IDB 225 Morphology IDr. Aygül UÇAR 22 December 2011 Asst. Prof. Practice Exercises in Morphology 1) Morphemes A single word may be composed of one or more morphemes. Say how many morphemes are there in the following words. 1. boy 1 6. desirability 3 2. desire 1 7. gentlemanliness 4 3. boyish 2 8. undesirability 4 4. desirable 2 9. ungentlemanliness 5 5. boyishness 3 10. antidisestablishmentarianism 7 2) Free and Bound Morphemes List the morphemes in each word below, and state whether each morpheme is free (F) or bound (B). 1. creating 2. seaward 3. wastage 4. incomplete 5. modernize {create} (F) + {ing} (B) 6. unhealthy {un} (B) + {health} (F) + {y} (B) {sea} (F) + {ward} (F) 7. waiter {wait} (F) + {er} (B) {waste} (F) + {age} (B) 8. reconsider {re} (B) + {consider} (F) {in} (B) + {complete} (F) 9. keys {key} (F) + {s} (B) {modern} (F) {ize} (B) 10. astronomer {astro} (B) + {nomy} (B) + {er} (B) 3) Derivational and Inflectional Affixes For each word below, indicate whether the word is morphologically simple (S), includes an inflectional affix (I), or includes a derivational affix (D). 1. rider 2. colder 3. silver 4. lens S 5. legs I D I S 6. reader 7. redder 8. radish 9. redness D 10. rotation D D I S 4) Stems and Affixes Separate the affixes from the stems in the following words: 1. train/s 4. predetermine/ ed 2. succeed/ed 5. retroactive 1 7. instructional 3. light/er 6. confusion/s 5) Word Trees For each word below, draw a word tree. Then state whether it has inflectional affixes, derivational affixes, or both. 1. shipper 2. disobey 3. resettled 4. anticlimaxes 5. unemployment 6. bookworm 7. simply 8. jumping 9. digitizes 10. activated 11. confrontational 12. tax collector 6) Compound / Affixes Study the following passage and then answer the questions below. Take your examples from the passage. The dogs swam ahead, fatuously important; the foals, nodding solemnly, swayed along behind up to their necks: sunlight sparkled on the calm water, which further downstream where the river narrowed broke into furious little waves, swirling and eddying close inshore against black rocks, giving an effect of wildness, almost of rapids; low over their heads an ecstatic lightning of strange birds manoeuvred, looping-the-loop and immelmanning at unbelievable speed, aerobatic as new-born dragonflies. The opposite shore was thickly wooded. (Malcom Lowry, Under the Volcano) (immelmanning – (n) an aircraft manoeuvre used to gain height while reversing the direction of flight. It consists of a halfloop followed by a half roll.) (a) Identify 3 compound words. For each one, name the grammatical category of the compound, and the grammatical category of the elements that compose it. (Example: watertight is an adjective, made up of noun + adjective.) sunlight (N+N); downstream (P+N); newborn (A+A); dragonfly (N+N) (b) Divide the following words into their component morphemes, labeling each morpheme F (free), I (inflectional), or D (derivational): unbelievable un (D) + believe (F) + able (D) dragonflies dragon (F) + fly (F) + es (I) (c) What is the function of the suffix –ly in the words fatuously, solemnly, and thickly? To make adverb (d) Identify two other words containing (different) derivational suffixes, name the grammatical category of the stem to which the suffix is attached, and the grammatical category of the derived word. (e) Describe the function of the suffix –s in foals and waves, and that of the suffix-ed in swayed and sparkled. 2 patrino „mother‟ 5. Verbs {-i}(infinitive) v.instead of your ear -. i. porti „to carry‟ 7.-s : plural marker -ed: past tense marker (f) Comment on the past tense forms swam and broke. www. “purity” puro ii. $300. There are now between 200-2. and you can effortlessly (download)(contact info)from your phone. bona „good‟ 16.com.695018. The opposite (not…){mal} B.17863. portisto „porter‟ 10. “bad” malbona 3 . Adjectives {-a} vi. malbone „badly‟ 14.business2. malfacila „difficult‟ 4.com/b2/web/articles/0. CNN Business (http://www. bono „goodness‟ 2. Nouns {-o} iv. instruo „instruction‟ A.000 people worldwide speak it as a second language.00.nokia. patro „father‟ 9. granda „big‟ 20. Examine the following data from Esperanto and then answer the questions below: 1. instrui „to instruct‟ 11. which sound off through your car's speakers: Choose to use Nokia's decent (voice-recognition (software)) and neither hand has to leave the wheel. It was designed to be easy to learn and is based largely on the languages of western Europe.000 native speakers and about 2.000. It is now primarily spoken in France. instrua „instructive‟ 3.with Nokia's ((hands-free)(Bluetooth system)). facile „easily‟ 15. although it may also be found in eastern Asia. An unobtrusive dash-mounted screenprovides the same information as your cell-phone display. What are the morphemes that correspond to the following lexical categories and concepts? i. facila „easy‟ 8. A small ((console-mounted) (control unit))with three intuitive buttons and a dial is but one way to manage calls and messages. Internal change 7) Compounds Compounds are often frequent in modern technical areas where new vocabulary is being created.html) 8) Morphological Analysis Esperanto Esperanto is an artificial language that was invented by Ludwig Zamenhof in 1887. instruisto „teacher‟ 6. bone „well‟ 18. South America and eastern Europe. portistino „female porter‟ 12. Feminine {-ino} iii. pura „pure‟ 13. malgranda „small‟ 17. facilo „easiness‟ 19. Translate the following English words and phrases into Esperanto. Adverbs {-e} ii. Find the compounds in the following passage: Free Talker Nokia 610 Car Kit The (cell phone)stays by your side -. “female teacher” intruistino 4 .iii. 5 . rap music > rap > to rap >rapper C b. blend – back-formation F. vacuum cleaner > to vacuum-clean > to vacuum F d. Column 1 Column 2 Word Formation Process 1 automation automate backformation 2 humid humidifier affixation 3 stagnation. breathalyser> to breathalyse E g. compounding – conversion (1) a. brunch> to brunch B 10) Word-formation processes The words in column 2 have been created from the corresponding word in column 1. inflation stagflation blending 4 love. ball curve ball compounding 10 perambulator pram clipping 11 (a) comb comb (your hair) conversion (no stress) 12 beef. Identify for each of the stories in (1 a-g) the corresponding sequence of word-formation processes from the set in (1 A-G). rehabilitation > rehab > to rehab D c. compounding – clipping – conversion – derivation D. conversion – derivation B. buffalo beefalo blending 13 random access memory RAM acronym 14 megabyte meg clipping 15 teleprinter. exchange telex blending 6 . (1) A. tailor-fit > to tailor-fit G f. Indicate the word formation process responsible for the creation of each word in column 2. compounding – back-formation – clipping G. derivation – clipping – conversion E. blend –conversion C. seat loveseat compounding 5 énvelope envélope conversion (with stress) 6 typographical error typo clipping 7 aerobics.9) Word-formation processes This task is all about reconstructing the word-formation 'stories' of the lexemes in bold print. marathon aerobathion blending 8 act deactivate affixation 9 curve. campaign > to campaign >campaigner A e. 7 .guesstimate blending >gu(ess) + estimate or guess + (es)timate (t) canary communization / coinage > Canary Islands (u) brain-gain reduplication (v) boojum (w) gaffe-slack (x) psycho (y) walkie-talkie root creation (used by physicist N. Try to determine the process before you consult a dictionary. Identify the process of word formation responsible for each of the following words.. conversion >Prt + Prt> N (p) amphetamine acronym (q) (a) construct conversion V> N (r) (the) chunnel blending ch(annel) + (t)unnell (s). David Mermin following creation by Lewis Carroll reduplication clipping>psycho(path) reduplication. though it may be necessary for you to do so. Minor Processes of Word Formation 1. diminutive. (a) curio clipping > curio(sity) (b) (to) laze backformation > lazy (c) (to) network conversionN > V (d) (to) cohere backformation> coherence (e) (a) sitcom clipping> situation comedy (f) (the) muppets blending> marionette puppets (g) what-not phrasalcompound (h) margarine clipping> (oleo)margarine (i) dystopia false morphological division : dis+utopia> u/topia (j) serendipity literarycoinage (k) diesel communization/ coinage >Rudolp Diesel (l) (a) ha-ha reduplication (m) (to) make up phrasalverb (n) (o) (to) total (the) hereafter conversion compounding.11.. conversion (z) bonfire compound Boojum is a geometric pattern on the surface of one of the phases of superfluid helium-3... somebody's(poss) trophy from old times and the far Rocky Mountains. We took (past) it home with us by the wagonload. Inflectional Affixes For each of the bold words in the passage from Wallace Stegner's "The Dump Ground" below. The town dump was our poetry and our history. as it should (past) have. The words in column A have been created from the corresponding words in column B. Some little part of what we gathered (past). That happened to the mounted head of a white mountain goat. false morphological analysis (delicat+essen) scuba self-contained underwater breathing apparatus acronym scavenge scavenger backformation (p) hazardous material clipping hazmat 12. mainly bottles. but most of our gleanings we left lying (prsprt) around barn or attic or cellar until in some renewed (pstprt) fury of spring cleanup ourfamilies (pl) carted them off to the dump again. Occasionally something we really valued with a passion was snatched from us in horror andreturned (pstprt) at once. false morphological analysis sci-fi science fiction clipping elect election backformation deli delicatessen clipping. It gave us the most (supl) tantalizing glimpses into our neighbors' (pl. bringing (prsprt) back into town the things the town had used (pstprt) and thrown away. we managed to bring back to usefulness.2. My mother took one look and discovered that his beard was full of moths. label the inflectional suffix: pres = present tense compr = comparative degree past = past tense supl = superlative degree prsprt = present participle poss = possessive case pstprt = past participle pl = plural number The place fascinated us. Indicate the word formation process responsible for the creation of each word in column A. For this was the kitchen midden of all the civilization we knew. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) Column A Column B stagflation stagnation + inflation blending nostril nosu + thyrl 'hole' (in Old English) compound bookie bookmaker clipping. diminutive van caravan clipping Amerindian American Indian blending CD compact disc initialism RAM random access memory acronym televise television backformation xerox xeroxography clipping. 8 . it provided an aesthetic distance from which to know ourselves (pl). to be rescued and briefly treasured by some other boy. coinage telathon television + marathon blending. that I brought (past) home one day. poss) lives and our own. what it has to throw away and what it chooses (pres) to . For a community may be as well judged (pstprt) by what it throws away .as by any other evidence. but always memorable. it is easy to derive the other allomorphs from it by natural phonological processes: schwa insertion to break up a cluster of two alveolar stops will yield [əd] and voice assimilation will yield [t]. For what reasons did you choose this particular form as the base? The underlying elsewhere form is likely to be [d] since it is found after the greatest variety of sounds. (d) Write a morphemic rule. How are they conditioned? How are they realized? bought fought cut put went rang were 9 . Examine the following past tense forms in English: hated pulled roared walked raided opened hugged pushed faded groomed robbed missed fitted mowed bruised hoped mated cried loaded paid loved judged fetched laughed (a) Determine the allomorphs of this inflectional suffix. In addition. (c) Decide on the underlying (or "elsewhere") form of this morpheme from which the other allomorphs are derived.[əd]. [d]. I regret him yet. liquids.I remember (pres) that goat. Poetry is seldom useful. [t] (b) Determine the conditioning environments for each of the allomorphs. {past} [əd] / after alveolar stops [t] / after voiceless consonants [d] / elsewhere (e) sang Consider the following past tense forms. If I were a sociologist anxious to study in detail the life of any community I would (past) go very early to its (poss) refuse piles. For whole civilizations we sometimes have nomore (compr) of the poetry and little more of the history than this (from Wolf Willow 1955: 35-36). nasals and vowels. The [əd] allomorph follows roots ending in [t] or [d]. The [d] allomorph follows roots ending in voiceless obstruents. Writing Morphemic Rules 1. The [t] allomorph follows roots ending in voiced stops and fricatives. 13. They are grammatically conditioned. im.is pronounced [ım]. or labiodental. {IN} [ı] / before liquids 10 . Some are realized by a vowel change (sing / sang. fight / fought). alveolar. Justify the base form. etc. or alveopalatal consonants. the [ım] allomorph by a following bilabial. some by a zero morph (cut / cut. Note. infamous. (b) Determine the conditioning factors for each of the allomorphs.and in-. that il. The allomorphs appear to be il-. the [ıŋ] by a following velar stop. and [ın] by a following vowel. The [ı] allomorph is conditioned by a following liquid (as initial sound of the root). some by a vowel change plus an inflectional ending (bring / brought. 2. were).and ir.is pronounced [ın] (in intolerant. dreamed/dreamt. (f) How do you account for the following variants: learned/learnt. and [ı] by loss of the nasal. ir-. burned/burnt? These forms are in free variation. be / was. (d) Write a morphemic rule. in.are both pronounced [ı]. put / put) and some by a different form (supletion – gor / went. [ın] appears to be the underlying form since it is found in the greatest variety of environments and is the form from which the other forms can be derived most easily: [ım] and [ıŋ] by assimilation in place of articulation to the place of the following sound (with no change in manner of articulation).) but [ıŋ] in ingrate and incongruous. im. (c) Decide on the underlying (or "elsewhere") form of this morpheme from which the other allomorphs are derived. insecure. ring / rang). Consider the following words: illegal ineligible irrelevant intolerant impossible insecure impatient (a) inactive imbalance indeterminate immature illogical irregular immoral infamous imbalance injury ingrate injudicious incongruous Determine the allomorphs of this derivational prefix. however. not part of the prefix. When in.was combined with gnobilis. a problem? Try to account for this problem. hence noble).) The word ignoble comes from Latin gnōbilis „noble‟ (which later lost its initial consonants to give nōbilis. giving English ignoble. (Hint: Look up the etymologies of these words. the first n dropped out. it acquired a g by mistaken analogy withgnōsco. Consider the following words: collect cohabit collide correct coalesce corrode connect collate confess 11 . The meaning is „not‟ (f) Why are the forms ignoble and ignominious. The word ignominious comes from Latin nōmen„name‟. which presumably contain the same prefix. a process called “contamination”.[ım] / before labials [ıŋ] / before velars [ın] / elsewhere (e) State the meaning of the morpheme. 3. The g is thus part of the root. The allomorphs seem to be col-.commute commend cohere combat contend coexist compute consent coincide compare (a) condemn Determine the allomorphs of this derivational prefix. allomorphs. if possible. and the [m] in com. and the [koʊ ] form by loss of the [m] and vowel shift. the com. The meaning is either associative „with. Historically. [kǝ n].before alveolar nasal. coexist.[kom] form is original. collect etc. co. cor-. [koʊ ] and [kǝ m] since the [l] in col-. If it is considered the underlying form. However. contend. cohabit. con-.and com-. the [kǝ ] form by reduction of the vowel and loss of the [m] before liquids and nasals.before the bilabial nasal is actually part of the root. together‟ as in compare. the [n] in con. The orthography is a bit misleading. corrode etc. (c) State the meaning of the morpheme. the [r] in cor-. the [kǝ n] form is derived by assimilation in place of articulation to the following stop with vowel reduction. specifying the underlying form. and conditioning environments. 4. or intensive „completely‟ as in correct. the phonological forms are actually [kǝ ]. Consider the following pairs of words: sign signature design designation resign resignation 12 . {CON} [kǝ ] / before liquids and nasals [kǝ n] / before dentals (alveolars and labiodentals) [kǝ m] / before bilabial stops [koʊ ] / before vowels and [h] It is rather difficult to know which is the “elsewhere” form in this case. (b) Write a morphemic rule. Number c. postelection 13 fore. Size Each category has two prefixes.forewarn. Latin. Privative f.derivational suffix [saın] / elsewhere 14. Place d. Derivational Prefixes and Suffixes 1. Negative. Time b. (b) Write a morphemic rule for the first set of words. or Greek in origin. postdate bifocal maladjusted outdoor macrocosm hyperactivity forewarn demilitarize megawatt defrost polyglot nonentity disclose foreshadow macroeconomics malpractice polygon bisexual postelection nonsmoker subway disarm megalosaur ultraconservative hyperthyroidism subfloor a) Time foreshadow outhouse ultraviolet post. {SIGN} [sıgn] / . and g. Sort the prefixes in the words below into the following seven categories according to meaning: a. .postdate. the final syllable in the unsuffixed form is [aın] and the same syllable in the suffixed form [ıgn].(a) What is the root allomorphy exhibited by all of the forms? In all of the words. Degree e. use a dictionary to identify whether the prefix is native English. After you have classified the prefixes. disarm f) Negative - nonmal- nonentity. de-. dis-. mega-. macro- 14 . hyperthyroidism ultraviolet. nonsmoker maladjusted. malpractice g) Size - megamacro- megawatt. defrost disclose. non-. outLatin: post-. ultra-. subfloor d) Degree - hyperultra- hyperactivity. bisexual polyglot. malGreek: poly-. sub-. hyper-. megalosour macrocosm. bi-. polygon c) Place - outsub- outdoor. outhouse subway. ultraconservative e) Privative - dedis- demilitarize. macroeconomics English: fore-.b) Number - bipoly- bifocal. boyish f) V > A -ory -less advisory. clockwise -fold twofold. likelihood d) N/A > V -en -ate broaden. vaccinate e) N > A -ic -less -ish historic. rhetorician b) V > N -al -ant -ure refusal. participant seizure. penniless selfish. idealism falsehood. contradictory tireless. width conservatism. Sort the suffixes in the words below according to their class-changing function. thankless g) N/A >Adv -wise stepwise. stardom -ster gangster. straighten facilitate.) broaden participant rhetorician gangster twofold advisory conservatism inhabitant manifold historic syntactic falsehood clockwise stardom trial likelihood mobster contradictory stepwise penniless width closure refusal warmth accidental friendless kingdom boyish thankless idealism straighten vaccinate tireless selfish politician facilitate seizure global 15 . manifold (There are two examples of each suffix. syntactic friendless. closure c) A > N -th -ism -hood warmth. mobster -(ic)ian politician.2. trial inhabitant. The categories include the following: a) N > N -dom kingdom. nasals or liquids.3. 4. as shown below? blacken broaden stiffen ripen deafen tighten soften loosen *thinen *longen *slimen *nearen *slowen *narrowen *highen *holyen *noblen The reason here is phonological: -en may attach only to monosyllabic adjectives ending in obstruents (stops & fricatives) not to those ending in vowels. (a) (b) 16 . but not to others. (b) Can you think of a reason why -ed may attach to some nouns. as shown below? brown-haired left-handed kind-hearted narrow-minded low-spirited strong-headed *brown-coated *heavy-pursed *long-skirted *one-childed *two-catted *silly-hatted The reason here is semantic: -en may attach only to adjectives denoting inalienable possession (things that are possessed intrinsically) and not to those denoting alienable possession (things that may be separated from the possesor). Which is the proper derivation of unknowledgeable? Explain. but not to others. (a) Can you think of a reason why -en may attach to some adjectives. (b) is correct. Because while un. Every stage in the derivation produces a word of English. this also produces the nonword of English *unknowledge. Example: gravedigger N + V + -er> N 17 .(c) (a) is incorrect. Un. (c) is incorrect.does attach to verbs. 15. it produces the nonword of English *unknowledge. Identify the syntactic pattern in each of the following compounds and express it in a lexical rule.does not attach to nouns. Compounding 1. (a) hovercraft V+N > N (b) dairyman N+N > N (c) bath-towel N+N >N (d) goldfish N+N >N (e) inroads Prt + N + -s > N (f) bystander Prt + V + er > N (g) setback V + Prt > N (conversion) (h) meltdown V + Prt > N (conversion) (i) blackout V + Prt > N (conversion) (j) stand-in V + Prt > N (conversion) (k) turnout V + Prt > N (conversion) (l) money-hungry N+A>A (m) dugout V + en + Prt > N (conversion) (n) hardhearted A + N + ed > A (o) homesick N+A>A (p) proofread N+V>V (q) overqualified Prt + V + en > V / A (r) overachieve Prt + V + > V (s) badmouth A + N > V (conversion) (t) redhead A+N> N (u) birth control N+N/V>N/V (v) breakfast V+N>N (w) thoroughgoing A + V + ing > A (x) quick-change A + V > A (conversion) (y) lukewarm A+A>A (z) law-abiding N + V + ing > A (aa) far-reaching A + V + ing > A (bb) homemade N + V + en > A (cc) clean-cut A + V + en > A (dd) fighter-bomber V + er + V + er > N (ee) earthenware N + en + N > N 18 . identifying the roots and their parts of speech.(ff) driver's seat V + er + „s + N > N (gg) baking powder V + ing + N > N (hh) drip-coffee V+N>N (ii) wisecrack A+V>V+N (jj) snowplow N+V/N>V/N 2. verbalizer. The following words are compounds which also include derivational affixes.noun) + keep (root flightworthiness flight (root-noun) + worth (root-noun) + -y (adjectivalizer) + -ness (nominalizer) (b) chatterbox chat (root-verb) + -er (nominalizer) + box (root-noun) (c) owner-occupied own (root-verb) + -er (nominalizer) + occupy (root-verb) + -en (past participle / adjectivalizer (d) freedom-loving free (root-adjective) + -dom (nominalizer) + love (root-verb) + -ing (present participle / adjectivalizer (e) handicraft hand (root-noun) + -y (adjectivalizer) + craft (root+noun) (f) broken-hearted break (root-verb) + -en (past participle / adjectivalizer) + heart (root-noun) + -ed ( adjectivalizer) (g) safety-tested safe (root-adjective) + ty (nominalizer) + test (root-verb) +-ed (past participle / adjectivalizer) 19 . adjectivalizer. as well all the affixes and their function as nominalizer. or adverbializer. Example: housekeeper .verb) + -er (nominalizer) (a) house (root . Analyze the words. (There are various theories to account for the meaning of straw in strawberry. which is pronounced [ræsp]. the form apparently does not have its usual meaning here. refers to the yellow flecks on strawberries. Cranberry: the first part of this compound is cran. cran is sometimes related to crane. (a) Look at the following set of words naming berries.(h) worldly-wise world (root-noun) + -ly (adjectivalizer) + wise (root-adjective) (i) (j) antiaircraft anti (prefix) + air (root-noun) + craft (root-noun) machine-readable machine (root-noun) + read (root-verb) able (suffix. or to the use of straw in strawberry fields. for example. Raspberry: the first part of this compound is rasp. 20 . marianberry: the first parts of these compounds appear to be brand names. which is also not a clearly recognizable morpheme of English.) If we treat forms such as raspberry and cranberry as true compounds analogous to blueberry and blackberry. then rasp and cran exist in only one word and are semantically rather opaque. Loganberry. Also. but it is uncertain whether this is the morpheme {STRAW}. which is not a recognizable morpheme of English (it is not the verb rasp „to scrap‟. not [ræz]).adjectivalizer) (k) chartered accountant charter (root-noun) + -ed (suffixadjectivalizer) + account (root-verb + -ant) + suffic+ noinalizer) 3. Strawberry: the first part of this compound is straw. either the birds are thought to eat cranberries or the blossoms resemble the heads of cranes. blackberry: the first parts of these compounds are clearly the morphemes {BLUE} and {BLACK}. The second half of each is the recognizable root berry. that it. Can you analyze these as compounds? blueberry strawberry blackberry raspberry cranberry marianberry loganberry Does a more recent formation such as cranapple provide evidence for or against these forms as compounds? Blueberry. 21 . though it might be better to analyze such forms as blends since it still lacks an identifiable meaning. Therefore. (b) A problem of morphological analysis arises for forms such as the following: fish-monger broadcaster gossip-monger sportscaster scandal-monger newscaster ironmonger war-monger Are these forms compounds? Although historically monger is an independent form (deriving from Latin mangō „to peddle.Recent formations such as cranapple suggest that cran is becoming a recognizable morpheme. would we be better to consider it a bound form. it rarely occurs independently today. a suffix? The form caster never occurs independently. deal‟). It appears that sportscaster and newscaster are blends based on broadcaster. 22 .