itself. The first signal is the binding of the specific antigen with the immunoglobulin molecule on the B cells surface that acts as the specific antigen receptor for B cells (sIg). certain antigens have the capacity to trigger B cells without T cell help (T. Antigens that cannot trigger B cells without T helper signal are called T-dependent antigens. IgA. T. In addition. unlike B cell. Rather. complement receptors. the so-called nonspecific B cell mitogens. In mammals. IgM.independent antigens). However. there is no anatomical equivalent of the bursa. B cells are the precursors of the antibody-producing plasma cells. IgG and IgA have been further subdivided into subclasses IgG1. however. and receptors for lymphokines involved in growth of B cells. and antigenic differences. is an end-stage cell with a short lifespan that is devoted entirely to antibody synthesis. Most T-dependent antigens are proteins. Plasma cell.independent antigens are mostly polymeric carbohydrates with a repeating unit structure. Multiple allotypic determinants in the constant region domains of human IgG and IgA Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Other surface molecules on the B cells include MHC class II molecules.223 B cell triggering requires two signals. CD19 to CD22 molecules. IgG3. It loses its sIg and all the other Bcell surface structures and develops abundant cytoplasm with rough endoplasmic reticulum necessary for the synthesis of large amounts of antibody molecules that are secreted into the circulation. and IgE) have been identified in human serum on the basis of their structural. biological. and IgG4 also subclasses IgA1 and IgA2 on the basis of unique antigenic determinants. Lymphocytes possessing cytoplasmic or cell-surface immunoglobulin molecules (sIg) are called B cells.70 Fabricius. Fc receptors. In IgMs. This diversity of the immunoglobulin components of the humoral immune system provides a complex network of protective and surveillance functions. The V segments form part of the antigen-binding sites (Fab portion of the molecule. The two long cha ins are called heavy chains. but serve important functions in immunoglobulin polymerization and transport across membranes into a variety of secretions (e. and colostrum). the immunoglobulins are composed of 82–96% polypeptides and 4–18% carbohydrate.. The Fc portion of the molecule is the effector portion.g. the heavy chains are flexible in a region called the hinge. a joining (J) segment in which it is moderately variable. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . nasal secretions. In IgAs. and there are intrachain disulfide bridges as well. Each light chain has a V. the immunoglobulins units form dimers and trimers around a J chain and a polypeptide that comes from epithelial cells. The chains are joined by disulfide bridges that permit mobility. the secretory component (SC). a diversity (D) segment in which the amino acid segment is also highly variable. The basic component of each is a symmetric unit containing four polypeptide chains. the secretory immunoglobulins. Finally. a J. There are two types of light chains.224 General Structural Properties of Immunoglobulins Immunoglobulins are functionally defined as glycoproteins that possess the ability to bind to substances (antigens) those have elicited their formation. and they account for approximately 20% of all proteins in plasma. whereas the two short chains are called light chains. which mediates the reactions initiated by antibodies. In addition. and eight types of heavy chains. Each heavy chain has a variable (V) segment in which the amino acid sequence is highly variable.71 molecules as well as kappa (?) light chains indicate inherited genetic markers. Two of the classes of immunoglobulins contain additional polypeptide components. As a group. breast milk. five of the basic immunoglobulins units join around a polypeptide called the J chain to form a pentamer. there are several immunoglobulin-associated polypeptides such as secretory component (SC) and J chain that have no structural homology with the immunoglobulins. saliva. sweat. and a constant (C) segment in which the sequence is constant. and a C segment. ? and ?. It is freely distributed and exchanges between the intravascular and extravascular spaces. 60–70%.72 Figure No. IgG3. It is the only immunoglobulin molecule capable of crossing the placenta.000 MW) constitutes approximately 75% of the total serum immunoglobulins.000. IgG plays a central role in immunity against pyogenic and other bacterial infections. 2–6%. It is the main immunoglobulin molecule in the body. 4. The IgG class of antibodies can be involved in causing immunologically mediated diseases through type II or type III hypersensitivity mechanisms. Relative subclass percentages of the total IgG in serum are IgG1. percolates freely the tissue spaces and returns to the circulation through the thoracic duct. 14–20%. IgG2. This provides protection for the fetus and newborn. 4–8%. it usually does not enter living cells and does not cross the bloodbrain barrier except in inflammation in the subarachnoid space where local synthesis of IgG has been demonstrated. IgG2. However. and IgG4 possess an MW of approximately 150. Human IgG has been subdivided into four subclasses on the basis of unique antigenic determinants. Showing components of immunoglobulin 225 Immunoglobulin G In healthy adults.IgG1. and IgG4. the four polypeptide chain IgG monomer (150. IgG3’s highly rigid hinge region promotes accessibility of proteolytic enzymes to sensitive Fc Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . It is the main neutralizing antibody and also plays a central role in the opsonic process of enhanced phagocytosis. accounting for approximately 70% of the total serum immunoglobulins in normal serum. whereas IgG3 is heavier. linked by antigen. vaginal secretions.fixing IgG subclasses with antigen. whereas IgG4 due to its compact structure does not readily activate the classical pathway of complement.000 MW that is composed of a J chain and five IgM monomers. due to its size. it is highly efficient in linking particulate matters together (e. Researchers in the field of allergy have speculated that IgG4 antibodies also scavenge antigen that prevents mast cell-bound IgE antibody from being cross. It has 10 identical antigen-combining sites that account for some of its special properties. tears.fold more efficient in activating complement cascade than IgG antibodies.73 cleavage sites. and mucous secretions of Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . complement components. IgM antibodies are clinically important because they predominate as an antigen receptor in early immune responses to most antigens. prostatic fluid. saliva. and IgG4 (21– 24 days).mediated hypersensitivity reactions in atopic individuals who have undergone immunotherapy. IgG4 antibodies have the ability to interfere with immune inflammation caused by the interaction of complement. Secondly. Along with IgD. In terms of complement activation. Firstly. IgG4 is responsible for immune inflammation. agglutination that facilitates phagocytosis). and thus blocking IgE. monomeric IgM is also a major immunoglobulin that is expressed on the surface of B cells where it serves as an antigen receptor. and the different binding sites on the constant region domains for rheumatoid factors. Moreover.226 Immunoglobulin M IgM is a pentameric immunoglobulin of approximately 900. IgG2. Other important structural and biological differences among the human IgG subclasses relate to their Fc receptor binding. This property makes IgM especially effective in carrying out lysis of foreign cells. which results in an increased fractional catabolic rate and a shorter biological half life (7–8 days) than has been observed for IgG1. bronchial secretions. Pentameric IgM constitutes approximately 10% of serum immunoglobulins in healthy individuals. IgM antibodies are highly efficient in activating the classical complement pathway. it is several. and bacterial proteins (protein A and protein G). 227 Immunoglobulin A It is the predominant immunoglobulin in colostrum. nasal mucosa. IgG1 and IgG3 are the most effective. It is predominantly found in the intravascular compartment.g. saliva. its main role is in providing immunity at the mucosal surface in the form of dimeric 10S secretory antibody. may bind CD89 (IgA receptor) on inflammatory cells (monocytes. and eosinophils). macrophages. bile. This form of IgA is synthesized and secreted by plasma cells in the laminae propriae underlying most mucosal surfaces in the body (gut. Secretory IgA is central to immunity against enteric pathogens including enteric bacteria and viruses. The secretory piece makes the molecule relatively resistant to proteolytic digestion by enzymes in the gut. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . To summarize. Moreover. once bound to a bacterial or parasitic surface antigen.74 the small intestine. respiratory secretions and genital secretions. Immunologically.g. It constitutes approximately 20%of the total serum immunoglobulins. genito-urinary tract) and transported across the epithelial surfaces into the various body fluids. In contrast. IgA. limit inflammation induced by classical pathway complement activation. and promote microbial destruction through ADCC by binding to leukocyte receptors. IgA poorly activates the classical pathway. respiratory tract. The third form of IgA is 11S secretory IgA that has incorporated a peptide called secretory piece. 228 It is found in three molecular forms. intestinal juice. In the blood it is present in monomeric 7S form. neutrophils. colostrum. tears. leading to their destruction by means of antibody dependent cell. In terms of complement activation. Finally. IgA’s unique structure resists proteolysis and it functions to block uptake of antigen. secretory IgA can play an important first line of defense in antigen clearance by binding to antigens that leak across an epithelium and transporting them back across to prevent their entry.mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). This process has been hypothesized as a host mechanism for attenuating inflammatory responses induced by IgG antibodies at the mucosal surface. bacterial or viral attachment. e. during its passage through the epithelial cells. IgA reportedly activates the alternative pathway of complement to provide some direct protective functions. its binding to viral or microbial surface antigens may restrict the mobility of microorganisms and prevent their binding to mucosal epithelium. IgE antibodies on mast cells become cross-linked. prostaglandins..On subsequent exposure to relevant protein allergens from trees.229 Immunoglobulin E IgE (190. and leukotrienes) that can induce mild to severe immediate type I hypersensitivity reactions in sensitized atopic individuals.000 MW) is a unique immunoglobulin that circulates in serum as a four-chain monomer. Although IgE constitutes only 0. To tal serum IgE is commonly expressed in international units per milliliter (IU/mL) or converted to mass units using 1 IU = 2. however. Recently. grasses.75 Immunoglobulin D (IgD) IgD is a four-chain monomer of approximately 180. Despite suggestions that IgD may be involved in Bcell differentiation. This process triggers the production and release of vasoactive mediators (e. pet dander. or insect venoms. it possesses a clinically significant biological function by binding through its Fc region to the alpha chain on high-affinity receptors (FceR1) on mast cells and basophils. foods. Although IgD is normally present in serum in trace amounts (0.230 Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas .000 MW with a long hinge region that increases its susceptibility for proteolytic cleavage. weeds. International System of Units have proposed units in which1 SI = 1 µg/L.g.2% of total serum immunoglobulin). Its main function seems to be in regulating the maturation of B cells. its principal function is as yet unknown. it predominantly serves as a membrane-bound antigen receptor on the surface of immature human B lymphocytes. these units have not been widely adopted in clinical immunology laboratories that perform allergy testing. IgE is believed to play an important role in immunity against helminthic infections.004% of the total serum immunoglobulins. histamine.44 ng of protein. molds. are functionally mature and ready to participate in the defense function. White blood cells produced in the bone marrow. the foetal liver • Primary (central) lymphoid organs: thymus • Secondary (peripheral) lymphoid organs: lymph nodes. the bone marrow also acts as a primary lymphoid organ for the maturation and differentiation of B cells in mammals. mucosaassociated and skin-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT.000 (dimmers and polymers Main Mucosal intravascular immunity antibody. In adult life bone marrow is the only source of stem cells. MALT and SALT). gut. important role in immunity in circulation Tissues of the immune system Lymphoid tissue of the body can be classified as follows: • Stem-cell containing organs: the bone marrow in adults.000 Physiological role Main antibody against infection immunity against microbes in tissues and extra vascular Spaces Role B cell maturation step Immunity againt helminthic infection 60.232 Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . and other lymphoid collections. besides providing stem cells. Bone marrow In foetal life the liver is the main source of stem cells.76 Table No.14 Showing Properties of human immunoglobulins (Ig) 231 Ig Class IgG IgM IgA IgD IgE Serum concentration (mg/ml) Molecular weight 8-16 0.000 185.000 200. Lymphocytes require a specialized microenvironment and cytokines for their maturation and differentiation.000 900. spleen. These requirements are provided by the thymus.5-4 Trace – 0. except lymphocytes.5-2 1.5 Trace 15. The thymic cortex contains mostly immature. leading to a predominantly cell. mucosa. With the onset of puberty and rise in sex hormone levels the thymus starts to atrophy. the medulla contains mature elements that are long. In secondary lymphoid organs there is an orderly arrangement of T and B lymphocytes in separate areas. skinassociated lymph tissue). The cortex is further divided into outer cortex and the deeper areas called paracortex. spleen. The epithelial cells elaborate thymic hormones that regulate the process of differentiation of thymocytes into immunocompetent lymphocytes. gut. proliferating.long source of T lymphocytes. processed and presented predominantly to immunocompetent T cells. The medullary area consists of strands of connective tissue surrounded by T and B cells called medullary cords separated by large medullary sinuses containing mostly plasma cells and ordinary phagocytic macrophages. While residing in the thymus lymphocytes also acquire surface membrane markers necessary for the functioning of mature T cells. The outer cortex is mainly populated by B cells. Foreign antigens detained in lymph nodes are phagocytosed.233 Secondary (peripheral) lymphoid organs Lymphocytes that differentiate and mature into immunocompetent T and B cells migrate out from their primary lymphoid organs into the blood circulation. Adrenal steroids also cause its atrophy (as seen during stress).lived. and enter the secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes. the thymic cortex remains a life. During this process they acquire the capacity to differentiate between self and non-self that is the key to immunological tolerance. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . The paracortex only contains loosely packed T cells. The relative size and activity of the thymus in relation to body size peaks in the neonatal period. On the other hand. called thymus-dependent and thymus. However. short-lived lymphoid cells that leave the cortex without entering the medulla. The thymus also has a network of epithelial cells. respectively.234 Lymph node The lymph node consists of a cortex and a medulla.mediated immune response.independent areas.77 Primary (central) lymphoid organs Thymus The thymus develops from third part of the fourth pharyngeal pouch. It detains foreign antigens (mostly microbial cells that may have gained access in the circulation) and generates a predominantly humoral immune response against them. The ingested antigens are transported to the lymphoid tissue in the lamina propria.78 Spleen The lymphoid tissue in the spleen is mostly localized in the white pulp region a sheath of lymphoid tissue surrounding the splenic arterioles. is comparable to the medulla of lymph nodes. These splenic areas are mostly populated with phagocytic macrophages and plasma cells. appendix and tonsils. 235 Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) The mucosal lining of the gut. The region in the spleen that is called red pulp.236 Thus a modest review of modern concepts with special reference to their relation with ojas has been carried out. unlike lymph nodes that functions as filters in the path of lymphatics. found in the lower intestine. Peyer’s patches.g. However. respiratory and genito-urinary tracts and under the conjunctival lining of the eyes. Peyer’s patches. Thus. e. These plasma cells re-enter the circulation and populate the lamina propria throughout the intestinal mucosa.. processed and presented to CD4+ TH cells which provide help to B cells to mature into IgA-secreting plasma cells. It has been termed periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS). This may either be present in the form of a single discrete follicle in the lamina propria or in the form of organized site-specific multifollicular aggregates extend ing in the submucosa. contain both T and B cells with a higher proportion of the latter that are precursors of IgA-synthesizing plasma cells. PALS consists of loosely packed T cells (comparable to the paracortex of lymph nodes) interspersed with irregularly scattered lymph follicles that mostly consist of B cells and the antigen-presenting interdigitating cells. Similar lymphoid collections are also seen under the mucosal lining of the tonsils. The basic arrangement of specialized T and B areas found in lymph nodes is also retained in the lymphoid tissue in the spleen. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . the spleen acts as a filter in the path of blood circulation. respiratory and genitourinary tracts provide the main portals of entry to disease-producing micro-organisms. along with the splenic sinuses. To protect the body against such infections nature has provided diffuse or semi-organized mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue (MALT). Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Recent period textbooks and other publications were also studied in the course of study. along with their translations in Hindi.79 MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials As it was literary study following were the materials used Charaka Samhita and its commentaries • Ayurveda Deepika • Jalpakalpataru Teeka • Charakopaskar teeka Sushruta Samhita and its commentaries • Nibandh Sangraha Teeka • Bhanumati Teeka • Sushrutartha Sandipani Teeka Ashtanga Sangraha with Shashilekha Teeka Ashtanga Hrudaya with its commentaries • Sarvanga Sundari Teeka • Ayurveda Rasayana Teeka • Padartha Chandrika Teeka Sharangadhara Samhita with its commentaries • Deepika Teeka • Gudhartha Deepika Bhavaprakash Samhita Madhava Nidana Kashyapa Samhita Rasa Vaisheshika Sutras Bhela Samhita and many other Samhitas. English were studied. • Based on this ground work a list of various concepts from modern medicine having similarity with concept of ojas was prepared. • Previous works.S. • Review of modern textbooks. Mysore • Library. archive issues of journals were used to review concepts in modern medicine. • Re arrangement of various opinions. • Discussions with large number of scholars and experts in the field of Ayurveda were carried out. • Internet.S. Government Ayurveda Medical College. Mysore Medical College & Research Institute. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . different schools of thoughts was done in order to understand them in a better manner. Mysore. J. Methods • Meticulous review of available Ayurvedic Samhitas and textbooks was done in order to compile literature related to concept of ojas. • Library. Medical College. Mysore. Sources of Materials The literary sources for the present work are obtained from • Library. journals and internet articles was done to find parallel entities.80 Many books from modern medicine of following subjects • Physiology • Pathology • Pharmacology • Medicine • Cardiology • Immunology • Along with other reviews. published opinions of different scholars were studied in this regard to get a comprehensive idea. 81 • Exhaustive discussions were carried out with experts of various specialties in modern medicine for understanding their views on presence of such concepts in modern medicine. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . • Interactions with large number of scholars. • Discussion on various different schools of thoughts and an attempt to understand this concept in a better way was carried out. • Tantrayuktis. • Many journals including high impact international journals were referred for getting recent advances in these fields from internet and other sources. experts in the field of Ayurveda and renowned experts in different specialties in modern medicine were conducted as a part of study. • Expert opinions were also taken in consideration and reviews of modern medicine were cross checked for any mistakes or additions if any from these experts. different vadas and nyayas were applied in different occasions in order to achieve better understanding. It is one among those factors on which existence of life depends. Few references quote rasadhatu. Treatment procedures. In this context ojas differs from these and stands high / above of these as its increase above equilibrium is also helpful to body. In spite of this much vast literature available on ojas. drugs are quoted for augmentation of ojas. some as dhatumala and some as ashtama/eighth dhatu. ushma etc. From the perspective of Ayurveda Siddhanta ojas is a unique concept in Ayurveda.82 DISCUSSION Discussion on Title: Title of the study was selected as “Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas”. Quantification of ojas is also available factors affecting status of ojas are also quoted and range from different daily regimens to iatrogenic effects of panchakarma procedures. which are functional basis of human body. Though being quoted as saptadhatusaara it has been quoted as separate entity. in this era of evidence based medicine comprehensive description of concept of ojas is yet not achieved. About types of ojas current accepted version mainly depends on opinion of Acharya Chakrapanidatta and direct references of ojas types are scanty in Ayurvedic literature. as ojas. Sthana of ojas is hrudaya as well as complete human body. Some schools of thoughts consider ojas as upadhatu. and rejection of transplanted organs taking under its preview. Bala is usually quoted as Ayurvedic equivalent of immunity. Doshadhatumalas when in equilibrium are beneficial for human life. Among all functional entities ojas is unique in its sense that its increase above the normal limit is also beneficial for human life. prakruta kapha. In case of decreased bala treatment also focuses on augmentation of ojas which in turn increases bala. ojas being reason / karana for bala is in turn responsible for maintenance of bala. raktadhatu. Recent trends in field of immunology are focusing on role Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Modern concept of immunity has grown from mere infectious diseases to autoimmune disorders. Increase as well as decrease both qualitatively and quantitatively in doshadhatumalas is cause for disease. It is given importance above doshadhatumalas. tumor immunology. Involvement of ojas in certain diseases is also widely quoted. Thus for these necessities a thorough literature survey of Ayurvedic literature regarding ojas is selected as topic for this study. is also necessary to explain this concept to students. aaptopadesha is one important pramana for us to study any concept. Thus comprehensive study of concept of ojas is needed and much more at this time when immunological disorders are one of biggest problems in front of medical fraternity. In this changing scenario it is high time to study concept of ojas in its totality. A complete review of all different school of thoughts/versions of Ayurvedic scholars on ojas is first and foremost work to be done in this regard. For understanding diseases and the intricate pathology. At the same time new multidimensional roles of substances conventionally quoted as members of immune system are being discovered with help of recent advances in this field. relation between karya and karanarupi disease and to prevent diseases also understanding of ojas plays a vital role. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . study of effect of treatment procedures used in these diseases on ojas and utility of ojas augmentation in treatment of these diseases are few aspects which are needed to be studied.83 of immune system in all most all tissues / systems of human body. This may prove beneficial to understand possible mode of action of drugs / formulations used for augmentation of ojas. This review will not only help in understanding different views but also important to understand different aspects of ojas in turn enriching utility of concept of ojas. For this purpose available Ayurvedic literature on concept of ojas. study of specific diseases involving ojas in their pathophysiology. This will not only help to understand concept of ojas but may also improve chances of better treatment options for managing these diseases. As a student of Ayurveda. Role of ojas in maintaining healthy status as well as positive health is also one of the important aspects in prophylaxis of diseases. An attempt to find out modern co-relation if any. As it forms foundation /basis of all works on ojas its title was designed as “Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas”. researchers and easy understanding to modern world. its better to take sapta dhatu saara as meaning of word ojas which can be translated as essence of body.238 Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . rakta. These are paryayas used for hrudaya and are used to indicate function of para ojas which is hrudayashrayee. proper rutus/seasons are reason for increase in bala and ojas. Regarding different words related to ojas.237 In another words there is nothing separate entity which can be called karya. Reason for this is Ayurveda accepts satkaryavada siddhanta of Sankhya philosophy. In the case of ojas and bala. only “Sa’ karanta napumsaka lingi word is used in Ayurveda. karya is quoted as karana. ojas is karana and bala is karya. prakruta kapha and ushma are also quoted as ojas but clearly are different entities from ojas. karya (product) is not a separate/different entity from karana (cause) but it is a rupantara / transformation of karana. Few contexts of such usage as an example are quoted bellow. But as bala is a technical term having its own meaning in Ayurvedic science. ojas is called as bala. Those uses are limited to specific contexts and cannot be generalized. at various other places we find words ojas and bala used in same line / pada of shloka by which it can be understood that these are two different entities. To further emphasize this. to show that bala is not different from ojas.84 Discussion on Paryayapadas of Ojas Bala word is used by Acharya Sushruta for ojas as synonym. According to satkaryavada. Thus there is no difference between karana and karya. varna and b) Avyapanna i. bala. a) Ahara is moola for ojas. So thus word ojas does not have any generalized paryaya padas used in Ayurvedic literature. Acharya Sushruta has used word Ojas in meaning of prabhava/aatmashakti (innate strength) of drugs. still a question remains why ojas is called as bala. Meaning of which as per lexicons and grammar is bala. Other terms such as rasa. Thus above description clears that ojas and bala are separate entities. Dharee and mahat are two words used for ojas by Acharya Charaka.e. One important point to be noted here ojas is quoted as bala but bala is not called as ojas. Further description of pratyakshagamya gunas with quantification signifies towards its vyakta nature. varna. gandha or pramana etc. dhatus and malas and after these kshayas. Quantity of ojas is also described. We can understand / infer vata only by its karmas and its pratyaksha is not possible. gandha or pramana where as for other two doshas pitta and kapha. Thus ojas is vyakta dravya. Various description regarding ojas as upadhatu and mala of shukra are also available but these are limited to certain contexts. In description of eighteen kshayas Acharya Charaka has quoted kshayas of doshas. In case of such dravyas any descriptions regarding varna / color. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . In case of ojas its color sarpi varna. These are. Karmas of ojas are also described. It has close relations with manas and hrudaya. Thus as ojas has gunas and karmas it must be a dravya. pramana / quantity. Regarding vata we don’t find mention of varna. are explained.85 Ojo Swaroopa Few questions are to discussed before approaching to definition and other descriptions. and gandha /smell are not available in Ayurvedic classics. • Is Ojas dravyarupa or shaktirupa? • It is panchabhautika or not? • Is it vyakta or avyakta? • Is is separate from doshadhatumalas or is a part of them? One more question is ojas a dravya? If the answer is yes then it is vyakta or avyakta? In Ayurveda certain dravyas are quoted as avyakta example vata. Thus ojas is separate entity from dosha-dhatumalas. ojokshaya is quoted separately which clearly signifies that ojas is separate entity from these doshadhatumalas. smell as lajagandha and taste as madhu rasa are explained. It is also very closely related to dhatu saaras. upadhatus and bala. 86 Thus ojas is panchadhautika, vyakta dravya which is separate dravya in shareera different from dosha, dhatumalas and upadhatus and bala etc. Discussion on Definition Acharya Charaka while defining ojas covers sthana and varna of ojas giving more emphasis on its colour. Acharya Sushruta quotes definition of ojas giving more emphasis on its relation to sapta dhatus. Other definitions of different Acharyas are various versions revolving around these two central themes. By further extending purview of Acharya Charaka’s version that ojas is carried by ojovaha dhamanis through human body by, it is very clear that this description is about ura pradeshastha hrudaya only. Word hrudaya may have different meanings according to contexts but in this context of sthana of ojas hrudaya is heart, which is situated in thoracic cavity. Few supports of this are; • Vahana of ojas from dasha ojovaha dhamanis all over shareera starting from hrudaya • Intimate / close relation between hrudaya and ojas • Vitiation of ojas by madya and visha in hrudaya. Thus from above versions it can be inferred that ojas is a dravya soumya in nature having gurvadi dasha gunas situated in hrudaya and formed from saptadhatu saara having functions of deha dharana. Being reason for bala it is quoted as bala also but this is to show similarities between them. Basic difference between these two entities is ojas is dravya rupa but bala is karma rupa. Gunas of Ojas Twenty gurvadi gunas explained in Ayurvedic classics are called as shareera gunas. They form basis of application of samanya vishesha siddhanta in shareera. Among twenty gunas ten gunas such as guru, sheeta, snigdha, mrudu, picchila, manda, sthira, shlakshna, sandra are anabolic in nature and opposite ten gunas such as laghu, ushna, ruksha, kathina, khara, sara etc, are catabolic in nature. Acharya Charaka quotes all ten guru etc anabolic gunas as gunas of ojas. This is symbolic representation, which is meant to explain anabolic nature of ojas. Other Acharyas Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas 87 also give emphasis on soumya nature of ojas. Madhura rasa, bahala and prasanna gunas further support this claim. In another way guru guna can be interpreted as having heavy molecular weight. Sheeta guna can be understood as veerya of ojas, snigdha guna of ojas can be interpreted as it is having more fat / lipid content. Mrudu, shlakshna gunas explain about its soft touch and smooth texture, which also signify towards major lipid context of ojas. Rasa/taste of ojas is quoted as madhura in one context and in another context it is quoted as having madhu rasa. Rasa of madhu/honey is madhura rasa and kashaya anurasa. Thus there is no difference in two opinions. Sthira is quoted as guna of ojas by Acharya Charaka at the same time Acharya Sushruta quotes sara guna. All Acharyas accept that ojas is supplied to all body by dhamanis from hrudaya. Here sthira guna is explained as nature of ojas i.e. structurally or chemical stability nature and sara for its movement or circulation through human body. Another way of interpretation can be sara word explains motion/movement of ojas through human body, during movement ojas helps to achieve stability or sthairya in all deha dhatus. Bahala indicate sandra i.e., dense or viscous means having more viscosity. Bahala is quoted as shukra guna in another context where, Acharya Gangadhara has commented it as sandra, the same can be implied in this context by angatavekshana tantrayukti. Acharya Chakrapani comments on vivikta guna as which does not undergo staleness. This in another way can be interpreted as ojas is produced, utilized and metabolized continuously. This cycle goes on and there is no storage of ojas. In other words ojas is biologically active for very small period of time. Soumya swaroopa/nature of ojas can be interpreted as it is mainly made up of soma i.e. having predominance of someeya tatvas. Madhura rasa is also quoted as having created from soumya guna atireka. Pruthvi and jala are predominant mahabhutas in creation of madhura rasa, so applying this in context of ojas it can be said that ojas is having predominance of jala and prithvi mahabhutas; which is quoted or explained by its soumya swaroopa. Acharya Haranachandra comments on guna sthira as one which keeps human being stable / sthira in sukha and dukha i.e. maintains homeostasis in human body. This can be interpreted as ojas maintains, sustains highest quality of Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas 88 health and protects the human body from both the types of external stimuli sukha / good or dukha / bad. In Ayurvedic classics, word sukha is used for arogya and dukha for roga, so ojas is one which stabilizes sukha i.e., aarogya and sustains pranas of pranee in dukha or vyadhi. Another support for this is if ojas becomes asthira then there may be loss of life, as in asthama masa of garbha avastha. Color of ojas is predominantly white but having yellow and red as shades or accessory colors. White color here represents its contribution from shukra and reddish yellow represent contribution from artava. A chart of gunas of ojas, their brief description is tabula ted bellow. Information from different classics is compiled and quoted in a tabular form. Table No.15 Showing the Mahabhuta Predominance and Karmas of Ojogunas Gunas of Ojas Mahabhuta predominance Karma Snigdha Prithvi + Jala Kledana Sheeta Jala Stambhana Guru Prithvi + Jala Brumhana Mrudu Jala + Aakasha Shlathana Picchila Jala Lepana Manda Prithvi + Jala Shamana Sthira Prithvi Dharana Shlakshna Jala Ropana Sandra Jala Prasadana Thus in short gunas of ojas can be explained as predominantly lipid containing substances having high molecular weight with higher density and viscosity. It is the potential of human body to sustain from external stimuli and is anabolic in nature. Physical properties such as color are symbolic representation of contribution from shukra and shonita in utpatti of ojas. Karmas of Ojas Sthira and upachita mamsata is one of the important karma of ojas. This can be interpreted as qualitative supremacy of mamsa, which is reflected from word Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas Twacha is upadhatu of mamsa. In another way it can be said that saara is responsible for good or pure swara. by pradesha tantrayukti. Thus ojas helps all these three components for carrying their functions / actions. This can be understood in two ways. abhyantara karanas means jnyanendriyas. Swaraprasada and varnaprasada are functions of ojas. Sthira can be interpreted as physiologically stable having capacity to overcome stress and or other strains. Acharya Kashypa has quoted that swara reflects status of saara of a person 239. Varnaprasada means clearness in varna i. Different versions of interpretation of these are. c) Bhaya karanas means karmendriyas and abhyantara karanas means jnyanendriyas and manas Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Bringing sthiratva and upachitata in mamsa is karma of ojas. Ojas makes these dhatus strong/stable.e. Thus ojas does karma of bringing upachitata i. to overcome from effects of other factors deviating them from normalcy. Vishuddha rakta is one among causes of varna 240 . ojas also help in proper functioning of upadhatus also. prakruta avastha of mamsa helps twacha to maintain its normal functions thus plays a role in varna prasadana. Word sarva is interpreted as kaya.. Similarly. b) Bhaya karanas means karmendriyas and jnyanendriyas and abhyantara karanas means manas. a) Bhaya karanas means karmendriyas. one ojas directly participating in all these actions or secondly it indirectly stimulate / regulate / control / govern these actions. vacha and manas meaning vyaparas of all the thereof them. Acharya Chakrapani has rightly quoted that description of mamsa sthirata and upachitata is a symbolic representation and it should be applied for all other dhatus also. color of body. Another way of interpretation is twacha does prakashana of varna. buddhi etc. prosperity / increase in all dhatus. Ojas helps bahya and abhyantara karanas to perform their functions.89 upachita. Ojas being saptadhatu saara also includes rakta saara and hence does karma of varna prasadana. Sarvacheshtasu apratighata is also an important karma of ojas. Second mode seems to be more logical and also supported by karma of shareera dharana. Ojas being saptadhatu saara brings about clearness / prasada of swara.e. For explaining this very important function word dharee is used in karma of ojas. Ashtanga Hrudaya provides nearly same explanation but the only difference is this moving type of ojas is quoted as rasatmaka. Rasatmaka word has two meanings one it is originated from aahararasa and another as it is fluid in nature. Thus ojas is responsible for pratipatti of manas in swakarya. Jnyanendriyas and karmendriyas are dependent on manas for their kriya and manas is dependent on ojas thus it can be said that jnyanendriyas and karmendriyas are dependent on ojas for their functions. In this same sense Acharya Charaka has used words dharee and mahat for ojas. atma and indriyas. It is spread / distributed all over body from hrudaya through dasha ojovaha dhamanis and their branches. Increase in ojas increases capacity of manas to perform its normal functions241 . Acharya Charaka quotes that ten ojovaha dhamanis do vidhamana of ojas through their various branches. one which protects body from putrefaction is called as dharee242 . Ojas is supplied all over body by dhamanis and this does preenana of whole body. Deha preenana is one among functions of ojas. Dharee means which does dharana of shareera and prevents it from decaying. third version seems to be more appropriate as all karmendriyas and jnyanendriyas cannot function without manas. Thus ojas which is formed from aahararasa and having fluid nature is supplied to body. Thus it can be said that ojas has a role in initiating and maintaining samyoga of atma.90 Among the three. Thus preenana of ojas is achieved with the help of its spreading or flowing through complete body starting from hrudaya then coming to ten ojovaha dhamanis and then all over body through various branches of these dhamanis. Manas is anuvidhayee of ojas. Acharya Hemadri has quoted one more important function of ojas as it helps in decent of jeeva in garbha. It can be applied in this context. Acharya Chakrapani in context of word dharee in ayu paryaya opines as. Acharya Chakrapani is also of opinion that ojas is called as dharee because it maintains jeeva dharaka samyoga. manas with deha and indriya in order to initiate and maintain ayu. Shareera dharana is also one of the karmas of ojas. Vyana Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Definition of ayu is samyoga of shareera satva. lavanya and sukumarata. Ojas is sara of sapta dhatus and present all over body. Pranayatanas are ashraya for prana. Aspada means place. This can be explained as ojas does coordination and / or fasten various functions essential for deha sthiti. Among these bhavas pratibha and dhairya are manasika bhavas. Nibandhana word means act of fastening or binding together. pratibha. sukumarata are related to complexion of body and those are also originated from ojas. there must be coordination among these actions. Dehasthiti nibandhana is also among important karmas of ojas. Acharya Chakrapani comments Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . ojas is supreme / superior abode of jeeva. Shira is ashraya for pranas and indriyas243 . Ashtanga Hrudaya explains one more function of ojas as nishpandana of vividha deha samshrita bhavas. Shareerika bala and manasika bala are two different entities. position/ abode. Ojas is one among dasha pranayatanas.e regulation of body mechanisms. Human body is a very complex system where millions of millions actions / functions are going on. Thus it coordinates all different actions of different deha dhatus and does nibandhana of deha sthiti i. Lavanya. In fact these actions are interdependent and collectively maintain deha sthiti. Shira tarpana / preenana is done by ojas and hence ojas is supreme ashraya of prana. Acharya Bhavamishra quotes these bhavas as utsaha. Shareera bala can be interpreted as bala of shareera. This is also clear from ojo kshaya lakshanas explained by Acharya Charaka. This in turn emphasizes that ojas while moving from hrudaya to sarva shareera for tarpana of shareera also goes to shira pradesha and do tarpana of it. Ojas not only regulate body mechanisms at somatic level but also at the level of psyche. which are created from ojas. Shareera balapushti is one among karmas of ojas specifically quoted by a Acharya Sharangadhara and Acharya Bhavamishra.91 vayu helps / performs movement of ojas through human body as that of rasa vikshepana. Ashtanga Sangraha quotes ojas as supreme / superior most jeevitaspada. In another words ojas performs functions as a tissue binder. dhairya. When compared to other abodes such as shira. This in other words can be called as coordinating among various functions. These lakshanas include durbala and durmana separately. Deha to maintain its sthiti needs a wide range of functions / karmas. Acharya Charaka has quoted word para from which Acharya Chakrapani explains two types of ojas as para and apara. Rasa dhatu is soumya in nature and ojas is also soumya in nature. Word anuvidhayeena means one which is following or going behind by force. Shleshma is soumya in nature or in another words soma does / performs its functions by virtue of kapha in shareera. Acharya Charaka explains shlaishmika ojas and explains its pramana.92 on word durmana as manobala viheena. Thus shlaishmika ojas is having predominant gunas and karma similar as that of shleshma. Acharya Charaka quotes shlaishmika ojas in the context of pramana of ojas which is commented by Acharya Chakrapani as poshana of apara ojas is done by shleshma. Another way of interpretation of rasatmaka is having similarity with rasa dhatu. Another interpretation of this word shlaishmika can be is having similar gunas and karmas as that of shleshma. So it can be interpreted as having predominant properties and karmas soumya in nature. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Types of Ojas Ashtanga Sangraha is only text among brihat trayee which provides reference for two types of ojas directly. Apara ojas as per Acharya Charakapani is nothing but shlaishmika ojas quoted by Acharya Charaka. This view can be supported from another context where Acharya Charka quotes prakruta kapha as ojas. Ojas is not only ashraya of manas but also controls manas. Acharya Sushruta’s version of quoting ojas as bala includes both shareerika and manasika bala. Apara is also quoted as shlaishmika or rasatmaka. Acharya Chakrapani’s opinion of para and apara is accepted and gives answer to many questions regarding oja kshaya lakshanas and their effects on human body. Word rasatmaka shows two things one rasa / fluid nature and another utpatti from aahararasa. Two types of ojas quoted by Ashtanga Sangraha are para and rasatmaka. Thus rasatmaka of Ashtanga Sangraha and Shlaishmika of Acharya Charaka are meaning one and the same. Thus it is not different or new function but separately mentioned in later period Acharyas. Thus para and apara are only two types of ojas. Sthanas of Ojas Acharya Charaka quotes the sthana of ojas as hrudaya. He while summarizing the different schools of thoughts in his purvavarti/ prior period has observed this and quoted in above fashion. Owing to difference of sthanas and pramanas ojas is quoted as having two types. This can be interpreted as agni. ushma and dhatu teja being called as ojas in different context is already reviewed and will be discussed in due course. In consecutive shloka he quotes ten soumya gunas of ojas. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas .93 By meticulous observation of gunas and karmas of ojas no separate gunas or karmas are quoted for two different types of ojas. Both of the types have same gunas similarly in the context of karmas we don’t find a division between these karmas among two types of ojas. Regarding karmas of ojas both these types collectively take part in all these functions. Thus it seems more logical that two types of ojas are not two different dravyas having structural variations but a single dravya having two different sthanas and pramanas with basic similarity of guna and karmas. Agni. word used by Acharya Charka is “tishthati” which means it stands. Acharya Bhavamishra while quoting classics classifies ojas as of two rupas/ forms aagneya and soumya. its mahabhuta predominance is seen. Acharya Charaka quotes that ten ojovaha dhamanis do vidhamana of ojas through their various branches. rakta. Thus ojas is a soumya dravya having two types. Apara also called as rasatmaka or shlaishmika. Thus Acharya Bhavamishra’s opinion is regarding various trends of descriptions of ojas in Ayurveda classics and not about types of ojas. teja are also quoted as ojas. jeevashoneeta. Sthana of apara ojas is hrudaya and dasha ojovaha dhamanis. resides in hrudaya. If gunas and karmas of ojas are observed. Deha preenana is also one among functions of ojas. it signifies towards soumya nature. Ojas is supplied all over body by dhamanis and does preenana of whole body. The only evident difference between these two types is change in pramana and sthana. This suggests that though ojas is having two different types there is not much difference in gunas of these two types. Acharya Bhavamishra’s opinion is not about types but methods of description. para and apara. if and if only they are vyapta by ojas thus signifying sarva shareera as sthana of ojas. purisha. sthana of apara ojas is dasha ojovaha dhamanis.e. mutra and sweda.94 Acharya Chakrapani comments. Shadangas are example for first and ojas is example for second version. as doshadhatumalas are physiological basis of shareera. Other Acharyas also quote that either hrudaya or sarva shareera as sthana of ojas. one is that. Vata among these entities is not having vyakta rupa. This is regarding para ojas. This can be interpreted. In swastha avastha these doshadhatumalas are called as dhatus as they have functions in deha dharana. Thus ojas is structurally present in hrudaya and hence hrudaya is sthana of para ojas. Acharya Sushruta has an opinion that whole shareera can maintain its proper state. i. Apara ojas is being liquid in nature and is distributed all over shareera through dhamanis. Thus hrudaya when quoted as sthana of ojas has two meanings 1. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Ojas helps dehadhatus to maintain their karya. This is evident from discussion in Chakrapani teeka where it is described how hrudaya is having two anguals vistara is ashraya of shadangas. Sarva shareera is sthana of apara ojas as it is supplied all over body by virtue of dasha dhamanis. hrudaya helps some other avayavas for their normal functions and hence these avayavas are called as pratishtita in hrudaya. For this same reason dasha ojovaha dhamanis are called as sthana of ojas. Thus in swastha avastha ojas helps these dosha. Acharya Bhela quotes twelve sthanas of ojas/tejas. Acharya Charaka has quoted hrudaya as sthana in two versions. which are pitta and kapha. rasadi sapta dhatus and three malas. which means it is not functional /regulatory site but is structurally or directly seated in hrudaya. hence sarvashareera is called as sthana of ojas. Hrudaya in this context is ura pradesha sthita dwyangula visteerna avayava only. It helps in movement of apara ojas in all body and hence to show importance of hrudaya in movement of ojas through shareera hrudaya is called as sthana. It is sthana of para ojas 2. dhatu and malas to perform their functions. In another condition hrudaya called as sthana. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . drushti.e. alparomata. it can be inferred that ojas which is a part of shukra/semen which is deposited in female genital tract after sexual intercourse. Utpatti of Ojas Acharya Charka quotes that ojas is first padartha to be created in shareera. Exclusion of vata from these can be understood as vata being avyakta cannot be ashraya for another vyakta draya i.95 In another way ojas karmas are seen through these doshadhatumalas as these doshadhatumalas reflect karmas of ojas and hence are called as sthanas. utsaha. Ojas is quoted as upadhatu/mala of shukra. Applying the same these all doshadhatumalas are called as sthanas of ojas. At the time of utpatti/creation it will have sarpi varna. Talking view of other opinions. ojas. Pakwashaya and adho shareera are called as vata sthanas because vata karmas are seen more in these areas. and deepti etc. Further extending this thought these sthanas can also play a role in pareeksha of ojas also. This “stree vishesha saara” is reason for mardava. sukumarata. laja gandha and madhu rasa. Acharya Hemadri very clearly indicate that the same ojas which is mala of shukra enters in garbha and becomes reddish yellow by contact with (anuviddhatva) with artava and acquires place in garbha hrudaya. Ojas is formed as kitta and garbha is formed as saara as quoted by Acharya Hemadri. Thus by reviewing these all opinions. One more point to be noted is Acharya Dalhana quotes another patha which accepts beeja rupi sara of female body which is quoted as “stree vishesha vasa” equal to ojas which is “soma rupi sara of male body”. He does not comment on this shloka but just gives a passing remark that this shloka is not widely accepted as a part of Charaka Samhita. It also undergoes threevidha kshaya as that of ojas. pakti. If ojas is not present at time of shukra shonita samyoga then jeeva cannot descend in shukra. This shloka is not accepted by Acharya Chakrapani. This ojas is termed as mala after garbhotpatti. kanti. This shows its close relation with shukra and aartava samyoga. Acharya Chakrapani in another context comments that ojas is present in saara of shukra and shonita before garbha janana. sthiti. Acharya Gangadhara opines that only shukra contains ojas. Para and Apara.244 Thus reason for difference in pramana of para ojas may be a) Change in definition of bindu b) Usage of different mana paddhatis. there may be difference in definitions of bindu by two Acharyas. Acharya Chakrapani. In short ojas is carried from male body along with shukra into female body which becomes a part of garbha. Thus pramana of para ojas is constant throughout the life. It is obstructed by aartava and it becomes first bhava in garbha. One point to be noted is if avayava nasha means little part of this para ojas also gets destroyed then death is the result. Pramana of Ojas As previously discussed all different descriptions of types of ojas are just change in terms used but principally are pointing towards only two types. Pramana of para ojas: There are two references one ashtabindu and another shadbinbu. Ashtabindu pramana is quoted in Ashtanga Sangraha. This explains that shadbinbu and ashta bindu can’t exist at the same time. Here one more important point to be noted is bindu. According to Kalinga mana one yava is equal to twelve sarshapa and according to Magadha it is equal to eight sarshapas. This is nothing but transformation of ojas which is quoted by Acharya Charaka as utpatti. It is well known that in ancient India various different mana paddhatis (system of measurement) were co-existing. the measuring unit of ojas also changes according to growing age and ratio in increase of ojas and size of bindu is maintained. tantrantara vachana in Chakrapani teeka and Acharya Hemadri. One more important thing is Acharya Hemadri quote the same pramana of ojas in very first moment of garbhavastha. One famous example quoted in Ayurvedic textbooks is Kalinga mana and Magadha mana.96 Thus ojas which is present in nara shukra helps descend of jeevatma. One another possibility is. In another context it is said that this para ojas does not undergo vruddhi or kshaya if at all it does undergo kshaya then death is result. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . shadbinbu pramana is quoted by Acharya Arunadatta. needs more elaboration. Ardhanjali also means half of anjali so though these two are different words they mean the same measure. Another possibility is Acharya Charaka quotes pramana of kapha as six anjali and uses word ojas for it. 1. Beauty of this quantification lies in word swa. Further observational and experimental studies are needed to find the truth. Thus in prakruta shareera of young well grown healthy individual average pramana of ojas is two palas. Apara ojas has pramana of ardhanjali or prasruta in a person when measured by one’s own hands. According to mana paribhasha one prasruta is made up of two palas or eight karsha. Poshana of Ojas Ahara does poshana of ojas. Pramana of apara ojas: Regarding pramana of apara ojas. which is also necessary for easy understanding of Shastra vachana. two prasrutas make one anjali 245 . Regarding differences between ardhanjali and prasruta. Shat bindu pramana of Acharya Arunadatta may be because of difference in measur ing methods or different definitions of bindu. Thus concluding. Different modes of action through which it occurs are. His opinion that bindu means karsha and eight bindus mean eight karshas hence ardhanjali and ashta bindu is one and same. bindu was not found as paryaya in Ayurvedic Samhitas or lexicons. This might have reflected in quoting same pramana of ojas. para ojas has pramana of ashta bindu as widely accepted version by more number of Acharyas. Though it is very clear that person-to-person variations are there but still Acharya Gangadhara has done an effort towards generalization. In conventionally accepted paryayas of karsha. which is equal to that of prakruta kapha. having similar properties that he wants to quote as ojas. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . swa ardhanjali and swa prasruta are two references available. which means when measured by one’s own hands.97 This is a hypothesis for finding a logical solution on basis of literature available. It may be some another dravya. Acharya Gangadhara quotes pramana of ojas as two palas or eight karshas. Acharya Kashyapa quotes six-anjali pramana of ojas. Aahara rasa directly does ojoposhana as quoted by Acharya Charaka. still other references from Ashtanga Hrudaya and Ashtanga Sangraha quote ojas as shukra mala. Regarding poshana of para ojas it is also done by ahara rasa. One more question remains to be answered is how does poshana of ojas takes place by parinama paksha / kshiradadhi nyaya. next question is apara ojas created from shukra dhatu has been quoted as upadhatu as well as mala. Though these phalas and pushpas may have different gunas varnas and rasas they collectively yield one product which is honey. This is related to utpatti of apara ojas it can be further supported by views of Acharya Chakrapani quoting ojo janana as karma of shukra dhatu. At the same time these dhatu saaras also get nurtured /benefited from ojas. Acharya Hemadri has supported that ojas is termed as mala in the context of garbha utpatti. Verb sambhriyate is originated from dhatu sam+bhruy-bharane which mean fulfilling others and also getting fulfilled. Poshana of ojas which is saptadhatusaara from saara parts of each dhatu 3. thus dhatusaras and ojas are very closely associated with each other. Acharya Charaka has quoted one simile which says that ojas sambhriyana is done by gunas in shareera. If seen from another aspect parinama paksha is related to utpatti as milk is converted into curds similarly the saara bhaga of shukra is ojas in other words shukra is converted into ojas. Acharya Sharangadhara quotes ojas as upadhatu of shukra. In fact it indicates a union or action which benefits the contributors. Here garbha with saara Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . quote that there is no mala formation after shukra dhatvagni vyapara. Acharya Chakrapani. One more point to be noted in this simile is there are different varieties of phalas and pushpas from which madhu is created. Poshana /utpatti of ojas by ahara rasa through parinama paksha nyaya by steps of rasa rakta. receiver as well as donor to fulfill their necessities. Acharya Dalhana. mamsa and so on. In the similar manner though different dhatu saras have different gunas but they synergistically contribute in formation of ojas.98 2. Ojovardhaka drugs/aaharas by their prabhava does follow first path and augment ojas in a shorter span of time. word gunas interpreted as saara by Acharya Chakrapani gives clue that dhatu saaras also have important role in poshana of ojas. Ashtanga Sangraha. Nara shareera vishesha shukra when deposited with ojas in female genital tract is helped by ojas in the process of jeeva utpatti. before utpatti of garbha. Summarizing all above discussion it can be said that both para and apara ojas get their poshana from ahara rasa. which is related to garbha utpatti. in another way regarding sarvadaihika shukra there is no mala formation but in the context of nara shareera vishesha shukra at the time of garbha utpatti ojas is mala formed. it is evident that raja and sthanya are also quoted as upadhatus. Word mala indicate here that ojas is inferior or less important in comparison with garbha which is termed as saara. Similarly ojas helps shukra in its karma of garbha utpatti and hence in this limited context is called as upadhatu of shukra.246 Applying this in the context of ojas. Importance o Ojas Importance of Ojas in Swasthyarakshana: Ojas is saptadhatusaara and its samyata is very essential to maintain samya in shareera. references quoting ojas as mala of shukra are related in the context of garbha utpatti and those related to mala with a purpose to show its inferior position when compared to garbha. for example twacha being upadhatu of mamsa compliments lepana function of mamsa. it can be interpreted that ojas in a specific condition is called as upadhatu of shukra. It is also said that these upadhatus are formed in specific periods also. Ashtanga Sangraha quotes ojas as mala of shukra in one context. by reviewing complete list of upadhatus quoted by Acharya Sharangadhara. The same can be understood in above said context. Upadhatus are those which compliment/help their respective dhatus in normal functioning. References regarding ojas as upadhatu are related to nara shareera vishesha shukra and are restricted in the context of garbha utpatti. Apara ojas is created from sarvadaihika shukra in human body. It is one among factors which regulates/coordinates different functions in human body and thus facilitate samya avastha to be maintained.99 and ojas is kitta. Ojas helps to deha dhatus in performing their own Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . and condemns mala formation from shukra in another context which is related to sarvadaihika shukra thus there is no virodha among these two opinions. Acharya Sharangadhara quote ojas as upadhatu of shukra. Increased dhatu saara functions are basis of next level of swasthya. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Acharya Charaka has quoted ojo kshaya lakshanas and also quoted condition called ojo nasha. Thus if ojas is in samyavastha it helps to overcome some vitiating factors which may vitiate these deha dhatus from normalcy. Thus ojas has an important role to play in both 1. Thus visramasa and vyapat have symptoms of Acharya Charaka’s kshaya along with some other symptoms. Along with the lakshanas quoted. Other symptoms are because of involvement vatadi doshas in causing visramsa and vyapat. This approach is of more importance when there are limitations in controlling doshas by vigorous treatment modalities because of effects of vyadhi karshana on shareera. swagunakarma hanee is seen in vyapat and visramsa as quoted by Acharya Dalhana and Acharya Chakrapani. Acharya Dalhana has tried to differentiate nidanas of ojo kshaya in three different groups. Thus increased bala itself is enough to pacify / conquer doshas. Thus. Ojokshaya lakshanas quoted by Acharya Charaka are nothing but swagunakarma kshaya of ojas. Swasthasya swasthya rakshana 2. Aaturasya vikaara prashamana Ojokshaya One important aspect is to understand appearing differences in description of ojo kshaya in views of Acharya Charaka and Acharya Sushruta. This level is called as positive health which can be achieved by augmentation of ojas. In ojo kshaya according Acharya Sushruta it is quantitative loss which is explained as ojo nasha by Acharya Charaka. In Vyadhitasya Vyadhiparimoksha: Acharya Charaka has explained one way to light vitiated doshas as augmentation of bala247 . As quoted earlier ojas has very close association with dhatu saaras and in turn helps dhatu saaras to function at optimum levels. Acharya Sushruta quotes three methods of vitiation of ojas as visramsa.100 functions. visramsa and vyapat are different stages of Acharya Charaka’s ojo kshaya where as ojo kshaya by Acharya Sushruta resemble ojo nasha of Acharya Charaka. vyapat and kshaya. excessive exposure to vata atipravrutti of kapha. vardhakya and aadankala among Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Among the symptoms some are shareerika.e coordination of shareera and manas. Ojopraksharana – It is one among sneha vyapat. Shareera manasa lakshanas are moha. emaciation. 3. afflicted status of mind. These are three important classes in which ojas have essential functions for maintenance of swasthya. Thus Acharya Charaka also explained similar modes of vitiation as that of visramsa or vyapat in different contexts and not collectively included in one heading as that of Acharya Sushruta. Ojosravana – Vruddha pitta vatakapha kshaya avastha of tridosha yugapat vruddhi-kshaya bheda causes sravana of ojas. and mamsa kshaya. Shareeramanasika i. pralapa. Manasika functions 3. some are manasika and some are both shareera manasa. Etiological Factors of Ojokshaya Etiological factors cause kshaya of ojas which can be understood on the basis of samanya vishesha siddhanta. This shows that these three modes are accepted by both acharyas and it is just difference is style of quoting as per their own methods and requirements of bodies of texts. Ojobhramsha – Pitta vritta udana vayu lakshansa include Ojobhramsha. ajnyana. agitated organs.101 Through Acharya Charaka has not quoted visramsa and vyapat directly under heading of Ojokshaya. Shareerika functions 2. murccha and marana. In the descriptions at various other contexts words/actions which are nearer or similar to ojo visramsa and vyapat are found few of them are: 1. 1. dryness in body. shukra and shonita. Prajagara increases rukshata in shareera342 . repeated worries. Anashana. These nidanas increase gunas that are opposite to gunas that of ojas and thus create kshaya of ojas. Manasika symptoms are scaredness. 2. Shareerika symptoms are afflicted status of complexion. 102 nidanas cause vata vruddhi in shareera which increases ruksha. 3. Shrama. katurasa sevana also increase vata in shareera and cause ojo kshaya. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . 4. A comparative chart of gunas of ojas. mamsarasa. ghee. Visha and madya also vitiate ojas by guna vishesha. chala. This is also supported from references quoting ojokshaya in vardhakya which is vata pradhana avastha of life. khar. Amla rasa atyupayoga increases pitta and vitiate ojas. Atilanghana increases vata and causes ojo kshaya. Kopa leads to ojo kshaya by causing pitta vruddhi. Dravyas such as jeevantyadi ten drugs. Intake of ojovardhaka ahara and vihara. bhrama. Pramitashana hampers dhatu pariposhana and thus reduces saaras of dhatus and leads to ojo kshaya. 6. Avoiding manasika dukha hetus which cause vitiation in hrudaya and ojas. milk. bhaya and shoka also vitiate ojas by vitiating pitta and vata respectively. Rasayana and vajikarana prayoga. atmagupta and kalpas like Aindra rasayana increase ojas by guna samanya. Practicing prashama and jnyana for increasing manobala. Ojas being saptadhatusara depends upon dhatus and their saara bhagas. etc gunas which are vishesha to ojas and lead to ojo kshaya. 5. Indulgence with ojovardhaka and hrudya bhavas. trasa. Chikitsa of Ojokshaya Principles of chikitsa of ojo kshaya can be explained as 1. Gramyahara causes ojo kshaya in this manner. their actions on doshas and dravyas that increase these gunas are summarized bellow in a tabular form. Excessive exposure to aatapa. Other dravyas which have samana gunas with ojas can also be used for ojo vruddhi. mamsa. Another mechanism by which there is vitiation of ojas is impaired dhatu pariposhana krama. Avoiding etiological factors 2. Any decrease or vitiation in these is also reflected in ojas. which is another way of ojo vruddhi. Alpakaryakara Vata malapravartana M. Lotus. Eg. Cream of milk. Godhuma. Mardava. Jala Kapha? Chandan. 1 Name of Guna Guru Heaviness A. Karma Other Karmas Tarpana. Role of snana can be explained as manaprasadana. sravarodhaka Jeevana. Vata? Dahanashana. Upalepa. Gramyaharadi nidanas lead to increase in shithilata of dhatus which in turn does srotosanga and thus leads to improper dhatu Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Prithvi + Jala Vayu Kapha? Pitta? Amrita. Balavarnakara Yatrakara. Kutaja ghana. Dadhi Sandra Solidity Jala Kapha? Bala. Sandhanakara dhatu vruddhi Jala + Aakash Jala Kapha? Swanapatri. Jala Vata? Vidarikanda Mushali. Vasa Kapha? Isabagol. Same can be considered for vajeekarana dravyas.. Trupti Murccha. shouchajanana etc. chatradharana from aatapasevena. B. Kapha? Majja. trishna nasha. Role of rasayana in ojo vruddhi can be explained as rasayanas are mode of obtaining prashasta dhatus. Some rasayana kalpas increase ojas in a shorter duration of time by prabhava. Another way in which these viharas help in increasing ojas is they protect human body from exposure to nidanans of ojokshaya. Navaneeta Mamsa. Balya. Balya. eranda taila. Vastra dharana from vatasevana. Chirakari.103 Table No. Godugdha Kshlashna Ropane Smoothness Sthoola Samvarane Balya Srotorodha Jala Kapha? Prithvi Kapha? Vata? Dugdhapashan. Samyak dhatu pariposhana increases dhatu saarata and by virtue of which ojo vruddhi takes place. Snigdha Snehana. Etc.16 Showing the Summary of Gunas of Ojas No. Navaneeta Brumhana 2 Sheeta Cold Stambhana 5 Snigdha Kledana 7 Manda Dullness Shamana 10 Sara Mobility Prerane 11 Mrudu Softness Picchila Slimness Shlathane 13 15 18 19 Lepana Prasadane Sthulata . Doshika Examples Dominance action Prithvi + Kapha? Masha. Not only aushadhas and aharas but certain viharas also increase ojas and their action is mainly by prabhava. Ghruta. Vata? Coconut Pitta? Jala Vata? Taila. gunas of snana help in ojo vruddhi. garlic Taila. Concepts closely related to Ojas After discussion on concept of ojas now concepts having similarity with ojas are being discussed here. ojas and bala are considered abhedarupa because of karyakarana sambandha in them. Various reasons for which kapha is quoted as ojas are: • Vishuddha shleshma has similar gunas and karmas as that of ojas • Ojas poshana is done by prakruta kapha • Ojas is reason for bala. • Samagni does ojo vruddhi. Agni/ ushma and ojas Agni is called as ojas possible reasons for this may be: • Agni is moola for bala. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Kapha and ojas: It is very clear that kapha and ojas are to different dravyas. Close relation between manas and ojas is also evident in lakshanas of ojo kshaya. Rasayanas purify srotas and regulate dhatu pariposhana krama.104 pariposhana. This may be because both these dravyas have ashraya in hrudaya and thus because of this close affiliation vitiation in one of them is reflected in another. it is one among karmas of kapha also hence kapha being karana for bala is called as ojas. Regarding role of manasa bhavas in ojo vyapara it is very clear that vitiation in manasa bhavas vitiates ojas as in hetus of ojo kshaya. prashama and jnyana regulate vitiation of manas and in turn helps ojas to maintain or regain its normalcy. Applying this in chikitsa. • Role of agni is essential in aahara pachana and dhatvagni vyaparas which are basic necessities for formation of ojas. • Vitiation / mandata of agni causes disease / roga which afflicts ojas. Srotoprasadaka drugs are indicated in ojokshaya. • Shulyamamsa increases shukra.Sa. Rakta dhatu and ojas Rakta dhatu is quoted as ojas. • Rasa dhatu while undergoing dhatu parinamana gets converted into ojas. Few examples of this are in Sushruta Samhita are: • Ahara is mula for bala and ojas. To show abheda in karya karana. ayu. • In tantrantara. • Very close relationship and association in between ojas and shukra. 46/353). mamsa and ojas (Su. veerya and ojas. • If rutus are avyapanna then it leads in betterment of prana.Su. • Rasa dhatu is saara of aahara and its sthana is hrudaya same as that of ojas.105 Rasa dhatu and ojas Rasa dhatu is called as ojas the possible reasons may be: • Tushti and preenana are among karmas of rasa dhatu which are also karmas of ojas. medha. shukra is called as ojas. bala. agni. Bala and ojas In many place we find use of these two terms in same sentence / pada of shloka which clearly indicate they are separate entities. Thus shukra becomes karana and ojas becomes karya. Shukra and ojas Various possible reasons for which shukra is quoted as ojas are: • Shukra does ojoposhana. ojas is called as special type of shukra which denotes intense similarities in them. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Probably reasons may be: • Rakta dhatu is moola of jeeveeta as that of ojas • Rakta dhatu does dharana of ojas • Rakta dhatu is among dasha pranayatanas and pranas are seated in it. bala. • Rasa dhatu is also very important for healthy life and has many gunas same as that of ojas. Chi. Balam vyayama shaktya 2. 2. Disease preventive strength.106 • Anulepana increases preeti. For example: 1. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Shareerika bala or physical strength which is seen by strenuous work and active movements of body is bala. Thus at certain places we find words bala and ojas used for each other. Bala is capable for bringing doshas to normalcy. vyadhi kshamatva etc then it means ojas. this bala can be called as ojas. Physical strength and 2. ojas and bala (Su. as in context of: 1. Depending upon context it is better to understand as the word bala means physical strength when related to physical work. shukra. Other Acharyas have also used these two terms in same manner at many places. Durbala in ojokshaya lakshanas.Sa. The same word bala when used in meanings of disease preventive aspect. Thus the word bala is used in Ayurvedic literature fo r both 1.38/71-75). As per the context meaning is to be understood.Sa. mamsa and ojas (Su. Bala pariksha in panchakarma 3. As in ojas definition in Sushruta Samhita. 24/63). Thus bala means physical strength which is quoted and described by Acharya Charaka in the context of saara pariksha prakarana. This bala is very essential and inferred by capacity of maintaining state of health also after exposure to nidanas along with higher/stable mental faculties which sustain higher levels of stress/ external variables. • Rasnadi niruha basti increases bala. At the same time there is one more type of bala/power in shareera which works as vyadhi utpadavirodhi and vyadhipratyaneeka bala.Chi. karya karana sambandha of these concepts with ojas 2. veerya.107 Table No. so by adhikarana siddhanta to emphasize importance of these various concepts they are quoted as ojas. kalaja and Ojas is of two types para and apara yuktikruta Thus in nutshell among various reasons for quoting these above said concepts important once are: 1. 17. Ojas is having these physical properties etc There is no vishesha sthana of bala Vishesha sthana of ojas is hrudaya Bala is of three types sahaja. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . most important dravya in shareera. Ojas is supreme. Similarity in karmas of these concepts with that of ojas 3. rasa. Showing Differences in ojas and bala Bala It is adravya rupa Ojas It is dravya rupa Bala does not have rupa. Heavy molecular weight of prostaglandins is having similarity with guru guna of ojas. Ojas poshana is done from sapta dhatu saara but to highlight predominance or importance of shukra among various sites of production it is quoted that shukra is ojojanaka. which are part of reproductive system. increasing viability of semen. in making female Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas .e.108 Discussion on Modern Concepts After having discussed the concept of ojas and its various dimensions now it is time to find similarities and differences with modern concepts. Thus largest production site of prostaglandins in the body is male reproductive system. As the same dravya ojas. Functions of prostaglandins in erection of penis. Prostaglandins are present/produced in every cell of the body which is similar to the sthana of ojas i. Seminal prostaglandins are produced in seminal vesicles. These various receptors can be considered as a part of dehadhatus. sarva shareera. Reproductive system can be roughly compared with shukravaha srotas. Similar understanding can be adopted in production of prostaglandins and it can be said that among various sites of production of prostaglandins seminal vesicles are most important and hence can be quoted as site of production. when working synergistically with other dehadhatus performs different functions similarly prostaglandins have different functions in different body tissues. In the case of ojas also it holds well even though it is described as sapta dhatu saara its close association of shukra is very well evident from descriptions in Ayurvedic classics. Diversity in functions is dependent on receptor to which it binds. which were reviewed earlier. As they are fats it signifies towards snigdha guna as well as somatmaka nature of ojas. avayavas of human body which bind with prostaglandins to elicit a wide range of different actions / functions. their maximum concentration among body fluids is in semen. Prostaglandins : Prostaglandins are derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids having heavy molecular weight. Though prostaglandins are present in nearly every cell of body. maintenance of pregnancy and pivotal role in physiology of pregnancy shows that they are not only essential in fertilization but also in maintenance and development of fetus. helping sperm for capacitisation and finally in penetration of ovum prove its vital role in process of fertilization. which does dharana of hrudaya. However it still needs more studies to conclude. This can be compared to avasthambhana / supporting of deha avayavas by ojas. Change in relative proportion of prostaglandins being doubted as cause of pre-eclampsia. It has been proved that prostaglandins protect kidneys from damage in many renal diseases. As it plays an important role in medicine it may have similar role in physiology too. In a scenario when complete understanding of cardiac physiology is not achieved and role of prostaglandins in it being extensively studied. As far as pharmacology and therapeutics of neonatal cardiology are concerned prostaglandins are very important life saving drugs. Role of prostaglandins as a controller of coronary blood flow. According current researches it is very clear and accepted that they are one of important regulators of cardiac physiology. it cannot be said that prostaglandins are most important regulator of cardiac physiology but at the same time it cannot be overruled.109 genital tract more receptive for sperms. This can be compared to karma of ojas. Role of prostaglandins in implantation of ovum. Renal prostaglandins and their different functions at various levels in kidneys is a topic in limelight in almost all renal pathologies. its inhibitory actions on platelets aggregation and thus in turn clot formation can be compared to karmas of ojas. Role of prostaglandins as therapeutic agents for abortion further supports these claims. which is most common (more incidents are prevalent) in eighth month of pregnancy can be compared to ojo asthiratva in ashtama / eighth month of garbha avastha. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . This can be compared to role of ojas as garbha saara and its importance in garbha vruddhi. which is explained as it helps jeeva to descend in other words helps in formation of shukra shonita samyoga. Deficiency of prostaglandins in infertile men further strengthens these claims. as role of prostaglandins in pre-eclampsia is not completely known. Role of prostaglandins in maintaining patency of foramen ovale in foetal life can be compared to function of garbha hrudaya sthita ojas. This can be compared with function of ojas as deha vruddhi hetu quoted by Acharya Kashyapa. Role of prostaglandins in innate immunity can be compared to activation of vyadhi utpatti pratibandhaka bala which is karya of ojas. which is nothing but karya of ojas. Few of them are: 1. Prostaglandins protect gastric mucosa from possible harm by gastric secretions which can be compared with deha sthirikarana function of ojas. 2. and process of inflammation acts as stimulus for triggering immune response. Energy source for human body is mainly glucose oxidation thus prostaglandins help human body to get energy. It can be compared to dhairya. Increase in action of adrenals. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Increase in circulating concentration of GH growth hormone.110 Prostaglandins function as both extra cellular and intracellular ligands and thus help in glucose metabolism. These can be compared to karma of ojas vividha deha samshrita bhava nishpandana. their role in induction of menstruation and control of ovulation shows that they are vital for normal functions of reproductive system in human body. Prostaglandins increase/stimulate insulin secretion. 3. Prostaglandins are mediators of inflammation. Role of prostaglandins in vasodilatation necessary for penile erection. utsaha and pratibha nishpandana. Thus to summarize prostaglandins and ojas similarities it can be tabulated as follows. which is karma of ojas as quoted by Acharya Bhavamishra. This can be compared to activation of vyadhi pratyaneeka bala. They also act as chemical messengers in various reactions and this can be compared with dehasthiti nibandhana karma of ojas. Role of prostaglandins in immunity can be compared to bala pushti or balajanana karya of ojas. Prostaglandins stimulate endocrine actions. This can be compared to tushti and pushti karmas of ojas. One more point to be noted is there are certain differences also.18 Showing Similarities in physico-chemical properties of Ojas and Prostaglandins Name of Property Ojas Prostaglandins Snigdha + + Guru + + Sheeta + + Soumya Nature + + Sandra + + Shlakshna + + Vivikta (Shorter biological + + active life) Table No.19 Showing Similarities in Functions of Ojas and Prostaglandins Name of Function Part of narashukra (semen) Functions in garbha utpatti Role in garbha poshana and dharana Role in cardiac physiology Asthiratva. one among them is certain varieties of prostaglandins are mediators of inflammation which may be cause of allergic diseases and some other conditions. This scenario has created an impression Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas .20 Showing Other Similarities in Ojas and Prostaglandins Title Ojas Prostaglandins Close relation with shukra + + Utpatti from ahara + + Thus these are few of similarities between prostaglandins and ojas.111 Table No. as cause of preterm labor Dehasthiti nibandhana Deshasamshrita bhavas nishapandana Protect human body from external harmful stimulus Deha dharana Deha preenana Ojas + + + Prostaglandins + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Table No. One more point to be noted is increase does not always mean vruddhi. Here the structural basis will be a dravya and function will be karma/karya. Immunity is a process/karma. All prostaglandins are essential only provided they are in appropriate amount in body. Owing to these differences it’s very difficult to find descriptions of same type of dravya in both these literatures. Regarding deficiency and increase not much literature is available. Thus these quantitative increases from modern science can not be always compared to vruddhi of Ayurveda. Ongoing researches have shown impaired immune response in prostaglandin deficiency which is similar when compared to bala kshaya by ojokshaya. Various researches are going on which are supposed to bring out a more comprehensive picture of role of prostaglandins in human body. As per Ayurveda. It is some times result of reaction of body to pathologies interfering with normal conditions. increased temperature in inflammation are few of the examples where quantitative increase is seen but it is in fact response of body to external stimulus . current knowledge of prostaglandins does not explain any such phenamenon. as there are two types of prostagland ins one which is good and another which is bad. process of disease formation and treatment are entirely different in modern medicine and Ayurveda. Immunological basis of Human Body Various scholars of Ayurveda have compared immunity with bala. Method of approach to understand anatomy. In fact there is no such classification of prostaglandins. Disease creating prostaglandins are also essential when in normal limits. No perfect matching can be done but still an attempt is done here. Increased quantity of immunoglobulins in AIDS .112 in medical fraternity. Karma is not independent but it is always having ashraya in dravya. karma has to be associated with dravya. physiology. This can be compared to ojo vruddhi which is associated with vatadi vruddhi which can also create diseases. In the similar Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Thus the action or function of immunity must and should have structural basis in human body. It can be said that in above said contexts there is high degree of similarity in ojas and prostaglandins and prostaglandins is nearer equivalent of ojas. Another important difference is apara ojas is supplied thourgh ojovaha dhamanis all over the body. Naturally these are having more strength or purity of gunas as well karmas of corresponding dhatus. (MALT) 15.e deha dharana in the form of ojas. Modern co. Dendrite Cells 6. Natural Killer Cells 4. Eosinophils 8. Macrophages 5. Mast Cells 9.Similarly Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . T Lymphocyes 2. which synergistically give rise to function of protection of human body i. These cells can be compared to deha dhatus. Among various components of blood hemoglobin has important role in carrying oxygen which can be compared to jeevana function of rakta and thus hemoglobin can be called as rakta dhatu saara . Thymus 12. where as structural basis of immunity can be compared to ojas. As previously quoted ojas is formed from saaras of different dehadhatus. Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue. One example of this is rakta dhatu does function of jeevana in deha among various fractions of rakta dhatu those which are having more important role in this function can be called as rakta dhatu saara. Lymph nodes 13. Bone marrow These are among the body components which have a role to play in immunity. so accepting established co relation it can be compared to blood of modern science. Epithelial cells 11.113 manner bala / immunity is karya.relation of rakta dhatu is it self a point of discussion but it is out of purview of this study. Concept of dhatu saaras is those parts of dhatus having more pureness. Basophils 10. Different structural basics of immunity are: 1. Neutrophills 7. B Lymphocytes 3. Spleen 14. Sarvashareera These can be compared to different deha dhatus of shareera from which saaras come together and this saara collectively is called as sarva dhatu saara i. Twak/Mamsa. Table showing Comparison of Structural basis of Immune structures Bone Marrow Organs from modern medicine Bone Marrow Approximate Ayurvedic Equivalent Majja. Sharma). R. Important two humoral secretions are: 1. Current widely accepted versions of co-relations are consolidated and taken from various Shareerakriya text-books including Shareerakriya Vijnyana (Dr. sarakta meda Thymus Thymus Kantha (Kapha sthana) Lymphocytes Lymph Rasa dhatu Tissue Macrophages All Tissues of Body All dhatus Dendrite cells Spleen and Lymph nodes Raktadhatu. Fluid nature of ojas. Immunoglobulins 2.e. Name of Structure Rasa dhatu Natural Killer Cells Lymphocytes Rasa dhatu Granulocytes Blood Raktadhatu Basophils Blood Rakta dhatu Mast cells Cells of connective tissue. Vyas) and many others are taken as basis of this comparison. circulatory nature signifies that ojas should be a semisolid or liquid substance in nature. Ayurvedeeya Shareerakriya Vijnyana (Dr. whole body Asthis/Snayu. Relation between these various body components and their co relations in Ayurvedic view are taken as basis to ascertain these components in relation to sapta dhatus. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . ojas.V. its quantification in bindus and anjalis. The humoral secretions / components of immunity which are secreted by above quoted structural basis can be compared to ojas. 21.Desai). Cytokines.114 various organs.R. P. Abhinava Shareerakriya Vijnyana (Dr. K.P. tissues which help in process of immunity can be compared to deha dhatus. Table No. actions on various tissues and whole body as sthana when compared to that of ojas. (Chart mentioned in review).500) mg/ml. which signifies towards madhura rasa of ojas. glial cells and many other types of cells. The similar aspects of cytokines and ojas are fluidity in nature. Other functions of ojas cannot be attributed to immunoglobulins with current knowledge of immunoglobulins. capacity of broad range of functions. Total quantity of immunoglobulins also ranges from 38-80 gms with upper limit nearer to apara ojas quantification 80 gm in a normal grown adult as an average. Immunoglobulins attach to the antigen.000. They are secreted not only by lymphocytes and macrophages but also by neurons.500) to (23 x 3.500mg to 80. Serum content of human body can be roughly taken equa l to that of plasma. Cytokines Cytokines are hormone like substances. ranging from 15.5gms to 80gms which can be compared to prakruta pramana of apara ojas which is ardhanjali (80ml) 248 . Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Calculating it for total plasma volume it becomes (11 x 3. Applying this to a normal 70 kg healthy man normal plasma volume becomes 3500 ml.115 Immunoglobulins These are having high molecular weight.500mg. with circulatory nature through human body as a part of plasma proteins. which can be compared to (Shlish aalingane shleshma) shlaishmika bhava. Thus normal range/quantity of immunoglobulins collectively of all types becomes 38. Converting it from mg to grams it ranges from 38. functioning in immunity are having similarity with apara ojas. Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins of heavy molecular weight. Thus quantity of immunoglobulins collectively becomes 11 to 23 mg/ml of serum. Total plasma volume in a person is 5 % of body weight. Quantification of immunoglobulins in human body can be done from serum content of human body. This can be compared to guru guna of ojas.000 to 900. These are glycoproteins in structure. Thus immunoglobulins can be compared to apara ojas in limited aspect of balajanana or as a reason for bala. This in turn reflects similarity with functions of ojas.e bala and hence can be taken as cause for it. Thus ojas along with dhatu saaras provides basis of immune mechanism which is reason for functio ning of immune response i. increasing phagocytic activity.e. In total rather than comparing one or two components of immunity. fastening as well as strengthening of immune response i. Thus among humoral components of immunity cytokines can be compared to apara ojas which is karana for bala / immunity. Here aspects related to immune system are only discussed. These humoral parts collectively can be compared to ojas (sarvadhatusaara). maturation. These humoral parts work cohesively with various cells of immune system to achieve protection from antigen. Role of cytokines in opsonization. Structurally cytokines are having low molecular weights but they are strong regulators of anabolic processes in immune cell production. bala. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . In this scenario also there are many functions of ojas other than bala poshana which remain unanswered. stimulation of immune cell production. total humoral part of immune system including both innate as well as acquired can be understood as dhatu saaras and their collective effect is immune response (bala).116 Role of cytokines in immunity is being studied extensively in modern immunology and has brought out its usages and functions in other systems also. communication between innate and acquired immunity can be compared or taken as liquid factor responsible for initiation. differentiation of types of immune cells. but none of these descriptio ns fit into the exact and comprehensive discussion of ojas. 3. There is no point in life right from womb to tomb where ojas is not playing a significant role. 6.117 CONCLUSION 1. 7. What this ojas is has been debated upon for by erudite scholars right from Acharya Chakrapani to Acharya Ranajeet Rai Desai and others. 5. Ojas as the word / name itself indicates is of utmost vital importance at the time of srushti. 2. sthiti and laya of the body. Among the various equivalents for ojas prostaglandins and immunological basis are coming nearer the comprehensive description of ojas. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Ojas is essential for physical and mental well being of an individual. 4. Further literary. experimental. in this work a honest effort has been made to explore the exhaustive literary survey of ojas from our revered classics and later period compilations. clinical researches are essential to know the truth in an extensive manner. Among the several etymological derivations newer and newer explanations are latent in the meaning of ojas. Clinical studies to evaluate effect of ojovardhaka treatments quoted in classics are to be carried out. 3. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Various different clinical studies for evaluation of role of ojas in rasayana. 4. disease prevention. dhatu saara can be carried out. positive health.118 Recommendations for Future Studies 1. prevention from complications and prevention of relapse of diseases are to be carried out. Diseases which are having ojokshaya quoted in sampraptis are to be studied in depth in order to find out role of ojas in samprapti of these diseases and will help to do samprapti bhanga in a better manner. 5. this will help not only in better understanding of relatio n between ojas and these entities but also reveal role of these factors in controlling or increasing ojas. Experimental studies for laboratory analysis of various aahara and aushadhas quoted in classics for increasing ojas in order to find out their active ingredients which may help in better understanding of bio chemistry of ojas. Literary studies on various concepts related to ojas such as bala. 2. better treatment options. snigdha and soumya in nature. Ojas is needed for utpatti. Utpatti of ojas takes place at the time of garbha utpatti from shukra and aarthava samyoga. Prostoglandins and structural basis of immune response are concepts from modern medicine which come nearer to comprehensive description of ojas. It is having pivotal role in all the three stages of life. deepti. it helps in initiation and maintainance of samyoga of shareera. Guru. ten gunas point towards its anabolic nature and colour towards contribution from both mantruja and pitruja sides. avashtamba etc. Para resides in hurudaya and has normal average quantity equal to eight drops. Lexions quote bala. but are different from ojas. sheeta etc. coordination between various functions of different dehadhatus. Fundamental Study on Concept of Ojas . Ojas has very large range of karmas few important among them are.119 SUMMARY Ojas word is krudanta pratipadika of dhatu “ubje-bale”l. rasadhatu. Prakruta kapha. ksheera are important drugs and rasayana. Hrudya and manaskara dravyas along with prashama and jnana are also have a major role. It does not undergo vrudhi or kshaya but nasha of this can happen. indriya satva and atma. Ojas is a separate entity from dosha. agni / ushma. Other functions include dehadharana. Apara ojas is situated in sarva shareera. Ojas is of two types para of apara. poshana and vruddhi of garbha. upadhatus and bala. bala are few of the concepts which are also some times quoted as ojas. dhatu. jeevaneeya gana. its normal quantity is swaardhanjali. Its poshana is done by aahara rasa. It can be defined as soumya dravya having sthana in hrudaya sarva shareera which is saara of rasadi sapta dhatus. balaposhana. which leads to death.. control and coordination of shareerika and manasika functions. 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