Common Errors in English

• In , , SANDRA N. ELBAUM The cover photo shows the MacArthur Causeway over Biscayne Bay in Miami, Florida. ,.. , - HEINLE (ENGAGE Learning- Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States - ~.. HEINLE . .. (ENGAGE Learning- Grammar in Context 3, Fifth Edition © 2010 Sandra N. Elbaum Student Book Sandra N. Elbaum ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, Publisher: Sherrise Roehr including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, Acquisitions Editor: Tom jefferies digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or Development Editor: Sarah Sandoski information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, Senior Technology Development Editor: without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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Visit Heinle online at elt.heinle.com Visit our corporate website at www.cengage.com Printed in the United States of America. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 la -- 13 12 11 la Contents Lesson 1 Grammar The Present Perfect Tense; The Present Perfect Continuous Tense ... . ... 1 Context Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 READING Cover Letter and Job Resume . . .. . . .... ................... 2 1.1 The Present Perfect Tense-Forms ............................. 4 1.2 The Past Participle .. ...... . ............................. ... 6 1.3 The Present Perfect-Contractions .. . . . ......... . .............. 9 1.4 The Present Perfect-Question Formation ....... . . . ......... ... 10 1.5 Uses of the Present Perfect Tense-An Overview ..... . .......... . 11 1.6 The Present Perfect with Continuation from Past to Present ........ 13 1.7 Negative Statements with Since, For, and In . ................... 15 1.8 The Present Perfect vs. the Simple Present. ........ . .. .......... 16 READING Where Have ALL the Jobs Gone? . . .. .. . . . ...... . .... . ... . . 19 1.9 The Present Perfect Continuous . . . .. . ........................ 20 1.10 The Present Perfect Tense vs. the Simple Past Tense .............. 25 1.11 The Present Perfect with Repetition from Past to Present . . ........ 27 1.12 The Present Perfect Tense vs. the Simple Past Tense with Repetition .. 30 READING The OccupationaL Outlook Handbook . .. . ...... . .... . ...... . 32 1.13 The Present Perfect Tense with Indefinite Past Time-An Overview ... 33 1.14 Questions with Ever . .......... . ........................... 34 1.15 Yet, Already. ........... . . .. ............................. 38 1.16 Questions with Lately and Recently . ......................... 41 1.17 The Present Perfect Continuous Tense with Ongoing Activities ....... 43 1.18 The Present Perfect Tense with No Time Mentioned . . .. ......... .. 44 1.19 The Present Perfect Tense vs. the Present Perfect Continuous Tense with No Ti me Mentioned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 SUMMARY . . ... . .. ...... .... ................. . ............... 49 EDITING ADVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 EDITING QUIZ . ......... . ..................................... 52 TEST/REVIEW . ........ .... . .. ....... . .. ... . .. . ... ... ..... .. . .. 53 EXPANSION ..... . .................... . . ......... . .. .. .. ...... 55 Lesson 2 Grammar The Passive Voice; ParticipLes Used as Adjectives; Get + ParticipLes and Adjectives . .. . ......... . ......... .. . ... . .. . . ..... . ........... 59 Context HoLLywood . . . ........... . ............ . ............... . ....... 59 2.1 The Passive Voice-An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 READING The Oscars ... . . . .......... .. .. . . . . .. . . ... . ........... 60 2.2 The Passive Voice-Form . . . . ............ . .................. 61 2.3 Passive Voice and Active Voice-Uses ............ . ............ 64 Contents Hi 2.4 The Passive Voice without an Agent ................ . .......... 65 2.5 The Passive Voice with an Agent ...................... . ...... 67 2.6 Verbs with Two Objects . . ........... . ...... .. ............ . . 69 READING The History of Animation .... . . .. . . ... . ... .. ... ... . ... .. 70 2.7 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs . ............................ 73 2.8 The Passive Voice with Get . . ... . ... . ....... . ....... . ....... 77 2.9 ParticipLes Used as Adjectives ... .. ...................... . ... 78 READING CharLie ChapLin ............... . ...... . ................ 78 2.10 ParticipLes Used as Adjectives to Show FeeLings . ..... . .. . ........ 79 2.11 Other Past ParticipLes Used as Adjectives ................. . ..... 82 READING Bei ng Famous ...................... . . . ... . ........... 85 2.12 Past ParticipLes and Other Adjectives with Get . ................. 86 SUMMARY ... . . . ...... . . . ............... . ................... . 88 EDITING ADVICE . . . . . ... . . ........... . ......... . . . ........ . ... 89 EDITING QUIZ . ... . .... . ........ . . . ........................... 90 TEST/REVIEW . ..... . ... . ... . ................ . ... . . . ...... . .... 91 EXPANSION . ................................................. 95 Lesson 3 Grammar The Past Continuous; The Past Perfect; The Past Perfect Continuous; Comparison of Past Tenses . ................................. . ... 97 Context Disasters and Tragedies ........ . .............................. 97 3.1 Overview of Past Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 READING The CoLumbia Tragedy ... .. .......................... . .. 98 3.2 The Past Continuous Tense-Forms ................. . ........ 100 3.3 The Past Continuous Tense-Uses ................. . .. . ... . .. 101 3.4 The Past Continuous or the SimpLe Past ....................... 104 READING The Titanic . . ... . .. . ... . ............................ 108 3.5 The Past Perfect Tense-Forms .............. . ............... 109 3.6 The Past Perfect Tense-Use ............................... 111 3.7 When with the SimpLe Past or the Past Perfect ................. 114 • READING Wildfires in Southern CaLifornia .......................... 117 3.8 The Past Perfect Continuous Tense-Forms ..... . .............. 118 3.9 The Past Perfect Continuous Tense-Uses ..................... 119 3.10 The Past Perfect (Continuous) Tense or the Present Perfect (Continuous) Tense .. . ..... . ........... . .... . . . ........ . . 121 READING Hurricane Katrina . .. . ..... . ......... . ................ 123 3.11 Comparison of Past Tenses ......................... . .. .. ... 125 SU MMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 EDITING ADVICE . .............. . ..... . .. . ... . . . .............. 130 EDITING QUIZ . ... . ...................................... . ... 131 TEST/REVIEW . ......... . ............. . ..... .. .... . ..... .. . . .. 133 EXPANSION . ................. . .... . . ... ... . .. . ... .. ......... 135 iv Contents . Lesson 4 Grammar Modals-Present and Future; Related Expressions . . . ...... . ........ 137 Context Consumer Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7 4.1 Overview of Modals and Related Expressions .. . . . .. . . . ......... 138 READING Sweepstakes or Scam? ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ... 139 4.2 Possi bilities-May, Might, Could. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 4.3 Necessity and Urgency with Must, Have To, Have Got To ......... 142 4.4 Obligation with Must or Be Supposed To . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 4.5 Advice with Should, Ought To, and Had Better . ................ 146 READING TeLemarketing . . ................ . .................... 150 4.6 Permission and Prohibition ... . ........ . .. . ............. . . . 151 READING Identity Theft . . ............. . . . ... . ........ . ........ 154 4.7 Comparing Negative ModaLs ............. . .................. 156 4.8 Maki ng Suggestions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 READING Infomercials ... ................ .. . . ................. 163 4.9 Expectations with Be Supposed To . ..... .. . . ............... . . 164 READING My Elderly Neighbor .. .. . . . . . ............ . ............ 167 4.10 LogicaL Conclusions ...... . . .. .. ....... . . . . .... . .......... 168 4.11 Possi bility vs. Proba biLity in the Present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 4.12 Modals with Continuous Verbs .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... . .. 174 SUMMARY . .. . . .. ..... . ..... .. .... . ... . . . . . . . .. .. . . . ........ 177 EDITING ADVICE . .................. . .............. . .......... 178 EDITING QUIZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 TEST/REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 EXPANSION .... . ......... . .. . .. .. ........... . ............... 183 Lesson 5 Grammar Modals in the Past . ....... . .. .. .............................. 187 Context American Presidents. ..................... . ................. . . 187 READING Slavery, Lincoln, and the Civil War ............... . ....... 188 5.1 Modals in the Past ....................................... 189 5.2 Past PossibiLity and Probability ......... . . . . . ............... 191 READING The Cuban Missile Crisis ..... .. ......... .. ...... . ... .. . 198 5.3 Past Direction Not Taken . .. ........ . ..................... . 199 READING Election 2000: Bush vs. Gore .. . .... ... ................. 203 5.4 Past Mistakes .... . .. . ... . ............ . ... .. .... . . .. . . . . . 204 5.5 Be Supposed To in the Past ......... ... . . . . ...... . ......... 209 READING The Media and PresidentiaL Elections . . ................ . .. 210 5.6 Must Have vs. Had To . .. .......... .. ............... . ..... 211 5.7 Could + Base Form vs. Could Have + Past Participle ............. 213 Contents v 5.8 More on Couldn't Have ...... ... .......................... 215 5.9 Continuous Forms of Past Modals ... . .. ...... ... . ..... .. .. . .. 217 SUMMARY . ................................................. 218 EDITING ADVICE . ...................... .. .... . .. . ... ..... .... 221 EDITING QUIZ . .............................................. 222 TEST/REVIEW . ............................. . .... ... . ....... .. 222 EXPANSION . .. .. .. . . ..... .. ... ....... ..... ..... .. .... ..... .. 227 I Lesson 6 Grammar Adjective Clauses: Descriptive Phrases . . .. . ..... ...... ........... 229 Context The Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 6.1 Adjective Clauses-An Overview ....... ... ... . . ............. 230 READING Spam ........... .. ...... .. .............. . . .. .. ..... 230 6.2 Relative Pronoun as Subject. ............................... 232 6.3 Relative Pronoun as Object ................................ 235 6.4 Comparing Pronoun as Subject and Object .............. . ...... 236 6.5 Relative Pronoun as Object of Preposition . .... ... . ....... ..... 238 READING eBay ......... . ................ . .................. . 241 6.6 Where and When in Adjective Clauses . . ... .... .... .... .. . .. . . 243 6.7 Where, When, That, or Which in Adjective Clauses . .. ..... ...... 244 READING Freecycle ...... ... ... . . ..... ... . ......... . ..... . .... 246 6.8 Whose + Noun in an Adjective Clause ........................ 247 6.9 Adjective Clauses After Indefinite Pronouns ... . .. .... .......... 249 READING Creating the World Wide Web ........................... 254 6.10 Nonessential Adjective Clauses.............................. 256 6.11 Essential vs. Nonessential Adjective Clauses . . ...... . . .. .. ..... 258 6.12 Descriptive Phrases ...... .. .................. .. .. .... ... . 262 SUMMARY . ....... ... ........... . . ............ ..... .. ....... 267 EDITING ADVICE . ...... . . ......... ....... ...... . ............. 268 EDITING QUIZ . .............................................. 269 TEST/REVIEW . ... . . ..... .. .. ..... ....... .. .. .. ..... .. ....... . 270 EXPANSION ....... .... .... . ..... .. .. .... ........ .. . .. .. .. . .. 273 Lesson 7 Grammar Infinitives: Gerunds . ......................................... 275 Context Helping Others . ... ... . . . .......... . .. . .... . .. . .... . ....... . . 275 7.1 Infinitives-An Overview . ..... . .. . . . . .. .... ....... .. .. . . .. 276 READING Andrew Carnegie, Philanthropist ....... ... ..... ... . .. . .. . 276 7.2 Verbs Followed by an Infinitive ............................. 278 7.3 Object Before Infi nitive ......................... . ......... 280 vi Contents READING Charity and Volunteering ............................... 282 7.4 Causative Verbs ................ ......................... 284 7.5 Adjective Plus Infi nitive ......................... . .. . ... . .. 285 READING One Step at a Time .............. .......... ........... 288 7.6 Using the Infinitive to Show Purpose ......................... 289 7.7 Infi nitive as Subject. .. .. . ... .... . ........................ 290 7.8 Infinitive with Too and Enough . ............................ 293 7.9 Gerunds-An Overview .................................... 295 READING Helping Others Get an Education ........................ 296 7.10 Gerund as Subject ....................................... 297 7.11 Gerund after Prepositions and Nouns ......................... 298 7.12 Using the Correct Preposition ............................... 299 7.13 Verbs Followed by Gerunds ........... ............ ... '....... 302 7.14 Verbs Followed by Gerund or Infinitive ....................... 304 7.15 Infinitive and Gerund as Subject ............................ 305 7.16 Gerund or Infinitive after a Verb: Differences in Meaning ......... 306 READING Mimi's Bike Ride ..... ............... ................. 308 7.17 Used To/Be Used To/Get Used To ........................... 310 READING Global Volunteers ..... ......................... ...... 313 7.18 Sense-Perception Verbs ................................... 314 SUMMARY . .......... . .... .... .. .. .......................... 318 EDITING ADVICE . ............................................ 320 EDITING QUIZ . ............. ...... ... .. .. .... ................ 321 TEST/REVIEW . ............................................... 322 EXPANSION . ............... ..... ............................ 325 Lesson 8 Grammar Adverbial Clauses and Phrases; Sentence Connectors; So/Such . .. That . ...................... . .................... 327 Context Coming to America . .......................................... 327 8.1 Adverbial Clauses-An Overview ..... ............. .. ........ 328 READING A Nation of Immigrants .. . . .... .... ..... ............... 328 8.2 Reason and Purpose ........... . . . ... . . . ..... . ............ 330 READING The Lost Boys of Sudan ................................ 333 8.3 Time Expressions ........................................ 334 8.4 Using the -ing Form after Time Words ........................ 338 READING Slavery-An American Paradox ....... . ....... . .......... 339 8.5 Contrast ............................................... 340 READING The Changing Face of America ........................... 342 8.6 Condition . ............... .. ..... ...... ................. 344 Contents vii Acknowledgments Many thanks to Dennis Hogan, Sherrise Roehr, and Tom Jefferies from Heinle Cengage for their ongoing support of the Grammar in Context series. I would especially like to thank my development editor, Sarah Sandoski, for her patience, sensitivity, keen eye to detail, and invaluable suggestions. And many thanks to my students at Truman College, who have increased my understanding of my own language and taught me to see life from another point of view. By sharing their observations, questions, and life stories, they have enriched my life enormously. This new edition is dedicated to the millions of displaced people in the world. The U.S. is the new home to many refugees, who survived unspeakable hardships in Burundi, Rwanda, Sudan, Burma, Bhutan, and other countries. Their resiliency in starting a new life and learning a new language is a tribute to the human spirit.-Sandra N. Elbaum Heinle would like to thank the following people for their contributions: Elizabeth A. Adler-Coleman Antoinette B. d'Oronzio Sandra Kawamura Debbie Ockey Sunrise Mountain High Hillsborough Community Sacramento City College Fresno, CA School College-Dale Mabry Sacramento, CA Lesa Perry las Vegas, NV Campus Bill Keniston University of Nebraska at Tampa, FL Dorothy Avondstondt Norrnandale Community Omaha Miami Dade College RhondaJ. Farley College Omaha, NE Miami, FL Cosumnes River College Bloomingron, MN Herbert Pierson Sacramento, CA Judith A. G. Benka Michael Larsen St. John's University Normandale Community Jennifer Farnell American River College Queens, NY College University of Connecticut Sacramento, CA DinaPoggi Bloomingron, MN American language BeaC. Lawn De Anza College Program Gavilan College Cupertino, CA Carol Brutza Stamford, CT Gilroy, CA Gateway Community Steven Rashba College Gall Fernandez Rob Lee University of Bridgeport New Haven, CT Bergen Community College Pasadena City College Bridgeport, CT Paramus, NJ Pasadena, CA Lyn Buchheit MarkRau Irasema Fernandez Ora nit Limmaneeprasert American River College Community College of Miami Dade College American River College Sacramento, CA Philadelphia Miami, FL Sacramento, CA Philadelphia, PA Maria Spelleri Abigall-Marie Fiattarone Linda Louie State College of Florida Charlotte M. Calobrisi Mesa Community College Highline Community Manatee-Sarasota Northern Virginia Mesa, AZ College Venice, FL Community College John Gamber Des Moines, WA Annandale, VA Eva Teagarden American River College Melanie A. Majeski Yuba College Gabriela Cambiasso Sacramento, CA Naugatuck Valley Marysville, CA Harold Washington College Community College Marcia Gethin-Jones Colin S. Ward Chicago,IL Waterbury, CT University of Connecticut Lone Star College-North Jeanette Clement American language Maria Marin Harris Duquesne University Program De Anza College Houston, TX Pittsburgh, PA Stamford, CT Cupertino, CA Nico Wiersema Allis Cole Kimlee Buttacavoli Grant Michael I. Massey Texas A&M International Shoreline Community The Leona Group, LLC Hillsborough Community University College Phoenix, AZ College-Ybor City Campus laredo, TX Shoreline, WA Shelly Hedstrom Tampa, FL Susan Wilson Palm Beach Community Marlo McCIurg-Mackinnon San Jose City College Fanshen DiGiovanni College Cosumnes River College San Jose, CA Glendale Community lake Worth, FL Sacramento, CA College Glendale, CA Linda Holden Michelle Naumann College of lake County Elgin Community College Grayslake, IL Elgin, lL x Acknowledgments S. I noticed that when I used interesting stories that illustrated the grammar. Scholar. lt is no wonder that I became an English language teacher.. science (travel to Mars). I published the first edition of Grammar in Context and have continued to search for topics that teach grammar in contexts that are relevant to students' lives. an editing exercise. and used it more effectively.A word from the author My parents immigrated to the U. grammar textbooks used a series of unrelated sentences with no context. understood the grammar better. interesting people.S. recent events that made history (Hurricane Katrina). As I gained teaching experience. whether well~known or not. an interactive conversation activity. students became more motivated. the context is reinforced throughout the lesson. I knew instinctively that there was something wrong with this technique. Elbaum In memory of Meyer Shisler Teacher. from Poland and learned English as a second language. In 1986. a listening activity. It ignored the fact that language is a tool for communication. I often had the task as a child to explain the intricacies of tbe Englisb language. and more. Born in the U. or free writing. and it missed an opportunity to spark the student's curiosity. I hope you enjoy the new edition of Grammar in Context! Sandra N. Whether the task is a fill~in grammar exercise. Inspiration A word from the author xi . When I started teaching over forty years ago. The contexts I've chosen each tell a story: practical ones about technology (eBay and Freecycle). . .~::_".. 8. The ._ . · meaningful way.'\ explanations and provide EXERCISE a verb in parentheses wtwant. . (. torrett than which.- h... 247 contextualized examples _ _=. The new fifth edition of Grammar in Context engages learners with updated readings.l.l. tOll should always send a l I.:r and I'«l'lver \\'ill men. 1kn<. : th.. ... .---.f )"OU dun I . 's t~'uo::l~ .- students' understanding h bookstore anyn\("Ire. dd. .only01 on1h . uon . .to. New To . My p<lrents ann. in an informative and often 9111e People ····h. illustrating the an adjective dause. 'h ."ection of hip-hop ~Ds.tlOn . a In num"" . fOf thu'9S..~~~~e.. to sell Y" to get it. Tht')' VI' h«n raken. ... (X~MPLE Sp.1nl comes fron' romp.."n«dro~""gooJ even easier to study and teach from...'l\ot more .l. people-. .l...' . . and a new full-color design.fC ~ Th<n High-interest..J 366<1.lr ~I to j/t'f It. ___-h'" \". . rn3nJ['YOU 00 you have an old~~~~~ any more? Or. . My w.- _. clock radIO them Mrile broke. f fry.re often .<I m want ~ur monf:Y. .Jy· -' 4.....n.nform.mmer . by providing meaningful examples of the grammar in natural language.J~_______________.. o«<n..- J scl"V1ces 00\ . tlause mus.l time . · FU LL-CO Lor d· eSlgn ma kes grammar 6. Fill in the blanks Wlt(tt r::~omplete the adjectWe dause. 1..n Ftl.tte 'Ofled form I . 'Language Notes' refine Don'T fo~ to uochec t _. Our v. that.. ..\ more visually contextualized and . ..... . WI sU~'sra fi "-." -. ... 7..products.1'1 . She never ~ to t e n c h and of the target structure .u ""m"".<"'u ~p.vtr the itl'm~ no -=n wh.l. . Learners gain knowledge and skills in both the grammar structures and topic areas. She \\/TOte about 1\ lime t U..'.. . "..JW. /looJI check .lOll whO!ie' polite. ~I' r. I fete..\led i!ln .. _I k he bNt .. Fifth Edition Grammar in Context presents grammar in interesting contexts that are relevant to students' lives and then recycles the language and context throughout every activity.. A splI._mail addfe!>s.' . 1. t~.11 her books onhne..ump06111on.h."''':'''''''.dL----..lC\uon to Pilris was the roes OFFER.I. an d which can be the subject of clause.~ adjective clauses bE \\1 Ich In front of the gl\'t'r's ::...'''''' a way for you to get it ..".n"\~ · of the structure..: gfrls' SlIt 10 clot-hes Good""". (.. elcome to Grammar in Context. that. fkovuu~we 9. .. Of which + !. People ----. Grammar charts offer straightforward . lleteived an e-mail. . _I .. Use ha and Use the relative p'onou~: _.. ... Or 5('\mcfl~C5 updated ~or cot. This EdrtlOn.n" se. Sometimes ~useeabox ... h::lS fewer Ih. Need ~nO(her 0ll1' I You Read ~KEN' rn. My hlnhllay IS a day 1\ \ot of Amencans bo.41 s~nl ~ . 2 ~ present-tense vefb If' .l. present grammar in . . . New YCl\r's Eve is.ry gIfts.i~·~~·~i~~·~·~~l. u' •.d". out their e-mail addresse5· hetp each other.. "fm"mng . '" U'" the relative pronouns that and whKh LaogUIQ' Hot": that for people.we 0 things on \... or the The relatlve pronouns who. ' . "..". to make me neh. .~·..ne gl ~ _ _.l. Very ofren '''JIII~ .nb". l' I r $ a wa~ Important m br sa C to Il't a ~tra n . Xli Welco me to Grammar in Context . e-maIl ro the J:>er.. 4.ne o. grammatical structure to make me rich.r.n 3. '.m yOurself the lime . '--r with its subject..". 2. lr may::: .uRhrer Freecycle Before (>{J~'1l WANTED.r e-mail addresses. 2008 was 1\ ~r . offer you respond _ " Ol" rtrclVl' Read ttte foUowing. Itcm)'Ol/ r«elVt'd. . Ilolle.hm"'" th. Comp." r-----~. 10.). have a separate e )'OlI reCeived.es . 3. stuJeOl-.e rf"Ct'I"t'r. .ng. ' . Prople who have it sepante e. '''.:.es . has IflOn .. her. .-hh. informative readings It stands for his. How do the member.T alrell. 5.n"!p.ln 30 JI\y5- o. context.nda hecanlC Vt:ry 6.fee mail address.-.Lr Into YOUr I This EdltlOn.:~ IJ be ".1. ( rL'" ... clear and manageable grammar explanations. ------].•.o:m :::---------------.... • thot. and which can be the object of buyan't'. f~~~~.- Od ma r W it 6. 8: The fooJ (41 . (5) unfriendly.' is Ameridln English 3_ TIle teacher gave a test last w k AI .. e-""."!J by taking out the relative clause. has a lot of .. ' . r" I don't know sent .::><. The hous~apanmcr1( I w-.0 k D id you fi nd orn. d-" The "'cv. cresting travclen. ··d of flJ(. Answers EXAMPLE My frieod JUSt oought a oew dro:> Th ..===J:: Ob · I don't know a sent me a n e-mail with he r picture.lKC a I ked some fn en SIll 8: I J idn't use a uavell\~ent...'('uld see the ocean md' ny w.l"lleleTS . .. In an adjective clause. • claus.. V<lc:HtOns cool i ne • . ve note. A: Wh at k\" .. Tht' school I graJullted~f:.I.~~~~~~::::::::::::::::::==~==~_______________________________________________ A: Did you take pictures... as 0'1<: to look K'f If speaking (also included on u\k$dW ({'O~ vacatiun.. One ffi end 1.". I.e.'asac 0 1 I The name of the Audio CD). ~ective clause WIth an object pronoon the object of t he above .Contextualized dialogues two friends. 4. 3.. cl' \. ____ 'About You' communicative activities 1. ... EXERCISE 11 Make these sentences more into at • pronoun and putting the p .n""~'. (6) .. c ~ I d: I Therev.m:e.. • '.. as seen in the abo conversation ho when used as the object of the ad· . The relative pronoun i~ us 11 . The English . .". enhance learning by personalizing the 3. fro my . . most everyone fa iled the rest ••• Welcome to Grammar in Context XIU .·-h. . se> I thOllcht I WI'IS "Ocean ww.erve.. the relative pronoun rs llSualt .. . 4.. .. d ~ cheap "oays 10 r. .! .. .}. reposItion at the end of the adjective EXAMPLE He Vlsi red several We b sires in wo' h h . B: N(">. I don't understand =n.:eren t I B: T he person .-::::.. do ' me an e-maIL (Informal) n t repeat the object of the ad' · I bought -if.: ::-------------- ~~to rYe rll _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ grammar.. Y omltte altogether in manageable sections to make person whom I don't kilo A person who I don't kn w sent me an e-maiL (Format) A person I don't know se~ sent me an ~mait. improve learners' listening le How "......---. an appropriate adjective clause. 2. . ua y omItted In conversation when it rs the object of the .fferent The thi ngs . There is a new Web si 00 .. (Less Format) learning easier. adjective A ""rson . 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However. re a li t which eVe ryon e is ra lking.w.. A sent me an e-mail with her picture.IT . Tht' dry ' come frum 2.. .. m in the same t h m gs· fron\the thin~-=::~. They wtrt B: I did n' t like th e other fr. .IS yoUT (tiP' 8: Terrible.. k made me SIC ... . The teacher I studied bcRirmingg--.nad at:~"~' b:l:e:~:... One )0 bi nk EXERCISE 11 This tion where is a conversation an istand vat:a he" betwee Answers may vary· with an adject1ve clause• . I don't read all the e-mail ~ I . EXEROSE • eh ili.------.st came back from .)(\ l\id they o.ng 'm'~'''9 The relative pronouns who(m) an adjective clause.0".' I( .. -on.-ere .lS In t e U<' only wa~r . ' stud ied British EORlish . d ~ective clause.h in tcrcsting companK. ---- 8.n .. '" .t. We v.___ k Could you com Enclish? I don't read all the I receive.ndo. ee . 1. .. receIVe. is a topic I don't like to ralk a'- (lour. .. C .. M('IS( {'Of the peopl I e W\'nr to cle m en t~ r y school wi t h 7."" "..".-----. . 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Sr.. • Online Lesson Planner is perfect for busy instructors.heinle. • Student Web site features a review unit and additional practice: http://elt. • Assessment CD-ROM with ExamVjeW® lets teachers create and customize tests and quizzes easily and includes many new contextualized test items.. or at home. • Audio CD includes dialogues and all readings from the student book. • Instructor Web site includes a printable Student Book answer key. Welcome to Grammar in Context xv . allowing them to create and customize lesson plans for their classes.. updated ~or I This EdltlOn. FOR THE TEACHER: New To . • Online Workbook features additional exercises that learners can access in the classroom. • Teacher's Edition offers comprehensive teaching notes including suggestions for more streamlined classroom options..com/grammarincontext. Additional resources for each level FOR THE STUDENT: NeW To . . I This EdlUO n. language lab. I This EdltlOn. then save and share them in a range of formats. . Lesson Grammar The Present Perfect Tense The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 1 Context Jobs 'The present perfect cuntinuous is sometimes called the present perfect progressive. . I worked in the family business part-time when I was in high school. General Manager Paradise Hotel 226 West Jackson Boulevard Chicago. I am ready to assume 2 more responsibilities. citizen for the past five years. As you can see from my resume. After high school. For the past few years. Ray Johnson. and this is a plus in the hotel business. Illinois 60606 Dear Mr. I look forward to meeting with you soon. I have been a U. where my family owns a hotel. Do you have a job now? What do you do? ·4» CD 1. I have always loved the hotel business. Pay special attention to the present perfect and present perfect continuous tenses. I would like you to consider me for any other position at your hotel. TR 01 Read the following cover letter and resume. 2 Lesson 1 . I have had a lot of experience in various aspects of the hotel business.S.S.S. I have worked in several American hotels. I am fluent in both Spanish and English. 'To be an asset to a company means to have a talent o r ability that will help the company. I have been working at the Town and Country Hotel. Since I came to the U. If you have already filled the manager's position. Enclosed is my resume for your review. I come from Mexico City. Illinois 60659 773-555-1946 dmendoza99@e*mail. Do you have a resume? 2.(over Letter and Job Resume Before You Read 1. and I now consider myself bilingual. Thank you for considering my application.com Mr. Sincerely.. Johnson: I would like to apply for the job of hotel office manager at the Paradise Hotel. and I know I can be an asset3 to your hotel. Now that I have my degree in business administration. Over the years my English has improved. J)£Mliel~ Daniel Mendoza 2Assume means take on or accept. I received my bachelor's degree from the University of Illinois in 2002 and my master's degree from Northwestern University in 2004. 6965 Troy Avenue Chicago. in 1998 because I wanted to continue my education and learn about managing larger hotels. I came to the U. I have also studied French and can speak it fairly well. I studied hotel and restaurant management at the National University of Mexico. HTML EDUCATION • Master of Science: Business Administration. organized. Mexico City. Fireworks.IL Front Desk Clerk (part-time) 1994-1998 Hotel Mendoza. and communication • Coordinated. 2004 • Bachelor of Science: Business Administration. building teams. Chicago.com SUMMARY: Hotel professional with proven management skills and successful experience in improving operations. Illinois 60659 773-555-1946 dmendoza99@e*mail. Mexico Front Desk Clerk TECHNICAL PROFICIENCIES • Microsoft Office (Word. and improving customer relations. DANIEL MENDOZA 6965 Troy Avenue Chicago. PowerPoint). correspondence. Northwestern University. and supervised front desk operations and food service • Assisted guests and groups in planning tours and arranging transportation. FrontPage. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 3 . and reservations • Designed and maintained hotel Web site • Managed hotel bookkeeping EMPLOYMENT HISTORY 2007-Present Town and Country Hotel.mendozahotel. Quicken. Access. Excel. Dreamweaver. upgrading properties. Evanston. 1998 PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS • Travel & Tourism Research Association (TTRA) • Association of Travel Marketing Executives (ATME) • International Association of Convention & Visitor Bureaus (IACVB) The Present Perfect Tense. Flash. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE • Developed sales/marketing plans geared towards business travelers • Handled customer relations. IL Bookkeeper (part-time) 1998-2002 Travel Time Hotel.IL Front Office Manager 2002-2007 Mid-Town Hotel. 2002 • Degree in Hotel Man~gement: National University of Mexico.com www. restaurant accommodations. University of Illinois. Champaign. Photoshop. Daniel has had experience with computers. tense. they. He has studied a foreign language. He has included information about his education. 8. EXAMPLES Daniel has worked for his parents. for less than two years. He has included his age and marital status in his resume. 6. There have been many interviews. I. He has already met with Mr. T Daniel has worked in California. 5. Affirmative Subject Have Past Participle Complement Explanation I have been in the u. 4. 3. He has had experience in several hotels. 4 lesson 1 . there. have + past participle. Daniel has never worked in a factory. 7. EXERCISE 0 True or False. Johnson. 2. we. a plural noun + My parents have • glVen me encouragement. F 1. use: We have written a job resume. Based on the cover letter and resume.S.s. or They have seen the application. He has been in the U. To form the present perfect You have had a lot of experience. dedde if the statement is true (T) or false (F). you. for a year. To form the negative.S. auxiliary verb (have/has) He has just had an interview. use: he. I have not applied for a job. Johnson has not seen the resume yet. and the past The manager has probably interviewed a lot of people. past participle. or a singular It has been hard to find a job. she. With an Adverb Subject Have/ Adverb Past Complement Explanation Has Participle You have never worked in a factory. the auxiliary verb We have not had an interview. noun + has + There has been a lot of unemployment. between the They have already found a job. tense. The Present Perfect Tense. participle. put not between Mr. it. (has/have) and the past participle. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 5 . there. You can put an adverb We have always wanted to learn English. My father has visited me in the U. Subject Has Past Participle Complement Explanation My sister has been a doctor for two years. To form the present perfect She has had a lot of experience. Negative Subject Have/ Not Past Complement Explanation Has Participle He has not found a job. The process of finding a job in the U. I have used the Internet. I have had three interviews. I have also taken a course at a nearby college on how to prepare for an interview. and soon I hope to find a good job. Underline all present perfect tense verbs. a few months ago. We use it to form the present perfect tense. Irregular Verbs-Past and past participle are the same. The past form and the past participle • lmprove improved improved of regular verbs are the same.5. but I have not done well on them. To learn about this process. I don't think my English is a problem because I have studied English since I was a child. 50 far. Regular Verbs-Past and past participle are the same. In my country. I stayed at the same job until I came herJ. is a bit different. I found a job right after I graduated from college. looking for a Job I am looking for ajob. The past participle is the third form of the verb. I arrived in the U. I have been an electrical engineer for the past eight years. so I have not had much experience with American job interviews.5. I hope that each interview will help me do better on the next one. FORMS EXPLANATION Base Form Past Form Past Participle The past participle of many irregular verbs have had had is the same as the past form. buy bought bought leave left left make made made put put put 6 Lesson 1 . EXERCISE 11 Read the following student composition. FORMS EXPLANATION Base Form Past Form Past Participle The past participle of regular verbs ends in work worked worked -ed. I'. Irregular Verbs-Past and past participle are different. TIle Present Perfect Continuous Tense 7 . FOT ~n ~lphabctl(:al list of Irregular paS( tenses and pasr pAt\lclpktl. M. 8tt Append".' BASE FORM PAST FORM PAST PARTICIPLE become became become come came come run ran run blow blew blown draw drew drawn fly flew flown grow grew grown know knew known throw threw thrown swear swore sworn tear tore torn wear wore worn break broke broken choose chose chosen freeze froze frozen speak spoke spoken steal stole stolen begin began begun drink drank drunk ring rang rung sing sang sung sink sank sunk swim swam swum bite bit bitten drive drove driven hide hid hidden ride rode ridden rise rose risen write wrote written be was/were been do did done eat ate eaten fall fell fallen forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven get got gotten give gave given go went gone lie lay lain mistake mistook mistaken prove proved proven (or proved) see saw seen shake shook shaken show showed shown (or showed) take took taken ' Note. The Present Perfect Tense. -. feel ___________________________ 12.. believe _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 22.----o. lose _____________________________ 14.-.. Mr. choose ____ __ _ _ _ __ 13. He _ _ _---.. do _ __________________________ 15. find _ _ _ _________ 26. {newr/uorkJ 8. Daniel ___----... steal _ _ __ _ _ _ __ 25.. (send) 9.8-::9c:90 :.-c-~:-_ _ from college.-_ __ many applicants for the job. (""") 1. (al"<l)S/beJ 5. (Mw) 2.____ Daniel's resume.. fa ll _________________________ 11. 1 ___ ---. (inleni. th ink ___ _________________ 28.-___ _ a letter from Daniel..---..._ ___ his resume to many companies. look _______________________ 9. study ___________________________ 6. EXAMPLE shake _ __ -=9'-'h8"-k-=. (get} 3.--. begin __________________________ 4. Daniel ___ 7C--. make ______ ____ 30..-. (bd 4. Daniel's parents .-c_____ as a programmer.--. The company ------:c----c--. (lllrmJ)/gm<iumc) 6.-. There ____ ----. read _ _ ___________ 18. hide ______________________ 8."~_ _ 1.in the hotel business. Jo hnson _____----... He ______--. grow _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ 3. EXERCISE 11 Fill in the blanks with the past participle of the verb shown. ride _ ___________________________ 7. EXAMPLE Daniel ____-'h. work _ ___________ __ 20... listen _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ 27.1'} 8 Lesson 1 .live ______ _ _ _ ____ 29...---. leave ______________ ____ 10.-. see _ __ _ _ _ _ ____ 21. drive _ _ _ __ _ _ __ 19. eat _ __ _ _ __ __ 16. understand ____ _ _ _ ___ EXERCISE 11 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses ( ) to form the present perfect tense.. be ___________________________ 5..:::""'t'---___ three resumes th is week. go _ _ _ __ _ __ __ 17.-___ several interviews.----. (woo) 7.-. swim ______________ _ 23.20 applicants so fa r.-.c . drink ____ _ __ ___ 24. write _ _ _ ____________ 2. have not . she's. EXAMPLE You . The Present Perfect Conrinuous Tense 9 .haven't Mr. and there's can mean has or is. .He is working. He's working. 3. I applied for many jobs.3 The Present Perfect-Contractions EXAMPLES EXPLANATION I've had a lot of expenence. The manage(s had many job applications. Johnson {not} _ _ _ _ looked at all the resumes. Daniel had several jobs so far. The Present Perfect Tense. They (not) _ _ __ made a decision yet. Mr.hasn't Language Note: The's in he's. it's.: 'V.. EXERCISE 11 Contract have or has with the subject for affirmative statements.S.. There's been a change in my plans. I have . Use hasn't or haven't for negative statements. hotel business.. We can make a contraction with subject pronouns Ifs been hard to find a job.He has worked.You've She has ~ She's We have "" We've It has ~ Ifs They have ~ They've There has ~ There's My lathe(s taught me a lot about the Most singuLar nouns can contract with has. I haven't had experience in the resta urant Negative contractions: business. and have or has. 6. has not . He's worked. 7. I've He has ~ He's You have . . His father never come to the U. 4. Johnson hasn't called me. 1. 2. We seen Daniel's resume. 5.1. It been hard fo r Daniel to find a job.::8 _ _ _ already sent your appli catio n.. The verb form following the contraction will tell you what the contraction means. --cc-. TR 02 B: Yes..-_ _ __ a lot of experi ence in the hotel business.. c ...S.. my parents own a hotel in Mexico. Who has read the resume? Something has happened.. Someone has read the resume.. Who Word Have. Have you worked in Mexico? Yes. Where has he had hotel experience? In Mexico and the U.? For six years.S. I see you work in a hotel.1. 04» (aamtJkJ CD I . (4) In met. Why haven't you seen my resume? EXERCISE III Read the job interview with Daniel. he hasn't. You have worked in the U. I do.! Past Complement Short Answer Has Has Participle He has had hotel experience. Has he had restaurant experience? No.. Why hasn't he found a job? You haven't seen my resume.! Subject Have. Wh. A: I've looked at your resume. How long have you worked in the U.. A: How long ..c-.had this job fo r several years.IItlrd Haven't/ Subject Haven't! Past Complement Hasn't Hasn't Participle He hasn't found a job yet. I have.4 The Present Perfect-Question Formation Compare affirmative statements and questions. yo u .S. But I (J) _ __ . Write the missing words in the blanks.. What has happened? Compare negative statements and questions. this job? (l} (2) 8: I' . 10 Lesson 1 . The action repeats during a period of time He has had three interviews this month. He has always loved the hotel business. you don't have time for vacations. He has sent out 20 resumes so far. I just want a job as a manager. I' already several (H) (15) people and will interview a few more this week.. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 11 . A: __-=__ you seen your parents recently? (7) 8: My mother __= ___---.S. the past.S. A: How long _ _= __ your parents _ _. a few times to see me. Has Daniel ever worked in a restaurant? Daniel has studied French. The action occurred at an indefinite time in He hasn't made his decision yet. It still has importance to a present situation. (8) (9) But my father _ _ = __ never _ _= __ here because someone (10) (11) h as to stay at the hotel all the time. and he speaks it fairly well. . to the present. we'll let you know. . He's _ _ _ _=:-_ __ me (lZ) many times. The action started in the past and continues He has had his present job for several years." But I don't want to be an owner now. since 1998. 1.". - EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Daniel has been in the U.. that started in the past and continues to the present Mr. I haven't. _ _= __ you filled the position yet? (lJJ A: No. Johnson has received Daniel's letter.-_ to the U .-__ a hotel? (5) (6) 8: Most of their lives. The Present Perfect Tense. When we make our decision. "When you are an owner of a business.5 Uses of the Present Perfect Tense-An Overview .. He has had a lot of experi ence in _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ < 6. fin ished his master's degree yet? Yes. 14. (Refer to the resume and cover letter on pages 2-3. How many times _ __ __ _ _ ___ worked with business travele rs? 15. Daniel has been _ __ _ _ _ __ _ since 1998. He has never _________ _ ___ in New York. He has _ __ _ __ __ _ French and speaks it fairly well. 16. 12. Why a job yet? 10. EXERCISE. He has lived in _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ cities in Ill inois. he has not included _ _ _ __ _ _ __ 7. answers may vary. he has worked in hotels. ever organized group transportation? 11. How long _ __ __ _ ____ a member of a travel association? H e 's been a member for several years. He hasn't a jo b yet. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete each statement. In some cases. He has had his job at the Town and Country Hotel for _____ _________ 3. 2. he _______________ 13. 9. Daniel has a horel bookkeeper.) EXAMPLE Daniel has included his phone numuer in his resume. He has studied at _ __ _ __ _ __ universiti es. He has never worked in _ _ __ __ _ ___ 5. 8. So far. In his resume. 1. 4. 12 Lesson 1 . b. How long have you been in the US. year. in the since clause is in the simple past tense. etc. and continues to the present. The Present Perfect Tense. He has been You can put ever since at the end of the there ever since. Use for + amount of time. Daniel went to Chicago in 2002. Daniel has been in the u. DanieL has always loved the hotel business.We use the present perfect tense to show that an action or state started in the past and continues to the present. citizen for two years. month. It means "from the past time His father started to work in the hotel when mentioned to the present. The verb he was a teenager. Johnson statement." he was twenty years old. before. His parents have been in the hotel b. sentence.--------.S. He has had a car since he came to the U. He has worked there ever since.? Use how long to ask an information question How long has your family owned a hotel? about length of ti me. Use since + date.------.s. We use the present perfect with always and I have always wanted to start my own never to show that an action began in the past business. all. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 13 . future He has been in the US since 1998 EXAMPLES EXPLANATION a. He has had his job for the past few years. since 1998. a.----. when the action began. Use since or ever since to begin a clause that He has wanted to manage hotels ever since shows the start of a continuous action. c.---. to show I have been a atizen since last March.----------.---.--. I have never worked in a restaurant. Daniel has been a US. c. We often use before at the end of a never DanieL has never written to Mr. You can say for the past / last + time period. Omit/or with an expression beginning with business all their lives. 1998 now past ~------r-----------1 ----. EXERCISE ID) Write four true sentences telling about things you've always done or ways you've always been. EXERCISE" Fill In the blanks to complete the sentences. He found a good job in 2004. Not every sentence needs a word.S. He's worked at a hotel ever _ _ __ he _ _ _ _ from high school. EXAMPLE I'. EXAMPLES I've always worked very hard. Name something you've always disli ked. long have you had your job! 9. Name someth ing you 've always wanted to own. Daniel has _ _ _ _ in C hi cago 2004. Share your answers with the dass. I've always i:1een very thin.S. 5. 7. 3.:. Name someth ing you've always wanted to do. 3. 3. Dan iel has had his apartment for the _____ ten months. EXERCISE III Make statements with always. How has he been in the U. 1. since he _ ____ from college. He _ ____ worked at the same job ever _ __ _ 4. I've always thought about my futu re. 2. 5. Name someth ing you've always bel ieved in. _ _ ___ you always worked in a hotel? 8.S. He's wanted to manage a h otel _ _ _ __ since he was a child. 2. Daniel _____ been in the U. 2. 10. His parents have lived in Mexico _____ all their lives.? He' _ _ _ __ been in the U. 6. for three years. 14 Lesson 1 . 1.v"e'-___ been in the U.S. EXAMPLE Na me something you've always t hought about. 4. Name someth ing you've always liked. many years. 4. 1. language Note: We often say in ages to mean "in a long time. He saw his parents three years ago. EXERCISE m ABOUT YOU Make statements with never. _____________________________________ 3. TIle Present Perfect Continuous Tense 15 . Daniel hasn't seen his parents in three years. He stopped in 1998. Share your answers with the class. and in with negative statements. 4. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Daniel hasn't worked in Mexico since 1998. 3. _____________________________________ 1. 5. I've never used a sewing machine. Write four true sentences telling about things you've never done but would like to. EXAMPLE Name a machine you've never used. I've never flown In a helicopter. for. Name something you've never drunk. Hi Daniel! I haven't seen you in ages! The Present Perfect Tense. 1." . That was OR the last time. Name something you've never done. 1. . EXAMPLES I've never gone to Paris. Name something your teacher has never done in class. ~ut I'd like to. 2. ~ut I'd like to.7 Negative Statements with Since. you can use either for or in. and In We can use since. _________________________________________ 2. 6. He worked in Mexico until 1998. Daniel hasn't seen his parents for three years. EXERCISE . _________________________________________ 4. For. Name a job you've never had. In negative statements. Name something you've never owned. Name a food you've never tried. now. 16 Lcs~on I . 5. present.o". Some answers may vary. 4. 3. Name someone you haven't seen in a long time.. EXERCISE ID Name something. . Name something you haven't had time to do since you started to study English. - EXAMPLES EXPLANATION I am in the U.-. I have always loved my job. EXERCISE ID Fill in the blanks to complete the following conversations. I have never liked to wake up ea rly.u. A: Do you have a car? B: Yes. ve". or never connects the past to the He has a car. 6.S. I don't like to wake up early.y". 1. time. Name a subject you haven't studied since you were a child. I haven't eaten fish in a long time. The present perfect with for. A: How long _ _ -""h.S. 2. . EXAMPLES A: Do you have a computer? B: Yes. I love my job. Name a place you haven't visited in a long time. He has had his car since March. Name a game you haven't played since you were a child. Name a food you haven't eaten in a long time. a . 1. I do. for two years. always. EXAMPLES Name something yOll haven' t eaten in a long time. 1.. J do. A: How long _ _ __ _ _ __ your car? B: _________ my ca r for six months.8 The Present Perfect vs. the Simple Present . The simple present refers only to the present I have been in the U.-_ _ had your computer? B: 1 've had my computer for three years. since. Foster your teacher? s: Yes. she is. A: Does your mother have a driver's license? S: Yes. it A: long a computer lab? s: It a computer lab since 8. (continued) TIle Present Perfect Tense. A: Do you have a hi ke? s: Yes. TIle Present Perfect Contin uous Tense 17 . 5. A: Ms. A: How lo ng married? s: She since 2005. A: Do you know your friend Mark very well? s: Yes. she A: How her driver's license? s: She her driver's license since 6. she is. I A: How long each other? s: We each other ever we in elementary school.2. 3. A: Is your sister married? B: Yes. A: Does your school have a compucer lab? s: Yes. A: How long your teacher? s: For 7. I A: How long your bike? s: my bike the past 4. A: lung to learn English ? s: [0 learn English ever since T a ch ild. A: Do you want to learn English? s: Of course I do. EXAMPLE You're a teacher. Yo u think about grammar. Has English _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ 6. Has your last name _ _ _ _ 7. A: Does your mother like to dance? B: Y~. 1 am. Yo u like teaching. 1. Have you _ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ 3. Have you _ _ __ __ __ _ __ 4. Include a/ways in your question. Have you _ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ 2. A: Have you always been interested in learning English? B: Yes. Have you always been a teacher? No. You 're a teacher at this school.she-------~ A: _ _ __ __ _~she always _ __ __ _ _ __ Io dance? B: Yes. A: _ _ _ _ __ _ __ your son _ _ _ __ _ _~ a laplop? B: Y~. Then ask your teacher a question beginning with the words given. I've o nly been a teacher fo r five years. Your last name is _ _ __ __ _~. Are you a good student? 2. If the answer is yes. EXERCISE ID Read each statement about your teacher. Do you like to travel? 18 Lesson I . 9. ask Have you a/ways • •• ? EXAMPLE A: Are you in terested in learning English? B: Yes. Your teacher will answer. I was a nurse befo re I became a teacher. Another student will answer. Have you _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _~ 5. Do you wear glasses? 3. I've been interested in learn ing English si nce I was a smal l child. he _ _ __ _ __ _ A: How long _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _~' B: He bought one when he started going to college and he _ __ __ _ _~ i l ever _ _ _ _ _ _ _~ 10. Yo u live in this city. Have you _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ EXERCISE ID Ask a present tense question. She's always liked to dance. English is easy fo r you. 1. But my father _ __ _ __ _~ n eve r _ _ __ __ _~ to dance. Have you _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ 8. You work with ESL students. You reach grammar. " India. companies can cut labor costs. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 19 . Have you ever called an American company for service and gotten an answer from someone in another country? Many American companies have been moving customer service and technology jobs overseas. Do you think about your future? 8. 4. and China are the leading countries used in outsourcing. u. Are you an optimist? 7. the Philippines. Do you use credit cards? 11. (continued) The Present Perfect Tense. Do you like American movies? 6. Are you a friendly person? 10. Why has this shift'. Pay special attention to the present perfect and present perfect continuous tenses. Do you think some jobs are more secure than others? Which ones? ·4» CD 1. TR 03 Read the following magazine article. ·Wages means pay for doing a job. Do you work hard? 12. In addition. occurred? By using lower wages 6 overseas. Using workers in other countries is called "outsourcing. Do you want a college degree? Where Have All the Jobs Gone? Before You Read 1.s. Are you interested in politics? 5. service is available to customers 24 hours a day by phone or online. Do you live in an apartment? 9. 'A shift is a change. Why these countries? Because they have a high level of information technology (IT) workers who are fluent in English. Do you know anyone who has lost a job? 2. S. put not between have or has and been. Then companies started [0 move ca Ucenters abroad 1 to cut costs.'Orkers have been losing. educated.haven't has not = hasn't 20 Lcs. The U. ! --------------------------------------------------~ j 1. go~rnment has been studying the impact of outsourdng on the American econo my. America n \\. He has been living in the U. 2.9 The Present Perfect Continuous Forms Subject Have/ Been Present Complement Has Partidple I have been working in a call center. But more and more of the jobs going abroad today go to highly skilled.on 1 . ed ucated people. To for m the negative.-educated workers tho ught they had nothing to worry about. She has not been working hard. have not . has been studying the effects of outsourd ng. You have been getting more job experience.S. Many American workers who have been working at the same company for years are losing their jobs.S. Language Notes: 1. You have not been studying.<. American companies started using foreign labor for ma nu facturing jobs. companies have been benefiting from outsQurcing.S. Workers have been Losing their jobs. ()aniel has been working at a hotel. Many educated workers have had to take jooo for lower pay or get more train ing or education. Companies have been moving jobs overseas. We can make contractions for negative fo rms. i !. The U. But college. While U. skilled workers abroad ha\-~ become more co nfident. While some American workers in some fields have become mOre insecure about their jobs. Years ago. He has been working as a programmer With some verbs. Americans have become insecure about their We do not use a continuous tense with jobs. have difficulty. depending on its meaning. (See Language Notes below for a list of nonaction verbs.Uses EXAMPLES EXPLANATION I have been working at the same job since We use the present perfect continuous to talk 2007. present perfect continuous. not the present perfect. use the for the past eight hours.) Action: I have been thinking about Think can be an action or nonaction verb. have trouble. The Present Perfect ContinuOlls Tense 21 . language Notes: 1. present perfect or the present perfect 0' continuous with actions that began in the He has worked as a programmer for the past and continue to the present. very Little difference in meaning. --7 He has been working If the action is still happening. have 0 hard time. we can use either the for the past few years. starting a new career. have 0 finding a job. nonaction verbs. He's working now. Wrong: Americans hove been becoming insecure. Wrong: I hove been having my job for ten years. I have had my job for ten years. in hotels. and never. Nonaction: I have always thought that an Think about"" action verb educated person can find a good job. There is past few years. the following are nonaction verbs. to show the time spent at an activity. The following are usually nonaction verbs. 00 not use the continuous form with always I have never had another career. like want know own see think (that) love need believe understand hear care (about) hate prefer cost remember seem have (for possession) 2. about an action that started in the past and American companies have been using continues to the present. When used as sense-perception verbs. smell taste feel look sound The Present Perfecr Tense. We use for and since workers in foreign countries for many years. However. I have always worked as a programmer. good time. Think that: nonaction verb Nonaction: Daniel has had a lot of experience Hove is usually a nonaction verb. hove is an action verb in these expressions: Action: Daniel has been having problems hove 0 problem. EXERCISE.abour losing their jobs. A: How long h e been English? B: H e since he to the U.Y' "-·". A: Do you work with computers? B: Yes.-.--c---c-. (addS<') EXERCISE ID Fill in the blanks in the following conversations. --c----. A: Does your teacher have a lot of experience? B: Yes. 3. J d o.. Some answers may vary. she _ __ _ _ __ _ _ A: How long _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ teaching English? B: She English for 20 years . Fill in the blanks with the present perfect continuous form of the verb in parentheses ( ).. _ _ _ --.c. .-_ ___ c1asses for the past twO years to get retrained.. ._ _ _ on his resume for the past two days.-.jobs to India since 2005.----c-.S. (1<'1111) .Jp"Ia::.n. A: How long have )UU _ _~ ~ee =n..:-. he does..-.---. A: How long _ _ __ _ _ __ you _ _ _ _ _ __ _ with computers? B: with computers since 2004. a lot of articles about ou tsourcing.-. 2... -___ him to see a jo b counselor. A: your father study English ? B: Yes.c--.--. 22 Lesson I . I play the guitar. EXAMPLE A: Do you ____p"'la=y_ _ __ 3 musical instrument? B: Yes. EXAMPLE Bob has l1een working as a programmer for the past ten years.. _ _ _--. g_ _ the guitar? B: I 've ~een playing the guitar since l _ _ _ -"w"a"- s_ _ _ 10 years old.. (uomk) . 1. (ucrry) _ _ _---. A: your parents live in this city? B: Yes. A: you studying for your chemistry test? B: Yes. they A: How long in this city? B: For 6. she A: H ow long aboU[ them? B: For the past "Tbt. TOEFL"' is til e T C!.( of En!!l ~h as a r-oreiJ(n L.<C. I A: How long for your chemistry test? B: all week. A: Is your roommate preparing to take the TOEFL8 test? B: Yes. I A: How long glasses? B: glasses since 1 In high school.S.iries R'(llli rc (ordJ. he A: How long to take this test? B: Since 7. B: It since 10. A: it ra ining now? B: Yes. S. A: Do you wea r glasses? B: Yes.nIlUIIj. The Present Perfect Tense. Many U. A: you r roommate using the computer n ow? B: Yes.~l students to l ake this tel>1. he A: H ow long it! B: He started to use it when he wo ke up and it ever 9. 4. The Prcscnr Perfect Continuous Tense 23 . colleb-e~ and uniwn. it A: How long . 5. A: she talking about her children again ? B: Yes. Then make a statement that includes the past by changing to the present perfect continuous form with for or since. I' m th inking about _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ 8. I'm studying _____ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ 10. I live _________ _ ______________________________ 3.:nc"hc: o _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ I've veen studying French for two semesters. I attend ____ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 4. I'm tryingto _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ 5.::e:. EXERCISE III ABOUT YOU Fill in the blanks to make a true statement about the present. I' m wearing ____ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ 6. EXAMPLE I'm studying ---=F -'r. 1. l workin / as ____ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ ___ 2. I'm using ____ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 9. We're using _____ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ 24 Lesson I .. The teacher is exp laining _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 7. Another student will answer the question. a few years ago. When )'Our dictionary? r. Use the present perfect (continuous) r have been living in this city since January 15. How long your last computer? 6wlou. How long did you have your last car? Use how long and for with the simple past I had my last ca r jor six years.oWMwJ When did you Uuy your computer? _J 1. r came to t his city on Janua ry 15. When for this class? bOll/regisler) (continued) T he Present Perfect Tensc. I came to the U. I have been in this city since Janua ry 15.1. using the words in parentheses ( ). the Simple Past Tense EXAMPLES EXPLANATION How long have you had your current car? Use how long a nd for with the present I've had my current car jor three months.J 3. or the present perfect continuous. How lo ng at you r last school? ()'OII/S(udyJ 4. perfect tense or present perfect How long have you been working at you r current continuous te nse to include the present. When did you come to the U. tense when you are not including the How long did you work at you r last job? present.S. How lo ng ~u r dictionary? """""'" . r worked at my last job for five yea rs.10 The Present Perfect Tense vs. job? I've been working at my current job jor two years.v 2.S.) 7. How lo ng at th is school? bmVSfud./boryJ 8. EXAMPLES How long have you had your present computer? (:. EXERCISE 111 Fill in the blanks with the simple past. Use the simple past tense to refer to a past action that does not continue. A sentence that uses Qgo uses the simple past tense. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 25 . How lo ng at your last add ress? (yw/Iit-d 6. How lo ng in this city? ("""'J 5. the present perfect. tense to show the continuation of an action from past to present.? A question that asks when usually uses the simple past tense.o. For the last month. When _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ today? (the teacher/ arrive) EXERCISE m Two friends meet on the street. FiU in the bLanks in their conversation beLow. Ron. (12 spend) (13 not/ earn) A: If you want. You're young and educated and healthy. 8: I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in a restaurant. (18 never/give) 26 Lesson 1 . 8: I know. I can ask my boss if there are any openings for a waitperson in the restaurant.. and I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ laid off last (5 get) month. has a degree in accounting. 9. and I don't really want to._ .. I'm getting depressed. A: Don't lose hope. 8: Temporary? Like your job? You _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ from (15 graduate) college three years ago. but (8 always/ want) I tables in a restaurant for the last three (9 wait) years. even for educated people... or the simple past. When _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ? (the semester/begin) 10. and he _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a taxi for the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ two years. FiU in any other necessary words. Use the present perfect. (14 never/ work) A: It would just be temporary. But jobs here are disappearing. ·4» CD 1. TR 04 (example: not/ see) (J) Where . My friend. Look at me. Ivan. ( 10 drive) (11) 8: At least you're earning some money now. A: That's true. haven't A: Hi.. until you can find a computer job.. I to be an actor. (3 look) A: What _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to your old job? (4 happen) 8: My company is outsourcing. the present perfect continuous. (17) A: But I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ up hope of being a famous actor.. and you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ tables (16 wait) ever _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a paycheck (6 not/have) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ four weeks.? (2 you/be) 8: I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for a job for the last few weeks. I _ _ _ ___ seen _ _ _ you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ages. I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ money but I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ any. mea ns the number is zero.. this week.11 The Present Perfect with Repetition from Past to Present now past _ -..1. counseting so far? I haven't spent any money at all on career A negative statement with "any . this semester. the repetition of an action in a time period Mr.---. repetition may occur.. He has had three We use the present perfect tense to talk about interviews this month. a lot ot or a You have had a lot of experience with number to show repetition from past to computers. My company is sending some jobs to India.. and there is a possi bility for more repetition to occur. moment. How many interviews have you had this year? We can ask a question about repetition with How much money have you spent on career how many and how much.---. Oaniel has had four jobs so far.* . at all" counseling. Do not use the continuous fann fOT repetition. We've studied two lessons so far.. The time period Wday.---------------_. We can use several. These expressions can come at the beginning or the end of the sentence. . It So fer and up to now mean "including this has sent 50 jobs to India sa far. this month." We use these expressions with Up to now 50 workers in my company have the present perfect to show that another lost their jobs. many. I have learned many new skills at my job. prese nt. The Present Perfect Co ntinuous Tense 27 . Johnson has interviewed two people that includes the present.. EXAMPLES EXPLANAnON Daniel is looking for a job. Daniel has worked at several hotels.*-*---t ----------------_. future \ He has had three interviews this month.-_.. ---. Open time periods include: today. Not: We've been studying two lessons so far. is open. this year. Thc Prescm Pcrkx:t Tense. have / job interview{s) 28 Lesson 1 . 8.---_ in thi s book so far? B: We •~v~. you may use a few. A: How time has the teacher on the present perfect? B: He about three hours on the present perfect. EXERCISE III Write a statement to tell how many times you have done someth.n th. A: How students the computer lab today? B: More than 100 srudenrs _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the computer lab so far today.ng .n the follomng conversat. 1.) EXAMPLES live in / apartrnent{s) I've lived in one apartment In this city. get lost / time{s) I've gotten lost a few times in this city. 2.cd~o~n~e. 4. A: How lessons the teacher so far? B: She on ly o ne lesson so far. \ 1. 3.. A: How many composi ti ons have we th is semester? B: We two compositio ns this semester. several. have / job(s) 2. A: How many times the teacher been absent this semester? B: The teacher absent at all this semester.s city. A: How many tests _ __ __ we had so far this semester? B: So far we twO tests this semester.n the blanks . A: How _ _ ___ exercises _ _ _ __ _ _ __ so far? B: We _ __ __ done about 22 exercises so far. 5. EXAMPLE A: How many pages have we _. 7. (If you don't know the exact number. A: How many times have you absent thi s semester? B: absent onc time this semester. or many.ons._______ d one 27 pages so far. ti. EXERCISE III nll. glasses of water / drink A: How many glasses of water have you drunk today? B: I haven't drunk any water at all today. tea / have 2. 1. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 29 . buy / cans} .. EXAMPLES coffee / have A: How much coffee have you had today? B: ('ve had three cups of coffee today. cookies / eat 4. miles / walk or drive 7. times / use your dictionary The Pn. juice / drink 3. photos / take 11.. text messages / receive 9. glasses of water / have 5. • • ? or How many • •• ? and the words given. times / check your e-mail 6. have / out-of-town visitor{s) 4. 5. attend / school(s} 6. Talk about today.."Ct Tense. go downtown / time(s) EXERCISE ID Ask a question with How much. Another student wiU answer. live in / apartment{s) 1.'Sent Perft. money / spend 8. 3. text messages / send 10. 30 Lesson 1 . He had deceased person.) .. I have seen my counseLor twice this week. (yesterday. use the present perfect. I made five phone calls today. b. The number seems final. A Living person can have more of the same • expenence. and this semester are not finished. past tense because nothing more can be b.S. b. b. How many interviews did you have last To show that the number is finaL. EXERCISE m In the conversation below. And 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ dozens of phone calls (1 make) to companies. etc. To taLk about a closed phase of your Life. I had five jobs. CD 1. So far How many times have you been absent this indicates that the number given may not be semester? final. The number may not be final. To taLk about your experiences in this phase of your Life. I have made five phone calls today. a. a. b. TR 05 A: I'm very frustrated about finding a job. you can use the present perfect tense. last year. this week. How many times were you absent last etc. semester? I was absent four times last semester. use the simpLe past tense. you may use either the b. 1_ _ _h_a _ve_5_e_n_ t _ _ out (example: send) 100 resumes so far. last week. b. Compare: a. if you do not pLan to Live in your native country again. This month I have had two interviews 50 far this month. For exampLe. a. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION How many interviews have you had this To show that there is possibility for more month? repetition. He has had five added to that person's experience. Compare: a. use the simpLe past tense to taLk about your experiences there. last semester. If you refer to the experiences of a a. jobs so far. I saw my counseLor twice this week. I have been absent twice 50 far. present perfect or the simpLe past tense. fill in the blanks with the correct form of '4) the verb in parentheses ( ). In my country. you must use the simpLe severaL jobs in his Lifetime. My grandfather died in 1998. a. In the U. I have had two jobs. use the month? simpLe past tense with a past time expression I had four interviews last month.). My father is a programmer. Compare: With a present time expression (such as today. ~--.-.----. from coHege.. You _ _ _._ _ _ much wo rk experience in (9 notIha..-. so far..:. After 1 ( /J n{1Jer/hatt) --.--. I . A: I know I sho uld. But when I lived in my native country.---. ( 17 hatoe) A: I'm 40 years old. But this week._ _ _ easy fo r you to find a job when you lived ( JZi~) in your native country? A: In my native country.---six jobs.--. Take me. I _ __ --.. I _ _ _-.--:. they _ _--. you any advice about looking (7 gitoe) for a job? A: Yes.---..any answers to your letters and calls? (Z lu40eJ A: Yes.----cc-.=c-c--.S.".. _ _ _ _-. I _ _ _ _= ..-_ __ my counselor (6 Stt) several times in the past few weeks.-c. A: I do n't know. a job (14 graduau ) (/5 find) immediately and _ __ _ _-..-___ very busy (51 )(') getting career counseling. I _ __ _ __ _ _ to a lot of other people (10 wlld looking fo r work.._ _ _ the same job fo r ten years.S.-_ __ me a lot of advice.S.:-.---_ _ _ in the same place for many years.-... nobody (J MI. And ( 18 haw) _ __ --... in the same apartment for many years until I ( J9/i\oe) came to the U.---_ __ me a job.:-. Even though English is their native language. I feel li ke I have to sell myself... (JJ lIOl/lwtoe) B: _ _ _--.~) the U. But so far. B: Has your counselor . I'm sure you'll get used to the process of finding a job.-. . TI1C Prese nt Perfcct Continuous Tense 31 .~-.d _ _ _~~-.. ----.--_ _ this problem. But looking (8 git~) for a job is so strange in the U..----. B: Don't worry. . (4 off/!f) B: You should call those companies.-_ _ much luck either. people change jobs often.c-c-.. and I' m on ly 28 years old. Last week I six intervie\vs.-_ _ _ in the same aO/itll'} apartment from the time they got marri ed until the time they died.-. B: Get used to it! Life today is about constant change. Last week she _ _ _--.--. (16 WlIT'kJ B: In the U...-. TIle Present Perfcct Tensc.--.S. My parents _ __ -:::::-.. fo r example. 1 __-.B: Have you .-----.:---..-_. S. I've never even heard of it. What is it? C: It's a government publication that gives you a lot of information about jobs in the U. If you look up "graphic designer" in this publication. what the future will be for graphic designers. You can find it in the library or on the Internet. it will tell you the nature of the work. where the jobs are. 32 Lesson 1 . Lately I've been thinking about changing majors. I've always loved art. c: I see you're majoring in art. But I don't know much about the future of this career. Have you ever seen a counselor about finding a job? 2. Have you thought about a career yet for your future? S: I've thought about it. I haven't. but I'm still not sure what I'm going to do when I graduate. ~ C: What major have you been considering? ~ S: Graphic design or commercial art. and much more. but my parents are worried that I won't be able to make a living as an artist. C: Have you taken any courses in these fields? S: I've already taken a course in graphic design. what kind of training you need. What careers interest you? What are some jobs you wouldn't want to have? Read the following conversation between a college student (S) and her counselor (C). The Occupational Outlook Handbook Before You Read 1. Pay special attention to the present perfect tense and the present perfect continuous tense. S: Thanks for the information. Are there a lot of jobs for graphic artists? C: Have you ever used the Occupational Outlook Handbook? S: No. what salary you can expect. Can I come back and see you in a few weeks after I have a chance to check out the Occupational Outlook Handbook? C: Yes. please come back. .. Have you looked at the Occupational Outlook Handbook yet? S: Yes.--.---. now past .. ' . They're very happy about it._____.__ ____ _ ___________. I haven't. They don't want me to be a ! i starving artist. -_.-. I have. _. she already has. Have you dedded on a major yet? No. .'? ' -. 9 __.-. yes..13 The Present Perfect Tense with Indefi nite Past Time-An Overview We use the present perfect tense to refer to an action that occurred at an indefinite time in the past and that still has importance to a present situation. Questions with lately and lately? recently refer to an indefinite Have you seen your counselor Yes._. (A f ew weeks later) C: Hi.-. The Present Perfect Conrinuotls Tense 33 ..1I$ ani~r i~ ~n an . '. about any time between the Occupational Outlook Handbook? past and the present. I haven't. . she has.--. Put ever Have you ever taken an art history No.J ! ---------------------------------------~) 1. --. Thanks for telling me about it.t·lr. A question with ever asks Have you ever used the No.-.-' . --. future Have you ever seen a job counselor? QUESrIONS SHORT ANSWERS EXPLANATION Has she ever visited a counselor? Yes. I never have. But I have some ideas..-. indefinite time in the near decision yet? past.. not yet. between the su bject and the cou rse? main verb in a question. Yet and already refer to an Has she told her parents about her Yes. I've looked at many jobs in the art field.. The Present Perfect Tense. ... Have you talked to your parents No. time in t he nea r past. but so far I haven't decided on anyth ing yet. . There is an expectation that an activity took place a short time ago.-.. . c: Have you talked to your parents lately? H ave you told them that you're planning on cha nging majors? ! 5: O h... recently? "A n"".f-. ."r who does nor mah-"lUIU!:h mon~'Y to "" PilOT! him or IWn...-. I have. EXAMPLE A: There's going to be a job fair at the college next week. I've already given my employer notice.14 Questions with Ever EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Have you ever seen a job counselor? We use ever to ask a question about any time Yes. Have you ever written a resume? You can answer an ever questio n with the a. He has taken several design courses. HID:. definite time (last week. OR •• Use the present perfect to answer with b. I've also taken more courses to upgrade my skills.). I haven't fou nd a job yet. last semester. I wrote my resume two weeks ago. two weeks ago. EXERCISE III Read the following conversation. b. Lately I've been going to a lo t of job fairs. to on e? B: What's a job fa ir? A: Representatives from different compan ies come to one place. I've seen a job counselor a in the past. 1. I've reali zed that I can make more money doing something else. 34 Lesson I . B: But you have a good job as an offi ce manager. I've just rewritten my resume too. Yes. etc. Underline the present perfect tense and circle the present perfect continuous tense. A: I' m go ing to quit in two weeks. Yes. last 0. Have you ever worked in a restaurant? No. You can meet these people. Friday. few times. Has he ever taken a design course? b. Have you ever used the Internet to find a job? Yes. but I'm hopefu l. B: Have you decided what you wam to do? A: Yes.t you ever 2Wlt. and give them your resume. Yes. I've wo rked there for two years. I've decided to be a legal assistan. no reference to ti me. and I haven't h ad a raise yet. I've talked to a career counselor and I've taken a test to see what I'm gooo at. I've used the Internet many times. find out abouc their companies. And I've been looking for jobs online. He took one last semester.c. present perfect or the simple past. Yes. I have. Use the simple past to answer with a a. I never have. Use the past participle of the verb. eat C h inese food 11. act in a play 9. If the answer is yes. win a contest or a prize 20. eat in a Vietnamese restaurant 2. be on television 19. ask for more specific information. find money on the street 14. see a play in this City 10. To answer with a frequency response. go ca mping 13. bake bread lB. 26. EXAMPLES Have you ever eaten raw/lsh7 Have you ever written a poem? 1. '<'Hror u/ mea"" to ~n iz~ a nam~_ The Presenr Perfect Tense. _______________________________________ 3 4. A: When did you eat a h ot dog? B: I ate one at a picn ic last summe r. break an arm o r a leg 23. Your teacher will answer. see a job counselor 12. t ravel by tra in 7. To answer with a specific time. go to a football game 24. lend money to a friend 21. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 35 . eat pizza 8. go to a garage sale 15. <ell a lie 5. eat a hot dog A: Have you ever eaten a hot dog? B: Yes. go to court 25. hear Ofl() Martin Lu ther King Jr. meet a famo us person 16. lose your keys 22. 1.I EXERCISE III Ask a question with Have you ever • •• ? and the words • EXAMPLE given. o rder products over the Internet 3. use a scanner EXERCISE III Work with a partner. study art history 17. I h ave. Another student will answer. ___________________________________ 2. go to Canada 6. Use ever to write four questions to ask your teacher. use the simple past tense. get lost in this ciry 4. use the present perfect tense. yes. A: _ ____ never _____ a French movie. 36 ~sson I . I was climbing a tree. A: Have you eve r _ _ __ _ to Canada? B: No. But 1 _ _ ___ seen many French movies. But last year my brother _____ to visit me for three weeks. I _ _ ___ gone there many times. A: Have you ever broken your arm or leg? B: Yes. I scudied it in high school. In high school. I never have. 2. A: _____ you eveT _ _ __ _ his books in translation? B: O h. A: your parents ever come here to visit you ? B: No. A: Which leg _ _ _ _ you _ _ _ _ . Sometimes part of the verb (phrase) has already been supplied. I've never _____ Mark Twain 's books in English. I haven't. 4. A: _ _ __ _ you ever _ _ ___ an Itali an movie? B: No. Last Mo nday I _ _ __ _ there and checked out a nove l by Mark Twain. EXERCISE l1li Fill in the blanks with the present perfect tense or the simple past tense to complete each conversation. 5. they never . B: I broke my left leg. 1. A: I like math a lot. A: _ _ _ __ you ever _ _ _ __ to the public library in this city? B: Yes. A: _ _ _ __ you ever gone to Mexico! B: Yes. I _____ there two years ago. 6. I _ _ __ two of hi s novels in Spanish. A: Have you ever studied algebra! (aarnt>kJ B: Yes. Do you? B: No. I _ _ _ _ never·_ _ _ _ math. 3. But I would like to go there so me day. I my leg when I was ten years o ld. use the Occupational Outlook Handbook 5. go to a state employment office 6. read a book about finding a job 9. work in a hotel 15. I never have. think about owning your own business 16. have a problem with a coworker 13.. use a co mputer on a job 11. use the Internet to find a job 3. be unemployed 17. take courses to train for a job 8.EXERCISE lID ABOUT YOU Interview a student who has a job. Ask a question with Have you ever . ? and the words given. 1. quit a job JOB FAIR The Present Perfect Tense. work for a family member 14. use a resume writing service 7. . fill out a job application online 4. EXAMPLE ask your boss for a raise A: Have you ever asked your boss for a raise? B: No. work in a restaurant 12. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 37 . attend a job fair 10. get job counseling at this school 2. Put yet at The counselor hasn't answered my e-mail yet. buy a map of this ci ty 4. the end of the verb phrase. Have you filled out the application yet? Yes. The student who answers should use the simple past tense if the answer has a specific time.15 Yet. I a/ready have. You can put already at the end of the verb phrase or between the auxiliary verb and the main verb. 1. I haven't eaten dinner yet. EXAMPLE go downtown A: Have you gone downtown yet? 8: Yes. use already. meet any of your neighbors 38 Lesson I . notyet. I didn't eat dinner yet. in a negative answer. You can use yet No. Have you talked with your counselor yet? For questions.I ate dinner already. = No. language Note: You often hear the simpLe past tense in questions and negatives with yet and statements with already. I got a raise last month. There is no difference in meaning between the present perfect and the simple past tense. visit any museums 3. Have you eaten dinner yet? "" Did you eat dinner yet? No. I have eaten dinner already. you must use the simpLe Have you gotten a raise yet? past tense. he found a job two weeks ago~ time. . If you do so. ALready Use yet with the present perfect tense with an expected action. For a negative statement. I haven't. No. Yes. I have already talked to my job counselor. EXERCISE III Ask a student who has recently moved here questions with the words given and yet. get a library card 6. 1 went downtown three weeks ago. I haven't written my resume yet. Use already for a recent action at an indefinite time. 1. use yet. You can use already in Have you written your resume yet? an affirmative answer. Has he found a job yet? You can answer a yet question with a spedfic Yes. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION ~ I have talked to my job counselor already. use public transportation 2. For an affirmative statement. find an apartment 5. use yet. we / h ave an exam 2.. he hasn 't.EXERCISE III Ask a question with the words given and yet. He has checked those things he has already done. ~ wash his white shirt 3. _ _ take his resu me to a copy center 7. ~ get a haircut 5• . ~ buy a new tie 2. ~ see a job cou nselor 8 . he has. the teacher / return the homework A: Has th e teach er returned the homework yet? B: No. you / lea rn the irregular past tense forms 4. we / study modals 3. you / learn the other students' names 6.:L. __ iron his white shirt 4. EXAMPLES the teacher / take atten dance A: Has the teacher taken attendance yet! 8: Yes. 1. the teacher / teach the past perfect te nse EXERCISE ID Daniel Is preparing for his job interview. 1. He has made a list of things to do. OR No. Make sentences about Daniel's list using the present perfect tense with yet or already.. ~ send fo r h is transcripts 10... He took attendance at the beginn ing of the class. ~ get letters of recommendation TIlt:! Prt:!sem Perfecr Tense. __ send his suit to th e cleaner's He h asn 't sent his suit to the cleaner's yet. _ _ put his papers in his b riefcase 9. EXAMPLES 1. TIle Present Perfect Cominuous Tense 39 ..prepare his resume He h as already prepared his resume.rewrite his resume 6. The student who answers should use the simple past tense if the answer has a specific time.. the teacher / lea rn the students' names 5. not yet. 1. A: What arc you going to do d uring summer vac. She back last Thursday.1tion! B: I haven't about it yet. B: Sh e _ _ ___ at two o'clock because her son was sick. A: I'd like to talk to the teacher. 4. but when I finish it. 9. EXEROSE ID Fill in the blanks to complete each conversation. A: Has the movie _____ yet? I want to buy some popcorn before it begins. 10. I'm going to Mexico. A: _ ____ you r sister gouen married yet? B: Yes. A: Has she back from her honeymoon yet! B: Yes. 5. A: Have you _ __ __ dinner yet! B: No. 40 Lesson 1 . please. They're still looking. A: Have your parents an apartment yet? B: No. it is. I already other plans for Saturday. 6. so I'm not hungry now. A: I've already _ __ __ plans.l haven't. EXAMPLE A: Have you bought your textbook yet? B: No. We're expecting him to arrive on Tuesday. 3. A: Do you want to go to the museum with me on Satu rday! B: Sorry.! I'm going [0 rent the movie Spider-Man. 1 haven't _ _ ___ it yet. B: Shhh! It ten minutes ago. She _ _ _ __ married two weeks ago. They found one yet. 1 lunch at 2:30. 1 _ _ _ __ my ticket last week. [ haven't bought it yet. A. I _ _ __ _ it a couple of years ago. 7. A: But she told me to call her before four o'clock and it's only 3:30. B: I'm sorry. Have you _____ it yet? 8: Yes. you can have it. She _ _ _ _ a beautiful wedding. A: _ _ ___ your brother _ _ _ __ back from Mexico yet? B: No. he h asn't. She's already for the day. It's only Apri l. but I'd like to see it again. 2. A: Is that a good book? B: Yes. 8. 1. Write three questions to ask your teacher what he or she has done lately. 1. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Have you seen your parents lately? When the answer is no. Have you gone swimming recently? 8: Yes. I went swimming yesterday. see any good movies lately 5. be absent lately 7. ___________________________________________ 3. Another student will answer. I haven't gotten a raise recently. I saw one two days ago. I had an interview last week. A past tense statement may be added to a yes answer. EXERCISE III Ask a yes/no question with the words given. EXAMPLE Have you taken a vacation lately (or rece~ly)? 1. EXAMPLE go swimming recently A:.16 Questions with LateLy and Recently Questions with lately and recently ask about an indefinite time in the near past. go to the zoo lately 4. We can answer a lately or recently question with the present perfect tense or the simple past tense. Your teacher will answer. make any international calls lately 10. take any tests recently EXERCISE m about Work with a partner. present perfect tense. Have you seen a job counselor recently? Yes. specific time and use the simple past tense. I haven't. The Prcsent Perfecr Conrinuous Tcnse 41 . have a job interview lately 8. _______________________________________ 2. I have. Have you had any interviews lately? When the answer is yes. _____________________________________ The Present Perfecr Tensc. write to your family lately 2. Have you gotten a raise recently? No. receive any letters lately 6. we usually give a Yes. read any good books recently 9. go to the library recently 3. we usually use the No. --. A: Have you to any parties lately? ""J B: No. I · My camera is broken. A: H ave you any good books lately? ("""J B: No. A: Have you a good conversation with a friend lately? (hoo.J B: Yes. 10. A: Have you yourself a gift lately? {boqJ B: Yes. A: Have you any compositions lately? (tvriu) B: Yes. I myself a new CD player last week. EXAMPLE A: Have you ---. A: Have you the art museum lately? (mit) B: No. B. I a great movie last weekend. 5.0) B: Yes. 2.. 1.g "otte"". I time to talk with my friends lately. A: Have you the laundry lately? (OOJ B: Yes. I a composition last night. I · I'm too busy wi th my schoolwork.. 42 Lesson 1 . 9.'tJ B: No. I it this morning. 7. 3. I got a letter from them yesterday. A: Have you any good movies lately? (5I'l') B: Yes. A: H ave you any pictures lately! (wkJ B: No.. A: Have you fo r a walk lately? (".a letter from you r parents lately? ".. I fo r a walk yesterday. I never the arr museum. 4. I · I've been too busy lately.". EXERCISE III FlU in the blanks with t he correct verb forms... 6. 3. present. 1. (continued) The Present Perfect Tense. been learn ing a lot about English gram mar lately. She has been absent a lot lately. I _ __ __ been getting together with my friends lately. _ __ __ been getting a lot of sleep recently. I been watching a lot of TV recently. I haven't had much time.yc:e=e. I been worrying a lot lately. show that an activity has been ongoing or in American companies have been benefiting progress fro m a time in the nea r past to the from outsourcing. with nanaction verbs: My English has been improving a lot lately. 8. EXERCISE BI Fill in the blanks with have or haven't to tell about your experiences lately. do not use the continuous fo rm majors. EXAMPLES My pronunciation has been getting better.) EXAMPLE I haven't been reading a lot lately. 12. 1. The Present Perfect Co ntinuous Tense 43 . I been watching the news a lot lately. 5. 10. 4. I been absent a lot lately.1. 2. 7. EXERCISE lID ABOUT YOU FlU in the blanks to make true statements about yourself. I been spending a lot of money recently. (You may add a sentence giving more information. I been looking for a job recently.:: y 51".g". lately I have been thinking about cha nging Remember.:: t _ _ has been getting worse. 1 been sending a lot of text messages lately.17 The Present Perfect Continuous Tense with Ongoing Activities EXAMPLES EXPLANAnON Many American companies have been sending We use the present perfect continuous to jobs abroad. I been studying a lot lately. has been increasing. 9. 11.h. _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ has been improving. 2. has been getting worse. I been using a C0l11puter a lot lately. 6. 3. _ _ "M". EXERCISE 01 ABO UT VO U Fill in the blanks to make a true statement about yourself. A: The job situation is bad these days. than t he past. there are. EXAMPLE f've eaten _ _ _-'p"'lz=z=a'---_ _ ~.18 The Present Perfect Tense with No Time Mentioned . 2. I've seen the movie _ __ __ _ _ _ .and it has really helped me a lot. B: Rea lly? Has he made a lot of money in his business? A: Are there a lot of call centers in India? B: Yes. Many workers have lost their jobs. The time is not important or not known or i mprecise. 5. I've tried _ _ __ _ __ __ • and I like this food a lot. 1. A lot of jobs have moved overseas. We can use the present perfect to talk about B: Have you told your parents about it? t he past without any reference to time. - EXAMPLES EXPLANATION A: I'm changing my major. The teacher has said that _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ but some of us forget. and I like it a lot. shows that t he past is releva nt A: Her uncle has a taxicab business. to a present situation or statement. Using the present perfect rather 8: I know. 1. has been making me tired. if you need me to. I've visited _ _ _ _ __ __ • and I would recommend it to others. _ __ _ _ _ __ has been helping me with my studies. 5. 6. I've had a lot of experience with and can help you with it. 4. 44 Lesson I . 4. 3. and I wou ld recommend it to others. I've studied . __ I've helped my fam ily finan cially... veC"i" had :::c___ many new expe rienct$ since I moved (01 ._____ h im if he n eeds money for new clothes.pizza. 13. ______ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ ______________ 14. ______________________________________ 15. 3. but he (6 ask) just laughed and said.--.----. (2 «Id Yesterday... 1.c. __ I've created a Web site..-.f) next to the work-related experiences you've had. 7..:h"ao. Then at the bottom.... there's a (. Answers may vary." (continued) The Present Perfect Tense. __ I've traveled as part of my job. "Torn clothes are in style. 04») ___--... Yesterday I _____--.EXERCISE III Place a check mark (..1Uy in my math class who wears to rn jeans every day. __ I've done research... I _____~.c---. Write things that would impress an interviewer..... 2. __ I've done physical labor. __ I'\>e had experience ta lking with customers o n the pho ne. __ I've worked and gone to school at the same time. 9. write three more things you've done at your present or former job....-_____ some foods for the first time in my (! Iry) li fe.-.. _________________________________________ EXERCISE III Fill in the blanks with the present perfect tense (for no time mentioned) or the simple past tense (if the time is mentioned). Fo r example..a lot of new people and have some new (4 mat) friends.. but I don't like it much.. The Present Perfcct Continuous Tense 45 ... __ I'\e worked overtime when necessary to finish a project. I _____. 11... Use the verb in parentheses ( ). TIt 0 7 (exampk: Mtd here. (5_. __ I've worked o n a team..-. I ------. 5.c-.".some new behavio rs. 6. 10.Chinese food for the £irst (3 hj) time and thought it was delici ous. 4..------. I ------. __ I've taken programm ing courses. _ _ I've given oral presentatio ns.. I -------. 8 . _ _ I've been in charge of a group of workers. 12. I (JI loom) _ _ _= ---:--:-_ _ resu mes and I _ _ _""""~--:---_ _ job (/1 wrild ( 13 Nile) interviews..:.--. 46 Lesson I . 1 _ _ _=--. a.--- ( /6 goJ to see a job counselor at my college. (8 go) I _ _ _-. (/0 etln\lgo) I _ __ =.. My family has been helping me a lot. LaSt week I .-. The people in the next apa rtment .---_ _ about looking for a job. __ have made a lot of noise.---. They resume.---.f) the sentence or clause that best completes the idea. that is not finis hed.---...-.--_ _ __ [0 job fairs.. The (b) examples are present perfect b. They refer to an ongoing activity the U.-_ _ (J7 git'l. 1.--.c. time in the past. The activity is stiLL in a. __ She's stayed in bed.19 The Present Perfect Tense vs.-0---.---. . Have you used the Internet in your job progress. _ _ She's been staying in bed.') me some help with interviewi ng techniques. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION a. EXERCISE ID Check (. .----. I've been usfng the Internet a lot lately.-"""'""'_ __ a boat rid e on a nearby river. .- (/4 go) (15 et'tll/weJ the Internet for my job search.some interesting places. the Present Perfect Continuous Tense with No Time Mentioned We can use both the present perfect tense and the present perfect continuous tense with no time mentioned. ~ haw bee n making a lot of noise..:----ccc-. I .-_ _ _ to the art museum and the scien ce museum. .-. EXAMPLE I can't concentrate..-:-.S. refer to a single occu rrence at an indefinite b.-.:. to the top of the tallest bUild ing. I have been applying for jobs all over continuous. 1.... I (7 \uil) _ __ --. .) . 1. My boss has been sick all week. I (9 wJu. My counselor has helped me with my The (a) examples are present perfect.---c=-. I have applied for a job in New York. search lately? b. and she _ _ _--.. _ _ J have been practicing with my cOllnselo r. My fri end is unhappy. __ she has changed her mind. __ she has been looking for a n ew job. _ _ I'\-e wo rked \-ery hard o n it. At first my sister planned to move. Every week I put 20 percent of my salary in the bank. _ _ I have saved my money. _ _ I ha\-e made my decision. but she found a jo b here.... I hope I'U have enough to buy a new TV soon... The Present Perfect Te n ~c. 9. Now I can buy a new co mputer because I . __ have been finding a job. __ she has looked for a new job. at my job. My resume writing skills have been improvi ng a lot because . 7. _ _ she has been changing her mind .. I meet new peo ple everywhere: in my neighbo rhood. 5. __ I have been meeting new people. 6. 4. She hasn 't had much free drne lately because . __ I have met new people. 8. So .. __ I'\-e been wo rking very h ard o n it. 2. 1 need to finish my resume soon. __ I have practiced with my counselo r. She lost her job three weeks ago. __ Sh e has just lost her job. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense 47 . I'm go ing to become an engineer. __ I have been making my decision. 3. __ She has been los ing her job. 10.. __ have found a job. at school. __ I have been saving my money. I _ _ _----. I . I' m a car mech ani c...J 6. Many years ago.. I'm afraid of the interview process because 1 _ _ _. My job as a pilot (umlc) _ _ _----. 8.7 7 .-.--:-_ _ _ me away from home much o f the time.-. (umk) 2..) 9. (thin/.-.m.... EXAMPLE worked as a cash ier when I was in high school. but now I'm a sa lesperson.---_ __ as a pilot many years ago.. I' m a hair stylist. so I _ _----. I don 't like the sight o f blood . Now I h ave my own day-care center.-._==_ _ about (neH.. I _ _ _---.--. ("..----. but lately I _ _ _----. (\<~) 1.--.an (I<) engineer.-. I' m 62 years old and I like my job as a lab technician..-:-. 7.----. or the present perfect continuous tense of the verb in parentheses ( ).. EXERCISE m Fill in the blanks with the simple past. I _ __ _ = (bd ____ 3 mechanic for three years. I thi nk I' m qualified for the job of d river because I _ __ ----.>r/rhink) becoming a doctor.:-_ __ as a driver before.. In some cases... more than one answer is possible. I _ _ _ ----._ _ _ a job intervi ew before.----. I _ __---. (fakd 3._ _ _ _ people's hair for six years.-----.:-_ _ _ a lor about reti rement. the present perfect..---___ 3 lot of experien ce worki ng with (hatd Ameri can cars.n //.---_ _ _ as a ki ndergarten (u mlc) teacher... but I _ _ _ -.-_ _ _ mll ch experi ence with (notIhatoe) foreign cars.----. W hen I was in my nati\le country. 4. 48 Lesson I . (cut) 5. He bought his car when he came to Chicago. •• "4 .. People _ _ _~~~_ _ me why I want to be a funeral (often/ask) director when I graduate. He went to New York in July. Summary of lesson 1 . since 1998.-_ _ _ the Internet a lot to get (=) infonnation about jobs.. PC t . Did you go to the job fair last week? Have you ever gone to a job fair? The Present Perfect Tensc. 0'" . Lately I _ _ _---. She is a lab technician. Tlle Present Pcrfect Continuous Tense 49 . He has been working for three hours. He has worked in the U. PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS He is working now. 11.. He has had a car since he came to Chicago. He has had two interviews this month. When did he come to Chicago? How long has he been in Chicago? He had three interviews last month. He has studied French and speaks it well.... She is using the Internet now..S. He found a job in 2004. Compare the present continuous and the present perfect continuous tenses. She has had her job for six months.lU'. He has had his present job since January 2004. She has been a lab technidan since May. SIMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECT Daniel worked in Mexico City from 1994 to 1998. c _ : = ( tJA! c. 10.---. SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT PERFECT She has a job. . He studied business in college. .. He has gone to Los Angeles many times. Compare the simple past and the present perfect tenses. ." 4(4 .. She has been using it for two hours. = Compare the simple present and the present perfect tenses. not the present perfect: with a speCific past time and in questions and statements with when.= 54 • 10::4SCI • '" • 0: • - 1. The U. did he get When ha. I have been thinldng a lot about my future.) Editing Advice "' . indication of Q continuation. government has been studying the (This sentence shows only past activity. been Have you ever Iteiftg to Texas? 2. Don't confuse for and since. I have been living in this city for the past (This sentence refers to Q repetition from past two years. for He's been in Chicago .) past to present. taking I've been taken English courses for several years. (This sentence tells about an indefinite time in (In this sentence. the past five years.) I have lived in three American cities. (This sentence has the same meaning as the one (This sentence has the same meaning as the on the right.) I have thought about changing majors.) How many apartments have you had in How long have you been living in your this city? current apartment? (This question asks about a repetition from (TMs question asks about a continuation from past to present.) one on the left. to present.) that this activity is still in progress. ~vrote He ha.) Oan has studied French. Don't confuse the .mee three years. the phrase Ha lot" indicates the post.) (This sentence shows an activity that is still in progress. She ~ bought a car when she ~ found a job. 3. writte" a book five years ago. PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Ran has worked as a programmer for the past Ron has been wOrking as a programmer for five years. he 90tte" his drivers license? 50 Lesson I . Compare the present perfect and the present perfect continuous tenses.S. Use the simple past.ing form and the past participle. wUh no effect of outsourcing.= .) (This sentence shows a continuation from past to present. Use the correct word order. Use the simple past in a since clause. Use the present perfect (continuous). 4. Use already in affirmative statements. Use yet in negative statemen ts. Don't include the word rime. Do n't use the conti nuous form for repetition. 7.we your computer? 5. have been I'm working in a factory for six months. if the action started in the past and continues to the present. eo"'. TI1C Prescnt Perfect Continuous Tense 51 . has He. had his job since March. never been He has beeR Rever late to class. yet I have n't finished the book already. already I've finished the book yet. not the present tense.er Chinese food ? 8. 9. ever eaten Have you eateR e. be sure to include th e auxiliary verb have fo r the present perfect.s. The Present Perfect Tense.atiR9 pizza? 6. have had How long de you iI. Use how long for a question about length of time. to the U. How long fime have they been working in a restaurant? 10. eaten How many times have you beeR . came He's had three jobs since he ha. If the main verb is have. ime have you l:ieihg married! (3) «) K: F10r about four years.*l had many interviews for teach ing jobs.'ffieet the right guy m.: =4$0. I gqt married after high school. I haveri't. Karen (K) and Lucy (L)..rirdoiqg since high school' Did you marry yo ur old -110) boyfriend. Here's their conversation. • :. no. I'm not married.Editing Quiz i. I was worried that ['d (23) never fi nd a job.a . C L: Hi. (Z) L: Really! How long t.'l~ been dolng at 't'eM~ ' ••tare\y. ... I (!) (14) (1 5) ~ih.Q. I naveo t'to$PPl"l you since high school.. I was so happy when rm.filted last year with a degree in teach ing. What about you? What (' Yi'WI1~'~. '(ex"'.1'wC college right after high school.elng Sceve since ~.4 ~ ae .. Did you marry your high.been in high school. Greg! (11) "sieil' G reg ~iricC liave-ri'(. If the shaded words are correct. • • ¥$ ...-w:odd'ng at a day-care center sihce the last three (20) (21l (22) months. I baveri.. !ll'X~fl. Some of the ~~. Steve! K: O h. write C. .. (il) (o m years. (161 K: That's great! rye~~ys. And Fxe«laa a baby six months ago. Karen. Where do you teach! L: I. You 've meit~hrt1l)~r.fQijllg this job.u Two women. How are you? Tell me .jiliiasB have mistakes. (ullmplt) (lJ K: Well. '* a: 2 se e: CiiiP .y. o ne (18) (19) ~. 4 :. But r~. S) 16Y- L: That's wonderful. I married (7) (81 Robert Kanter. 52 Lesson I ..):t. I •. nave a great respect for the teaching profession.m"leT M ·r Wh about your Ilie. Find the mistakes and correct them. L: O h. no. but 1 havent~·find. I stll.school boyfriend..ew. meet by chance in a shopping mall.{. a job yet. .the (91O'V'":l:r/u~) Occupational Outlook Handbook? B: No.....c :.me about it when I ( 1I (fll) . I _ _ haven't seen==...S... I ___--"..*) (continued) The Present Perfect Tense....---c....4 .".-_ _ in recent years.--_ _ (l O MU') A: You can find it on the Web. (uampk: nor/xd .'" e . fJ 1I0v"II11~J A: My best friend .---. Many jobs {6 diwppettrJ _ _ _-. taking Courses. Here's my ri4) (25) (26) pho ne n umber.-. K: Are you still living in Ridgeland! L: No.----. ( 14 .."._ _ _ fo r a job for the (liook) past three mo nths.-. simple past.uated from college.""*) B: How long _ _ _ _ _~-_ atthat job? (15 ) 00/ . == _. ..S. I H ow have you been ? (exampk: ~1 B: I'm okay. The Present Perfect Continuo us Tense 53 . A lot of American jobs (5 nor/find) _ _ _ . -. .--_ __ to the U. My family _ __ --".. I'd love to. In some cases. but so far I _ _ _~~_ _ __ any success..-_ _ _ a (12 men) (13 hott"1 good job now. A: But it's not impossible. c_ e .. or present perfect continuous tense of the verb in parentheses ( ). A: H i...-.. _ = _. I _ _ _--". C04 : • Q . K: Th anks.:-:. bm it's not easy anymo re... . I never _ __ ~-. Ben.. e PART 11 Fill in the blanks with the simple present.---..m~li1iiliil in Oakwood since I g'ra'd. (7 go) B: That's terrible...c.. present perfect.-_ __ as a denta l assistant. Call me when yo u have mo re time and we can talk..--..... • . and {4 gradeuud he _ _ _--:-~~--.:.._ . I _ __. 4 l( : .. Lesson 1 Test/Review ... My cou nselo r ----"c... It lists info rmati on about professions in th e U.. .from college last year..-_ _ _ to Indi a and other countries..==__ yo u In a o ng time. I'.. more than one answer is possible..: . But I _ _ _~~~_ _ _ a job now.c--:---. last (8 comd year [0 find better jobs.-:-.-.-:-. so I feel ( I nov'Jun Oj") pretty depressed about it. good because I'm helping people (20 (eel) and making good money. Also I _ _ _=.-. And you need to study a lot of science.this job carefully before 1 started (J7 choo5ej taking courses.. will yOll show me how to find the Occupational Outlook Handbook o nline? A: I'd be happy to. You can't look in people's mouths from another country. It takes a lo ng time to become a dentist. B: Yo u're lucky to have such a good job .-_ __ good benefi ts.-___ about it.. A: It's not lu ck. /23 . /2 1 hal'e) In add itio n. And 1_ _ _ =-. I ..--..my certificate two years ago. when you have time...-_ _ _ two salary increases so far.. A: Sin ce I _ _ _---.ru..--. 54 Lesson I .=_-.. 1 _ __ _=--.. I don't (16~t) have to worry about outsourcing. . m gerJ B: T hat's wonderful! _ _ =_-.-__ (25 tIl\n~J very good in science. 1-------0=.-~--.. B: Well.. I _ _--. A: I ___ ==c-..-=:.....__ about becoming a dentist? :.".-___ to work (19 go) every day. Now when I _ _ _--...-_ _ hard when 1 was / 18 study) in the dental program... but I don't want to spend so much (24 think) time scudying for a new career..-..-= c ../wer/think) Dentists make good money. k. _ _ _ __ has never sen t a text message. L has worked o ut in a gym several times th is mo nth. TIle Present Perfect Continuous Tense 55 .Expansion Activities 0 Walk around the room. _____ has never used public transportatio n in this city. Find one person who has done each of these things. a. f. _ _ _ __ ha5 worked in a restaurant. o. _____ has never owned a car. Pretend that one of you is looking for a job and the other one is the interviewer. has just round a job. _ _ ___ has traveled to more than fi ve countries. _ _ __ h as been watching a lot o f TV lately. Write that person's name in the blank. j. education. c. _____ has eaten raw fi sh. Ask and answer questions about your experience. _____ has been exercising a lot lately. i. _____ ha5 n ever gone to an 3ft mu seum . b. d. _ _ __ hasn't bought the textbook yet. interests. Here are some sample questions that interviewers sometimes ask: • Why d id yo u leave your last job? • Why are you applying fo r this position? • Where wo uld you like to be five years from now? • What are your strengths? • W hat are your weaknesses? • Why should we hire you? • How many years experience have you had in this fi eld? • Have you had experience with computers? The Present Perfect Tense. n. g. m. _ _ _ _ has been looking fo r a job. _ _ _ __ has never shopped o nli ne. h. _____ has been in this city for less than six mo nths. e. talents. etc. 8 Role Play: Find a partner. write two unusual things you have done in the past. what kinds of jobs do they do? 56 Lesson 1 .S.n other countries? f) How is the work environment in your present job different from the work environment in a previous job you had? o In other countries. o Game-True-True-False: Form a small group. do high school students ever have a part-time job? If so. I've worked on a farm. a. I've learned _ __ _ _ _ __ _ from my experi ences in the U. Most people in my native country have never _ _ _ _ _ _ __ d. Write one false statement about your past. how do people usually select a career? Are there career counselors to help people make a decision? o Have you ever used the Internet to search for jobs? Has it been helpful? o In your native country. different from looking for a job .) Read your statements to the other members of your group.S.S. I've thought a lot about _ _ __ __ __ c.. it's been hard for me to _ _ __ _ _ __ Talk About It 0 How is looking for a job in the U. EXAMPLES I've flown in a helicopter. On a piece of paper. I've met the president of my native country. o Fill in the blanks and discuss your answers. Your classmates have to guess which is the false statement. (Use the present perfect with no mention of time. In the U. b. S. Tell why. .st of jobs. I didn't know i I much English and I started to work as a dishwasher in !• a rest aurant.ng advke to somebody look. f) Write about a job you would never want to have.nk . Whkh ones do you th. but I have I.. TIle Present Perfect Tenst!.n conte>ct."llsl" 57 . When I arrived.s . EXAMPLE My Jot> Experience rve been in t he U.s . For more practice using grammar . o Look at the following l. .ng for a job.nteresting and why? What do you tMnk are some good or bad aspects of these jobs? airplane pilot funeral d irector librarian architect garden er musici an bus driver immigratio n o fficer newspaper reporter ci reus clown lawyer police officer firefighter letter carri er veteri narian Write About It 0 Write about a career that you th. I didn't like this j ob and quit after four i months . TIlt! Present Perfecr Continuous Tl. already had several Jobs. please visit our Web site. o Write about your past work experience.nteresting.n why you tMnk tMs career .nk are . for only five years. Expla. Write an article g.nteresting.". . . Lesson Grammar The Passive Voice ParticipLes Used as Adjectives Get + ParticipLes and Adjectives Context Hollywood . . invitations are sent only to people involved in making the movies and to their guests. These awards. . ~ If the agent of the action (the person subject verb by agent who performs the action) is mentioned. Passive verb = a form of be + past participle OLd movies were filmed in black and white.... active sentence (movie) is the subject of the Active: The children saw the I!!-ovie. Tickets cost $10. are presented in a formal Did You ceremony in H ollywood.. • The Academy Awards are given out every year to recognize outstanding work of movie actors. such as Best Movie. Best Actor. and anyone who could afford a ticket could attend. . and others who are part of the movie-making industry. The Oscars Before You Read 1. . the winners' names were already known before the ceremony and published in newspapers the night before the ceremony.. passive sentence. Who is your favorite actor? Who is your favorite actress? 2. . directors.. 15 awards were presented and Oscars ever: 26. won the most When the awards ceremony started in 1929. Now the winners' names 60 Lesson 2 . ~.. Many movies have been made in HoLLywood. called Oscars... TR 08 in the passive voice. subject verb object Compare active and passive. it .. Passive: The movie was seen by the children. Until 1941. .. ~ . Several people are nominated Know? in specific categories. foLLows by. Tickets are no longer sold to the general public. Best Music. the ceremony was attended by only 250 people. ~ . ~ . . and Best WaIt Disney has Costumes. The object of the . Today about two dozen Oscars are presented.. One nominee is chosen to receive an award in each category.. Pay speciaL attention to verbs '4) CD 1. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Popcorn is sold in movie theaters. Today the awards are presented in the 3400-seat Kodak Theatre in Hollywood. What movies have you seen recently? Read the following magazine article..We use the passive voice when the subject of the sentence is the receiver of the action.. Be + Past Partidple Simple Present A committee chooses the winner. 2. Past Continuous They were interviewing the The winners were being winners. Future They will pick the best movie..! Compare active voice and passive voice in different tenses. They are going to pick the best Th e best movie is going to be mOVle. Use the past participle with every tense. Since 1953. The tense of the passive sentence is shown in the verb be. are placed in sealed envelopes and the envelopes are not opened until the night of the ceremony. 2.. Gcr + Parti ciples and Adjectives 61 . picked. Present Perfect They have chosen the best movie. interviewed. Simple Past They announced the winner's The winner's name was name. The best movie has been chosen. _-------------------------------------) . do not repeat be. Viewers watch as their favo rite movie stars arrive Icx)king beautiful and ho pefu l. Tense Active Passive . Present Continuous They are presenting an award now. This show is seen by hundred s o f millio ns o f people. The movie can be seen on OVO. Both the active voice and the passive voice can be used with different tenses and with modals. An award is being presented now. Modal You can see the movie on DVO. Language Notes: 1.2 The Passive Voice-Form . Participles Used as Adjectives. announced. Passive Voice. If two verbs in t he passive voice are connected with and. Th e best movie will be picked. (continu ed) TIu. The Oscar ceremony is televised and seen by mi llions of people. The winner is chosen by a committee. Oscar night has been telcvised and broadca~t all over the world. 9. 12. 6. The names of the winners will be printed in tomorrow's newspaper. 3. 11. the winners' names were already An adverb can be placed between the known before the ceremony. 8. does. Never use do. The actress was driven to the ceremony in a white limousine. Hollywood has become the movie capital of the U. Notice the difference in pronouns in an active sentence and a passive Passive: He was seen by her. Hollywood was built at the beginning of the twentieth century. the object pronoun is used. Short Answer: No. A The actress was given an Oscar. The actress wore a beautiful gown. ~ sentence. Wh. Observe affirmative statements. negative statements. 2. Halle Berry presented an Oscar. -- Passive: We were helped by them.) Active: Sh~ saw him.S. 7. Dedde if the underlined verb is active (A) or passive (P). The actress thanked all the people who helped her win. 62 Lesson 2 . Negative: It wasn't filmed in Canada. Affirmative: The movie was filmed in the U. 10. EXERCISE 0 Read the following sentences. Old movies were filmed in black and white. Many actors live in California. it wasn't. Many movies are made in Hollywood. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Before 1941. 5. Today the winners are never announced ahead of time. or did with the passive voice.S. and questions Yes/No Question: Was it filmed in Hollywood? with the passive voice. Halle Berry has been seen in many movies. P 1. auxiliary verb and the main verb. Active: They helped us. 4.Question: Where was it filmed? (Wrong: The movie didn't filmed in Subject Question: Which movie was filmed in Canada? Canada. The director has been nominated many times. After by. EXAMPLES The actress received an Oscar. (present perfect: make) Many movies _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ about W o rld War Il. 6. giue) The best acto r __. can / see) The movie _ _ __ ___ __ _ _ _ __ _ at many theaters. 4. 7. (simple past. 5. Use the tense or modal given. (present perfect: gitJe) O ver 2. 10. (future choose) Which actor _ ____ ______ ___ _ _ next year? 3. add) When _ _ _ __ sound _ _ _ __ to movies! It _ __ _ _ _ __ in 1927. (present continuous: show) A good movie _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ ____ at a theater near my house. (simple past. giue) Kate Winslet ________ _ _ th e best actress award in 2009. (simple present' often / make) Movies _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ in Hollywood. make) StarWars _ _ _ _ _ __ _ in 1977- 8.n'-. only one award ___ _ _ _____ to a woman. Get + Participles and Adjectivcs 63 . giue) In 1929. (simple present: see) The awards ceremony _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by millions o f people. (modal. 12. 13. 1.EXERCISE 11 Fill in the blanks with the passive voice of the verb in parentheses. Participles Used as Adjectives.an Oscar. show) The movie _ _ _____ _ _ _ __ ___ o n TV many times. (simple past. 11. 2. (present perfect. 9. EXAMPLE (simple present.::15"---_ __---"9"'iv"e::. (simple past. film) How many movies _ ______ _ __ _ _ ___ in b lack and white? The Passive Vo ice. (present perfect.000 Academy Awards _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ out since 1929. The passive voice focuses every year. Active: My best friend Passive: My best friend 3. Passive: The awards are presented every year. Passive: The Academy Awards ceremony is seen Sometimes the passive voice mentions the by millions. Passive: The winners' names are not known untiL the night of the ceremony.'ue --_5_t_i_o_n_ 5. A. Active: Some students Passive: Some students 4. the Active: The man ate the fish. Active: My textbook Passive: My textbook 2. Active: The Academy presents awards to the best actors and directors. EXERCISE Write an active sentence and a passive sentence for each subject. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Compare: When the verb is in the active voice. Active: I Passive: I • 64 Lesson 2 . Choose an appropriate tense. the subject receives by the fish. Sometimes it is not necessary to mention Active: Do you know the winners' names? the agent (8 and C). The active voice focuses on the person who Active: I see the Academy Awards ceremony does the action. C. • 1. agent. When the verb Passive: The man was eaten is in the passive voice. the person who does the action (A)._ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Passive: The test will be given in a large auaitorium. subject performs the action. on the receiver or the resuLt of the action. B. the action. EXAMPLE Active: The test _ h_a_5_ 1_2----"9. a. (b. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION The invitations have been sent out. a. Choose an appropriate tense. used with the impersonal subjects people.s chosen to receive the award. or they. P: Popcorn . Passive: I was told that you like movies. A.. It is obvious that the Academy chooses the winner. EXAMPLE H ollywood was ~uilt in the ea rly 1900s. Actiw: Movies _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ Passiw: Movies _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 2. you.--. Actiw: Actors _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ PassitJ€: Actors ___ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 6. It is obvious that TV stations have televised Oscar night. the passive is used with no agent. writing. Gel + Participk"S and Adjectives 6S .'S.4 The Passive Voice Without an Agent The passive voice is used more frequently without an agent than with an agent. Th e passive voice is used when it is not The winners' names are placed in envelopes. In more formal speech and A: They sell popcorn in movie theaters.s sold in movie theaters. It's fresh.-_ _ _ in Hollywood. It ___---. to mention the agent (8). One person .--.--. Let's get some popcorn. Oscar night has been televised since 1953.-_ __ right now. EXERCISE 11 Fill in the blanks with the passive voice of the verb in parentheses ( ). P: DVDs can be rented at many stores.. ( make) 2. Active: Someone told me that you like movies. The passive voice is used when the agent is b. 5. The passive voice is used when we do not Active: Someone stole my wallet.WJ 1. B. Compare Active (A) and Passive (P): In conversation. we. know the agent (A) or when we prefer not Passive: My wallet was stolen last week. b. Most American movies _ __ ---. important to mention who performed the action. obvious and doesn't need to be mentioned. Partidples Used as Adjccrivt.--. t he active voice is often A: You can rent DVDs at many stores. (IMMJ (continued) Tlle Pass ivc Vo ice. .:== :. Before 1941.:c.. 3. 66 Lesson 2 ." (eaU) 13..fICI\'i.t in n'tllmi..) 12.-...-.. (build) 9.. (.1 ". in the ncwspaper..:-.. We can't get into the movie theater because all the tickets . o nly fifteen Oscars _ _----. A new theater ___---:. Hurry! The winners ___--.--.to movies in 1927.. and my scat .. 0--. In 1929. (rmno'nlcl'j 6.: ..-. 8. (bl. (am/ find) 4.-_ __ "Oscar.w.-_ _ (pran") each year. . (chc...---.-.:oIJ t in"·".----.=::... Sound _ _ _--. c<)m in/.. already..-_ _ _ as the best film of 2009.me) 14.... coming attracti ons 1_ _ _ _--:-...-:... T h.. 15.:--. s ho n pr.-. ___---.in (/}Ublim) newspapers the night before the ceremony. i.:.seU) 10...... Movie listings .. Slumdog Millionaire _ _ ----. the winners' names .. Did yo u see the movie Hany Potter? Where _______ _ _ it ---~~--- (film) ' 11.. I went to the lobby to buy popcorn.)'16 10 ...::=.:. In a movie theater. Children _ _ _-. . .-_ __ to see some movies.. =C-.'i.:-____ near my ho use at this time. f<U!d) 16. o f " toW ""..-_ __ in 200J.-c.=.~ 10 th.~---. -_ __ {show) before the feature film begins. where the awards _ _ _-. ...ilJ) 'Corning a llf<lCrions ~ r. tTlOc ti..-:. I.-_ _ _ (/lmnll) 7.----..."c .:---.:.-- f<nJ. Ih" ~ll'T b! see ~ "ew ... (llOf/a/lou·) 5.. The Kodak Theatre...--___ in ten minutes. No o nc knows why the award ____-. Active: The first Oscar ceremony took place Sometimes the passive voice is used to in 1929. We can use the passive voice to shift the didn't he? / emphasis to the object of the preceding sentence. designed. In Passive: Many of the actresses' generaL. Participles Used as Adjectives. Passive: The dress was designed by Vera Wang. When the agent is included. We often use the passive voice when Passive: The music was composed by Bob the agent made. buiLt. invented. use by + noun It was performed by him too. than the passive voice when an agent is mentioned.Sometimes the passive voice is used with an agent. Active: Steven Spielberg directed Star Wars. The active voice puts more emphasis on the person who performs Active: Ralph Lauren designs many of the actresses' gowns. Dylan. or object pronoun. the passive voice. (a specific person: Steven Spielberg. discovered. the active voice is more common gowns are designed by Ralph Lauren . Thomas Edison. The song was written by Randy Newman. preceding sentence. / Passive: It is seen by millions of viewers each year. ACTIVE PASSIVE Active: Steven Spielberg has made When the sentence has a strong agent • many mOVles. Star Wars was directed by George Lucas. or composed Passive: The movie projector was invented by something. painted. Ralph Passive: Many movies have been Lauren). the action. Passive: No. we can use either the active or made by Steven Spielberg. Get + Participles and Adjectives 67 . The passive voice puts more emphasis on the action or the result. The Passive Voice. ~ continue with the same subject of the Passive: It was attended by 250 people. wrote. Active: The Oscar ceremony is popular all over the world. --_ _ _ the mtJ sic fo r the movie? The music (pm!: .by W ilIiam Shakespeare in 1595. (im. {f1resenr p'-"Tf~(f. W ho _ _--. (pasl: see) The movie ___ = wa.11/ 4. (jurure: 1 . t. (/J<lSt: write) 7.w = "_ _ again on T V tonight."r ircJ _ _--.-_ Star Wars.-_ _ _ by Thomas Edison. (CWllle) 2. hauJ 250 guests.--. (pr~sen ( peTjocr: make) 3.::"" " :o:. .:: s-'fI"lm = e:::d'---__ in black and white.:-._ _ _ by Wait Disney. ("""'! 5. 8.:-_ a d ress that _ _ _-.c=:---:. (fUWft': show ) t . ({1dS1. Steven Spielberg _---::--:--:-:---. EXERCISE 11 Fill in the blanks with the passive voice of the verb in parentheses ( ).------.-::--:-. My Heart WilL Go On _ _ _----...---_ _ _ into a movie in t968.----:-.- 1:"::e::.---. (sing) 6.-.---:-c-c---._ _--._---:_ _---. (wri te) 4.. Romeo and Juliet .--. (direct) EXERCISE III Fill in the blanks with the active or passive voice of the verb in parentheses ( ).ksignJ by Ralph Laure n._ _ _ by Celine Dion.--._ __ {past.---. Many movies ----.---_-.---_-.-:.. «tellT) (pi!sr.:. T he movie projector _ _ _---::--.'fflr) 3.-. The first Academy Awa rd s presentation _ _ _-.-_ _ by Randy Newman.--_ ---.----.---_ _ _ by Gcorgc Lucas...:: W1.. Use the tense indicated. Romeo and Julict _ __ ----. in Hollywood. make) 2.. netfi"/st'd 68 Lesson 2 .c-c:--. Use the past tense. film ) It __..--. The actress _ ----. design) 5.-_ _ a DVD this weekend.---_ many movies.-. (P=mt.---.. Mickey Mouse _ __ -. VeTa Wang ----. I _--. / /nl'M'7II.. We _ _---.---_ _ (pmt COnlinl<OWi.beautiful d resses. Star Wars _ __ ----.::·I. EXAMPLES I saw an old movie o n TV last night. 6. They handed the actress an Oscar. the passive sentence can begin with eit her object. Notice t hat if the direct object Passive 1: Spielberg was given an award.. ------ ..0.the people who helped them.---. Splelberg an award. to is used before the indirect object. The actre65 was given an award. Omit the agent. passive sentence.:tivcSi Gel + Participles and Adjectives 69 .-_ _ _ in many movies. 9.O._-.predictions weeks before (~I:make) the Oscar presentation. (prf $<m(: ~) 10.._-. Participk>s Used (IS Adjc. 11. (continued) T he Passive Vo ice. An award was given to the actress. 1.. Language Note: Some verbs that use two objects are: bring lend pay serve teach glVe offer sell show tell hand owe send take write EXERCISE IJ Change the following sentences to passive voice in two ways.). (an award) becomes the subject of the Passive 2: An awa rd was given to Spielberg.. Movie reviewers __~_ ____. Computer animation _ _ ---. Someone served the guests dinner. (~I: (lltt~lhunk) 2.0. EXAMPLE They gave the actress an award.-_ _--. 2.. Oscar winners _ _ _ _-.6 Verbs with Two Objects Some verbs have two objects: a direct object (D.. They gave . When an active se ntence has two objects. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION 1.---~___..) and an indirect object (1.0..-:----- Active: 0. : ( $. 5. They have shown us the movie. Are cartoons just for children? Do adults enjoy cartoons too? Gertie the Dinosaur Created by Winsor Mc(ay 70 u 'SSon 2 . 4. 6. They will give the winners flowers.. 4' :: $I Before You Read 1. Do you know how cartoons are created? 2. • . Someone to ld the students the answers. 3. Someone has given you the key. Someone will send you an invitatio n. The History of Animation • * ee = u. 7. the work can be done much faster by computer. Pay special attention to active ~» and pass. (Dt. an image is put on the computer and then quickly replaced by a similar image with a small change. Snow White and the Sewn Dwarfs. but he wasn't. Sometimes it would take him morc than a year to make a five-minute cartoon. and produced the first fuIl-length animated film. the animator could make a Wait Disney drawing of the background.ve verbs. which remained morionless. The animation is done by compurer software. Many people think he was a great cartoonist. To create the illusion of movement. onc at a time. (continued) T he Passive Voice. added sound and music to his movies. He drew every picture sepa rately and had them photographed. While this techniqu e is similar to hand-drawn animation. He created Mickey Mouse. Wait Disney took animation to a new it. In the early 1900s. Also special effects for movies. he was a great story editor and clever businessman who had other artists do most of the drawings. Hundreds of photographs were needed to make a one~minute film. are done by computer animation. the development of celluloid (a transparent material) made animation easier. Participles Used (IS Adjectives. In 1914. such as Star Wars. Today most animated films are not drawn by hand. while only the characters moved. anyone with a ho me computer and special software can create a simple animation. Read the following textbook article.TR09 Animated movies have changed a lot over the last 100 years. In fact. Winsor McCay is considered the father of an imation. Get + P-<lrticiplcs and Adjectives 71 . Instead.'Vcl. McCay animated his films by himself. Instead of drawing each picture separately. It was the first talking cartoon.length animated cartoon. 1901 Wait Disney was born. 1918 Wait Disney opened a cartoon studio in Kansas C ity. the first fu ll. 1923 Disney moved his studio to Ho llywood . 1995 Toy Story became the fi rst fu ll-length film animated entirely on computers."'Sson 2 . 2009 WALL·E won the Academy Award for best an imated film. 1914 Winsor McCay created the first animation on film. 1937 Disney produced Snow White and lhe SC\ICT1 Dwarfs. Missouri. - 72 L<. 1928 The first Mickey Mouse cartoon was introduced. Gertie the Dinosaur. In sentence (a). a. Compare: Change and move can be intransitive or a. When a change happens through a b.. We cannot use Disney lived in Hollywood most of his Life.. The Passive Voice.EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Compare: Most active verbs are followed by an verb object object. Leave means "go away from. He died in 1966. '. In a cartoon.. It has no passive form.. In sentence (b). over the years. b. be go rain stay What happened to the first Mickey Mouse become happen recover walk cartoon? I'd Like to see it. It has a passive form. changed by the janitor. it is intransitive. Compare: Notice that we use was/were with born. .. depending on its meaning. It is a past participle used as an adjective. but we don't use the passive voice with die.. Get + Participles and Adjectives 73 . ~~--. Born is not a verb. come Live remain work These are called intransitive verbs. leave means "not taken. "' Active: Walt Disney didn't draw his cartoons. Disney left Kansas City in 1923. Passive: His cartoons were drawn by studio artists. but they are not.. --------. The Light buLb was natural process (a). They can be used in the active ~- . it is transitive.." It is an intransitive verb. . the passive voice with these verbs: He became famous when he created Mickey agree die look seem Mouse. Participles Used as Adjectives. Cartoons have changed a Lot transitive. and passive voice. arrive fall occur sLeep He worked with many artists. Passive: The first animated film was created in 1914. WaLt Disney was born in 1901. verb object --~- . - Active: McCay created the first animated film . Active Only: Some verbs have no object. The chairs were moved to another room. The DVD was left in the DVD pLayer. . it Looks like the characters are change (b). These verbs are called transitive verbs.. When someone specific causes the a. moving. b." It is a transitive verb. Compare: Leave can be intransitive or transitive. droit'} 74 Lesson 2 . (P<nt: be} His cartoons __---'a"'r"e'c5e =e:.n'---_ _ all over the world. 6. 3. He died in 2008. EXAMPLES WaIt Disney _ _ _--:'w"'a:::5:. (~nr:seeJ 1.. They will show a movie at 9:30 in the audito rium.-_. EXERCISE III Fill in the blanks with the active or passive form of the verb in parentheses ( ).-___ a clever businessman. Most of his cartoons _ _ _-.-. I slept during the movie. Today most animation is created with computer software. Ipmt. Many movie stars live in Cali forn ia. Use the tense indicated. ((>rut: not/dmw) 3. They have sold all the tickets. 4. 8. What happened at the end of the movie? 2. Paul Newman was a famous actor.-_ _ by studio artists. 1. Which of the following sentences can be changed to passive voice? Change those sentences. write no change. If no change is possible.-_ _ Mickey Mouse. (/I(lSI. EXAMPLES Today they create most an imation with computer software. Wait Disney _ _---c::-:-.most of his cartoon characters. No change. Someone left a box of popcorn on the seat. You can rent Finding Nemo on DVD. create) 2.---c:--cc--c--.-. Wait Disney moved to Ho llywood in 1923. EXERCISE. 7.----c___ famous when he (past: become} _ _ _-::-_----c. 5. Wait Disney . Use the past tense. Get + Participles and Adjectives 75 . he _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ as a Hollywood actor. he was governor of California. ·4» co 1. Before he _ _ _b_e_c_a_m_e___ (example: become) president. (past: live) 7. Participles Used as Adjectives. something terrible (5 schedule) __________ . Disney's old cartoons _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ beautiful. He _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a great actor.P~~aY~~~ (11 recover) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ his second term in 1989. and (3 not/ consider) he never __________ an Oscar. Cartoon characters look like they _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . He _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ (12 finish) (13 die) in 2004 at the age of 93. Today's animations __________ using computers.@P ~~~aY~~~~~r?~v. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . (present: create) 9. (past: give) 5. the day the Oscar ceremony __________ to take place. One of his aides. (past: nwve) 6. (present: look) EXERCISE DJ FiLL in the blanks with the active or passive form of the verb in parentheses ( ). (past: die) 8. The Passive Voice. WaIt Disney _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 26 Oscars. 4. (present continuous: nwve) 10. WaIt Disney _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in Hollywood most of his life. Even before that. Fortunately. WaIt Disney _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ his studio to Hollywood. he __________ (8 past: not/ die) from his wounds. 1981. the Academy (9 also/ wound) Awards ceremony __________ for one day. Out of respect for the president. (4 win) On March 20. who was with him at the time. TR 10 Ronald Reagan ___w_a_5_e_'_ ec_t_e_Q ___ president of the (example: elect) United States in 1980. Reagan (10 postpone) ___________ ~~c. Reagan __________ in an (6 happen) (7 shoot) assassination attempt. Disney _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in 1966. (I work) He _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in 53 Hollywood movies between (2 appear) 1937 and 1964. Even today. 76 Lesson 2 . The actresses wear beautiful dresses. 11. I can't be slept afterwards. 18. 12.. The theater is big. the actors are arrived in limousines. most movies filmed in black and white. Some movies can be enjoy by the whole family. 3. I don't like scary movies. 19.. The movie is for adults. At the end of the movie. Popcorn sells in the lobby of the theater. 6. The popcorn is fresh. Did you? PARKING PASS !lOSt"" parl<inQ A~ Auto Pari< Ga~::'\S 16. 7. we were left the theater and went home. Not every sentence has a mistake. People in the audience are eaten popcorn. At the Oscar ceremony. 2. 15. • 8. Some movies should not seen by children. C 1. Did the movie directed by Steven Spielberg? 4. What was happened? I can't find my ticket. It is been popped right now. but the parking pass must be validated -_ - 6th and Maple 1211S 8:30 pm . Tickets can bought online ahead of time. 10. Senior citizens can get a discount on tickets. If the sentence is correct. 17. " I like old movies. 14. coming attractions are show. s. were EXAMPLES Before the 1950s. 13. 20. in the theater. Before the movie... A lot of popcorn containers and candy wrappers was left on the floor of the theater. Children don't permitted to enter.. write C. EXERCISE Find the mistakes with the underlined verbs in the sentences below and correct them. 9. I enjoyed the movie. Fourteen movies are shown at the same time. Parking is free at the theater. We went to see a movie. (dol 8. it might _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ (ww) TIle Passive Voice. shot and killed. and he -----.. stolen._ _ _~ millions of dollars for a film.. questions and negatives are formed with do. hired. caught. Get is frequently used with: shot.c . done. (calCh) 10. Be is not used with get. injured. Compare: He was shot by a cowboy. No one _ _ _~~_ __ (kill) 3. (_ I 2. sent. paid. (send) 9. (/ltl)') s. How much do actors get paid for a movie? When get is used with the passive voice. His car . Did yo u _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~ fo r the movie role? (hire) 4.cheating on the exa m. He got laid off last month.----..-. The little boy to ld a lie.c---~ (punish) 7. laid off picked. (~U'a/) 6. killed. Reagan _ _ _~_ _ _ _ on [he day of the O scars.. did..to the wrong person. get paid = be paid get shot = be shot get killed = be killed We usually omit the agent after get. Famous actors _ _ _-. EXERCISE ID Fill in the blanks with get + the past participle of the verb in parentheses ( ). Participles Used as Adjectives. fired. The test scores _ _ _ _~--. wounded. She didn't get paid last Friday. Choose an appropriate tense. Gel + Participles and Adjectives 77 .. She got hired for the job.8 The Passive Voice with Get " " EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Hollywood actors get paid a lot of money.. Wrong: She wasn't get paid last Friday.from in front of his ho use. and other auxiliaries.2.) 1. c . If you leave your car there. One student _ _ _ _~--. A lot of people get instead of be with the passive. EXAMPLE Who got chosen for the part in the movie? (dwo". In conversation... does. Everything will _ _ _~~_ _ _ little by little. He got shot three times. we sometimes use get I don't like violent movies. J Chaplin was abandoned by his futher and left in an orphanage by his mother. He became Charlie Chaplin. Chaplin had an amazing life.. Pay spedal attention to 04» partidples used as adjectives. for this poor character in v. as an adjective. •• s o: - Before You Read 1. 1889-1977 interested in acting at the age of five. Have you ever heard of Charlie Chaplin? 2. as an adjective.l experiences. Born in poverty in London in 1889. A past participle is the third form of the verb (usually -eel or -en). co I .'Orn-uut shoes.OOO 78 Lo:.s used Star Wars is an exdting movie. The Matrix has amazing visual effects. he made his first trip to America. and by 19 l6 he was earning $LO. TR 11 CharLie ChapLin was one of the greatest actors in the worLd. Have you ever seen a silent movie! Do you think a silent movie can be interesting today? Read the following magazine article. and hardworking. In these examples. and mne probably came from his childhCKX. His idea . he left school [0 travel with a Bri tish acting company. round hat. In 1910. . He was talented. His amusing character "Little Tramp" is well known to people througho ut the world.o . b = #3 . a past participle is used I wasn't bored during the movie. athletic. a present participle .'sson 2 . At ten. What's in the sealed envelope? In these exa mples.9 Participles Used as Adjectives A present participle is verb + -ing.2. His entertaining silent movies are still popular today. Both present participles and past participles can be used as adjectives. Are you interested in action movies? Do you like animated films? Charlie Chaplin " . EXAMPLES EXPLANAnON We saw a n entertaining movie. meaning . After he left the U. directed. Adolf Hitler.-". have feelings. etc. The movie actively caused a fee ling of boredom. Chaplin's movies are interesting. when he played a comic version of the terrifying dictamr. Chaplin's movies interest us. The people were bored by the movie. and wrote the movies he starrL-d in. He didn't rerurn to the U.. Even though "talkies" C3me out in 1927. He produced. ' In tochy's dollars. (verb) We are interested in his movies. he didn't make a movie with sound until 1940. GCI + Participles and Adjectives 79 . so a past participle. Chapti n had an interesting life. when he was given a special Oscar for his lifetime of outstanding \\Uric. (continued ) The Passive Voice. Participl es Used as Adjectives. The main character in Friday the 13th is a frightening man. in 1952.k. 2. Some people were bored. a. The movie was boring.S.l ld be do.000 ~ w. 2 He was the highest-paid person in the world at that time. a person I am interested in Chaplin. The book is interesting. Chaplin was not allowed to re-enter because of h is political views. Therefo re.10 Participles Used as Adjectives to Show Feelings The participles of a verb can be used as adjectives. until 1972. The boned people The past participle (b) gives a passive got up and left. . he faced declin ing popularity as a result of his politics and personal relationships. He was poor A person can cause a feeling in others or he and then became very rich. can not be used to describe an object. frightening and frightened. can receive a feeting.S. (bored = verb) In some cases. a week."ol. that amOUnt .e to $200. such as interested or entertained. meaning. I would like to can be bot h interesting and interested. (present participle) (past participle) EXAMPLES EXPLANATION The movie bored us. As C hapLin got older. b. It describes the receiver of a feeling. I left the boring The present participle (a) gives an active movie before it was over. know more about him. I was frightened and couldn't sleep after seeing the movie.. An object (like a book or a movie) doesn't The movie is entertaining. both the present participle (a) and the past participle (b) of t he same verb can be used as adjectives. . a. Language Notes: 1. use the past participLe. EXAMPLE The game entertains the children. The man is frightening b. The following pictures show the difference between (a) aJrightening man and (b) a Jrightened man. 1. 2. 3. Common paired participles are: • amazmg amazed exhausting exhausted • amusmg amused frightening frightened • annoymg annoyed frustrati ng frustrated boring bored i nte resti ng interested confusing confused puzzling puzzled • • convmcmg convinced satisfying satisfied • • disappointing disappointed surpnsmg surprised em barrassi ng embarrassed terrifying terrified exciting excited tiring tired EXERCISE Use the verb in each sentence to make two new sentences. In one sentence. The man is frightened the children. The trip tired the children. = He's a by the robber. 80 Lesson 2 . use the present participLe. The children are entertained. The game is entertaining. The movie frightened the children. frightened man. The children are amusing the adults. 4. 2. The book interests the children. = He's a frightening man. In the other. In my opinion. Parriciples Used as Adjectives. Now I'm worried abo ut _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ 3. present or past. The movie bored the adults. 7.:--c-o--at all. EXERCISE m Fm in the blanks with the correct participle. And I didn't like the characters. 2. It had a Im of stupid car chases. The game excited the children. I'm not interested in _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ The Passive Voi ce. But for (4 (lma:cr) me. (I crOrd They weren't very ----. In the past. 8. Chapli n interests me. EXAMPLE I' m interested in ---'s. We thought it COl.nce) We were pretty -. 5..-. (8 SlIri5/) EXERCISE III Fm in the blanks and discuss your answers. 5.--_-.-c--o--at all.ICJppoinr) The on ly thing that was was the popcorn. ..:----:--:--. 6. it wasn't ---. Get + Participles and Adjectives 81 .. I was ._ because the reviewers said it was a (3 aiwppoinr) good movie. _ _ __ _ _______ is an amazing (choose one) actor / athlete / politician . They said it had _.that I (5 inrcrm) (6 mmO']) wasted $ 10 and a whole evening for such a movie.po=l"t=s_ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ 1.:..:-.---0-- (2 ront. . of the verb in parentheses ( ).---_ visual effects. nU was boring .-----. The vacation exhausted the adu lts. I was worried about _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ 4. 04» Last night my friend and 1 went to see a new movie.--0-. which (aamp/e: bort) were nm .. I'm interested in _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ movies. (7 di. We no lo nger care about the agent. 3 a. and the action itself is not important. f. but there is no action in the sentence. When I came to this school. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION In some cases. I am amazed that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in the U. 11. 8. Previous Aet. Sometimes I feel embarrassed when I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ --------------------------_. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is a boring subject for me. I feel frustrated when _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. c. d. b. • f. envelope. 7. 9. Previous Arnon: His mother bore a child. The past participLes beLow are used as adjectives. Chaplin was born in England. Previous Aet.on: Someone took (occupied) the seat. Some sentences Look passive (be + past participLe). Previous Aet. No one knows the winners' names because a.S. e. 13. I was surprised that _ _ _ _ _ _ __ --------------------------_. d. we are looking at the result of a previous action . I was very excited when _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . c." 82 Lesson 2 . He bo ught a used car. The door is locked now.S. Previous Arnon: The door •• was Locked by the janitor. e.on: The car • was used by another owner. Previous Arnon: The dress was made by someone. The dress is made of silk. 12. I'm annoyed when people _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . It's n ot surprising that in the U.on: Someone seaLed t he t he envelope is sealed. 'These forms are sometimes called "s{ative passives. 6. 10. Is this seat taken? b. The child seems tired. Language Notes: 1.tssivc Voicc. Chaplin was a well-known actor. b. The following are some common combinations of be + past participle: be air-conditioned be filled (wit h) be married (to) be accustomed (to) be fi nished (with) be permitted (to) be allowed (to) be go ne be pleased (to) (with) (by) be born be injured be prepa red (to) (for) be broken be insured be related (to) be closed be interested (in) be taken (occupied) be concerned (about) be involved (i n) be used be crowded be known (for) (as) be used to be divorced (from) be located be worried (about) be done be locked be wounded be dressed be lost be educated be made (of. return it to the store. b. feel. To emphasize and further describe the He was a highly paid actor. In some cases. after be and other linking verbs a. Is the theater ai r~co n di tioned ? The theater was very crowded. a. a. The glass is bro ken. l efs put the tired child to bed. adjective even though there is no previous Is Geraldine Chaplin related to Charlie action. Don't touch the broken glass. When you are finished with the video. lefs take the lost chi ld to the park office. Get + Parti ciples and Adjectives 83 . Participles Used as AdjcctivCs. adjectives used as past participLes. etc.EXA MPLES EXPLANAnON Many people are involved in making a movie. an adverb can be added. OR b. Some phrases that contain an adverb + past participLe are: a well-liked teacher a high ly skilled worker a welt-educated person a closely watched experiment a well-behaved child a slightly used book a well-dressed woman closely related languages a well-fed dog an extremely crowded room 2. before a noun. we use a past participLe as an Hollywood is located in California. in) Thc P:. Past participles can be used: b. The sentences to the left have no Chaplin? equivalent active form. sound. a. The child is lost in the park. (seem. look. We are done with the video.). Almost every seat in the rheater is fill. He was not an educated man. located near my house. T he movie [heater is closed in the mo rning. Is EXAMPLES The theater. 1. How many people were involved in making WA LL·£? 4. EXERCISE III Find the mistakes and correct them. 2. He was well known all over the world. Not every sentence has a mistake. 10. 6. 11. Chaplin was born in England. EXERCISE III Underline the past partidple in the following sentences. C harlie Chaplin was married several times. 4. 3. 7. How many people are involved in making a movie? 6. If the sentence is correct. 5. C hildren are not allowed to see some movies. Where is the movie theater located ? 3. EXAMPLE Movie theaters are crowded on Saturday night.. 9. Wait Disney born in 1901. Is this sea t taken? 5. Is Ha lle Berry marry? 2. please return it to the video sto re. Is the Oscar make of gold? 84 Lesson Z . 8. I' m concerned about the violence in movies. 8. When yo u' re finish with the DVD. Many movies are made in Hollywood. Chaptin was a well paid actor. Are you interested in actio n movies? C 1. write C. 1. Ronald Reagan was involved in movies before he became a IX'lirici an. S. (continued) The Passive Voice. movie stars get divorced a lot. Hollywood stars need to look great to stay on top. Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward were married for 50 years. and even power make the occupation very attractive. Why is being famous so difficult? Some actors get rich overnight and don't handle their sudden wealth and fame easily. there are exceptions. Many Hollywood stars use cosmetic surgery to look young. They do not like to get old. In fact. However. Get + Participles and Adjectives 85 . Hollywood stars are known for their short and frequent marriages-and Elizabeth TayLor and Richard Burton divorces.. Do you think being famous would be fun? Read the following Web article. both personally and professionally. until Newman died. she married the same man {Richard Burton} twice-and divorced him twice. Participles Used as Adjectives. Is this true in other countries? 2. Many work out with a personal trainer because they don't want to get fat or out of shape. of course. Britney Spears got married one day and got divorced the next day. the life of a Hollywood star can be difficult and challenging. Also. Glamour. Elizabeth Taylor got married eight times. And Meryl Streep has been married to the same man for over 30 years. money.Being Famous Before You Read 1. Pay spedaL attention to be and get before past partidpLes and adjectives. beauty. when reporters record an actor's every moment. But. Becoming a Hollywood star is a dream for many. In the U. Life can be difficult in the public eye. Usage Note: Notice the difference between to be married. noun over a period of time. They want to look young forever. (The verb marry is followed by an object. a. I see you are tired. You're yawning. 'For a list of expressions with get. a.) Meryl and Don got married in 1978. b. There is no reference to the continuation a.S. even got to be governor of Minnesota. A lot of people would like to get rich quickly. but it can be difficult at times. to marry. to get married. a.4 A famous wrestler. They use their popularity as actors to win elections. Be + past participle describes the status b. (Get married is not foLLowed by an object. Get + adjective means become.S. of this status. The actress js divorced.) She married Don Gummer in 1978. When Arnold Schwarzenegger got tired of acting. Most stars don't want to get old. My grandfather js old. b. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION a. Is Julia Roberts married? a. Movie stars are rich. a. Schwarzenegger as actor Schwarzenegger as governor • . Ronald Reagan and Arnold Schwarzenegger both went from being actors to becoming governor of California. Be + adjective describes the status of a b. b.) 'Schwarzen egger can 't become president b~callse he was not born in the U. he went into politics. see Appendix C. Meryl Streep is married. Life in the public eye seems wonderful. Some Hollywood actors go into politics when they get tired of acting. She got divorced soon after she got married. b. Ronald Reagan went on to become president of the U. Jessie Ventura. b. 86 Lesson 2 . (Be marn·ed describes one's status. When did she get married? of a noun over a period of time. She has been married to the same man for many years. Get + past participle means become. B: She's not going to answer your letters. But then she (was / got) divorced just two years later. When acting studios discover me. I'm going to be famous. She's my one true love. (8) B: Oh. B: Happy? Sad? Do you think Angelina (is / gets) (2) interested in you? She doesn't even know you! A: I keep sending her letters. A: I'm not always going to be a waiter. The Passive Voice. But then. really? What does your girlfriend have to say about that? A: I never talk to her about Angelina. But you'll be an old (6) man when. TR 14 I felt so sad. and Angelina will notice me if she (gets / is) single again. it's possible that she'll (get/ be) divorced. Someday it will happen. you are famous. She (is / gets) too rich and famous to pay attention to you. and if. and I'll meet Angelina. I would like to (be / get) (3) acquainted with her. ·4)) A: Angelina Jolie is my favorite actress.Past Participles with get Adjectives with get get accustomed to get hurt get angry get old get acquai nted get lost get dark get rich get bored get married get fat get sleepy get confused get scared get hungry get upset get divorced get tired get nervous get well get dressed get used to get worried EXERCISE m young Circle the correct words to complete this conversation between a man and a young woman. One time I told her how much I like Angelina. Participles Used as Adjectives. and she (was / got) angry. B: By that time. she will (be / get) old and you won't be interested in (7) her anymore. B: Mostly you're just a waiter. (4) A: Well. A: That doesn't matter. she started dating Brad Pitt. When she (was /(i!Qt} married. you know. A: I'll always (get / be) interested in her. I'm an actor too. (1) I was so happy. (9) B: I don't think your girlfriend has anything to worry about. (examp'f:)" CD 1. (5) B: Well. Get + Participles and Adjectives 87 . Get can be used instead of be in certain No one got killed. when it. ¥w 1. 88 Lesson 2 . previous action. Use the past participle to show the result of Is this seat taken? a previous action. performed the action b. She got upset when she couldn't find her keys. to hide the identity of the agent Note: Do not mention the agent if it .s not a specific person.s not important to mention who twentieth century. s : i . I got lost on my way to your house. Without an agent: The passive voice . d. Prev.: se e $ : ea. b. adjectives to mean become. Wrong: Reagan got shot by John HinckLey. especially if we want to emphasize the result Star Wars was directed by George l ucas. Silent movies are very interesting. Someone took the seat. Children are not allowed to see some movies. Right: Reagan was shot by John HinckLey. Use the past participle (b) to show that the noun (the students) received a feeling. Participles Used as Adjectives Examples Explanation a. when the agent is obvious c.Be + Past Participle Use With an agent: The passive voice can be used with an agent. The students are interested in the life of the noun (silent movies) produced a feeling.s usually used without an agent: a. . Wrong: Spanish is spoken by peopLe in Mexico. Where is Hollywood located? She got confused when the teacher explained Use get with past participles and other participles. but people in general d.Summary of Lesson 2 PO ca o. The movie theater will be closed at midnight. I was told that you didn't like the movie. conversational expressions. Use the present participle (a) to show that b. " " t . Reagan got shot in 1981. Mickey Mouse was created by Wait Disney. The child is lost. of the action. Hollywood was built at the beginning of the a. The Oscar ceremony is seen all over the c. Some people got wounded. Passive Voice Pasdve Voice . Charlie Chaplin.ous Actions: Someone will close the theater. Some past participles are not related to a The bus is crowded. 00 not use get when the agent is mentioned. when the agent is not a specific person worLd. 2. 4. wa5 The movie. Did ~ you get fired from your job? The Passive Voice. s< " . Her grandfather. . 7. SUh. does. 6. ed The floor was wash. In questions and negatives.m.. was When md the movie filmed? 2. The accident. 5. Participles Used as Adjectives."" died three years ago. Use by to show the agent of the actio n. Don't use the passive voi ce with intransitive verbs. use do. Don 't forget the -cd ending fo r a regu lar past participle. $$ 0$4 $ 4 •• • 1.seen by everyone in my family. 3. Use an obj ect pronoun after by. I have to go to sleep.. her My mother prepared the soup. eo • '(0 SitS o. Editing Advice _ . d I'm very tire. by the janitor. $la Le 4. The salad was prepared by ~ too. wa5t1't My watch didn't made in Japan."" happened at 10:30 p. Don' t confuse the -ing form with the past partici ple. Gee + Participles and Adjectives 89 .ting by the child. S. by Tom Sawyer was written for Mark Twain. eaten The popcorn was ". . or did when you use get with the passive vo ice. Don't forget to use a form of be in a passive senten ce. not do / does / did to make negatives and questions with the passive voice. now. Use be. you saw it on a tiny screen.. (8' (9' (S) :Should aeeIi on a large screen or at a theater.. Use be. It's such an intf. It wai-dileCi 'for James Cameron. Don't forget to include a verb {usually be} before a participle used as an adj ective. W hat else was he tlireccd1? (IOJ A: The Terminator movies. $0 "C!( iiiCUOS e S.. But I never Il) finished watching it beca use I fell asleep. 9.. (4) movie. (exariipkJ B: I saw part of it.tg IZ!' flight.. I was too exhaust to keep my eyes open. . Find the mistakes and correct them. 10. (3) A: You were probably Po~ because. 90 Lesson 2 . It was a lo ng and tirit. '" ._ •. AWtaT is w)" M) a 3~D movie. with past participles used as adjectives. i5nt My sister doe' n't married.. ' . C A: Oid you ever see the movie Titanic! It was the most successfu l (uampkJ _. . It . . _ .. L .. tt)± _ KZ $0 .. was The movie.'eitoo ~ B: ['ve never heard of James Cameron.s My collegeJ ocated on the corner of Broadway and Wi[son Avenues. If the shaded words are correct..444 _ . B: What's that? I've never heard of 3~D. write C. so we left.'. Are 110 yo u bored in your math class? Editing Quiz . boring. It ~ SIiOWii on my flight to the U. not do. a _cc = .. And Avatar was 3irected by ~ too.ke. .J m=e film ever-rm. 4 1 • S S E = - Some of the sIIlIdjiil 'MIiiII ~ ~ have mistakes.J.S. 1~<>e'-'f":l" EXAMPLES The movie __-"w". but the DVD can. Special glasses are(lJ)worn du ring the movie.. 00. Participles Used as Ad jectives. I couldn't believe what I was seeing. B: So. Use the tense . which make everything appear th ree-dimensional. I ~. (/>'=It pnf«t "1n) 1. tell me. . C . l' cl love to. C .1~.n parentheses ( ).5"-!w~o"n'-:-:-_ many awards.. c . Get + Participles a nd AJjective::.) (iJ I A: I'm not going to tell you the ending and spoil it for you. ..ndkated. . B: Is it still in the movie theaters? A: No. Which actor __---.. A: I saw it in 3-D at a theater..eateh popcorn when the movie (14) -. .. (fw. A • • .i1. i m7ed "'--__ in New York. .n the blanks Mth the pass.::----. What was~happencll at the end of Titanic? Was the main n~ um character <liW? Or ilia the man and woman get"ri'l:rry? (ZIJ (2." PART D Fill. film) The movie director __-. B: Wow! I'd like to see a movie like that.J'ted and then. .: Passive Vuice. I've ~~watP1~ it three times._. suddenly. (/7) B: Can it be mfing in 3·D on DVD? A: I don't know.. A: It's a movie with a lot of special effects. 1151 B: When old At/atar made? (16) A: In 2009. 91 .u •• =4._ .stp.ws:..rentcll.-!'ha. . . . (~) (continued) Thl..ve or active form of the verb ..--_ _ next year? (fut1<T". • 4 . Lesson 2 Test/Review • :. I have the DVD. Du you want to borrow it? U4) B: Thanks. Ihoo1) _-:-_ _ _ _~..a play. buy) 8. Meryl Streep _ _ _ __ ~--.... see) 3.. (simpk prcen(. My sister _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ popcorn duri ng movies.. Her parents __~_ _~~-.-. C haplin _ _ _ _~--.on a large fsho.our tickets tOmOrrow. (present: .--. 11.-. Star Wars is a great movie.._ _.-.c-. her to watch R..-_____. We _ _~~~~--.-_ _ (past: ClllCh) 92 Lesso n 2 ...-.about World War 11...._-. It ---7:--:7"""--./Sft') 6. A new movie ---.. I _ _-.. 2. OO(I'a lf) 4. p«omd the age of five.. (p1l'Se1U runUI1I«lUS: rrwkt) 5.-..interested in acting at (paSf. not on a TV screen.the U. President Lincoln _ _---. TI1e audience .---.----..~~_ _ a few (pasr rom inllotw 1I0a0ch) (past: dit) days later.S. While the movie _-.--__ o n a computer.-.. Today's an imation __-.--_ _ wh ile he (poor: . (past: nor. (pose m joy) 7. Charli e C hapli n __~---.rated movies.--. 14.. by hand."._ _ _ the Oscar ceremony last year..---_.. It fsi..-. in many movies. in 1952 and (pasc: kmd _ _ __ _ _ _ in 1972. 12.the movie. ~I : do ) -~~--c-cc. 13..WSft') screen. (simple ptrlf'nc: noV'dm. The killer _ _---. (present lJeT!rrt. oc/permit) 9...--_ _ " one of the actors (pas! rominuous: make) (pasr: hun) 10.------c-...__--. (["lUre.. He _ _ _. 2. Charile Chaplin was considered a great actor. EXAMPLE They considered Charlie Chaplin a great actor. I will be drjven to the theater by my sister. Get + Participles and Adjectives 93 . The following sentences would be better in the passive voice. The movie is being mroed by George Lucas. 1. Someone has left a popcorn box on the floor. 5. My whole family has seen the movie. A decision should be made by the director. Someone is c1eaoinc the theater now. 5. They ~ subtitles for foreign movies. When did they lrui!d this theater? 4. Do not mention the agent. The following sentences would be better in the active voice. When is.PART. Someone will make a movie about Chaplin's life. Change to the active voice using the same tense as the underlined verbs. 6. 3. 1. (continued) The Passive Voice. 4. 7. 3. A new costume is needed by the actor. 2. EXAMPLE The movie has been S(''eO by my whole family. Participles Used as Adjectives. someone going to dose the theater? PART. Change to the passive voice using the same tense as the underlined verbs. They don't pennit children to see this movie. The movie wasn't seen by me. When was the DVD broken by the child? PART a Fill in the blanks with the present participle or the past participle of the verb in parentheses ( ). He thought it was a very _--.-~ new movie at the Fine Arts ll1eater.c-:-.all over the world.-:-~ actor. (fTiU'TUlirt) 7.7. in 1952. (frightert) 12.. he was nOt -----.. . (irtterest) 2.-~ on Saturday night.-----. C hapli n was _--.n.h. I was very _. When he left the U. (000.:-_-:-~ in seeing it with me? (irtferest) 10. He became ---.---~movi (frighwo) e.c::::._ _ movie.') 4.--:-.-~ in acting when he was a child. We read an _--. (i rttereJt) 3.) 8.) 6. I am never ----.-----:. (5tl tish) 1. (bw.-~ story about C harli e C haplin. (crom1) 11.:.during one of his movies. He was well--c.. My friend liked the movie. There's an _---. (a/hd 5.Wtn: you 1ill!.~ in it. I felt very eatiefled with the ending. It was n' t _""j. 13.-.=-. The movie theater is _--.. (excite) 9. He was an _:----. I didn't like the movie I saw last week. (bore) 1 liked the ending of the movie. Are you _--.---:_when I saw Friday the jJ.-.----. 6• .::=:.to re-enter. I was _=.S. fdUaPJ>oirt tl 14. It was a very ~~-o-:-:--.::=::::..c.-. EXAMPLES ll1e movie was very g(xxi. (ma n)..0"-ri".g~ at all.-_:-_ four times. (ud~' 94 lesson 2 .t at the theater by your friend? 7. Movie tickets are expensive. Actors are well~paid. 10. Many movies a TC shown in th e same th eater at the same rime. 11. 7. Movie tickets ca n be bought o n th e In ternet. 2. Actors are given awa rds fo r great perfo rmances. Activities 0 Tell if these statements are true in your native country. 3. Musicals are popular. 6. Get + Participles and Adjectives 95 . Most people h ave a DVD player and watch movies at ho me. Compare your list with another student's list. Popcorn is sold in movie th eaters. 9. 8. 5. TaLk About It o Is it important to give awards to actors and actresses? Why or why not? 8 Have you ever seen an Academy Awards ceremony? What did you think of it? e How are American films different from films made in other countries? e Who are your favorite actors and actresses? o What American movies have been popular in your native country? The Passive Vo ice. 8 Make a list of the movies you've seen recently. Many fa mo us actors get divorced. 4. Animated films are popular. Participles Used as Adjectives. Senio r citizens pay less mo ney to enter a movie ch eater. 1. form a small group and discuss your answers in your group. C h ild ren are not allowed to sec some movies. 12. please visit our Web site.Write About It 0 Write about an entertainment event that you have recently attended (such as a movie in a theater. e Write about a famous person you admire. For more practice using grammar In context. she was .. a concert. She's not only an amazIng and talented actress. . she's also a humanitarian. or a museum exhibit). EXAMPLE A Person I Adm ire I really admire actress Angellna Jolle. 96 Lesson 2 . Did you enjoy it? Why or why not? Was there anything surprising or unusual about it? e Write a short summary of a movie you saw recently. Give a short biography of this person and tell why you admire him or her. When she was f ilming In Cambodia. . shocked by the condit ions she saw there. an art fair. . Lesson Grammar The Past Continuous 1 The Past Perfect The Past Perfect Continuous 2 Comparison of Past Tenses Context Disasters and Tragedies • 'The past continuous is sometimes called the past progressive. 'The past perfect continuous is sometimes called the past perfect progressive. As the Columbia was approaching its final destination. 98 Lesson 3 . 2003. NASA studied the causes of this disaster. While the Columbia was flying over east Texas just 16 minutes from its landing in Florida. O n February I. Present Perfect She has driven there many times. 2003. 3 Families who were happily waiting fOr the retum of their relatives at the Kennedy Space Center in Aorida received the tragic news. . Past Perfect Continuous She had been driving for three hours when the acadent happened. TENSE EXAMPLES Simple Past Tense She drove to her sistefs house last night. Do you remember what you were doing wh en a famous event occurred? 04») Read the following textbook article. it disintegrated.1 Overview of Past Tenses In this lesson. Past Perfect She knew the road well because she had driven it many times. ASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration) received its last communication from the Columbia on February 1. the space shuttle Ollumbia left on a science mission orbiting the Earth.6 i _ tC 4to. it was traveling back to Earth after completing its mission. Past Continuous She was driving when the accident happened. CD 1. its left wing burned. The Columbia Tragedy •• co.' o. It stayed in space for 16 days. What well-known accidents do you remember from history? 2. and super~hot gases entered the wing's interior. Before You Read 1. The investigation concluded that a piece of the left wing fell off as the Columbia was lifting off. TR 15 On January 16. cs 4. People an over the world were shocked and saddened by this tragic loss of lives. with seven cre\1l members 300ard. Pay special attention to the past continuous and the simple past tense verbs. 2003.00 AM. Present Perfect Continuous She has been driving since she was 18 years old. This created a hole in the wing.w $J ¥ 4C 44J l ea. at 9.3. we will be looking at all the past tenses. L" LC_. lands a spacecraft on Mars. Mars. Jupiter. 1969 The first astronauts walk on the moon (Americans).S. killing all seven crew members. 1957 The USSR4 puts the first satellite in space to orbit the Earth. and 1980s and Saturn in fly-bys. In 1991. NASA was going to send another manned rocket into space in March 2003. 2005 The U. 1986 The U. 1970s The USSR and the U. 4The USSR no longer exists as a country. astronauts are killed in the Columbia shuttle disaster. The Past Perfect Continuous. sends seven astronauts into space in the spacecraft Discovery. astronauts meet Russian cosmonauts at space station Mir.S. All seven crew members die. The Past Perfect. when the space shuttle Challenger exploded 73 seconds after liftoff. the largest of which is Russia. Comparison of Past Tenses 99 .S. explore Venus. 1995 U. spacecraft Challenger explodes shortly after liftoff.S. Safety issues needed to be studied before another mission could take place. The next manned mission didn't take place until 2005. 1966 The USSR lands a spacecraft on the moon.S. The Columbia was the United States' second major disaster in space. 2003 Seven U. The Past Continuous. it broke up into 15 countries. The first one was in January 1986. 1986 The USSR launches the space station Mir. 2004 The U. 1961 The USSR puts the first man into space.S. but this mission was postponed. Questions and Short Answers Question Was/Wasn't Subject Present Complement Short Answer Word Were/Weren't Participle Was the rocket traveUng fast? Yes.2 The Past Continuous Tense-Forms Statements Subject Was/Were Present Participle Complement Explanation I To form the past She continuous tense. 3. Experiments were being done in space. How fast was it traveUng? Weren't they flying over Florida? No.S. Where were they flying? Were you watching it on TV? No. You were probobly watclring the news. Why weren't you watching it on TV? Who was watching it on TV? Passive Subject Was/Were Being Past Participle Complement The landing was being filmed.3. I wasn't. put not between was/were and the present participle. The contraction for were not is weren't. We You were They The astronauts Language Notes: 1. 100 Lesson 3 . I was not living in the U. The contraction for was not is wasn't. To make the negative. it was. (verb + -ing). An adverb can be placed between was/were and the present participle. He was use was or were + It present participle The rocket traveling fast. in January 2003. Americans were not expecting this tragedy. they weren't. 2. EXAMPLE The Columbia _ -. on The past continuous tense is used to show February 1.. EXERCISE 0 Fm in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses ( ).. It didn't begi n at that time... While the astronauts were orbiting the Earth. (approoch) 1.-. My brother was sleeping. the Columbia accident happened..--c-cc-.W "8"6:.--_ _ _ to Earth after a successful miss io n..:8"P:. ' fthe)/.M.. How many people _ _ _---:--._ __ (.c ... Family members _ __ --.--.9.-.3 The Past Continuous Tense-Uses EXAMPLES EXPLANATION What were you doing at 9:00 A. It . (continued) The Pasr Com inuousi The Pasr Perfect.. with the simple past tense to show the of a longer past action to a r~tationsh ip Family members were waiting in Florida when shorter past action .... clauses to show that two past actio ns were in prog ress at the same time....--c.. The Columbia was approaching the Earth when it lost communication with NASA..over Texas.in... Where .Flori da.over Florid a.tp:-roa=c::h... id 2. 2003? that an action was in progress at a specific I was watching TV.forward to seeing th eir families.... Use the past continuous tense.-. famiLy members were waiting for the astronauts.. Reporters _ _ _ __ __ _ _ to interview the astro na uts.o .. (llOf/lmtd) 4..... (prepare) 7.. (look) 6.. The past continuous can be used in bot h they were doing scientific studies. The Pasl Perk'Cl CominUOlISj Compa rison of Pasl Tenses lOt ...---....-_ -. The Columbia ... (1'IlK" O 3.:-_ _ _ ' (wait) 8 . i!l 3. The Columbio disintegrated while it was We use the past conti nuous tense together traveling back to the Earth. (reil/m) S. While t he Columbia was approaching its Florida desti natio n. It _ _ _--. The astronauts _ __ _~~--. past time. M. The meaning of sentences (a) and (b) is a. Ask the student next to you what he or she was doing at this particular time. b. EXAMPLE at 4 A. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Compare when and while. Punctuation Note: If the time clause precedes the main clause. While the Columbia was approaching its final destination. In conversation. The astronauts were going to return with Was/were going to means that a past pLan was scientific data. a. «(omma) EXERCISE 11 ABOUT YOU Ask and answer. The Columbia was flying over Texas when (was flying). its left wing burned. at seven o'clock this morning 3. it was flying over Texas. not carried out.ntegrated. at ten o'clock last night 2. basically the same. Family members were going to celebrate with the astronauts. people use when in place of while. When is used with the simple past tense (disintegrated). at two o'clock last night 4. A: What were you doing at 4 A. The Columbio was flying over Texas when it disintegrated. at (yOU1' choice of rime) 6. of course. but this mission was postponed. when the teacher enrered the classroom roday 5. its left wing burned. As the Columbia was approaching its finaL As and whUe have the same meaning. (No comma) When the Columbia disintegrated. separate the two clauses with a comma. destination. While is used with a past continuous verb b. while the teacher was explaining the past continuous 102 Lesson 3 . While the Columbia was flying over Texas. NASA was going to send astronauts into space in March 2003. many it dis. 1. it disintegrated.M.? B: I was sleeping. --.-c-.:-_ _ _ a TV program when the disaster (wruchJ (M_) 5.-. While the Columbia _ _ __ -.m) he _ _ _--. it (mum) (disintegmlt'j 2.. Comparison of Past Tenses 103 . 3. My sister _ _ _~~_ _ _ wh en I ____---:.---___ th e Challenger liftoff when the (wacchJ accident _ __ -. While the Columbia _ _ _---.. (waiT) 6.-.. in 1986.m) 1. What _ _ _-._.---.----:_ _ _ to Earth. The Past Perfect Continuous.::6:::a"'rd=--___ the bad news.-___ her (sleep) (~J up to [ell her about the accident.:-.-_ _ _ to work .-~---. (I..-___ to Earth. (h. (""""') 8..-_ __ _ about th e accident. My brother _ _ _--. The Past Perfect._.. The Challenger _ _ __ _ _ _ _ off when it (Ji{!j ------.EXEROSE 11 Fill in the blanks with the simple past or the past continuous form of the verb in parentheses ( ). EXAMPLE We were watching cartoons on TV when we (much) _ _ _--'h.--_ __ (OCC1n') 11le Past C ontinuous. Many people _ _ _--.-_ _ _ in Florida..when the accident """'' ') ---~-:---- (happen) ' 7. family (rttum) members _ _ __ -.---. When my father _ _ __ -..-. (dritd 4.--. . but my husband told me (7 go) not to.. Investigators the main event of the story went to Texas to talk with witnesses. (5 (LX) Then we _ _ _-......ln".--_ at 9 AM on February l. Use the past continuous to Florida for the astronauts.--. (6 see) . occurred. Use the past continuous to I was watching TV.e"re". CD 1.Y "a"u"d"o". What did you do when you heard the news? at the time a specific action I called my sister. Use the simple past to show b.. just (the accident). W e thought it was an earthquake. b..=___ pieces of meral on our property. b. -4» 1. a.. Instead we _ _ _-.. a.. b. Suddenly.3.4 The Past Continuous or the Simple Past EXAMPLES EXPLANATION (om pare: a. NASA to teU what happened after began an investigation of the accident.-"7. relatives were waiting in a. (i om} He . at 9:00 A.c c . They were getting ready show the events leading up to celebrate. She called the police when she had an accident. minutes before the landing. EXERCISE 11 Fill in the blanks to complete these conversations. to pick up a piece. She was driving to work when she had an accident. Use the sim ple past tense The president went on TV to express his sadness. A reporter is interviewing a family in Texas after the Columbia disaster. On February 1. 1 saw my husband outside.9. l _ _ _-:. A NASA official announced the tragedy to the public. Camera crews were preparing to take to the main event of the story pictures of the landing..A loud no~e---~~~--_ (I ! kep) (1 m:tke) me up.M. show what was in progress b.c .. outside.. NASA lost communication with the Columbia..our car...-:_~-...-" " " 7 7 .. (the accident). 104 Lesson 3 . 2003? (example: )'OU/doJ 8: l _ _ _~~~---. TIt 16 A: What _--" w.-.-:_ _ _ the police. They told us nO[ (8 call} [0 [Ouch anything... 2003. What were you doing when you heard the news? a. .out of bed and (3 jUmf') .. what happened after a specific action occurred.. --_____ after that? (19 happen) B: An investigation _ _ _-.____ enough pieces [0 come to (28 final a conclusion about the cause of the accident..._. Compa rison o( Past Tenses 105 .=..c-cc----.--.all the pieces? (ZJ yau/jinJ) B: No.-_ _ _ .-.--_ _ _ [0 look for the pieces of the shuttle and (2l SWft) _ _ _--..-.-_ _ _ _ to understand the reason for the accident.500 m.-. (16 nmih) Many of the family members ______=---..-.. We (11 lratd) --"C'Cc---.c .o."'-::::.p.to tell us [hat while they (25 eaU) -----cc~:----. We (20 begin) _ _ _-".- (18 ha/.-_.-..:_---- (14 you/do) (15 TOOJitd that the crew members were lost? B: We _ _ _~.to tell us about finding pieces on their land..--..---..in fo rests.: -. of course not...-=____ the family members and the press. (12 communicate) communication _ _ _--.-.-_ __ (J3 swp) A: What ____---. The Past Perfect..= .h.---..at 12.:-. A: How fast ----. 2.:-..----.-.when the accident (9 the Columbia/rowel) ____~~--~----' (10 happen) B: It -------cc---c-----.---. A reporter is interviewing a member of NASA after the Columbia disaster.with the Columbia when. sudJ enly.---___ at the Kennedy (17 waid Space Center in Florida when the accident .. We ___--.when you ____~.=--.. they -----cc~~---- (Z6Ilunr) (27 find) pieces of metal..pen) A: What _____= __--. TIle Past Perfect Continuous..~---. T he Past Continuous.-. (22 Iry) A: -----c=-~.--.-c-. (24caU) Hunters -----cco-cc----.--. Many of the people of East Texas ------. Let's cat. I ____-. (Pkt) 3..on the computer. 1 _ _ _. I said.in front of me with a (nand) DVD in his hand. They all ___----.!! to school when I ___ ..her back to bed. He said._-:-___ into the kitchen to sce what I f_ ) f""") 4.--_ _ _ into the room to sec (nm) what had happened. EXAMPLES I was walkl. Then she _ _ _~-. I _ _ _-... While we _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the movie._ _ _ (lIWlCh) (5WJ1) to cry. "I'm hungry.. EXERCISE.up the baby and (pick) started to rock her." But they f~uN .---.-----.-~--.. Would YOll like to watch it with me?" I didn't want to be impolite.----. Fill in the blanks with the simple past or the past continuous tense of the verb in parentheses ( ).---.!:sa~w~_ _ _ a car (uu/k) (__) accident. Suddenly the baby _ __ .«i ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ TV... "I just rented a movie. The police _ _ _-'c"'a"'m =e____ and _ _ _--"ga::~. my sister and brothers (.--. 1. While the baby ----._ _ __ home._~--. so I said yes.. When I ____-. Suddenly she (uVlk) 106 Lesson 3 .. ---0--... .-c:---~. She _ _ _ _~--. _ _ _---::=_ _ _ asleep.---.---_ _ _ ready for bed when someone (gel) .---_ _ _ TV. She _ _ _~~____ to the radio while she ffi>un) _ _ _ _~---.--.-.---_ _ to cook (no(/lt4Tn) (5tartJ d inner.e_____ (cornd (giwJ a ticket to onc o f the drivers. _ __ _ ~----to my door.off the TV. and the babysirrcr _ _ _ _--.-----. (uutdt) (JallJ 2.the door (come) (Ol~l) and saw my neighbor. He _ __ --. the babysitter (Jiap) _ _ _. -_ _ _ • his cell phone (dri. In this photo. my litcle brother suddenly ___ ----.. While I ------.. he (hit) _ ___-.---. Com parison of Past Tenses 107 ..d _ _ _ _-.-_ _ _ a silly looking bathing suit. While I ____ ~. Fortunately.-_ _ _ the room with a flashlight and a scary mask.IIeA) _ _ _--. 1 _ _ _--:---:-_ _ _ on the (~) (mm) computer.-. wc (begin) _ _ _---.--.-cc-.. I (find) ___---. r".--:-____ evcrything and (""') _ _ _ _-.-----.-..-.. on his phone (ring) (talk) when he _ _ _ _:..-:--.el ectrica l power. So I _ _ _---. r".. .--.-.--.-_ _ _ last night.----.-____ an old photograph of myself._. 7-.-----.-. I can't even (u'I'ar) remember who _ _ _ _:-.fo r my gloves in a drawer.-:.c----- (hate) (look) for matches and candles. While Sam _ _ _---. (Ul"llr) 6. I (look) _ _ _---.-_ _ __ a scary movie..-_ c -_ _ _ back on. but all my work was gone ..-____ to start all over.-_ _ _ the news of a terrible accident. She (hear) _ _ _ _--._. I _ _ _ _--.) 5.-.. I know how important it is to save my wurk. When the power (""') _ _ _---....-----._--..-_ _ _ to use candles.. (haw) The Past Continuo us.. (rnler) He really _ _ _---.-..--:-_ _ _ a car accident.-_ __ _ my compositi o n o n the computer when (rtpe) suddenly we .-____ to the TV to find out mo rc information. When the storm _ _ _---.-____ to save it o n my flash drive.--_ ___ the picture.-_ _ _ He .-____ his seatbe1t.. (wkeJ 8.-_ _ _ me. (-) 7. _ _ _---.-:-. _ _ _---. so we (.--_ _ _ a light post.--. The ligh ts went out.-.·._-. so he wasn't hurt. .) but I couldn't find it. He (hate' _ _ _~-. The P<'lst Perfect Continuo us. Th e Past Perfect. an iceberg was spotted ~ straight ahc. electric light and heat. It had luxuries that ships had never had before. On Apri114.the ship of dreams-had just been built and was ready to make its first \uy3gC from England to America with its 2. It hit the iceberg and started to sink. but 12 of them bad been remO\~d to make the ship look better. It was buUt to give its first-class passengers all the comforts of the best hotels.M.ptain tried to reverse the direction of his ship." e.er been built. TR 17 The year was 1912. / l08 L~on 3 . The Titanic began to cross the Atlantic Ocean on April 10.: o I .. most of the Iifcooats had a lready left. Have you ever traveled by ship? Where did you go? What was the trip like! 2. another sh ip arrived to help.. . . and much more. electric elevators..VCTC put on lifclx>a. j --------_. The c. but he couldn't because the Titanic was traveling tCNJ fast and it was too big.1. But rich passengers were not the only ones rravcling on the Titanic. Did you see the 1997 movie Titanic? If so.200 passcnll"rs. at II AD P. d id you enjoy it? Why or why not? 04) Read the following textbook article. The Titanic i AA" • cs A. By the fifth day at sea. he d idn't realize how much danger the sh ip was in. The Wright brothers had already made their first successful flight in 1903. The winter of 191 2 had been unusually mild. By the time the third-class passenll"rs wcre allowed to Come up from their cabins. Before You Read 1. The radio had already been invented in 1901. rich people \. Wh ile the sh ip was sinking. Several hours later.eTC put on the lifeboa ts before men. The Titanic had originally had 32 lifeboats. a swimming [X)OJ. Women and children v. librari es. 144% $" . The Titanic was the most magnificent ship that had e\. The Tiumic. CD 1. Pay spedal attention to the past perfect tense..'ld. a Turkish bath. Most of the passengers in third class were emigrants who had left behind a complete way of life and ~re coming to America with hopes of a better life.ts. and large blocks of ice had broke n away from the Arctic region. = . but he was not very worried. the capta in h ad received several warnings about ice.. . Only o ne·third of the passengers survived. but the Titanic had already gone down. For a negative co ntraction. The PaSl Perfect Continuous.5 The Past Perfect Tense-Forms Statements Subject Had Nat/ Past Complement Explanation Adverb Participle The captain had received several wa rnings. The pronouns (except it) can be contracted with had: I'd. it hadn't. participle.He would speak. Questions and Short Answers Question Word Had Subject Past Complement Short Answer Participle Had the Titanic crossed the ocean No. Language Notes: 1. For an alphabetical list of irregular past tenses and past participles. we'd. 4. The Past Perfect. ~ He had spoken. use hadn't. He'd spoken. The verb form follo wing the contraction wiLL tell you what the contraction means. Apostrophe + d can be a co ntraction for both had or would. He'd received several wa rnings. 2. they'd. To form the past perfect. 3. before? How much experience had the captain had? Who had heard of the Titanic before? (continued) The Past ConrillllOllS. He'd speak.3. use had + past The winter had been unusually mild. see Appendix M. Comparison of Past Tenses 109 . she'd. . He had not paid attentio n. He hadn't paid attention. he'd. you'd. The ship had originally had 32 lifeboats. Some passengers had never been on a ship before. -.-.--._ __ _ _ __ __ this story (pValrcadVhcarJ before we read about it in class? 7...iw. World War I ------------..-.-? (~"/Ihe Tiwnic/origilldllyJ 8. (ne.--------. 4. the story was not new to me because [ __--'h.-..-.-_ _ __ __ _ an article about it before. inu~nf) by the time of the Titanic..--.. Many passengers had never been found... I didn't reali ze that airplancs ... EXERCISE III Fill in the blanks with the past perfect tense of the verb in parentheses ( ) plus any other included words..--------------~~~--~---------------? (rhty/ pas:o.!begin) 5.-.-.--.-c::-. how much experience ----------------~~~~------------------? (rk CtI/!Win/hatc) 3.Passive Subject Hod Adverb Been Past Partldple Lifeboats had been removed. The story about the Titanic was new to me because I _ _ __ _ __ -.. W~. When the Titanic disaster occurred.---. How many li feboats .---cc-.c. EXAMPLE When wc read about the Ti tanic.::a::d. .---:o.. remou-) 110 Lesson 3 .- (passr./ rood) 6..=.-... The airplane had already been invented.-...-..-..---..oc....5e =B ::n'--_ _ the movie. _ _ __ __ __ __ -......c=.. In 1912...- ('1CIV. 2..er. (sed 1..-.. The captain of the Titanic _ __ __ __ --.-.-.--________ ("""" a serious mistake when he didn't listen to the warnings.. es.e P:tS[ Perfect. so methi ng happened or didn't happen before When the rescue ship arrived. When they began their trip to America. I didn't know that you had seen a movie about the Titanic. which clause to show a prior action. now past . l1.--. passengers had already died.. the Wrig ht brothers had already invented the airplane. time. many the verb in the when clause. The Titanic was the most magnificent ship The past perfect is so metimes used with that had ever been built. SI. the The past perfect is used to show that Titanic had already gone down. By 1912.-----i---------------------------------.----. r A rescue ship arrived. The past perfect tense is used with the simple past tense to show the relationship of two past events. time period to show the duration of an earlier past action. something happened before a specific date.'S. -----. (continued) l1. . show a prior reason.. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION By the time the rescue shiparrived. emigrants on the Titanic had never left their before in reLation to a past event (in this homelands before.6 The Past Perfect Tense-Use . Yet and already help show the time reLationship.on 9. The ship had been at sea for five days when The past perfect can be used with for + a it hit an iceberg. The Past Perfect Con tinuo us. case. clause6 when the main verb is past. who had left behind their old way of life. many The past perfect can be used with never . Comparison of P:tSl Tenses 111 .... I knew about the Titanic because I had seen a movie about it..e P:tst Continuous. There was a lot of ice in the water because The past perfect can be used after because to the previous winter had been unusually mild.. they began their trip). or action.3. The passengers in third class were emigrants The past perfect can be used in a who/that. When people got on the lifeboats. The captain didn't realize how close his ship The past perfect can be used in a noun had (ome to the iceberg.--.. ...• future The Titanic h!d gone down.. ever after a superlative form.>e L. °F"r more ~oou t 1U) IUl d~"SI. the rescue The past perfect is used to show that shi p hadn't anrived yet. --.--. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION The year of the Titanic di saste r was 1912. (nen'f/lun. By the time the poor emigrants _ __ _7.-C-. The Titanic was the biggest ship that --7C'7-..d=-_ before.32 lifeboats. etc... most o f the lifeboats _ _--.--.--... the In some cases..._ _ _ attention (noV' lU:f) to the warnings he _ _ _--...-_ _ (alreaJ.--.. ("" 8. 1912) and then go ba ck to an earLier point in ti me. T he Titanic .-.-- (paSlii\.. remotl!) 5.) 1.. pieces of ice _ _ _-:.C._. because. When the Titanic _ _ _ _. with before.l': nl'T/bui W) 3.. EXAMPLE The Titanic had Luxuries that ships _ --!had =. This is especially true captain had tried to turn the ship around. Before the Titanic hit the iceberg.-.--_ __ (m:t Koe) 7.-.---. The simpLe past and the past perfect do not The airplane had already been invented. EXERCISE 11 Fill in the blanks with the simple past or the past perfect tense of the verb in parentheses ( ).----. after. Before the Titanic hit the iceberg. it (hit) . have to occur in the same sentence.-_ _ _ England.. The captai n realized that he had made a mistake.-_ _ _ away from (brook) the Arctic region.. (originall.-c.-. When the Titanic _ __ --.---_ _ _ allowed to come ("" up from their cabins.).C-:.-----. By L912.--7.:n=e ve"""ha "".C._ _ __ an iceberg../lwu:) 11 2 Lesson J . The captain realized that he made a mistake. 6.-c:.lirK O('JlIl 2....---. the relationship is clear. understood. many of the (leau' ) lifeboats _ _-._ _ (pass ive...---.. either the simple past (a) or captain tried to turn the ship around.-.at sea for five days...--_-./hmd 4..---. a._. the past perfect (b) can be used if the time b. The captain of the Titanic _ _ _. and in a noun clause (after knew.--_ (passivt': ahmJ. We can start at some point in time (in this case. b.-::.---.---. the rad io _ -... a.-.. By Apri11912. realized. <do) (continued) 111(" Past C onr. the tcacher had already collected the homework. NASA _ _ _--.nt "'--_ _ _ a man into space (1 962).--_ __ {urrit-t} EXERCISE III ABOUT YOU Tell if the following had already happened or hadn't happened yet by the time you got to class.. By the time the rescue sh ip ___ _.inllolls. the class / begin 4.--..--. 9. (MK) 4. When an American astronaut _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ on the moon in (~fel)} 1969.-_ _ _ all its scientific experiments. _ _ _-'S"B::. OR When I got to class. the teacher / arrive 2.. EXAMPLE the teacher / collect the homework By the time l got to class. When the Columbia mission too k off in 2003.-:--..---. The Past Perfect C ontinllolls. Th e Past Perfect. most of the students / arrive 3. the tcacher hadn't collected the homework yet.. the teacher / rake attendance 5.-_ _ hundreds of successful (complm) space flights.. C. no person ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ on the moon before. 3. By 2003..---c---. I / do the homework 6. <>rnd) the Russians _-'had='Ca~l~read~\ly!_p~u~~~ a man in space (1961).S. the teacher / hand back the last homework 7.:-. the teacher / explain the past perfect EXERQSE III Fill in the blanks with the simple past or the past perfect tense of the verb in parentheses ( ). NASA . only two serio us accidents in its space program. the Columbia crew ____ --. EXAMPLE By the time the U.omparison of Past Tenses 113 . (a!mury/pur) 1. 1. By the tim e the 16 days were up. (~er/tm!k) 2. -___ a hole in the wing.---.- (lwppm ) 7.. When the captain saw the iceberg. NASA cou ldn't understand wh at . NASA _ _ _-._ _ _ _ a p iece of its wing on liftoff.-c: . 2003. Until 9 A._ _ _ _ a mission to Mars. When the captain saw the iceberg. it had had means before. in the main clause (a).M on February I.:-. they were afraid that all of the astronauts ___ _ -. When the Columbia lifted off in January 2003. think it would be a problem. By the time the U.. 114 Lesso n 1 . .in April 2003.-. 6. ..----.. sea for five days. (ood.._ _ _ good (htH.:=:..--. -c-. EXAM PLES EXPLANATION a. By the time the investigation . Th e original date for the Columbia mi ssion was July 2002. When they lost communication with the Columbia. NASA _ _ _--.7 When with the Simple Past or the Past Perfect Sometimes when means after. (m au ) 11..:-_ . when b.---.. when b..--_ _ 40 percent of the pieces of the Columbia. but they didn't Il=. At first. 8 .:. the (send) reasons for the Columbia accident _-. 27 successful missions. Sometimes when means before. the ship had been at means after. it lost a piece of its wing.. They _ _ ----.oe) com muni cation with the Columbia .. _ _ _-. The date was postponed until 2003 because cracks in the fuel line (pa~ ive: firul) 9..-- (...::7. 5. If you use the past perfect a..-=:-:--.. .-_. he t ried to turn the If you use the simple past ship around.---.-. (rolltcf) 12.-.tl') _ __ --.S.-_ __ (dk..".----.::. 10. NASA . in the main clause (b).dO"tady/pass i ~"C: diKovtr) 3.-_ _ rhat this problem (~mzli.---.that the Columbia (know) _ _ _---. When the Columbia lifted off. 2 1 When she got ho me. p ieces o f ice ___=:. When she got to my ho use._ _ _ amazed at how ("" beautiful it was.. their son left.hC. s. Use the simple past to show that when means after. she took an aspi ri n.EXERCISE III Write numbers to show which action happened first.) 4. When she got to my ho use. 4.od.. 1 2 EXAMPLES When she got home. she had already raken an aspiri n. (continued) TIlt. they _ _ _--. EXAMPLES When I saw the movie Titanic. The teacher h ad already given a test wh en U nda arrived. """"" When the shi p hit an iceberg.--. The P<1st Perfect. When I got home from school.-. Use the past perfect to show that when means be/ore. 12 lifeboats ----c---:---. 6U't 'eT/5I'e) 2. she ate dinn er. When the Arctic ice started [0 melt.' Past Continuous. (nmlT/hear) 1. When they came into the room.. When people saw the Titanic for the first time. I __"h. Com parison of P(lst Tenses 115 .-_ of this ship before.a=d::..r.--_ _ such a magnifi cent shi p before. she had eaten dinner.-____ away. 1.--- (passi\'e: 1l'IlIO\. 3. 6. l _ _ _--'to " "'ld::-_ _ _ my friends about it (uR) When I saw the movie Titanic.. 5. the captai n _ _ _ _ =""___ (receitt') several warnings.cn"ev"B ".-_. When th e ship left England. When I got home from school. people _ __ _ --. I had already done my homework... their son had just left. 2.-. EXERCISE III FUI in the blanks with the verb in parentheses ( )... 8. 3.. When they came inro the room. n u." Past Perfect Continuous. 7. The teacher gave a rest when Li mla arrived. When the ship was bu ilt. I did my homework .B=a r... -_ ___ to send astron auts into space again..>gin} 116 lesson 3 .:=. the astronauts . many passengers (aITfwdy/dk} 9.---. NASA ____-. 6. to cry.in space fo r 16 days. ("" 10. Ih<I 12. When the passengers hea rd a lo ud noise. Wh en the O:tlumbia accid ent happen ed . they ----. When the Columbia accident happened.-_ _ _ o n their land.-_ _ _ to pick (-I up the survivors.. people ___= ___ shocked..-_ __ (run} to get o n the lifeboats. fa rmers in East Texas fo und p ieces of the O:tlumbia that _ _ _ _-. W hen the rescue ship arrived.-. (jail} 14.::::. 7.it was an earthqu ake. When they were in their fields.. (dUnk) 11.-.---cc---. When the investigatio n into the ca llse o f the accident was finished. W hen relatives ofth e astronauts heard the news.. they _ __ _.-cc---.. When people in East Texas heard a lo ud sound . they ------cc-~--. 8.::. {b. (-I 13. a rescue shi p _ _ _-.. W hen the Titanic sank. Many residents returned only to find that they had lost their homes 64 homes and all their possessions. over 2. Many residents had to leave their homes Did You as they were warned of Know? the approaching fire. But it caught fire quickly." by arson.S. came to help contain the fire. TR 18 In October 2003. Many of the firefighters were exhausted because they had been working around the clock to get the fire under control. and there were millions of dry dead trees that lightning. Do you know about any fires that burned for a long time? 2. whose family went firefighters. Some One of the fires was of the California fires started started accidentally by a lost hunter in a forest.400 homes and businesses had been destroyed and 16 people had died. not even a photograph of were started our former lives. Firefighters from other areas in the U. The Past Perfect. The San Diego area had causes. "We had been living in the same house for the past and killed two 26 years when we lost our home. which destroyed control. wildfires. They California has watched and waited as had many firefighters battled the fire. "Now we have nothing. Do you know anyone who has lost a home because of a natural disaster? ·4») Read the following magazine article.Wildfires in Southern California Before You Read 1. The Past Perfect Continuous. who had been trying to signal from natural his location. Comparison of Past Tenses 117 . CD 1. is believed that The fire had been burning for a week by the time firefighters got it under the 2009 fires." said a San Diego woman. By the time the fire was brought under control. such as had very little rain or humidity. to stay with relatives nearby. Strong winds spread the fire quickly. wildfires in San Diego County burned out of control. Pay special attention to the past perfect and the past perfect continuous tenses. The Past Continuous. ---. (tl-ork) 1..-_ _ _ for several hours (u ail) when they heard the news. How long had the fire been burning? Had YOll been living in that house? Yes.8 The Past Perfect Continuous Tense-Forms Statements Subject Had Not/ Been Present Complement Explanation Adverb Parttdple We had been living in the same To form the house. Wc _ __ _ __ _ _ in the same house for 30 years when (lit. The fire _ __ ~~_ _ _ for two days by the time firefighters (bum) put it out.-_ _ _ [0 send a signal.---. A hunter had probably been trying to send a sig naL Questions and Short Answers Question Had Subject Been Present Complement Short Word Parttdple Answer Had it been raining? No.. 5. 3.} the fires started. (Iratd) 118 Lesson) . A hunter _ _ _----. The Titanic _ _ _~----.3. had + been + California had not been getting much rain. Who had been living in that house? EXERCISE ID Fill in the blanks with the past perfect continuous tense. use: clock.~_ __ for five days when it sank. (fry) 4. it hadn't. EXAMPLE Firefighters ha d Deen working arou nd the clock to control the fire. 2. verb -ing. The families of the astronauts _ _ _--.. we had. past perfect co ntinuous Firefighters had been working around the tense. my city. not the past had very littLe rain . Southern (aLifornia had We use the past perfect. _ _ _ _~--. multiple or repeated actions EXERCISE ID Fill in the blanks with the simple past tense or the past perfect continuous tense of the verb in parentheses ( ) . By the time the fire ended. Th e Past Perfect Continuo us.--. with: b.-. 1 _ _ _---.-. Com parison of Past Tenses 119 .--. when we Lost our home.-----.----.--.. (break OUI) (continued) The Past Continuous. perfect continuous. EXAMPLE When L came to the U.--_ _ _ verysad whe n J Left my job because 1 (Jetl) _ _ _---. 1___-oC7. (leat 'e) 3.----.-----..---___ with the sa me people fo r ten years.. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION The fire had been burning for 0 week by the time The past perfect continuous tense is it was controlled. When the fire started. The Past Perfecr. 1..--c--.c. 16 peopLe had died. 1 _ _ _--....-.-. (u m) 4.-. c.9 The Past Perfect Continuous Tense-Uses The past perfect continuous tense is used with the simple past tense to show the relationship of two past events. The duration of the continuous action is expressed withfOr. used with a continuous action that was We had been living in the same house for 26 years compLeted before another past action. 2. When residents returned. they found out that a._ ___ to be a nurse fo r six months when a (nud)) war _ _ _~-.3..--_ _ __ in my country. The fire had been burning for a week.S. now ."-. b. nonaction verbs their homes had been destroyed. a. future It was clntrolled.-..-----. J had ~een studying (COTll<') English for three years. ~ .for two years when I _ __ _~--- (wai l) ~l) a chance [0 leave my country. an action of little or no duration c.---. past --.:-:-_ _ _ in the same ho use all my li fe whe n I (Iiu:" .-. sidewalks. multiple or repeated actions. Chicago had recently passed St.. When the firefighters finally arrived at the 120 Lesson 3 . At the time. the war (leave) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for three years.000. 5. a fire broke out in a barn. TR 19 In the year 1800. Chicago _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ a place (1 reach) of importance when the Great Chicago Fire began on October 8. (get) 7. Strong winds from the south quickly spread the fire to the center of the city. The firefighters were exhausted that night because they _ __ _ __ _ __ (3 figh t) a fire since the day before. (travel) EXERCISE DJ FiLL in the blanks with the past perfect continuous tense for a continuous action. (go on) 6.S. In 1871. When I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ my country. On Sunday night. • ·4) CD 1. FiLL in the blanks with the past perfect tense for a one-time action. Louis to become (example: recently/pass) the fourth largest city in the U. By the time I _ _ __ _ _ __ to the U. and buildings were made of wood.S. the population of Chicago was only 5. 1871. I (get) _ __ __ _ _ __ for four days. most of the streets. bridges.S. But the population had been growing steadily since the beginning of the (example: grow) century. or a nonaction verb. That October was especially dry because there _ __ __ _ _ __ (2 be) very little rain. My family _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in Germany for three months (wait) before we _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ permission to come to the U. . built many peo ple had lost their homes. fire. C hicagoans.10 The Past Perfect (Continuous) Tense or the Present Perfect (Continuous) Tense The past perfect (continuous) tense and the present perfect (continuous) tense cannot be used interchangeably.-:. The Past Pt'ffeet..-___ more than o ne million.---_ __ and more than o ne hundred (5 die) th ousand C hicagoans _ _ _---.5 used when we look back seen such a magnificent ship before. C h icago continued to grow as a commercial center. C h icago rema ined strong after the fire. its populati on _ _ _ =_.c--.. ? now + How many disasters have we read about so far? past .:. the fire _ __ --. .-.-_ _ _ out of control. + past .-_....-. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Have you ever seen a movie about the The present perfect is used when we look back Titan.:-_--. people had never The past perfect .in mansions..:--. rich and poor..... (6 lose) who .. By 1873. when rain began to fa ll. the city .. I have never been on a ship. from a past time. gathered in parks an d (8 ha':f'/'Ilft~' wondered how they would reb uild their lives..----.---c--.----. ' this time with brick (9 passive: rebuild) instead of wood.... 3. The Past Perfect Contintlotls..---_ _ contact with each other. have never seen . that the fire fi na1Jy died o ut. almost 300 people _ _ _---::-7-. and...--.. (lO lTnch) Tcxlay C hi cago is the third largest city in the U . fo und (7 lin') themselves ho meless..-. Because of its great location fo r industry. who _ _----. Mi llio naires.c? from the present time. by 1890.-. now By the time t he fires ended in CaLifornia..-.".-_ __ their ho mes.. futu re When the Titanic was built. -. as well as poor laborers. By this time..S. It wasn't until two days (4 Jp:wd) later. Comparison of Past Tenses 121 . future ~ had never seen (continued) The Pasf Continuous. (4 to. 2003 ~ past . But one time my fifth grade class ---~-ccc---.. TR 20 B: How lo ng have you been interested in it? (t'XtImpk: ~.!reamJ about becomi ng an astronaut. A: Ever since I was a child. ~ . .. we look back fro m the present time to a Lately. B: Do you think it's possible for you to become an astronaut! 122 Lesson 3 . ------- had been orbiting 1. now 1950s past .1 .to the space museum in Washington. and (2 . future - has been exploring h h .---___ (3 alutl)S/l. I saw a film about the first moon land ing in 1969.. . CD I . Sin ce that time. or the past perfect continuous tense of the verb in parentheses ( ) . It was so exciting to th ink that no man _ _ _-. B: Who took yo u? A: My parents took me most of the tim e.___-. it had been traveling continuous action. the past perfect.-c-. (J oc) D.0 years old. By the time I was 1. EXERCISE ID Fill in the blanks with the present perfect.o n the moon before.iluJ.'t'I/ualk.e. answers may vary..S has been exploring space since The present perfect continuous is used when the 1950s. we have been reading stories about conti nuous action. now for five days.---~~_. In some cases.----.-----. ~) A: I'm reaUy imerested in space explo ratio n.-. the present perfect continuous. - When the Columbia accident happened.all semester about space. about five times. . EXAMPLES EXPLANATION The U.--.J our teacher took the class. we look back from a past time to a prior When the Titanic sank. disasters. I . I _ _ ~~-. it had The past perfect continuous is used when been orbiting the Earth for sixteen days.-------·futu. The Past Perfect. But the space program needs to continue. Lately I _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ a lot about the training that (6 read) astronauts go through. I _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 500 hours of flying lessons. (9 have) A: Of course there are risks. Has your native country ever experienced a natural disaster. B: Don't you have to be a pilot first? A: Yes. it _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 27 (10 already/have) successful missions. A: Sure. such as a hurricane or tornado? 2.-----_ _ _ my bachelor's degree in (5 already/ get) engineering. And next semester I'm going to enter a master's program in physics. T he Past Perfect Continuous. Why not? I _ _ __ --:----. And in general. I _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ to NASA asking them (7 already/ wri te) to send me more information on how to get into the space program. Comparison of Past Tenses 123 . there _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ (11 be) more successes than failures up to now. (8 a lready/ take) B: Aren't you worried about the risks of going into space? NASA __________ several major disasters so far. How did the country and the people recover from this natural disaster? T he Past Continuous. By the time of the Columbia disaster. (12 study) Hurricane Katrina Before You Read 1. Since the Columbia tragedy. NASA _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ways to improve the safety of its astronauts. and medical attention.'\. wb ich ends with Easter. New Orleans has not been able to recover from the devastatio~ o f Katrina. h occurs the last day before unt begins. 80 percent of the city was underwater. tourists have been going to New Orleans [0 experience the fun of Mardi Gras 7 in February or March..>( below sea level. unt. Ai. has always depended on levees8 to protect it from surrounding water. is ~ se..S.iolls perind for Cb risTians. Pay speclal attention to past -4» co 1. . 124 Lesson 3 . Others stayed because they didn't want to leave pets behind. and present perfect continuous). Some have started lives in new locations.. 8A 1. causing damage from Rorida to Texas. history to date. they realized that they had lost everything.« is a .\-'ere too poor o r sick to leave.. In August 2005.S. Since the disaster struck. When they were finally able to return to their homes. a hurricane was traveling over the Gulf of Mexico.11. and within a short time. " New Orleans. Hurricane Katrina has been the ViOrst natural disaster in U.r: or from lack of food. most people had left.coams. and plea""'lnt climate. the mayor of New Orleans ordered the residents to leave. interesting food.800 people had died by d". But all of this changed in August 2005. To this day. Some had been waiting for three days by the time they were rescued. Many of the rescued were taken to shelters. which is several fe<. Read the following magazine article. By the time the storm hit land on August 29.w"inri.. Many have had to rel)ta(:~ everything they had lost in the disaster. But the impact of the hurricane caused the levees to fail. the city has been rebuilding. water. . And the survivors of this disaster have been trying to rebuild their lives too. at least 1. TfI 21 tense verbs (simple past. present perfect. New Orleans has been a favorite tourist attraction for Americans. Some believed that th(. fun nightlife. past continuous. ho ping to bring New Orleans back to its place as o ne of the most interesting cities in the U._------j 'Matdi Grill is a carni\'. the water was rushing into their houses.. historic buildings. It is known for its great music. too sad or afraid to go back to the places where they had experienced so much loss. families were evacuated from the roofs of their houses. Fo r many years. past perfect. Little by little. residents ran to the roofs of their houses to wait for rescue tt.-')' had survived smaller flooding in the past and that they would survive this one too. By the time the rescue effort was over."101I built to hold back wa Ter. past perfect continuous. But there were many people who \. AB the hurricane was approaching and gaining strength. The r. When the storm hit. New OrLeans residents have been The present perfect continuous tense uses trying to put their lives back together. the present time as the starting point and NASA has been exploring space si nce the looks back at a co ntinuous action that is still 1950s. they were sleeping at the e. Some people took a few things before they left. Language Notes: 1. the roofs of their houses. Since 2005. PeopLe had been waiting on their roofs for three days when they were rescued. Sometimes t he past continuous and the past perfect continuous can be used in the same . On August 29. PeopLe were waiting on their roofs when they were rescued. a. already left their homes. earlier . The past perfect tense shows the relationship b. By the time the rescue effort was over. The simple past tense shows an action that b. residents ran to the roofs.800 people had died. When the hurricane hit. We v. of an earLier past action to a later past action . Sometimes the simpLe past or the past perfect can be used in the same case. The hurricane hit land on August 29. In sentence (b). the duration of the previous action.hit b. happening. case. sleeping.11 Comparison of Past Tenses EXAMPLES EXPLANATION a. 1.sited New Orleans five times. action (b) . some peopLe were the hu rricane hit. California has had many fires. The Past ContinUOUS. earLier == had died. Some people had taken a few things before they left. a. The past perfect continuous is more co mmon with a for phrase.. many people had same time the hurricane hit. It can be used for a short action (a) or a long d. 2005. It does not 30 years. New Orleans has aLways been a tourist The present perfect tense uses the present attraction . in the past. show the relationship to another past action. people went to Be especially carefuL with when. My grandmother lived in New Orleans for started and ended in the past. Later = was over Some people had been waiting for three The past pertect continuous tense is used with days by the time t hey were rescued. Comparison of Past Tenses 125 . later . they went to the roofs after b. In sentence (a). When the hurricane hit.3. It can be used for a single action (c) or a repeated action (d). most people had left. When the hurricane hit. TIle Past Pcrfcct. For is used to show when it sank. time as the starting point and Looks back. The mayor ordered the residents t o Leave. they left their homes before the hurricane hit. a continuous action of duration that happened The Titanic had been traveling for five days before another past action. St Perfcct Contmuous.had left. In se ntence (c). something was in progress at a specific time As the water was rushing into the houses. 2. c. a. the hu rricane was approaching The past continuous tense shows that quickly. ..:---.-.-.::-:-_ _ (alft'lldVdie) 4.----. EXERCISE III Fill in the blanks with the correct past tense../ 12.--. many people _ __ :-...---..-_ _ _ T V when I _ _ _ _--. In Some cases.-. (uTi"'" 1. How many disaster stories _ _ _--.~/ht.-_ _ _ the news.... 2005.---:-___ of New Orleans (ntI. (hir) 11. Many people .c./ most o f the li feboats _ _---..-c-. I _ _ _--. (lfTib) 2.-_ _ _ so far? (.-_ __ fast when it (tlmd. Use the passive voice where indicated.. _ _--.-. I have a friend who left h is ho me in New O rleans in 2005 . (p.---.. . When I came to the US.-. another ship _ ______-~--. in Ireland .. By the time rescuers came. k_ __ New O rleans on AUb'llSt 29.. What _ _ _ = = ___ ()OII/do) when you _ __ -..--oc-: ..-.l:sllmwJ 13 .---. (U'(Icm) (kar) 8. but the Titanic (nmU'J 126 Lesson 3 . I _ _ _ . ____=:-___ an icebe rg. -_ __ when they (sleep) _ _ _ _.---:-_ _ _ the (Mlr) news about Katrin a? 7..--:-_ __ a loud noise..=:.. !hM. He ..-c.timid) 6.tIr) before.. more than one answer is possible. W hen third-class passengers _ __ _-.'lSSive: build) 10.--:c-". The Titanic _ __ ---. The Titanic .----.------._ _ (alruu...in C hicago since 2005.----.. 5...---:-.-:_ ___ to the top deck.=_ __ New O rleans? (Jotv'elt'I"/tuir) 3. 9.. EXAMPLE Hurricane Katrina _ _ _"s-tru """. He has never returned Md to New O rlea ns..-c-..New O rleans over the years. Many hu rricanes .. A few hours later. -.. 14..-:-. We heard many interesting rescue sto ries.::-.-:-:-. T: I'm always interested in rescue stories. the sinking of the Tiumic was the \vorst tragedy that (an/l.:-_.in the U.----. 04» s: Yesterday we _ _ ~---.-. Fill in the blanks with the correct past tense to complete this conversation. [Ou ri sts _ __ --.-. I _ __ _ ~--.-7-. and one of them was a six·year-old boy. more than one answer is possible. Peop le .:-_..S.:-:--_ __ in Mexico (6) (7 !itd at that time.---_ __ (3 ~rebuild) (.:.. le's onc of my fl t-nir) favorite cities in the U.(': fiNl) 15.-_ _ New Orleans? (1 )OIf/n'eT/visid T: l _ __ ~~c-_ __ New O rleans many times. I _ __ _ _ __ __ an interesting program about the (9 sa» heroes of Hurricane Katrina. The Past Perfect Continu ous.-=_ _ completely.-- fb<) interested in it fo r almost a hundred years.of ~Ulrt) to go back.S. I think I'll go back someday because llove the food and the music there. in AUb'llst 2005. (5 )OIl/litd at the time of Hurricane Katrina? s: No.-r=cl ea "-~_ _ the story about (tmmpk: l1'aJ) CD I . _ _--. People arc still interested in rhe Titanic. In some cases. But we _ _ _-:. A teacher and a student are talking about heroes in the Hurricane Katrina disaster. (pa.-.UllI') 16.--_ __ abom the hurricane on (8 h. EXERCISE.-. T: What _ __ __ __ _.-=c:-.---. _ _ _~~:---.:-.'l!rJ the news. (J Ohe/doJ (continued) The PaSt ContinuOUSi The PaSf Perfect. In 1912. In 1985.. 1'l 22 Hurricane Katrina.<o:ii\. 1 _ __ --. Comparison of Past Tenses 127 .in the North Atlantic. the ship . Even though the city _ _ -:::--.--. Which one interested you the most? s: In 2005. They went to the roof and waited.---..c::. Were all the children brothers and sisters? 5: No.-.-.-_ _ next? ___ = . they . A few days later.::-. But the helicopter _ _ -.-_ _ _ a real hero.= _ __ when they _ _ _ ==-. {21 tlm.. The baby was Deamonte's brother and the others were cousins and neighbors....---_ __ (1l /iMJ a six~year old 00y with six other small children.--.--.-...-__ {2D U(liI} to be rescued.---_ _ his mother? (IS 1h. their buildi ng fi lled with water.....separated (24 brooltl<') fro m their parents. The oldest ooy..."" ..-... (19 /XISlitt: find) T: How did she get separated from her children? 5: While the fam ily and neighbors _ _ _ ==:.-_ _ _ and picked up the kids. around the streets for several (JJ .mlld hours. A helicopter _ _ _~.. By the time rescue workers found them..-. 5: After the hurricane.-- {2J lit"" witho ut electricity or food for fo ur days. There (12 CllITJ) were five other small children with him..:d They said that they would come back in 25 minutes fo r the adults. He was the oldest in the group.. (25 ""J 128 Lesson 3 ..-..-.-.-_ back.:-.:::::::c.-..---.". told the volunteers that a _ __-....-.. hi s mother _ _ """""""::::-.--.=-:.:-. T: Deamonre ___ --.:.')/fiTll.---.U 5: Yes. T: I didn't realize that so many children .--.-_ _ in a shelter. volunteer wo rkers _ _ _--.. and he _ _ _ = _ .:.. Deamonte Love.::c-=-. they ..-__ (161m.---___ a five-month-old baby. By the ti me the (22 not/come) adults were rescued a few days later.----.::. • wc e 52 i (£ PS -' : $ Q • QUIP ca b .:. but I'd Like to .M. Relating the past to the present: The Present Perfeet The Present Perfect Continuous Have you ever seen the movie Titanic? She is watching the movie now. 2005. Some people stayed.Summary of Lesson 3 €I . DO *. Comparison of Past Tenses 129 . the ai rpLane had already been invented. She has I have never seen it. The Past Perfect Continuous The reference point is past. 1. When the famiLy was rescued. Showing the relationship between two past actions: The Past Perfect The reference point is past. been watching it for 45 minutes. The Past Continuous An action was in progress ••• • • • at a specific time or when a shorter action occurred. exploration. they had been waiting on the roof for three days. _ $( $ • = cp i . I've been reading a book about space I've always been interested in space expLoration. We were watching TV when we heard abo ut the Columbia accident. A continuous action preceded fL The captai n couldn't turn the sh ip around because it had been traveLing so fast. The hurrica ne struck on August 29. They were sleeping at 11:40 P. 2. l h" Past Perfect Continuous. I have seen two movies so far this month. Describing the pase without relating it to another past time: The Simple Past Tense The mayor ordered the residents of New Orleans to leave. In 1912. 3. Some families Lost everythin g. Another action preceded iL When the rescue ship arrived. They didn't want to leave their pets. The Past Continuous. ma ny people had died. The Past Perfect. been living in the U. not while. came She has had her car ever since she h85 eom" to the U. for an actio n that has no continuation. .S. when I was washing the dishes wfflle I dropped a plate. The simple past tense does not use an auxili ary. in a since clause. Editing Advice =: .lB'" 4 =0 ae eo' '.S.. 5. h.S. walking on the icy sidewalk when I fell and broke my arm. Use the present perfect (continuous) tense. The present perfect tense relates to the present. 6. 11""" I. Don't use the continuous fonn fo r a repeated acti on. :. The past perfect tense relates to a past cw nt. Do n't forget haw with pe rfect tenses. dn mk By the time I got to work. 130 Lesson 3 ._ '.e. came He W85 eome home at six o'clock last night. came He W85 eomi"9 to the U.'lS She's a teacher now. I had b""" dri"ki"9 four cups of coffee. have been I "'" married for ten years. 4. U se the simp le past tense with ago. • . e. She In!d been a teacher for 15 years. 3.' . S fires 4" :SI h •••• w. 7. . 9. was I. 8. 2. for six months. lk1d When I started college. Don't forget be in a past con tinuous sentence. " « 1. Use the simple past tense. I Ititve never owned a laptop before. not the present perfect tense. Use when. four years ago. Do n't confuse the present perfect and the past perfect tenses. Do not use a present tense fo r an actio n that bega n in the past. has been She +s working at her present job for seven months. • :.=: Z . saw Last night I &eeit a program on TV about the survivors of the Titanic. Her father promised tha. She was (1) just five years o ld when she iraYellng on the shi p with her parents and (2) brothers.'ed in 2006.:ni ~Ining to the U." 'CId . . She never SiiW (9) her father and brothers again. her father Yffli (8)smile. The last American survivor.S. he had never seeing a skyscraper before. Her mother lfwed until the age of 91. 45 " *" 4 a . Lillian Asplund.. but her '" father and other three brothers have waited. ' UN . (oompk) C Even though I had ~ sea) the movie Titanic. write C. ~illle When I Left my hometown.. GC 4='0 4 =5 . where they fuM. Find the mistakes and correct them. . . The Past Perfect Continuou1ij Co mparison of Past Tenses l31 .>'spent m M several years.e: . Don't con fuse active and passive. 12. but she hath~~. I was still interested in (=mik) this program because it told the sto ri es of real people. 11. found In 1985.d '!ioRIi il)d pli_ have mistakes. Some of the sllade. he • (6) I)) would get on the next lifeboat.ju/1 When I arrived in class. the Titanic was fi"di"g. Don't confuse the ·jng form with the past participle.* • US4 b I. She and her mother got on a lifeboat with o ne of her brothers. Be careful [0 choose the correct past tense in a sen tence with when. was di. If the shaded words are correct. the test beg"" aLready. (continued) The Past Continuo us.. 5een When he moved to Chicago. gotten over (ID) 7i fj the tragedy of losing her husba nd and three sons. hild bc. I "od eome to New York. 10. C: 1 1' 4 o I o. When Ullian and her mother saw him for the last time. The Past Perfect. Editing Quiz OD " sA.. They . from Sweden. suddenly. 132 Lesson 3 . She and (12) her family ~iintnJgra. journalists be<ame (to) (21) interested in her.. Millvina's mother d~ia~ to take the children back to England.- Ms. With her husband gone. She ~ ~~ to travel by ship to the U. she Il~ ~ quietly in England when.eihg on the Titanic umil she was eight years old. (2Jr. her mother t9lo her the story of what Iiadl: hap'J)ened. Millvina Dean. At 117) that time. but her father (14) ( 15) went down with the ship. The last survivor was an English woman. People axe interested in this story (or 100 years! And I am imerested since (25) (26) I saw the movie Titanic. Dean qili! in 2009 at the age of97. This was the second time in her life that she traveled by ship. Her brother died on April 14. She and her mother and brOther were rescu'irig. .S. she has been the youngest passenger on the Tiranic. she had no memories of the tragedy and didn't even know that she ha:d::I. the anniversary of the Titanic disaster! He was 80 years old. from England when the tragedy (lj) OC£Urred. At two momhs o ld.te to the V. (t's amazing that people are still fascinated with the sto ry of the Tiranic. Because Millvina was just (16) a baby at the time.S. Until (18) (jg) 1997. and she acceDred.24) 1992. In some cases.... ".. "pen) ship.. one of the officers on the Titanic because ( 19 knOlv) ------co----. T he Past Perfect Continuo us... or the past continuous tense of the verb in parentheses.-.. Co mparison of Past Tenses 133 . T he orchestra (6 seem) (7 ~riJVplayJ At fi rst the officers _ __ --".s:ct:. I saw an officer shoO[ two passengers who _____ _____ (1 5 fig/u ) to get o n a lifeboat.--_ _ __ up on deck and everythi ng (5 &'0) .. She _ _ _ _~~--.-.c---...) "Thiti ncent".' Fill in the blanks with the simple past.---.' i.with him before o n another ship.-bl'r~..) danger. all of them ( 17 pas..d""".a noise..-_ _ to the (3 sa..me up and (I hwr) (2 Iw lte) _ _ __ . (22 onl".• B"lletin. The crew to lower the lifeboats..ljaUI ------cc.-...----:.--..--..-_~~_ _ .c --:--. April 19.----.---_ with abou t 25 children ( 16 pas~i\'e: fill) and a few wo men... After about six or seven li feboats were lowered... The thirteenth boat _ _--.--o. people _ _ _~~~_ __ to realize that they ___ _~-.-_ _ _ me into the th irteenth boat and (2! pmh) _ _ _--=. a IIe "'n" -_ asleep when my wi fe (emmpie: Jusr. the past perfect. 19 12.-___ us that there no danger.--. Lesson 3 Test/Review • n. (J1 twlll'!'} fI2 be) that they were just taking precautions.-.. We were told th at the Titan ic . We _ __ ~. ..:f""' ad.. They (/0 stllf1J ___=_--. (continued) The Past Continuous.---:-_ __ that someth ing _ _ _-.-_ _ _ me to take care of the children.." Fn" .~r. 0 .--_ _ _ that the Ti tanic could not (8 imurJ sink in less than ten hours.. . more than one answer is possible... e • • ID '.J frum n .--..in great (13swrtJ ( 14 11.: • =:• • • 4: PART D Read a survivor's account of the night of the Titanic disaster. with other nearby ships and that help would reach (9 cOfnl!\uniw ld us in an hour or two..normal at first.... The I\lst Perfect.--_...----. He (20 ' rmd) _ _ _""""':-:--. Wh ile the boat __~.-..: Iottn-) ( 18 $Ol'am) ... &.--. We _ ---'-h::= J"=.. ) (4 1. -_ _ {l3 &nw) for 20 years. (29 hit) PART.-cc-~_-...) A: How ---=-..... I _ __ = .-.-.--.-.-----c--c---c-.to your car? (happen) B: ._--. He's a new driver.-. As our boat .----c-. more than one answer is possible.. but the driver who hit me did.-::::::. and the (5 Slep) car behind me _ __ -.---.-.-..-. past continuous. In some cases. he (9 hil) out of his car and ______~~~-----. A: What __---'-h=a~PIpe=ned c=--. 134 Lesson 3 ..-- (2 ir/happen) in fro nt of my car.-_ __ (25 fl\()l'(') away. or past perfect (continuous).e) his driver's li cense for two mo nths. an accident yesterday.. (I ha.-. aren't you? B: Oh.U) B: No.-_ __ N~ my car suddenly.the (23 km") (14 hror) orchestra playing a religious song. Fill in the blanks with one of the past tenses: simple past. (27 rhrow) The sh ip _ _ _---... A: 1 tho ught you .:-.-.-:::.0 .-.:.. Husbands an d fathers _ _ _ ---.---:-.Ivw) A: a ticket? (8 )CII//.---- co work when a dog ___-.---:0---.... we ____ -..-_ _ _ _ me too closely.your driver's license a few (14 wr) months ago...1 B: 0_ .-_ __ on ly three hou rs after it (28 Jink) _ _ _---.=-.--.:::.----.-----.. kisses to their wives and ch ildren . A: Who will pay to have your car fixed? B: The other driver.--:---.:0::-7.-_ _ _ my car because the driver (6 hil) __-. He __ ===__ (12 onfy/ha..----::c. ----...-:-.~:. 1. me (/DIP) (11 gi~'" his insurance card. no.---cc.._ _ _ and (26 um e) .-_ _ _ the iceberg. present perfect (continuous). When he me. A: You're a new driver too. I will never forget the terrible scene as o ur boat _ __ . (7 jO/.:. I had never called a teacher by his first name before.. EXAMPLES 2005 I had just graduated from high schooL. But I _ _ _=. 2004 I had just had my second child.S. 1983 1 hadn't been born yet. write the following sentence.trJ a d river's license for many years before 1 _ _ _-. The Past Perfect. 1 hadn't thought about coming to the U.-___ me. Expansion Activities 0 In a small group or with the entire class.-_~ (21 noVu-em) my seat belt. The teacher will collect the cards and read the sentences.. The Past Continuous.. I had never _ _ _ __ __ ~ before.. e On an index card..---.-_~ a ticket? (J7 gtcJ B: O ne time.::-. but I'd like to. filling in the blank to make a true statement about yourself. turn to the person next to you and say a year..:-. The Past Perfect Continuous..--_~ me a ticket (20 git}e) for speeding. filling in the blank to make a true statement about yourself. (J6mood A: _ _ _ _ _ _ _~ you ever _ _ _--.. B: In this state.:.-. She _ _ _-=. The teacher will collect the cards and read the sentences. EXAMPLE When I came to this school.. She also gave me a ticket because I _ _-.::---.-_~ about 65 miles an hour o n the (l8 driw) highway when a poLice officer _ _ _-. write the following sentence. The person next to you has to tell a short story about his/her life at or before that time. When I came to this school.. I have a new license. I _ _ _~--.-. EXAMPLE I have never gone fis hing. at that time.-_~ (15 hm. 8 On an index card. We were living with my wife's parents. but I'd like [0. Comparison of Past Tenses 135 . 1'"" never _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~. Try to guess who wrote the sentences.:--.-___ here. She said (19 slOP) that the speed limit was only 55.:. Try to guess who wrote the sentences._--. I was living with my pa rents.---. . please visit our Web site. where I saw a lot of people ta lking and looking II very sad . assassination. I asked my classmates what had happened .. A Great Tragedy I r I was living in Peru when I heard about t he I September 11 tragedy in the U. reil what you did when you heard the news. 136 Lesson 3 . or another unusual way e Write about a tragedy in recent history.Talk About It 0 Why do you think that women and children were put on lifeboats before men? e Do you think the space program should continue? Write About It 0 Choose one of the following topics and write a short composition. I had j ust arrived at I i school. • an accident or unusua l expe rience that happened to you • an important event in the history of your native COllntry • a famous person who d ied in an accident. t For more practice using grammar in context.S. EXAMPLE 1. reil what you were doing when you heard the news. Lesson 4 Grammar Modals-Present and Future Related Expressions Context Consumer Warnings . may. (possibility) He can help you. The base form follows a modal. be allowed to. be supposed to. modal. Cannot is written as one word. would. Americans sometimes use shall in a question to make a suggestion or invitation. Yes/No Question: Can he speak English? Short Answers: Yes.4. and must. A modal can be used in passive voice: The movie can be seen next week. shall is more common American: We will study modals. Wrong: They should eating now.Question: What languages can he speak? 'Negative Question: Why can't he speak French? Subject Question: Who con speak French? 138 Lesson 4 . To form the negative. She might leave. Shall we dance? Language Note: Observe statements and questions with modals: Affirmative: He con speak German. will. = He is able to speak English well. Wrong: Vou must to pay your rent. British: We shall study modals. shall. he can't. be not supposed to park your car there. permitted to. Wh./No. in British English than in American English. modal + be + past participle He must go to court. The following expressions are like modals in meaning: have to. (advice) Modals add meaning to the verbs that She must leave. For the future tense. might. had better.He has to go to court. The modal never has an -s ending. EXAMPLES EXPLANAnON She should leave.1 Overview of ModaLs and ReLated Expressions The modal verbs are can. He can speak English well. A pen should be used for the test. . They should eat now. Wrong: He can helps you. should. You must pay your rent. could. (necessity) follow them. Wrong: He cons help you. You should not leave now. be able You must not park your car there. Negative: He can't speak French. "" You are to. put not after the He cannot speak English. he can. have got to. ~ tries to make }"'J bdi~\-e suml'th ing th~1 ill not truc. • Yo u\. Senio r citizens should be especially careful o f seams... ·_- you o nly have to pay p06tage and handling. Eighty percent of the victi ms of seams are 65 or older. 1" ls • Yo u've won! You must call a 900 number to daim your prize. I I and phone calls chat tell you.. Why would someone give yOll a prize for d oing nothing? A sweepstakes is a chance fO r a company to promote its products. The law states that "no purchase necessary" must appear in big letters...- .- _--__. 1 -.ernment estimates that Americans lose more than one billio n JI!I!!1i1P do llars every year through "seams._ . you usually have to mail a postcard. Related Expressions 139 . But some of these offers might be d eceptive... Are these offers of prizes real! Some of them are. j~" " . Even though the chances of winning are very small. such as magazines. To claim your brift." o r tricks to take ~. ..E:-- your money. ' • • • • cs =: isa ea use. many people enter because they have nothing to lose and might even win something. . Tlt 01 Did you ever get a Letter with your name printed on it telling you that you have won a prize or a Large amount of money? M06t people in the U.. What do you do with these pieces o f mail? ~) Read the following magazine article. Most people just throw this mail in the garbage._- -. _. Sweepstakes or Seam? . You should be careful of letten. _~_ 1 I '-. The gm. the company is supposed to tell yo u yo ur chances o f winn ing.e won a free vacation.. e-mails. Or they think that their chances of winning might increase if they b uy the company's pnxluct. In addition. A sweepstakes is like a lonery.: • Before You Read 1. How can you avoid becoming the victim o f a seam! If you receive a letter saying}'Ou are a guaranteed winner... you o ught to read it carefully.. But in a legiti mate S\Yeepstakes. Pay special attention to modals. • Yo u must act now or the offer will expire. 'tOu d on' t have to buy anything or send any money.. All yo u have to do is pay a service fee. We often get mail from sweepstakes companies..S. Yo u shouldn't give out your credit card number o r Social Security number if you are not sure who is cont acting you about the sweepstakes. Do you get a lot of junk mail? 2. Lc... • Yo u may already be a winner. m 2. 'Somd hirlj( .. They often think mat they have to buy something in c rueT to win a prize and often spend thousands of dollars on useless items.! and you should read the o ffer carefully. " . .:o 4' • • =. get these letten. To enter a sweepstakes. Modals-Present and Future.ru-I is dectPli. or I may (t:({ImpkJ _ _ . Answers may vary. A: What are you going [0 do this sum mer! 04» ( 0 2... might. May be. is a modal + verb. . EXERCISE.4._ back to Peru. use may not or might Some peopLe might not understand the not. VDU may be right. say. Do you think I might win? To make questions about possi bility with may. notice that the word order is different. b. a. "Do you think. I just throw them away. I might _.2 Possibilities-May.-__ a trip for two to Hawaii.-_ _ here and look for a summer job. Wrong: He maybe is a winner. Compare: Maybe. might. For negative possibility.?" The clause after Do you think uses statement word order.O".__ here. What about you! (IJ A: I'm not sure either. A: How can you just throw them away! You cou ld _ _ . . could. could to show possibilities You might win a prize... we might _ _.-_ _ a winner. is an adverb.:-. Maybe you are right.:-. This could be your lucky day! She may not know t hat she is a winner. Use may.. Do not make a contraction with may not or might not...S. . Could EXAMPLES EXPLANATION You may already be a winner. written as one word (a). It is usually put before the subject. Don't use could not. It means was/were conditions of a sweepstakes. My brother might _ _-.. written as two words (b). If he (2) does.. I (3) received a letter a few days ago telling me that if I mail in a postcard. I could _ _ . (41 B: I don't believe those letters. When I get those kinds of letters.-__ some interesting places in the U. about the present or future. The meaning of (a) and (b) are the same. Do you think I could get lucky? might could. Might. FiU in the blanks with appropriate verbs to complete this conversation. not able to .9". b. TR 02 B: I h aven't decided yet. He may be a winner. may. (5) B: Who's go ing to give us a free trip to Hawaii for doing nothing? 140 Lesson 4 . Maybe he is a winner.:-. . but 3. 7. And if I buy a lot of magazines from thi s (6) company. J might take a com uter course next semester. But someone has to win those prizes. W ill I win a trip! (could) EXERCISE 11 Fill in the blanks with possible results for the following situations. 1. Answer these questions by using the word in parentheses ( ). If I come late to class. 8. Does the company give out prizes! (may) 2. It could ---ccc--.-__ 90 years old by the time I have enough money.. EXAMPLE Is d1e company legitimate? (might) It might be legitimate. If I eat a lot of sugar.me. A: Well. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ 3. Those letters always say.--- I7J B: That's not true.. 6. If I exercise regu larly. EXAMPLE If I pass this course. Modals--Present and Future. 9. I suppose you're right. If I drink a lot of coffee tonight. Will this company take my money and give me nothing? (might) 5. B: Then I suggest you work h ard and save your money. (8) EXERCISE." A: I really want to go to Hawaii with my brother.. 5.. 1. ___________________________________ 2. If I save a lot of money. 10. A: I migh t _---.lflworkharo. "No Purchase Necessary. _ _________________________ 4. Are the prizes cheap? (could) 3. If I don't get enough sleep. If I increase my computer skills. If I win a lot of mo ney. If I don't do my homework. Will I be chosen as a winner? (mighr) 4. Related Expressions 141 .0. my chances of win ning might ----. Sweepstakes companies must "No Purchase Necessary" in big letters in the information they send to you. 2. ." (Have is often not pronounced before "'gotta. it is not a legitimate sweepstakes. Must has a very offidal tone. have to.4. 3. 1. • have to is often pronounced Hhafta. Avoid using must for personal obligations. and in rule books (such as a book of driving nules and laws). informal speech." 4. It sounds very offida l or urgent and is too strong for most situations. agreements). "You must _ _ __ now. 5.3 Necessity and Urgency with Must. Don't wait. Have To. Answers may vary. - MOOAL EXPLANATION Individuals and companies must (or have to) For legal obligation. She has to move. Pronundation Note: In relaxed." • have got to is often pronounced "gotta." • has to is pronounced Hhasta. Sweepstakes companies sometimes teU people that they must _ _ _ _ a 900 number to win a prize. 142 leison 4 . use must and have to.I've got to He has got to = He's got to I've got to help my sister on Saturday. Companies must _ _ _ _ the truth about the conditions of the contest. . All three sentences to the You've got to act now! Left have the same meaning _ Have got to is usuaLLy contracted: You have to act now! I have got to . It is often used Sweepstakes companies must (or have to) tell in court. Sweepstakes companies often tell people. "No Purchase Necessary" must (or has to) appear in big letters. Have Got To . EXAMPLE Sweepstakes companies must ol1ey the law. obey the law. You must act now! Don't wait or you will lose Must. in legal contracts (such as rentaL you the truth. . Use have to or have got to."') EXERCISE 11 Fill in the blanks with an appropriate verb to talk about sweepstakes rules. and have got to express a this fabulous offer! sense of urgency. If a sweepstakes company tells you that you must _ _ __ something. Related Expressions 143 . A d river must _ _ _ _ a license. You must when you hear a fire truck siren . In many cities. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate verb (phrase) to talk about driving rules. I've got to _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ 6. EXERCISE III ABOUT YOU Fill in the blanks with words that describe personal obligations. Once a month. When I' m not su re of the spelling of a word. you must not _ _ _ _ a cell phone while driving. I have to _ _ _ __ 7. Every day I have to _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ 5. 1. 5. EXAMPLE On Saturdays. 4. This weeke nd. you must _ _ __ 3 baby in a special car seat. I h ave to _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ 3. EXAMPLE Drivers must stop at a red ligh t. In some cities. Before the next class. I've got to _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ 2.EXERCISE. I have to take my sister to pallet le550ns. 1. I have to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 10. In a car. I've got to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ 9. Modals-Present and Futu re. 6. 2. A few times a year. I've got to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ EXERCISE. drivers must _ _ _ _ a parking sticker on their windshields. After class. 3. Answers may vary. My English isn't perfect. I have to _ _ __ __ __ _ __ 8. Make a list of personal obligations you have to do on the weekends. we've got to _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ 4. Before I take a test. A car must _ __ _ a license plate. Before I go to sleep at night. EXAMPLE ca"'I"-1m I have to _ __ _ _ _---"' = y-'p:::a"'re"'n"t'"s' -_ _ _ __ _ once a week. Student to student: "You're supposed to write your composition with a pen. 144 Lesson 4 . Police officer to driver: "You must wear as a poLice officer. A person in a position of authority (such a." b. composition with a pen. EXERCISE" Make a Bst of obBgations you have at your job.4 ObLigation with Must or Be Supposed To EXAMPLES EXPLANATION UNo Purchase Necessary" must appear in big Must has an officiaL tone. Driver to passenger: "You're supposed to h. This is the Law. The tone is very official. I've got to an5Wer the phone and flll out orders. or teacher) can your seat beLt. or in your house. Be supposed to. reporting on a law or rule that has been Drivers are supposed to use a seat belt. but broken. Pronundation Note: The d in supposed to is not usuaLLy pronounced. parent. but some talk." Companies are supposed to follow the law. The sweepstakes company must tell you your chances of winning. they so metimes don't. EXAM PL E At work. at your ABO UT VO U school. b. Students are supposed to be quiet in the library. Avoid using must if you are not in a wear your seat belt." use must. Use be supposed to a. PeopLe who win money must pay taxes on their winnings. letters. Teacher to student: "You must write your to remind someone of a ruLe." position of authority. Compare: a. not must. is used when but some of them don't. 4. I have a pa rHime job. 3.. I some o f my money in the bank. 2. On an airplane. My mother gets mad when I leave it dirty. the landlord is supposed to provide heat in the winter. My sister _ __ _ _ ____ her toys away when she's fin ished playing. She (not) _ _ _ _ _ _ __ the stove. in class. We our homework before dinner. [ _ _ _ __ ____ my parents where I am so t hey wo n't worry. I (not) my mo ney o n foolish things. Fill in the blanks with be supposed to + an appropriate verb. If I go to a friend's house. 5. Answers may vary. I (not) _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ o n the pho ne with my fTiends for more than 30 minutes.. 8. _ _ __ _ _ __ my ho mework before I watch TV.M 10. we're not supposed to use a cell phone. _ __ __ _ __ my room on ce a week. on an airplane. EXERCISE IIIJ ABOUT YOU Report some rules in one of the following places: in your apartment. I my parents with jobs around the house. She (not) TV after 8 ". 11. I the dishes o nce a week. Rehncd Expressions 145 .EXERCISE III A teenager is talking about rules his parents gave him and his sister. EXAMPLES In my apartment. or in the airport. MOl. 7.) 0 . Fo r example. _ _ __ _ _ __ the garbage every day.h Is-Present and Futu re. in a library. 9. in court. EXAMPLE I 'm supposed to baby-sit for my little sister when my parents aren't home.M. 4. 6. 1. She to bed at 8. in traffic. Note: Ought is the only modal followed by to. and Had Better . you ought to throw it away. A negative You'd better not give your credit card number consequence may result. peopLe you don't know.5 Advice with Should. If you receive a letter saying you are a winner. ~ut I often leave them in the sink for the next day. . 'd is omitted completely. . You shouldn't give you r credit card number to Shouldn't means that something is a bad idea. Should shows advisabi lity. some fast speech. EXERCISE III Tell about an obligation you or a member of your family has that is often not done. the conditions are. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Senior dtizens should be ca reful of seams. You shouldn't believe every offer that comes in the mail. you something for nothing. In make purchases in your name. and urgent a. It is used to say You should read the offer carefully to see what that something is a good idea. 4. You ought to work hard and save your money. You ought to be careful when someone offers Ought to is pronounced /Jta/. b. Use must for rules. We don't usually use ought to for negatives Don't expect to get rich from a sweepstakes. b. and questions. Companies and individuals must obey the law. laws. The action is not advisa ble. show caution or give a warning. Use should. . to strange callers. Ought to has the same meaning as should. EXAMPLES My sister Is supposed to finish her homework I>el'ore watGhlng TV. situations. Compare: a. You should read the letter carefully. 146 ~sson 4 . or they might use it to Use 'd to contract had with a pronoun. I'm supposed to wash the dishes In my house. Ought To. I'd Had better (not) is used in conversation to better leave my cell phone on so I won't miss it. ~ut she usually watGhes TV as soon as she gets home from school. I'm expecting an important phone call. Use should for advice. he tells other people. EXAMPLES I'm lo nely. 8. 10. 9. The teacher wrote something on my paper. 2. I have to write a resume. I' m so tired. but I d on't have any experience with this. I received an offer for a new job. I've had a headache all day. 6. I got a leuer telling me that I won a millio n dollars. 3. It pays double what I get now. 1. I d on't get eno ugh exercise. 5. I have to write it all over aga in.EXERCISE III Give advice to people who are saying the following. I sit at a desk all day. Evt:ry time r write a composition and the tt:acher finds m istakes. I don't have any friends. My oid TV doesn't work well anymorc. Rdared Expressions 147 . W heneve r I tell my perso nal problems [Q my coworker. You ought to get some rest. You should get a dog or a cat for companionship. 7. Modals-Present and Future. I've been working hard all day. I'm ga in ing weight. My car is making a strange no ise. I wonder what it is. Answers will vary. but I can'r read it. 4. It's too expens ive to repair. EXERCISE ID Give advice about what people should do or say in the following social situations in your native culture. If you want to leave the dinner table while others are still eating. Answers may vary. _ _ __ __ _ __ 8. 1. 1. EXAMPLE If you a re invited to someone's hOllse for d inner. 148 Lt!sson 4 . _ __ _ __ _ 7.. rin 9 a smaligift. A: Th e caller wants my Social Security number. EXAMPLE A: So meone's at the door. If yo u do n't hear or understand what someo ne says. If you invite a friend to eat in a restaurant. If a wom an with a small child gets o n a crowded bus. If yo u're invited to someone's house fo r dinner. _ __ __ _ __ 4. If you bump into someone. I'll go and o pen it. _ _ _ 6. _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ EXERCISE ID Give a warning by using you'd better (not) in the following conversations. B: You 'd better not open It if you don't know wh o it is. 8: Yo u _ _ __ _ _ __ _ him your Social Security number then. If you meet someone for the first t ime. Share your answers with the class. "How are your" _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ 5. _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ 3. you should t. B: Do yo u know who the caller is! A: No. If someone asks. _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ 2. A: Speaking. She might not like it. B: Yo u . (a driver and a passenger in a car) A: I'm getting sleepy. B: Yo u . B: What's wrong with that! A: You _ _ _ __ _ __ _ appropriately. U se my flash drive.sions 149 . but I forgot to bring a flash drive to save it. Yo u du n 't have much time. A: Yo u are the only person in the o ffi ce who wears jeans. (plume conversation) A: Hello! B: Hello. A: Yo u keep calling me and telling me the sa me th ing. I don't have my driver's license yet. 4. You _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . You _ _ _ __ _ __ _ in case you have to revise it. 8. YOll _ _ _ _ __ _ __ for a while. A: I typed my composition on the computer. 5. A: I got a letter about a sweepstakes. A: This offer says the deadline for applying is Friday. Modais-Present and Future. A: I do n't like my supervisor's attitude. I'll just print it. or yo u might lose your job. 3. Related Expre. or I'll report yo u. I'm going to tell her about it. Can you drive fo r a while! B: I can't.<. S: Here. Do you th ink I should enter? B: Yo u've probably got nothing to lose. I'd like to speak with Mrs. You don't have much time. 7. But you _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ the letter carefully to make sure that it's legitimate. Green. 6.2. 8: You are a winner! You _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ or you might lose this offer. " a service that screens unidentified phone calls. be permitted to.. and it lasts for countries.S. Do you ever get calls from people who are trying to sell you something? How do you respond to these calls? 2. where as long as you keep your phone. be allowed to. You can register all of your phone numbers. centers in India.. However. may call you telemarketing to offer you a new product or service. If you do Did You so. when they call. there is something you can do to take action. Do you have Caller ID on your home phone? ·4») Read the foLLowing Web article.:=IIooI. Someone is trying to sell you a magazine. Consumers became so annoyed with "robocalls" (calls with recorded messages) that the government passed a law in 2009 prohibiting companies from using them without your written permission. callers are paid In the meantime.. government2 created a "Do Not Call" registry. Companies that continue to use robocalls may face t. as most people do. • You could ask your phone company if they have a "privacy manager. 'The Federal Trade Commission (FTC ) is the government department that created this registry. such as your bank. the U. In 2003. here are some suggestions for dealing with telemarketers: much less than in the • You could get Caller ID to see who is calling. a penalty of $16. TR 03 You have just sat down to dinner when suddenly the phone rings. and other modals. a phone service. they are not come from call allowed to call you again. CD 2. 150 Lesson 4 . you can calls you receive ask them not to call you again. The phone will not even ring in your house unless the caller identifies himself. Many companies with which you do business. If you find these calls annoying. U. However. can. You can register your phone number online or by phone. most telemarketers are not permitted to call you. Has this ever happened to you? Millions of these calls are placed each year. Pay spedal attention to may.S. some Know? telemarketers can still call you: political organizations and charities.Telemarketing Before You Read 1. or a vacation. If you make this request. Also. Mexico. and other It may take up to 31 days for your registration to take effect.000 per calL But calls made by humans continue. (They are allowed to and be permitted to. companies may not eaU you. You may not bring food into the computer lab. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Political organizations may caU you.: a. remember. You can wear jeans to class. . e. . you can try to end the phone call quickly. (They are Use mayor can to show that something is pennitted to eaU you. this May not has no contracted form. . Alternate forms are be allowed to Charities can eaU you.) If you put your phone number on a HOO Not Use may not or cannot (can't) to show that caU" registry. Related Expressions 151 . b. You may not talk during a test. You can't bring food into the computer lab. Language Note: The meaning of cannot or may not (not permitted) is very similar to the meaning of must not (prohibited). something is prohibited.) permitted. Modals-Present and Future. 4. You must not talk during a test. . But you shouldn't get angry at the Co:'1 l1er.6 Permission and Prohibition . a. eaU you. • If you do decide to buy a product or service. (om par. • If you are not interested in the offer. You must not bring food into the computer lab. b. You can't talk during a test. . can also Can you call your teacher by her first name? has the meaning of social acceptability. If you ask a company to stop caUing you. He or she is just trying to make a living . you should never give out your credit card number if you are not sure who the caller is. In addition to legal permission. company cannot caU you again. . c. 6. we can _________________ but we cannot 4. In the library. During a test. Books. 2. In th is build ing. We are not permitted to ___ _ __ _ _ 5. 10. 1. C hildren ______________ !See any movie they want. Peo ple _ _______________ Iive anywhere they want. 1. People _______________ travel freely. A married woman _ _____________ get a passport without her husband's permission. 152 Lesson 4 . COS. If you put your name on a "Do Not Call" registry. Teachers _ _______________ talk about religion in public schools. but we can't talk in the library. 5. Answers will vary. EXAMPLE We ca n talk in the hall. Stud ents ______________ write in their textbooks. Teenagers _________________ drive. Drive rs ______________ talk o n a cell phone while driving. 3. we may not _______________ EXERCISE a Fill in the blanks with an appropriate permission word to talk about what is or isn't permitted in your native country. 9. 8. Peo ple under 18 _________________ get married. 7. companies may no l _________________ 2. you may not ______________ 3. Children _________________ work. and DVDs are protected by law. EXAMPLES High school students are perm~ted to leave the school bu ilding for lunch. 4. can't Students ______-==-'----_____ use a cell pho ne in class. EXERCISE III Fill in the blanks to talk about what is and isn't permitted. Men and women can hold hands in public. In the co mputer lab. Students can lIse a cell phone in class.. EXAMPLES In the u. you can't yeU "fire. Students can call their teachers by their first names. In an airport. _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ S. 10. 6. be allowed to. 4. 9.. _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ EXERCISE GI Tell if these things are socially acceptable in your country or nativ. EXAMPLE Students can caU their teachers by their fi rst namt!S. yOll can invite your friends. 8. Modals-Prcsenr and FlItU rCi Related Expressions 153 . In my house/apartment building. _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ 3. In the u. students can't ca ll their teachers by their first names.EXERCISE. may. In my country. 1. Students can argue with a teacher about a grade. Write about what is or isn't permitted in these places.e culture. Students can talk to each other during a test. _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ 8. In a theater. 7. In this city. Students can remain seated when the teacher enters the room." 1. In an airplane. Parents can take small child ren to a party for adults. Students can wear jeans to class. or be permitted to. tn this classroom. _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ 7. 5.s. __________________ _ 2. It's very impoli te.s. _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ 4. 2. Use can. Teenagers can date. If you are invited to a party. 3. _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ 6. teenagers can get a job. In a courtroom. A: So wha. That way I don't get so much paper in the mail." to . You may not realize that your identity has been sto len until you review you r statement a mo nth later. should I do! B: You shouldn't just throwaway papers with perso nal information. such as e--ma il or an ATM? Do you memorize all your passwords! 04)) Read the following conversation. B: They can and they do. Someone ca n steal yo ur id entity. You shou ld shred them. I've also started to do my banking online. Pay spedal attention to negative co 2. A: What d o you mean? B: T here are identity thieves who go th rough the garbage looking fo r personal information. I bought a shredder at an offi ce supply store and shred all papers with my personal information. like bank account numbers o r Social Security numbers. 154 Lt!sson 4 . Before You Read 1. They can make a purchase by pho ne and charge it to your credit card . What do you do with your important mail . =: . Every time I get a credit card or bank statement. 41% 14= _ 44 • 'EO hA 4' PAt. I just throw it in the garbage.. Do you have a password fo r different things. such as bills or bank statements! 2. A: What do the thieves do with these n umbers! T hey can't use my number without my credit card. IdU WC • _. T1t 04 modals and related expressions. A: I hate to have so m uch paper. Identity Theft • i GA . I read an article that sa id that about 9 millio n Americans have their identities sto len each year. B: You sho uldn't do that. like electricity and telepho ne. What if someone steals your checkbook? You'd better memo rize your password. i . And I don't have to pay for a stamp. Only you know the answers to those questions.ions 155 . I chose another password. The bank wants to make sure it's you and not someone else go ing into your account. I don't even I have to write checks. Now you have to choose a password . A: O K. the mo ney goes directly to these companies from my checking account. A: Thanks for telli ng me about this. I'm going to write down the password in my checkbook.-\"! to worry about identity theft. A: O K. B: Yo u shouldn't use your birth date or any other obvio us number. B: You can't use all letters. _____________________________________________ ~ I ii --------------------------------------) Modals-Present fmd Future. B: You'd better not. And I don't I ha\. I A: How d oes that work? Ii B: For most of my bills.<. A: Now they're asking me all these questi ons: "What's your pet's name? Who was your favorite teacher? What's the name of your elementary school?" Why are they asking me all these questi ons? B: Those are secllrity questions. I A: Can you help me sign up fo r o n line banking? B: Sure. Related Exprcs. Let's go to your computer and find your bank's Web site. I've got one now. A: I thi nk 1'lIl1se my birth date. I used my mother's maid en name.. but it's rejected. Yo ur bank says you have to choose a combinatio n of letters and numbers . necessary or required. Companies must obey the law. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Students must not talk during the test.Companies have to obey the law. . They are paid automatically. Must not shows that something is You must not park at a bus stop. Cannot and may not show that something Telemarketers may not call you if you ask them to is not permitted. They're not supposed to do that.) To enter a sweepstakes. card number. The advantages of banking online are: Not have to shows that something is not • You don't have to use a stamp. You can't use all letters for your password. a rule. Someone might steal your identity. You shouldn't use your birth date as your password. You must not talk during the test. (It's not necessary to buy anything. they are completely different in meaning in negative statements. • You don't have to remember to pay your bills. You shouldn't put important papers in the garbage. What if someone steals your implied. . prohibited. There is no choice in the matter. Even though must and have to are similar in meaning in affirmative statements. to must not but is less formal. Must not has an official tone. You can use a penciL 2. A checkbook.) 156 lesson 4 . It has an unofficial tone. • There are no paper statements. You don't have to use a pen for the test. so you don't have to worry so much about identity theft Language Notes: 1. You have a choice.7 Comparing Negative Modals . negative consequence is stated or B: You'd better not.. Often I told the telemarketers not to caU me anymore. m This is prohibited. It is not necessary. The meaning is similar take you off their list. (It's not a good idea. but they did. A: I'm going to write my password in my Had better not gives a warning. Should not shows that something is a You shouldn't give strange callers your credit bad idea.4. B: You'd better not do that. Sweepstakes companies are not supposed to ask Be supposed to is used as a reminder of you for your Social Security number. . Don't confuse should not and don't hove to. you don't have to buy anything.. the rule has already been broken. checkbook? A: I'm going to throw my credit card statement in the garbage. attend graduatio n EXERCISE III Tell if you have to or don't have to do the following.d"o"n::.v-". come to school o n Saturdays EXEROSE HI Fill in the blanks with don't have to or must not. get up early on Sundays 4. you call a 900 nllmber to win a prize. throw Ollt the garbage every day 2.a. study English 3.to ". EXAMPLES work on Saturdays I have to work on Satu rdays. cook every day 5.EXERCISE ID Tell if students at this school or another school you have attended have to or don't have to do the following. stand up to answer a question 2.'SSions 157 . study a foreign language 10. pay tuition 6. No purchase is necessary. go to the board to answer a question 3. EXAMPLE If you receive a sweepstakes postcard. d ress formally for school I don't have to dress formally fo r school. EXAMPLES wear a uniform Students in my country d on't have to wear a u niform .--_ _ send it back. 2. you _--. take fina l exams Students at this school have to take fin al exams. 1.!:t~h". 1. 3. (continued) Modals-Prescnt and FlIw rei Related ExpH. attend classes every day 7. buy their own textbooks 5. have a written excuse for an absence 8.-. In a legitimate sweepstakes.-. get permissio n to leave the classroom 9. call the teacher by his or her title (fo r exa mple. Sweepstakes companies _ _ __ __ _ _ _ break the law. Yo u _ __ _ _ _ __ _ buy anything to win .·. 1. "Professor") 4. You disturb other people. 6. We're supposed to write five compositions th is semester . 6. You can find the book by the title. 3. Yo u _ _ __ _ _ _ __ retllrn books late if you don't want to pay a fine. 4. You return your books to the circulation desk. I use automatic bill payment. 158 lesson 4 . You can leave them in the book drop.:ch::. You _ __ _ _ __ _ _ steal. You _ _ _ __ _ _ _ wait until the due date to return a book. EXERCISE. 4. Use affirmative and negative statements. :::l= You don't have to know the name ofth e author to find a book. telemarketers _ _ __ _ _ _ _ call you. If you register on the "Do Not Call" list. You _ __ _ _ ____ register with the "00 Not Call" list. EXERCISE III ABOUT YOU Work with a partner. EXAMPLES We're not supposed to use our books during a test . You can study at ho me. 2. It's aga inst the law. You study in the library. 1. Use be (not) supposed to to write a list of rules the teacher has for this class. 5. It's your choice. Fill in the blanks with don't have to or should not to describe situations in a public library. ou d"n·-t=___ make noise in the library. You can return it earlier. Other people might want them. You take o ut mo re books than you need. EXAMPLES You _ _ --=s. 7. 5. I save money because I _ _ _______ use a stamp to pay my bills. 11.lf to) sit in a specific seat in class. We (must not I don't have to) type our compos itio ns. A driver who is involved in an accident mu st report it to the police.• 8. Parents (aren'tsuppo. Parents often tell ch ildren. 3. haw to) talk loudly in the library. The teacher says we (can't / don't have to) use our books during a test. 4. English teachers {shouldn't / don't hatJe [()) talk fast [0 foreign students. Teachers (aren 't supposed to / don't have to) reach sum mer school ifrhey don't want [0. We (can't / don't have to) talk to each other during a test. It's n OT permitted.>d Expressions 159 . EXAMPLES We @Ouldn'!)! don '. (Use you in the impersonal sense. He (must not / doesn't have to) leave the scene of th e accident. It's not a good idea. They can send them to private schools. 9. 10. We (shouldn't / can't) speak our native language in class.) EXAMPLE You must not pas s a car when you're going up a hill. 7. We can write them by h and. We can sit wherever we want. but we can in order to pick IIp our tests. "Yo u (shouldn't / don 't have 00) talk to strangers. 5. The teacher says we (shouldn't/ don't ha(.sed to / don't hatJe to) send their kids to public schools. Use must not or can't. 1.EXERCISE III Write a list of driving rules. We (don't have to / aren't supposed to) come back after the final exam. (continued) Mo(b ls-Prcsent find FlIt"UrCi Rcbtt. EXERCISE III Circle the correct words to complete these sentences. 2. We (shouldn't I (don't have to) bring OlIT dictionaries [0 class. 6. Most American studencs (don't hat)€' to / had better not) study a foreign language in college. Those studencs are talking in the library. You (shouldn't/ may not) eat while driving. 6. It's aga inst the rules. Even though it's permitted. I have a test tomorrow morning. You won't have time to study. In th is class. 13. 21. It might disturb the class. I'm warning you. You ((Ion't haw to / 'd bener not) spend so much time watching TV. You'd better not _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ or the teacher will get angry.n the blanks to make true statements. 19. They should be quiet. EXERCISE III Fm. 20. You (shouldn't / don't haw to) make no ise and disturb your neighbors. 12. In this class. 7. 8. You sho uld let him try to find it himself. we aren't supposed w _____________ 2. You (may not / don't Mue (0) bring food into the computer lab. it's not a good idea. When another student doesn 't know the answer. or 1 won't be alert in the morning. You (don't hat)€' to / shouldn't) leave your cell phone on in cl ass. EXAMPLE I don't have to make an appointment to see the teacher 1. Some studencs (shouldn't/ don'r haue to) pay tuiti o n because they have a scho larship. It's not permitted. 18. They have a cho ice. so you'd better not _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ the night before. you shouldn't _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 15. Drivers (don't have to / must not) go through red lights. Yo u can't _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ in the co mputer lab. In this bu ilding. 4. They (must not / are not supposed (0) talk in the library. 14. I Cd better not / must not) stay out late tonight. we must not _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ 5. 16. The teacher doesn't have to _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ but he/she does it anyway. we don't have to _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ 3. We're going to have a test next week. 17. 160 Lesson 4 . Use could or can to offer one or more telemarketing calls. Related Expressions 161 . A caller asked fo r my credit card number. You could shred all your important papers. You may work with a partner or in small groups. should/shouldn't. You shouldn't there is only one right way. can/can't. have to/don't have to.8 Making Suggestions EXAMPLES EXPLANATION How can I protect myself from identity theft? Can and could are used to offer suggestions. There ought to be a law that says _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 4. give out you r credit card number to strangers. Could does not have a past than by mai l. 1. I'm having a problem with annoying a. Use should or shouldn't when you feel that You should be careful. EXAMPLE There ought to be a law that says that people who want to have a baby must take a course in parenting. There ought to be a law that says _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ 3. b. meaning in offering suggestions. Or you can just hang up. using must/must not. 9. of severaLpossibilities. EXERCISE IIIIn your opinion. what laws should be changed? What new laws should be created? Fill in the blanks to complete these statements. b. You could get CaUer ID. Can and could have the same meaning in offering You can get your bank statements online rather suggestions. Teachers should be patient. More than one choice is acceptable. 10. You don't have to _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ to win a sweepstakes prize. Modals-Presenr and Fmure. They shouldn't _ __ _ _ _ _ __ when students don't understand. Or you can put you r phone number on a "Do Not (aU" registry. Compare can/could and should: a. There ought to be a law that says _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 2. 1. I need to lose ten pounds. I' m leaving for vacation tomorrow. 7. We public library. You could go to a bookstore. I want to know the price of an airli ne ticket to my country. You may work with a partner. I need to buy a new co mputer. I need to learn to type faster. and I need to find out about the weather in the city where I'm go ing. I'm going to a party. 4. 2. EXAMPLE I need to find a book about American history. I type very slowly. 6. 8. EXERCISE 1/1 Offer at least two suggestions to a person who says each of the following statements. My landlord is raising my rent by $50. I'd like to learn English fas ter. You can get one at. and I ca n't afford the increase. You could try an online bookstore. 3. 5. 162 Lesson 4 . and I want to compare prices. The hostess asked each guest to bring something to eat. Related Expressions 163 . But weight loss takes hard work and a lot of time. These look like real. Be careful when buying products from infomercials. because the results may not be what you see on TV. or beautiful. They are called "infomercials" (information + commercial) . to make you believe they are real shows. And they have commercial breaks.Infomercials Before You Read 1. Pay speciaL attention to be supposed to. rich. These "shows" tell you that their products are supposed to make you thin. Do you believe what you see in commercials? '4) CD 2. Modals-Present and Future. You're supposed to think that you are watching an informative TV show and getting advice or information from experts and celebrities. like regular TV shows. young. informative TV shows. TR 05 Read the following magazine article. you may see smiling people with great bodies using exercise equipment. For example. We sometimes see "programs" on TV for products that are supposed to make our lives better. These "shows" usually last 30 minutes. You're supposed to believe that it's easy and fun to lose weight if you buy this equipment. but they are not. Do you think TV commercials are interesting? 2. like regular TV shows. somethi ng because of a Law or rule. a l efs go to Mabet's Restaurant..S. I'm supposed to write a paper fo r my class.) Drivers are supposed to wea r seat belts. so mething because he or she has made a promise or My friends are moving on Saturday. from a friend. This cream is supposed to grow hair in 30 days. an expectation because of a schedule. we have The plane is supposed to arrive at 7:25. custom.M. I'm supposed to help them. In the exa mples on the left. you're supposed to leave a 15~. or commitment (promise). We're not supposed to ta lk during the test. I can't come to class tomorrow. It's supposed to be a good we received information movie. 1 was just Listening to the radio. by the teacher). to 20% tip in a restaurant if you're happy wi th the service.4.9 Expectations with Be Supposed To Be supposed to is used to show that we have an expectation about something based on information we received. behave in a certain way because of a custom. (See section 4. In the U. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION . I'm supposed to take my mom A person is expected to do to the doctor. In these exa mpLes. The food the re is supposed to be newspaper. commitment. TV. (in these cases. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Sweepstakes compa nies are supposed to tell you your chances A person is expected to do of win ning. The information we receive is not necessarily correct. but some stude nts do anyway. radio. very good. requirement. A person is expected to meet a requirement I'm supposed to write abou t my favorite TV commercial. but tomorrow is supposed to be a nice day. etc. we have an expectation about something because l efs rent The Matrix this weeke nd. It's supposed to rain this weekend. Be supposed to is used to show that something is expected of the subject of the sentence because of a rule. The movie is supposed to begin at 8 P. 164 Lesson 4 . the Internet. you're supposed to take off your shoes A person is expected to before you enter a house. You're not supposed to talk in the library. In many cu ltures. This diet piU is supposed to make you thinner in 30 days.4. Do yOll forget things? Try Memory Builder. 8.. (3J (contimud) Modals-Presem . a new crea m. 2. 3.. cream.::-_ __ it? III H: I . 4. Do you want to make your work in the kitchen easier? Buy Quick-Chop.. EXAMPLE Arc you starting to look old? Try Youth C ream. Cl new video. TR 06 H: It's Ha irFast. Do yOll have stained teeth? Try WhitcBright toothpaste. 6. Are yOll bald? Use Hair Today. 5. 7. Rdflted Expressions 165 . Do yOll want to make money in 30 days? Buy Fast Money. a nC\. -4)) W: What's that tube o f cream Tsaw in the bathroom? CD 2. a new pill. W: Twenty dollars? How long does a tube last! H: O ne tube _ _ __ _ __ _ _ for a week.EXERCISE l1li Write a sentence telling what this new product is supposed to do. 1. It·s supposed to make you look younger.1I1d FutUre. a new book. Is English hard for you? Try QuickEnglish. (21 W: How much does it cost? H: It·s about $20 for each tube. EXERCISE 1111 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of be + supposed to and an appropriate verb in this conversation between a wife (W) and a husband (H). (a<lmpk) W: How often _ _ _ _.. Cl new device for chopp ing vegetables.. Arc you overweight? Try Sli mTrim. It '5 5upposed to grow a Jot of hair on my head qu ickly. it three times a day.-cc---. a new d iet drink. Do you look weak! Use Muscle Power. W: Just a week? How long will it take you to grow hair? H: It _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ about six months before I start to see results. I have an idea. H: What about all the money you spend on skin products? All those silly creams that _ _ _ _--:-:-_ _ _ _ you look younger? (6) W: Well. H: Do you really think those products work? W: This expensive cream I bought _ __ _ _ _ _ __ (7) the wrinkles around my eyes. but just imagine how much better I'll look with hair. Begin with we. _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ ____ 2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ 166 Lesson 4 . But you're wasting it on a product that may-or may not-bring results. (4) W: Do you know how much money that's going to cost us? H: I know it's expensive. Why don't you forget about the creams and I'll forget about the • hair product. I want to look young and beautiful. Write a list of three things the teacher or this schooL expects from the students. H: You'll always be beautiful to me. buy a house. and just get old together-in our new home. W: You know we want to buy a new house. We _ _ _ _--:-:-_ _ __ (5) our extra money into our house fund. We can save our money. _ _______________________________________________ 3. 1. EXAMPLE We're supposed to come to class every day. EXERCISE ID ABOUT YOU Work with a partner. Write a list of three things that you expect from the teacher in this class. But she's all alone. I was in her garage yesterday. she'll increase her chances of winning. B: How old is she? • A: She must be about 80. EXAMPLE She's supposed to correct us when we make a mistake. Begin with he or she. 1. she's fine. _____________________________________________________ My Elderly Neighbor Before You Read 1. TR 07 A: I'm worried about my elderly neighbor. Why do you think elderly people enter so many sweepstakes? 2. CD 2. She enters sweepstakes and buys useless things all the time. B: She must be lonely. _____________________________________________________ 2. Related Expressions 167 . B: Doesn't she read the offers that are sent to her? Can't she see that her chances of winning are very small and that she doesn't have to buy anything to win? (continued) Modals-Present and Future. EXERCISE ABOUT YOU Work with a partner. _____________________________________________________ 3. Her children live far away. Do you think elderly people are lonelier than younger people? '4) Read the following conversation. B: Why are you worried? Is her health bad? A: No. They don't call her very often. She must think that if she buys things. A: I think she is. Pay special attention to must. and she must have more than 50 boxes of things she doesn't use. her chances of winning will increase. She must think that if she buys things. She must not read the letters carefully.4. she told me she gets about five or six calls from telemarketers every day. use must not. I . We can use must to make an estimate. How many boxes does she have? She must have more than 50 boxes.--. A: Do you think I shou ld warn my neighbor? 1 read an article that says that these companies take advantage of elderly people. in the above cases. A: She must not read those letters very carefu lly. we have or observations we make. Her name must be on hundreds of lists. the contest. 168 Lesson 4 . '~ i ----------------------------------------------~j 4. not the future.10 Logical Conclusions Must has two completely different uses. B: Why don't you talk to her about it? You can tell her to use Caller ID to sce who's calling. but we're at work all day so we don't even know about them. we studied must as an expression of necessity. In Sections 4.3 and 4. For a negative conclusion. language Note: Must.. In addi[ion to these letters. or to put her name on a "Do NotCall" list. A: [think I should. talks about the present only. B: Our family must get a lot of those calls tCXl. She must be loneLy. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION My elderly neighbor lives alone. In the preceding reading and in the examples below. must shows a conclusion. Telemarketers don't usually leave a message. How old is she? She must be about 80. Her children We make a conclusion based on information are far away. She must not understand the conditions of Do not use a contraction. M: It is. He sits next to you. EXAMPLE A: Have yo u ever visited Japan ? B: I lived there when I was a chi ld.l'€en a married woman (M) and a single woman (S). Not all ma rried men wear a wedding ring. Lee Song. fill in the blanks with an appropriate verb to make a logical conclusion. (con tinued) Modals-Present . h andsome guy with glasses. 5: How many kids do you have? M: Wc have fOUT.lIld Future. but it's also the most reward ing. but I've forgotten it. B: You mean Mr. A: Then you must know how to speak Japa nese. Song? A: Yes. 5: He must _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ kids very much . B: I'm nm so sure about mat. Related Expressions 169 . This is a contJeTSarion beu. He doesn't wear a wedJing ring. M: He does. The tall. 2. Th is is a conversation between t«lO female students. He's in yo ur speech class. A: Would you introduce me to Lee? B: Who's Lee? A: YOll must _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ who I'm talking aboll t. B: I used to . 1. He must _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ single.EXERCISE III In each of the conversations below. M: My husband spends all h is free time with our ch ildren. 5: Raising kids must _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the hardest job in the world. 5. My mother is 69 and he's her older brother. A: You must _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ lonely at times. He goes to the gym four days a week to work out. please? T: Were you in class last Monday? S: Yes. You must _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ how it feels. 6. Here it is. T: Take out the paper I gave you last Monday. I did. It took me a long time to get used to it. S: Oh. I: Yes. You went to live in Japan for a few years. 4. S: I don't have it. This is a conversation between two friends. A: I saw some experts on TV talking about a cure for baldness. I: Yes. B: He is. T: Then you must _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ it. didn't you? A: Yes. A: He must _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in great health. But don't believe everything you see. 3. 170 Lesson 4 . A: I saw your uncle yesterday at the gym. This is a conversation between an American (A) and an immigrant (1). B: You must that if you see it on TV it's true. Could you give me one. yes. I was. You're right. So he must in his seventies. This is a conversation between a teacher (T) and a student (S). This is a conversation between two friends. it is. A: It must hard to start your life in a new country. They must _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ what they're talking about because they're experts. How old is he? B: I'm not sure. Do yOll want my applc? A: Thanks. You're always eating potato chips. They're so fatten ing. B: You're always talking about calo ries. You must not fruit very much. 8. A: You should. They must _ __ _ __ __ _ a mi llion caluries in them. yo u never cat fruit. B: Yo u're right. I just try to cat well. A: I do n't worry about it. B: Probably. A: Here she is. You an d your wife must _ __ _ __ __ _ very happy. B: She's so beautiful. In fact. A: Do you see that beautiful ring in the window? I really love it. A: 1 sec you're not eating your apple. it's very beautifu l. But we do n't get much sleep these days. B: 1 sure do. A: We arc. 9. This is a conversation between two students in the school cafeteria. Don't yo u? B: Yes. (Thinking to himself: This is an expensive jewclry shop.} (contim~d) Modals-Present and Future. Relared Expressions 171 . but I never think about it. You have a small baby. The ring must over $5.7.V()1'krn. 1 don't Iikc fru it. This is a convenation between a young couple. You must _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ about getting fat.CX)()' She must _ _ _ _ _ __ _ that I'm rich . A: Do you want to sce a picture of my new baby? B: Yes. This is a convenat'ion betUl€en two c(H. Yo u must _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ what I'm talking about. She's about two months old now. Th ere arc so many countries where Spanish is spoken that it's hard CO know for sure. You must _ _ __ _ _ _ _ a tou rist. A: Are you lost? B: Speak slowly. we conclude that something a. 10. She might have more boxes inside.) B: (To himself.11 Possibility vs. She may be from Colombia. I see it's my sister. EXERCISE m with Decide if the situation is probable or possible. Or it may be my mother or it In sentences (b). is probable based on information we have or b. I've seen her garage.) 4. I don't have (aller ID. He must not _ _ _ _ _ _ __ any English. don't know. My neighbor has a box near her door. A: ARE YOU LOST? (To hmelf. we have little or no could be a telemarketer. I asked her to speak mo re slowly and she's shouting instead.M. In sentences (c). There are many c. In sentences (a). She must have at least 50 boxes in there. Are you lost? B: Please repeat. It might information is true. Probability in the Present May/might and must can show degrees of certainty. evidence or information. She might be from Mexico. c. This is a conversation between two strangers on the street. She must _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ that I'm deaf. please. I really an estimate we make. and she possibilities. 172 Lesson 4 . calls me every day at three o'clock. I don't know. A: I sec you're looking at a map. I have Caller ID. DEGREES OF CERTAINTY EXPLANATION Who's calli ng? a. Fill in the blanks must for probability or may/might/could for possibility. be my sister. we are certain that the b. It must be my mother. EXAMPLES A: Where is Linda Ramirez from? B: Ramirez is a Spanish name. It's 3:00 P. 8. B: Yo u _ _ ___ miss them very much. Hc must be from Vietnam. A: Why is that student sneezing so much? B: I don't knov. Fil ipinos have Spanish names too. B: _____ have some change. 1.oscnt cllld Future. Rclart. so it be ai:x)Ut noon. A: Does Yoko speak Japanese? B: She speak Japanese. or it _____ be an allergy. 7. Therc's a woman over there. A: Is Susan married? B: She _ _ ___ be married. A: Why did n't Joe come to the party? B: Who knows? He _____ not li ke parties.. We're lost. A: I've never lived far from my parents before. A: Where's Washington Avenue? B: I don't know. She _ _ _ _ know. Let me look in my pocket. She be sick . 9. A: Where's the teacher today? B: No one knows. 6. 10. Thcy're always holding hands. A: I do. She's wearing a wedding ring. A: Look at that young couple. 5. 3. B: Where is Tran Nguyen from? A: I know that's a Vietnamese name. and kissing. Let's ask her. 2. A: What time is it? B: I don'r have a watch. A: I need to make some copies. but don 'r have change for the copy mach ine."li Expressions 173 . (continued) Mo<b ls-Pn. B: Thcy be in love.A: She could be from the Ph ilippines. 4. She's from Japan. The sun is directly overhead. She _ _ __ _ have a cold. smiling at each other.r. 13. A: What are you watching on TV? B: It's a program about how to get muscles. A: You're supposed to be doing your homework now.9"--_ for my test and not watching TV now. Pe::. You shouldn't be _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ so close to the TV. Why are you reading now? It's midnight. 11. B: Let's ask the teacher. 2. Move back. Everyone is yawning. He must be shred<Hng for a present continuous our important papers. They _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ be getting tired. 12. A: My friend isn't answering his cell phone.:. 1. 4. 174 Lesson 4 .. It's late. B: She _ _ _ __ be shy or she _ ____ not know the answers to the questions. A: Linda never answers any questions in class. B: Why don't you ask our grammar teacher? He _____ know the answer. 3. tu=cl". She _ ____ know the answer. meaning. A: I have a question abou t American history.y"in". A: I have a question about grammar.12 Modals with Continuous Verbs EXAMPLES EXPLANATION A: Whafs that noise? Use modal + be + verb -ing B: Thafs my husband using the shredder. I'm sure he doesn't take his phone into the shower! EXERCISE ID Fill in the blanks to complete each statemenL EXAMPLE I know I shou ld _ _. She must watching a movie now. My sister said she might go to a movie today. 4. I know he always has it with him. She's not answering her cell phone.::6. You're sitting t<x> close to the TV. You're supposed _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ sleeping. But there's a great program on now. B: He might be taking a shower now.:. It could be dangerous. 04» A: I received a letter about a sweepstakes. H: I th ink I do .nos buy magazines in order to enter the contest. My daughter's been using the Internet all day.Cdon't have 19l buy anything. Choose the correct words in parentheses ( ) to complete the conversation. I've read several articles on the Internet about sweepstakes and seams recently. If an ad tells you that you are (4) already a winner. you (shouldn't / must not) believe it. B: Yo u' re wrong. 6. (exampti) A: But if I buy something. (5) A: But if a letter tells me I've won a milli on dollars. You're not supposed to be _ __ __ _ __ so loudly. A: How do I know wh at to believe? B: You (m. B: Yo u'd be crazy if you did. A: Then you (must / could) know a lot (2) about this topic. so both answers are correct. She ____ _ _ ___ be her homework or she chatting with her friends. But you (shouldn't / don'. Please be quiet. 5. EXERCISE Cl Read this conversation. I think I "TU''''" CD2. 8: That's not true. Sometimes both choices have the same meaning. 8. Related Expressions l75 . 7.ay / 5hould) use common sense. This is a library. I'd be crazy not to look into it further. that (might / may) ( 11 increase my chances of winning. You (must not. have to) beli eve everything you (J) read on the Internet either. She might a party. Do you think someone is going to give you a m illion dollars for nothing? (continued) Modals-Presem and Future. There's so much noise coming from my neighbor's apartment. You _ _ _ _ _ __ _ be _ __ _ _ _ __ o n your cell phone while driving. in our postal mailboxes. It (could/ might) take months before I see a (12) difference. For example. than ks for your advice. you (might / should) 'WOrk hard and save your f6. mo ney. and on TV. B: If you want to get rich. But it's the only way. (1 0) B: If yo u want to lose we ight. B: That's right. There are already laws telling compani es what they (are allowed to / aTe permitted 00) do or not. . you (could / can ) enter sweepstakes. yOll (might / ought to) eat a healthy diet (II) and exercise every day.st/ shauld) think I'm stllpid for believing all these things I (14 ) see and hear. B: I agree. Yes. use your commo n sense. and protect yourself. There are offers for products that (must/ are supposed to) make me lose weighL l'm a bit overweight f9i and I (have w / have got w) lose 20 pounds. A: But it {could / might} take years [Q get rich tha t way. A: But that takes time. f8. but you probably won't win. info mercia ls o ften have celebrities talking about a product. Some companies are very clever about getting your interest. A: I get offers by e~mail too. 176 Lt!sson 4 . A: No. but . But life isn't like that. A: Well. But some companies don't (J7) do what they (aT<supposed to / could) do. B: I do n't think you're stupid. m B: That's the only way. All those ads tell you that problems (can / must) be fixed with easy solutio ns. . A: Tht! government (should/ might) do something to stop these (/ 6) ads from appearing in our e-mail. You (are expected to / are suppa~ed to) (/5) trust the celebrity and beli eve what he or she says is true. (IJ) A: Yo u (mu. It's up to you to be (181 informed. negative consequences You'd better not stay up late tonight. I can put it Negative: Lack of necessity. Social acceptability I get annoyi ng telemarketing calls.M. 4 = EXAMPLES EXPLANATION You must take a test to get a driver's license. PersonaLobLigation I've got to mail a letter. Law or rule (official tone) You must not drive without a license. can wear jeans to class. She must not be very hungry. requirement. She may not know the answer. less forma L than must not Students in the U. Did you look there? They could be on the table. You may win a prize if you enter the contest. You're supposed to take your hat off in church. Summary of Lesson 4 • 4 $=. She must be happy. My brother is supposed to ca U me this weekend. or you might fail the test. Deduction or logicat conclusion She's eating very little.S. about the present I can't find my keys. Expectation because of information This face cream is supposed to make you look younger. options possible You'd better study tonight. Advice You ought to exercise every day. e e _S = e lie w. Warning.. Possibility about the present They might be in your pocket. Negative: Prohibition. You could win a prize if you enter the contest. or you won't be stated or implied aLert in the morning. 41 • » . It's supposed to rain tomorrow. Permission You cannot/may not ta lk during a test. rule often broken ] have to mail a Letter. What can I do? Suggestions You could listen politely. She won a lot of money. or schedule We're supposed to write five compositions. You should exercise every day. Law or rule (unofficial tone) He's not supposed to park here. She might not understand the question. Related Expressions 177 . Negative: Prohibition. . custom. She looks confused. we receive or because of a promise. I don't have to go to the post office. Negative: It's not advisable. Modals-Presenr and Future. other in the mailbox. or you can say you're not interested and hang up.. You shouldn't eat so much ice cream. You may/can write the test with a pencil. Negative: Prohibition You're supposed to wear your seat beLt. The movie is supposed to begin at 8 P.: ea . but he did. Or they may be in you r car. Possibility about the future You might win a prize if you enter the co ntest. Editing Advice se • • e . : QC S$ le _c = .•• to r m able. be able to. ve We. study You should studyiA~ every day. Use the correct \\'Ord o rder in a questio n with a modal. are TheY. ed You're not allow. if You. work on Saturday. Don' t forget 'd [0 express had better. go She can't gees with you. Your car isn't working well. (Exception: ought to) You should te buy a new car. and allowed to.cc . to talk during the test. Don't put two modals together. 2. got to leave now. Use the base fonn after a modal.q == £QC e :. Don't forget be o r to in these expressions: be supposed to. 7. 5. permitted to. 6. Don't forget d in supposed to. be permitted w. be allowed to. 3. Use have/has befo re got [0 in wr iti ng. Don't use to after a modal. be able to You must €af> drive well before you can get your license. 8. He's too young. d He's not supposeJo drive. should I What I s~9uld do? 178 Lesson 4 .:0 •• ' . 4. better take the bus to work. &le A I 1.supposed to leave at 6 A. Editing Quiz '>4A _'" 3Ch _ )IQ 0t!C It )OO O# . = .:to (12 ) participate. You £CSJ to put a stamp o n the postcard and fill in some .s~~~fq mail in this postcard.tted. write C.:l buy something too? II I B: That's not necessary.:~~er the sweepstakes witho ut buying (J) anything. SS"" _ 'Ri 4. (example) me? B: YQI.!'P!itl8( do to enter? Can }OU help (exampk.be able win a (9) (J b) m illio n dollars.. what you can lose? • m It's so simple. A: But you mighr~ru)ihg a lot o f m o ney. Employees not. :Y'0u. Anyway.. Anyway..to increase my chances of 141 winning.. A: Mlli.. rm not( 11allowed ) enter t hat sweepstakes. That's all. I'll ~' abf€. Do not change the modal itself.p"ei1jli. Find the mistakes and correct them. B: Yo u o.""rues have mistakes.rea4 the small print so you 1/3) cari:iI'ni:lmtim'd this better. (14) Modals-Prcsent and Futu re. What 1 . •• c: Some of the shade!L~and. If the shaded words are correct. 8: I always throw those things away.. A: 1 think that if I buy something. It says here "No Purchase Necessary. Only look for mistakes in grammar. You ~h tp. Yo u mighr:." A: O h.$$ .better. A: Why no t? B: Because I work fo r that company. S$ . 4. Related Expressions 179 .B) infor mation. B: I th ink e ntering a sweepstakes is a waste o f time. must I C A: I' m going to enter a sweepstakes.iJe. I see. It says so right here. Yo u should do it too.ugh%0 0reaQ this info rmatio n carefu lly. ... : ".rnplln)" Is a" Equ.lial) Address _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ City State Zip code .----.._ _ _ _~__ _ _ _ EduGltional background: D:lte g:rnduated Degree or major High School Collq.1 Ol'ponunir.s.~1 M:~n~ R"o. Fill our thlt fo llowing fonn..tu l al'l. 112-5554321 Applic. ""rk in the U.ire of birth ..'O.ent J<lctJlnt. (".. For office use only. noli". On the following pages. d l ire.) Complmy Position Dates Supervisor Reason fo r le:l\'ing Do not wriTe in the shaded box. Lesson 4 Test/Review u.0.tSt IS.·nTIlSli ••'" . chech . n..>e G rad uate School 10 Employmem history (Please start with )"our pr~ nt ur last job.. tu P"Ml U.('f.... S S ..It."" i"flu.-..4$ O!C .. Rec'd. N:mlt! (I~SI) (firs.) (l11iJJlc in..--... circle the best words to complete each sentence. IL 60640 FAX number. ..-. lCt' o ut . 1>''''''''''''... Mail or fax the appliclltion to: Ms.. '.. _ " .iool~Iir.- Telephone ( E-mail addres. . (optional) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ 5<> _ _ (}.I pll)~ Ji<abiJilY"ill . ~. .":SSll n 4 .lic:l nls 10 pre. ..' Enll"*.--c. .. e . .. _ _ _ __ Doe... Judy lipmo 1'.. by _ _ 11 Amcr." n:l.{you must be:1t 1e'. cif.: :: se • PART a Look at the job application."111 residen.:i'""=>n 10 hirc. Box 3ZX C hiCllt.ce with ...Uih ll) . Print in hIHck ink...s.J _ __ _ Trnnscripts received Tht" I mmi~TlltK'" Act of 198C ' <!qui...} 0 (momhJ (day) h'l"llr) Social Security number _____. I ct'l1ifr Ihal Ih~ an'''"n"S are nu ...'f. The numbers on the application refer to each one of the sentences on pages 181-182..-.-. • L...i...."" all Mto:l"".·. Sign:lrure: _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ Dm!!: _ __ _ __ _ ISO Lt. ""'.. f!.nio ns must be submitted by November 15.. You (have to I should) prove your Citizenship or residency. 12. You Cd better not/ mustn't) send it by regu lar mail. Yo u (could / are supposed to) write yo ur last name before your first name. You ca n be a permanent res ident. In the employment histo ry sectio n. 3. Today is November 14. 4. <may / must) have a Social Security number. it (must not / might not) arrive o n time. cit. / could) write June 7 or 6/7 o r 6-7. You (must notl don't have (0 ) be a n American citizen to apply for the job. you (might / must) be over 18. If you don't have permission to work in the U." (must / should) mean American citizen. People who work in the U. 1. Related Expressions 181 . To apply for the job. You have several choices in writing the date. "Amer. an American (might / should) think you mean July 6 instead ofJune 7. (continued) Modals-Presem and Future.S..EXA MPLE Yo u ceren't supposed t~/ couldn't) use a red pen to fill out the application. If you use regu lar ma il. 7. Lipcon (must / should) be the person in charge of hiring.s. 10. you a re asked why you left your last job. Upton. 9 .S. For sex. Ms. you (might not / canno') apply for this job. You (have to / might) submit the application to Ms. or yo u (might / can ) fax it to Ms. 11. You (are supposed to / could) include your phone number. you (might / aTe supposed to) write M for ma le or F for female. 8. 6. You (could / aTe supposed to) send it by overnight express mail. Lipton' s office. 5. To write the date of your birth in the U. . You (mu. You (shouldn't / don't have to) includ e your e-ma il address. you (should / can) write the mo nth before the day.. You (can't l aren't supposed (0) write in the shaded box. She wants the application by November 15. If you putthe day before the month. Yo u (may / are supposed to) include the schools you attended. 2. The employer (might / should) want to know if you were fired or if you left on your own. milld go to a tutor.ffi. / You. If the sentences have the same meaning. I have to work tomorrow. / You must not wear jeans. 6. / If you need more help. 13. PART. religion. / You ll. write S. 2. / I . you can go to a tutor. / I. / You do n't have to write the answer. D 1. / We ought to visit our mother.t wear your seat belt. / You may not use a pencil for the test. 16. EXAMPLES You haYe. / Yo u are not alloy. / You shouldn't drive to work.5ary to drive.llit make a right turn here. 13. You don't have to drive to work. You're not allowed to use a pencil for the test. 4.Dll!S. I muk! be wrong. 5. You shouldn't wear jeans. to wear your seat belt. write O. 15.red to eat in the computer lab. 5 You . If the sentences have a different meaning. I . 11. you. / I'ye got to work to mo rrow. You ~ eat in the computer lab. 9. / I might be wrong. Read the pairs of sentences. You (may / must) sign the applicatio n and include the date. Yoy don't have to drive. 14. You (don't have to / must not) lie on the application form.ight go to New York next week. / You don't have to come back after the final exam. 8. He 00t speak Korean. 12. 10.!.. / He miCht not speak Korean.might help my sister o n Friday. or nationality. / It is not neces. / She is ahle to drive a ca r.. / You should open the window. We sbould visit our mother. You're not supposed to write the answer.Il1a¥ go to New York next week. 14. 15. You should make a right turn here. She gm drive a car.!ill: open the window. I'm supposed to help my sister on Friday.m. 7. 182 Lesson 4 . You must not come back after the final exam.. 3. If you need more help. The company (might not / may not) choose a worker based on race. Expansion Classroom Activities 0 Form a small group. Guests are supposed to bring food to the party." If you're invited to a party. In the u. tell if there is a comparable custom in your native culture or country. 17. On the right. You'd better wake up early tomorrow morning. in most cases you're not supposed to take your children. Fried chicken and pizza are examples. Related Exp ress ions 183 . / You milld wake up early to mo rrow morning. e On the left are some American customs. Modals-Present and Future. "Bless you. In my native culture o r country When someone sneezes. Your group will make deductions about you. When you're too sick to go to work. Take something from your purse or pocket that says something about you. Students are not supposed to talk to each other during an exam. There are some foods you can eat with yo ur hands. You don't have to fill ou t the applicatio n with a red pen. you're supposed to call your employer and say you're not com ing in that day. America ns sometimes have potluck parties. Write what that custom is. 18.s. EXAMPLE car keys You must have a car. / You aren't suptx>sed to fi ll out the application with a red pen. you're supposed to say. Show it to your group. driver's license. cleans. What sho uld I do? d. What should I do? e. I have to do everything. but J ca n't take her with me. check cashing card. apartment rental. I got permiss ion to come to the U. a. o r washes the d ishes. or raffle? What did you win? o Did you ever buy a product that claims to do something but doesn't do it? 184 l esson 4 . It can be an applkation for a job. Work with a partner. What should I do? b. lkense plate. ete. but I don't have enough money right now. sweepstakes. I think I deserve a C. There is no name on it. I have a dog. I need a new car. Use modals to help the other person fill it out correctly. o Find a partner and write some sentences to give advice for each of the following problems. I found an envelope with $ 100 in it in front of my apartment bui lding. W hat should [ do? c. The other person will fill the application out. address change. He never cooks. My uncle came to live with us. rebate. e Bring in two copies of an application. I' m very unhappy with the situation. I've had this dog for six years. One person will give instructions. EXAMPLE You're not supposed to write below this line.S. What should I do? Talk About It 0 Why do you think the elderly are often the victims of seams? f) Have you ever seen a TV infomercial? For what kind of products? 00 you believe the claims about the product? e How do you respond to telemarketing calls? o What do you think of TV commercials? Cl) Did you ever win a prize in a contest. since she was a puppy. I got a 0 in my bio logy class. I don't need . dinner. Companies are always telling me that I should get a new service or buy a new product that. e What is your experience with telemarketing calls? Write one paragraph telling how you respond to them. Describe the commercial and tell why it annoys you. EXAMPLE Telemarketlng Calls It.h my fami ly too eat. down wlt.he phone rings. For more practice using grammar in context. seems whenever I sit..Write About It 0 Write about a TV commercial that annoys you. Mudals-Prescnt and Future. e Write about a time someone tricked you into buying something or paying money for something you didn't get.. please visit our Web site. Related Expressions 185 . I probably shouldn't answer the phone but I do. Write another paragraph giving advice to someone who gets these calls. t. . president 1961-1963 . Ken nedy. Lesson Grammar Modals in the Past Context American Presidents Joh n F.. . the Southern slave owners wanted to continue slavery. fought in. Onc newspaper had called unco ln "a fourth~rate lecrurcr. TR 09 have. O nc of those was Abraham Lincoln.s. Lincoln's parents were poor and uneducated. Before • • •. the president who finally brought the cnd of slavery in the u. e. where they worked o n fa rms in the production of sugar. But he 1<Nod to rcad. who cannot speak gcxxl gra mmar. may have. and other crops. Seeing the reaction of the crowd. Africans were brought to America as slaves. gave a speech that lasted two hours in front of a crowd of almost 20. The audience may have been surprised by the brevity' of thc speech. Lincoln . Much to his opponents' surprisc. Pay special attention to should -4» CD 2. From the time of the first English colo nies in America... What do you know abo ut President Lincoln? 2. Lincoln won the electio n fo r president in 1860. jo urnalists must have tho ught he was not very smart. But during his time. Some people thought he must not have been finished. other politicians d id not take him seriously.S. TIle prosperity of the white fa rmers in the South couldn' t ha\'e happened witho ut slaves. President Lincoln was invited to say a few wo rds at the battleground. and could have. Lincoln fo llowed Evcrett with a two-m inute speech.000 people. More than half a million sold iers d ied o n ooth sides of the conflict. e _ e= - You Read 1. Has your coun try ever had a civil war? Read the following textbook article. Before he became president. At that time. Lincoln dmsed in poorly fitting clothes and didn't look like the polished politicians of the East." Because Lincoln had so little schooli ng. Lincoln. What fo UO\. . must have. Pennsylvania. But many no rthcrncrs were against slavery. On November 19.ved was the worst internal crisis in American history: the C ivil War. Edward Everett. . but Lincoln wanted to stop the spread of slavery.. and Lincoln had only 18 months of schooling. One especial ly terrible battle took place at Gettysburg. the main speaker. hE & SA _ . the most of any war that the U. many had their doubts about his ability to lead the country d uring the growing conflict between the North and the South. cotton. and he educated himself. Today many people consider Abraham Lincoln to be onc of the greatest presidents of the United States. ue SE C$$ l$ liC4 ea 'P !A . the audience was silent. 'When he was finished. . Most of them were taken to the South. and the Civil War 4 . 1863.Slavery. (. This speech. Pronunciation Note: In informal speech.. In his speech. is considered one of the greatest speeches in American history. \'. '~ 6.t . Lincoln was assassinated.. He said the president had said more in two minutes than he. Active Subject Modal Not Have Past Participle Complement I . The Civil War continued until April 9. Southern could not have become rich wit hout slaves. (continued) Modals in the Past 189 .1T\\lIt IU. turned to Everett and said he was afraid his speech had been a failure. have is often pronounced like of or la/. known as the Gettysburg Address.I'C'OL'·:. " .1:. use modal + have + past participle... when the North finally won. \1 ~ ... had said in two hours. Lincoln said that the country was dedicated to freedom and that "government of the people. should have prepared the speech more carefully. People may not have realized that his speech was fi nished.. on April 26.. He said the speech was perfect. Everett. farmers Some people must have thought (that) Lincoln was not very smart.. for the people" had to continue. by the people.. ' 0 ' I "IH~k . To form the past of a modal.y. 1865. Less than three weeks later. Everett did not agree. He said he should have prepared it more carefully.. I. . (41 A: No. O ur lesson depends o n it. (Z) he gave onc of the greatest speeches of any American president.. use modal + have + been + past partidple. Lincoln could have been elected again. Passtve Subject Modal Not Hove8een Past Participle Complement The peopLe might have been surprised by the speech.-_ pronounced his n ame wrong.it very fast. B: Who's Lincoln? A: What do you mean.. (61 A: He was wcll~likcd by many in the North..c. It's (example) about Lincoln. B: Lf he was such a good president. but most Southerners didn't like him because they wanted slavery to continue. I thought you said "Lccko. I think he chose his words ~ry carefu lly... EXERCISE a Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences.s.. he said. You must have _--. Anyway.-_ well-liked. But after the speech. A: You shou ld have read it. 190 Lesson 5 . Of course I've heand of him. "[ sho uld have . He was onc of the most well-known (11 presidents of the u.To form the passive of a past modal.. I must _ --... But it was a perfect speech. Abraham Linco ln. and he was a great president. SLavery shouLd not have been pennitted in the U. The people in the aud ience might _~c-_ cxpcctcd a (51 longer speech." A: Oh. "Who's Lincoln?" Abraham Lincoln.it more carefully.-. I didn't have time. Sorry. he must _ ---. A: Did you read the story about Lincoln before class? B: No.S.---. B: O h.--_ of him. I don't think he wrote it fast.-." (31 B: He must have ---cc . . '1 may not have g. "They must not have Uked ~ They probably thought he wasn't smart.2 Past Possibility and Probability . Lincoln thought. They must have thought he wasn't smart. or could have + Why didn't the audience react after lincoln's past participle.ght not have prepared well enough. "I m. They may have expected him to say more.8) Because Li ncoln had so littLe schooli ng. ~ Maybe I bored the audience. lincoln thoug ht. about a past event based on observations we When Li ncoln finished his speech after two make or info rmation we have." have and might not have." (See Section 5.shed. audience." use may have. We are saying minutes. "" Maybe they expected him to say more. They may have expected him to say more. might have. use may not very good speech. Don't use could not have because it has a different meaning. I might have bored the audience. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION lincoln thought. Modals in the Past 191 . The sentences on the left speech? express "maybe" about the past. l incoln thought. They could have been surprised. my speech: He must not have been finished. They could have been surprised. some people thought that he must that something is probably true. .They probably didn't like my speech. "I m.ght have bored the To express possibility about the past. = Maybe they were surprised.5. some We use must have + past participle to make a journalists must have thought he was not statement of logical conclusion or deduction very smart. They must not have liked my speech .ven a To show negative possibility. not have been fin.He probably wasn't finished. 1. These are some guesses about why he did it. EXAMPLE Maybe he registered for the wrong sectio n . B: I may _ _ _ _ __ __ it o ff. they're not t here. Situation: A student dropped out of a course after the first few weeks. (m ight) 7. I might _ _ _ _ _ __ _ it by mista ke. (may) 6. A: Have you seen my keys? B: You're always losing your keys. Why didn't you leave a message? A: I did leave a message. Maybe he had a lot of problems at home. B: Let's scc. A: Bu t I tried calling your cell pho ne too. Maybe he wanted to be in his friend's cl ass. A: No. 1. A: You deleted my message? B: Sorry. Where was [? I might _ _ --"ha"'v"'B"o"B"'B:::"'---_ at the (exampk) library at t hat time. Maybe he d id n 't like the teacher. Maybe he left town. (cou ld) 2. Maybe he fo und a ftllI·time job. (m ight) EXERCISE. Change these maybe statements to statements with may have. (may) 4. EXERCISE. might have. A: I was trying to call your ho use last night. 2. Answers may vary.M. (m ight) 3. B: What time did you call? A: After 8 r. {may} H e may have registered for the wrong sectio n. or could have. I already looked. but you d idn't answer. 192 Lesson 5 . (could) 5. (cou ld) 8. Maybe the class was too h ard for h im. B: O h . Maybe he got sick. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate verb for past possibility. Maybe he preferred an earlier class. You may _ _ _ _ _ _ __ th em in your pocket. I usually curn it off when I'm at the library. But so far she hasn' t mentioned anything. B: Well. She didn't pick it up. 4. They might _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ hundreds of candidates fo r the job. B: Why don't you go to the "lost and found"? Somebody may _ _ __ __ _ _ _ it and retu rned it there. why don't you ca ll and tell the company you're still interested? A: But they could _ __ _ __ _ _ _ someone else already. you might _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ them in the door when you came in last night. A: I applied for a job three weeks ago. S. A: Where's the "lost and found"? B: In front of the cafeteria. you're right! They're in the door. I left my dictionary in class yesterday. Anyway. I'm sure she has a lot on her mind and can easily forget something. Thanks. so I'm su re that's not it. you could _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ them as you were getting out of the car. B: You won't know if they hired someone else unless you ask. A: I asked my boss fo r a raise last week. A: I'm so upset. but so far I haven't heard anyth ing. Why don't you ask her aga in? (continued) MoJals in {he I'<lst 193 . I probably didn't do well on the interview. 3. A: When I drop keys. Now I' ll have to buy a newone. B: She might about it. I can hear them hit the ground. B: You don't know that. B: Why don't you ask the teacher? She might _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ A: I already did. B: Wel l. A: O h. and she said she'd get back to me. it was. He was assassinated in 1963 when he was only 46 years o ld. He was an American president. I checked. Wow." A: Yes. but it djdn't take me downtown. A: No. A: Yes." not "60. (cx(!mp/e) B: No. A: I followed you r directions to go downtown yesterday. There's a picture of him in this book. 1 mi sunderstood you. A: Kennedy's death was such a tragedy. rR 10 B: Who's Kennedy? A: You don't know who Kenncdy was? He was so famous. You must _ _--'h~a~v~e"h~e'_'a"r"d'___ of him. 8: Your friend may _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ his old account and opened a new one. 6. 04» C02. "60. 2. He was so handsome. Answers may vary. It mu st _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ a hard time for Americans. A: No. B: That's terrible. B: You might _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ the addrcss wrong." B: It's hard to hear the difference between 16 and 60. A: 1 sent an c~maH to an old friend and I got a message saying it was undcliverable. you must _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ a terrible day. B: You must _________ me. " 16. He must _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ a movie star. Anyway. I thought you said . They were in high school when it happened. EXERCISE 11 Fill in the blanks with an appropriate verb for past probability. 1. 1 remember my parents telling me about it. I took the number 60 bus. I wrote it correctly. They must _ _ _ _ _ _ __ about 15 or 16 yea rs o ld. Even native speakers misu ndersta nd each other. 194 Lesson 5 . I've never heard of him. I said. 1 must _ _ __ __ _ __ in the shower. A: She must _ __ _ __ __ that I was crazy. When 1 got o ff th e bus. A: How d id you do o n the last test? B: I didn't know about the rest. B: A taxi must _ _ _ __ __ _ you over $20! A: In fact. B: I' m sure she didn't think anything of it. I always keep my cell phone on. A: Yes. A: I th ink Ro na must _ __ _ __ _ _ _ it [00. B: Did you see Paula? She was so exci ted when she saw her exam. I fa iled it. Sherri. B: O h. she started to cry. (continued) Modals in the Past 195 . B: You must _ _ _ _ __ _ __ with my tvtin sister. She must _ __ _ _ __ __ an A. A: How did you like the party last Saturday. B: I must _ __ _ _ _ __ _ absent that day. 1 was totally lost. so I took a taxi downtown. 3. but you didn't answer the phone. so I didn't study. We look alike. What time did you call? A: About 8 r. So I wasted a lot of time and money yesterday. B: Then it must not _ _ _ __ _ _ __ very important. 5. A: The teach er announced it last Thursday.M. She's used to it. it cost me $30. 1 kept calling her Terri. A: 1 called you yesterday. B: You must _ __ _ _ __ _ _ 3 wrong number. 1 had an awful day. A: What do you mean you weren't there! We talked fo r a few hours. When she got her paper. Why did you call? A: 1 forgot already. Terri! B: I wasn't there. 4. 7. so she saved a lot before they came. B: She must _____ _ _ _ _ a lot of money. to restaurants. A: O h. Let's just call our friends. B: You must a wrong rum somewhere. "I' m 58 years old. The battery is dead. I must _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to recharge it. She didn't want them to leave. They'll tell us how to get to their house. You always forget to recharge it. A: I said. "How old are you?" A: She gave me a strange look. and she answered. "How are you?" to one of my classmates. B: Not again. but now 1 think I'm driving north. 8. A: Maria's relatives just went back to Mexico. to concerts. I was looking at it before we got in the car.) I can't fi nd the map.he glooe wmpartmen." W hat was she th inki ng? B: She must that you said. B: No problem. no. (After looking in . She took them everywhere-to museums. A: Yes. Let me use you r cell phone. They were here for a month. She must that I was impolite aski ng about her age. A: I thought I was driving east. A: She knew she was go ing to spe nd a lot of money. 196 Lesson 5 . Let's take a look at the map. 6. but she must sad when she took them to the airport. A: I must _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ it on the kitchen table. B: She must _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ a wonderfu l time with them. Why do n't we just stop at a gas station and get directions? A: You know I don't like to ask for directions. We used the credit card to get cash. B: That's nothing. B: We were there for two weeks. it was terrible. A: YO ll look tan. A: Then she must _ __ _ _ __ _ _ yo u in spite of your mistake. He must not _ _ __ _ __ _ _ financial aid this semester. wasn'r it? B: Not really. Finally when the rain stopped. A: But it must ___ _ __ _ _ _ nice to get away from winter here and be in the sun. A: So then the rest of your trip was fine. we lost our money and cred it cards. 10. A: What did you do? B: The credit card company canceled our ca rd and gave us a new one. I went to a restaurant and asked the waitress for "soap" instead of "soup. Have you? B: He must _ __ _ __ _ __ A: Why wou ld he drop out? He was close to btetting his degree. B: I was. M~)dals in the Past 197 . You must _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ out in the sun. A: I haven't seen Peter this semester. It must ______ _ _ _ fo r all but the last few days. A: That must _ _ _ __ __ _ _ wonderful. I got some sun. First." A: So did she bring you soap or soup? B: Soup. of course. 9. We rented a car and it kept breaking down. B: He said that he wouldn 't come back if he didn't get financial aid. A: That's too bad. When I didn't speak much English. I was in Flo rida fo r vacati on. B: Actually. ed S' R"" ". On October 22.. 198 Lesson 5 .". the U. . they all agreed that this was indeoo a major crisis that could have changed the world as we know it.. October 27 is a day I'll never forget." A fOrmer Kennedy aide added. discoven. and Russians involved in the dt. • =_ so os PES . In exchange.re missiles in Cuba could ha\{! reached any JXlint in the continental United States" except the northwest corner. and he would respond with a full attack on the Soviets.~)rk t'''' problems " 'id. but here we are.s."CrCl:'<.s s~illfu [ negotia' ioll between cou ntries lO . ship could easily have grown into a fu ll nuclear war between the U. For IJ days..u cQI 'n1Ties• •he kl~ of ".cs' M.. hkh An' no' IlOl " of lile u. What could have been a tragic event is nOW' only a chapter in history. --~~~~~~~~~~~j ' In 1991.>n Rbout UIIle. ma. diplomacy" won over war. and the Soviet Union.he rou nrry .fk~. President Kennedy announced on TV that any attack from Cuoo \\Uuld be considered an attack from the Soviet Union.n~nJ. .. .. He sent out the U.oll' figtuinjo:. 40 year> later. Ih" c"nt mllntd[igence Agenc\.. Do you think a nuclear war is possible today? ~») Read the following textbook article.. the world was at the edge of a major war. The U.hen o iled .S.~ to RH SIMe!l """"pI Hawa ii ~ lId Alru. ' /). .S.hidl is Rus. these weapons could have been used to destroy cities and military bases in the U. Finally.ka .lthers infutlnmi<.S. TR 11 could hove + past participle. Discussing the viewpoints and experiences of the Americans. Before oS.>Qsions made 40 years t. h g.f. Has your native country ever been at war with another country? 2. in October 2002. . In October 1962. Cuban president Fidel Castro met with former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and other Americans.. the United States and the Soviet Union 2 came d ose to war.S.ncnwl Uni.". the Soviets agreed to send their missiles back and promised to stop building military bases in Cuba. President John Kennedy saw this as a direa threat to national security..<i. The planet could have been destroyed. Remembering their experiences.1>10.>arlier.. Navy to block Soviet ships from delivering ~pons to Cuba. " $ : • .. O)u nr r.S.he SotW: Union. Cubans... which is only aoout 90 miles from Florida.S. You Read 1. McNamara explainoo that a nuclear attack on a U. The Cuban Missile Crisis . promised to remove its missiles from Turkey. He said at the conference. 'TIle CIA i.>d that the Soviet Union was beginning to send nuclear missiles to Cuba.ea*. "It could have been the end of the world. there was a reunion of many of the surviving players in th is crisis. broke up Ime IS d. 'The rofll. A fOrmer CIA3analyst who srudioo spy phoms told the group that at least 16 intennediate-rant. Pay special attention to CD 2." Fornmarely.ry 10 ". that something came close to happening. Modals in the Past 199 . sh ip could have grown into a full nuclear war. immediately.3 Past Direction Not Taken We use could hove + past participle to show that something did not happen. They could have attacked that a past opportunity was not taken. you idiot! Use CDuld have + past partiaple to show I could have killed you. but didn't. They could have invaded (uba. Kennedy and his advisors looked at severaL Use could have + past participLe to show possibilities. You could have broken the window. I heard you moved last weekend. we could have jumped for joy. an exaggeration of a result. I was so happy when I got an A on the test (that) I could have kissed the teacher. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION The Cuban Missile Crisis could have been the end Use could have + past participLe to show of the world. An attack on a U. that something almost happened. Several options were possibLe. I was so tired (that) I could have slept all day. all but one But they decided to give the Soviets a chance to were rejected. remove the missiLes and turn the ships around. missed opportunities.5. Father to son: Don't pLay baseball so close to the house. When the missiles were removed. Your ball came within inches of the window. I was so hungry (that) I could have eaten the Use could have + past participle to show whole pie by myself.5. Missiles could have reached aLmost any place in the U. Driver to pedestrian: Watch out. Why didn't you Use could have + past participle to show te[ me? I could have helped you .S. --_ __ an egg (fry) on the street.--c-cc-.-___ it again (uyuch) and aga in. EXERCISE... I was so embarrassed when I made a mistake in my speech that I could _ _ _~-. EXERCISE 11 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses ( ) to exaggerate the result.--____ of shame. (doe) 3.- (U'llIkJ on a ir. B: We d id. The movie was so good I cou ld _ _ _--.. A: I heard you bought a condo.al l of them. EXAMPLE A: Did you read abou t the Cuban Missile C risis! B: Yes.. She was so happy when she fe ll in love she could . EXAMPLE The party was so wonderful that I cou ld _ _"' ha"'v"e"s"'t=a y"ed " ---_ all night.) 1. almost went to war with the Soviet Union. A: Why d idn't you buy a house! Was it too expensive? 200 L(. (na.c .S.. 8.--.. Your cookies were so good [hat I cou ld . I enjoyed dancing so much last night that I could _ __ ~~_ __ (dann-J a ll night. The U.. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate verb for past direction not taken.-. A: Those two superpowers could have destroyed the whole world! 1. (kiss) 5..'SSOn S . Answers may vary... I was SO tired that I could _ _ _~_ _ __ fo r I Z hours yesterday. It was so hot yesterday that we could _ _ _~-. (sltepJ 2. 6. (cell) 7.. . I was so happy when my counselor told me about my scholarship th at I cou ld _ _ _~_ _ _ _ him.. 4. And my wife could _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ a career in modd ing. B: Who helped you move? A: We di d it all ourselves. (conrinued) Modals in the Past 201 . bur everythi ng worked OUt fine. A: Do you want to see our new apartment? We moved last Saturday. A: We appreciate your kind ness. B: What are friends for? A: Anyway. B: Why d id you move? You had a lovely apartment. The rent wasn't too bad and the land lord was nice. 3. She always lets me borrow it if I have to move stuff. We needed to rent a van. There's someone to take care of the grass in the sum mer and the snow in the wi nter. A: What do you do for a living? B: I' m a wa iter. A: le's not too late to follow your d ream. you have a small car. I' m su rprised you did n't stay there. Eve ryone says I've got a lot of talent. A: We could _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ there. She's so beautiful. A: We d idn 't want to bother our fri ends. B: We have small kids to su pport. 2. So I think my acting dreams and her modeling d reams are over. but I could _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ a fa mous acto r. but we don't have enough ti me to take care of thi ngs. B: I could _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ my sister's van. B: We could _ _ __ _ _ _ __ a house. B: Why d idn't you let me know? [ could you. So we thought a condo would be better. But it was too far from school and work. B: Why didn't you tell me! I could _ _ __ _ _ __ you there In my car. A: I didn't want to bother you. B: Yo u wasted a who le day today. S. I slept most of the way. You could yourself. and no one wo uld have been here to help you . A: That's not a problem. A: Sorry I' m so late. You could _ _ _ __ __ _ home hours ago. An d I did my homework while I was o n the bus o n the way there. I could ___ __ __ _ _ a lot of money. B: But I didn't fall. Now thcy're wo rth four times as much as what I sold them fo r. You could _ _ _ __ __ __ a lot of money too. The light is fixed. A: I bo ught stocks and sold them a few mo nths later. A: I can't believe you tried to fix the ceiling light without shutting off the electricity first. 6. You could . It took me almost two hours to get there. A: You should n't take chances. And you got up o n that tall ladder when you were ho me alone. O n the way ho me. I'm still alive and the light is fixed. and I didn't break a leg. It's a good thing the person sitting next to me woke me up. B: But I didn't. I could my bus stop. Everything's okay. You wo rry too much. 202 Lesson 5 . B: You never know with the stock market. 4. I'm ho me now. B: What happened? A: I had to take three buses to get to a job interview in the suburbs. . Did you vote? . Gore . . _.S. Besides. Al Gore had more of the popu lar vote. A: No.S..S. . Bush \WaS running against AI Gore. Didn't you hear about the presid ential electio n in ZOOO? ~ .! 2. didn't he! B: Yes.. • •• C$U e ' 00"*.S. .. What do you know abou t the election process in the U.. bu t he lost.a __ Before . EXERCISE • Fill in the blanks to tell about a missed opportunity in your life. 0(10 >' 4 . • . at that time. I was busy that day. o ne person s vote 15 not Important. Share your answers in a small group or with the entire claSs. But a lot of people thought AI Gore sho uld have won... I could have _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ ____ insread of _________________________________________ ~. (continued) Modals in the Past 203 .' " """. CL _I You Read 1. A: No. I>ut it's easier to find ajol> in my profession in the U.e. . You should have voted.. .. T1t 12 A: Did you vote in the last election! B: I couldn't. B: That's not true. . CD 2. . I wasn't in the U. ' . c= QiQ _ " (Jb$ T_ A _ . '= .but Election 2000: Bush vs. Pay special attention to should have + past participle.. A: Why' B: Th e electio n was very close. Do yOll think it's importa nt for every citizen to vote! 04) Read the following conversation. A: So? George Bush won. You're a citizen. I'm not a citizen. EXAMPLE I could have gone to Germany Instead of coming to the U. What happened ? B: George W.. has a strange way of picking a president. A few hours later." or "You shouldn't have given me a gift:. --. which is a lot. A: The news reporters should have waited until aU the votes were counted. B: It's really hard to understand. But anyway." This means. -.--. I don't deserve it. We use should have + past partidple to The news reporters shouldn't have announced comment on a mistake in the past. Usage Note: When a person receives an unexpected gift. "You shouldn't have.4 Past Mistakes EXAMPLES EXPLANATION You should have voted in the last election. but each state has a certain number of electoral votes based on population. B: You see? That's why you shou ld have voted. It's possible to win the popular vote and lose the electoral vote." Saying this is considered polite.--. This person might say. A! I don't understand. A: How could that happen! He shouldn't have lost ifhe had the people's vote. Who should have won the election of 2000? You ought to have voted. Usually the result of an election is known the same night or early the next mo rning. just to make sure. It's very complicated. "You shouldn't have gone to so much trouble or expense. B: I agree. and an appropriate response might be. Ought to is not usually used for negatives. we use ought to have + past participle. The Florida Supreme Court decided that Bush won the state by about 500 votes. A: Wow! That's a dose election. But Gore asked that the votes be counted again. he may be a little embarrassed.S." 204 Lesson 5 . Every vote counts. Florida had 25 electoral votes. We the winner so soon. are not really giving advice because it is impossible to change the past. The candidate who would win Florida in 2000 would win the election. A: So how did Florida vote? B: At first the news rcpoTted that Gore had won. "But it's my pleasure. B: The U. less frequently.-----~/ J 5. they said that Bush had won. (continued) Modals in the Past 205 . A: You're right. EXAMPLES A: I didn't study for the last test.EXERCISE m Fill in the blanks with an appropriate verb for past mistakes. B: This is what we n eed: a gallon of mi lk. my gosh! I fo rgot about the compositio n. and I failed it. B: What rime did yOll get up? A: About 45 minutes before class. B: You should down the assignment. B: You should something before class. but there was a great parry the nigh t before. Don't you remember? You sho uld _ _ __ _ __ _ _ the list. I'm at the supermarket now. B: You sho uld _ __ __ _ _ _ _ earli er. A: I know. B: Yo u sho uldn't ___ha~v~eCJgr:o~n~e_ _ to a party the night before a test. I sho uld _ _ _ _ _ _ __ B: Yes. but I was late. Did yO ll as k me to buy cereal? B: Yes. I'll get a calendar. and fro m now on. A: I know. (cell phone conversation) A: Hi. A: I'm so hungry. you should have. A: Those things are heavy. I didn 't have time [0 eat breakfast this morning. but I thought I'd remember everything. what topic did you use for your compositio n? A: O h. I m me here by bike. 2. B: Yo u should have studied A: I know. a bag o f dog food. and a watermelo n. A: O h . 1. of course. How do you expect me to carry all of those things ho me? B: In the ca r. By th e way. I'll write down all my assignments. and I went with my fri ends. so I didn't take the list. H: We can go and buy some. but yo u did n't pay attentio n. I don't like cold weather. You should with us. (husband and wife) H: I washed my blue pants with my new white shirt and now my shirt looks blue. but I didn't have eno ugh money. H: I sho uld my clothes to you to wash. I should _ _ _ _ __ __ _ it to the post office instead of putting it in the hotel mailbox. We did n't take jackets. B: Yo u should your money instead of spending it eating out in restaurants all the time. 206 Lesson 5 . W: Yo u should _ _ __ _ _ _ _ the clothes by colo r before putting them in the washing machine. 5. W: I may be your wife. 4. So don't give me your dirty clothes. Why did yo u suggest going to the mountains? We sho uld to the coast. B: Did you get my postcard? A: No. I always se parate mine. but I'm not yo ur maid. When did you send it? B: Over two weeks ago. 3. We sho uld our jackets. A: Yo u're right. And I shouldn't _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 50 many COs. A: I wanted to go with you. W: 1 did tell yo u that. H: Yo u should _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ me th at before we left. It's too cold here. (wife and husband) W: This is a terrible trip. A: How was your trip during spring break? B: It was great. T: But you d idn't do all your ho mewo rk. s: I'll report it today. (student and teacher) 5: Can you tell me my midterm grade? T: Didn't you receive it by mail? 5: No. 7. but she chose a fa ncy restaurant. 6. B: Yo u should _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ enough money with you. I tho ught we were going to go to a fast-food place. H: Maybe we shou ld home instead of raking a trip. but I did n't have enough money. I moved right after the semester began. (continued) Modals in the Past 207 . A: 1 took a young woman from class o ut fo r dinner last week. So can yo u tell me my grade? T: It's a C. I didn't think much abo ut h omework wh en I registered. s: Yo u're right. Yo u sho uld _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ all yo ur ho mewo rk. A: I took about $30 with me. T: Yo u should _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ about that before yotl registered for four courses. B: You sh ould the restaurant. S: Why a C? I got Bs and As o n the tests. T: Yo u sho uld a change of address in the school office when you moved. S: But I had to work full-time. W: I don't want to spend money o n jackets when we've got perfectly good o nes at home. 208 Lesson 5 . 8. B: SO what did you do? A: I went to the bathroom and called my brother o n my cell phone. He looked ho nest. then dinner. A: I do n't think I'm going to go out with her agai n. A: I co uldn't tell her that. then dessert and coffee.ou wanted to split the bill. B: I know. But when the bill ca me. B: Yo u sho uld her the truth. A: Yo u mean you didn' t even take info rmation from his driver's li cense? B: No. A: What happened to your car? B: I had an accident. A: I reali zed that later. Lying to her is no way to start a relationshi p. A: What did the police say? B: We didn't call the police. Someone hir me fro m behind. She ordt::red appetizers. I was trying to impress her. It's too late to get it now. A: You should _ _ __ _ _ __ _ informatio n about his insurance too. The other driver gave me his phone number and told me he would pay for the damage. B: Yo u should her that ). she just sat there. He rushed over to the restaurant and brought me some money. B: And I sho uld info rmatio n from his driver's li cense. A: Yo u sho uld the poli ce. it was a disconnected number. He pretended that ou r meeting there was an accident. I thought she wou ld pay fo r part of the dinner. But when I called. The teacher was supposed to expLain the eLection process to us. The kids weren't sup(X>Sed to _ ____ the cookies before they ate dinner. EXERCISE III Fill in the blanks with a verb. 5. I got a parking ticket yesterday. 3. It was supposed to _ _ _ __ last weekend. Yo u were supposed to _____ me this morning. but the teacher was absent. The play was supposed to _ _ _ __ at 8 r. but it didn't begin until R IO. You were supposed to _ __ __ o ut the application with a black pen. 8. I was supposed to _ _ _ __ my ho mework . but I didn't see the signs. I waited all morning for your call. 6-:h_ the report by Friday. but he was sick and didn't do it. EXAMPLE She was supposed to _-. 10. but I forgot. but we didn't. 2.fi~n".We were supposed to get the results of the Was/were supposed to is used for ruLes eLection on eLection night. but she didn't have enough time. but you used a red pen.M. 9. I couldn't get into the building. So I wrote it by hand. b ut they did.. so we canceled our picnic.i. But it never rained. 1. 7. We had [0 wait in the airport for two more h ours to start OUT trip. b ut it was late. I was supposed to _ _ _ _ _ my student ID. but I left it at home.. but she didn't have time. 4. I wasn't supposed to _____ on the east side of the street. or promises that have been broken or expectations that have not been met. We were supposed to have a test today. The teach er was supposed to _____ our compositions yesterday. Modals in rhe Past 209 . Our plane was supposed to _____ at 9:45. but my primer wasn't working. Answers may vary. 6. I was supposed to call my parents last night. Also pay attention to couldn't have + past participle and couldn't + base form.\I'fre wrong.hey stopped asking ror pub lic opinion a week before the election . especially newspapers and the radio. they \. Truman had to cam paign for re-election. but Dewey was considered the stronger cand idate. television. ) " $l Before You Read 1. Vice President Harry S. T ruman \\iOn by 1 m illio n vo tes. Roosevel. O n the basis of early opinion [Xllls. thought that Truman couldn 't win. died in 1945. 0. When President Franklin . The media even pla\e1 a hib'tOrical role in two notable presidential e1ectio ns. 13 have + past participle and had to + base form. Have yOll ever voted in an election! 2. and now the Internet-play an important pan in getting o ut information and often shaping public opinion. Pay special attention to must CD 2. When the VOtes were all counted. Truman traveled tirelessly. However.newspapers.. The med ia. The election results were coming in slowly and newspapers h ad to prepare the news of the election. He ran against Thomas Dewey. The med ia. the newspapers had to admit their mistake. SllI lisl io ~ re made bascJ on the 8n~Wt:rs to (1uesti ons.The Media and Presidential Elections $ so:... XCSS •• SU . Polls' were so sure of a Dewey vicinI)' . the media concluded that Dewey must have won election. So candidates had to trawl from city to city by train to meet the people.. bA poll is an anal). TlI. television was still new and most people did not own one.'s victory. T ruman becam e president. When Truman v.. radio. . Bur in 1948. X .. At that time.ha. of public opinion on differen t m~l1crs compil<:(1 by ~p'cdll l '«Cnd"". e:: c • dSbiA . Do you th ink we learn a lot about ca ndidates from TV? 04») Read the following textbook article. magazines. he thOlJght that he wo uld lose. 210 Lesson 5 . and many me newspapers showed Dewt1.ent to bed the night of the election. Obama reached out to the Internet generntion.n" to answer<llK-"Stiom (on TV or . 1101a . the two candidates deootecP each other on TV. t he candidates had to answer difficu lt questions..H.. For the first time in history. th e past.. Nixon was ~weati ng under the hot lights. Another example of how the media can influence results took place in the 1960 presidential race between John Kennedyand Richard Noon. But To show necessity he had to campaign for re-election in 1948. Many people who heard the Nixon-Kennedy debate on the rndio thought that Nixon was the stronger candidate. McCain d idn't even know hCM'to use a computer. TV viewers thought t hat Nixon must have been nervous and uncomfortable during the debate. He had to depend on his wife to read and send e-mail. They had to answer difficult Kennedy and Nixon debate questions. It is clear that JX>litica1 hopefuls now need the media to get thei r images and messages across. Modals in the Past 211 . handsome Kennedy was the stronger candidate. (personal or legal) in Truman had to travel by train to meet the people.. McCain wasn't in touch with the social. Many people think Kennedy couldn't have won without TV. and economic realities of the Internet. cultural.6 Must Have vs. use must had wan.. Had To Must have + past participle and had to + base form have completely different meanings.l\o is rhe l'rtter candi"atl". and people tho ught that he must haw been nervous and uncomfortable wi th the questions. use must in the past John McCain had to depend on his wife to do e-mail.<4.n " rht'ClIKlitbtr:s h. We cannot OU1ing the debate. Although it may not be important for a president to be an Internet user (after all. have + past participle. But people who saw the debate on TV tho ught that the young. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~) 5.. with this meaning. conclusion or deduction Truman must have been surprised when he fou nd out that he in t he past. EXANPLfS EXPLANATION Truman became president in 1945 when Franklin RooseveLt died. the newspapers co ncluded that Dewey must When must shows a have won. we use had to + base form. he has staff who can do it fo r him).public CO il jt... but Kennecly won. It was a d ose electio n. In the 2008 presidential electio n.. Also.. Jo hn McCain lost to Barack Obama. Based on opinion poLls.:Iio) bO !h~{ th. was so strange. What about you? Who d id you vote for? B: _ _ _--.. And there were so many problems with the election that they _ __ ---._ _ _ _ to th e Supreme (l 1lO} Court to decide who wo n. (4 uorl<J A: That's no excuse for no t voting. Every vote cou nted. until December I3 to find out who (5 "mil) won the election because it was such a close race. and CD 2.::to -c-=co = ":. B: O ne person 's vote doesn 't matter much an)'\\'ay. .--:-:-_ _ _ overtim e that day so I didn't vo te.tc:ha B: Bush and Gore _--" =V . -..o:amp/e: he) ="'---_ nervous the whole time..:8" d::.-. 212 Lesson ~ . The electi on was on November 7 and we .:nt "---__ the votes again to see who wa ll. B: DiJ you vo te in that electio n? A: Of course. It took them (cwmple.. waiting to fi nd out the resu lts. so you _ _ _~_. Bush. .-. A: Yes. the Republican candidate.:B-cP-ceB (e. the Democratic cand idate. 04) A: The 2000 election between AI Gure. B: You _ _ _ ~~_ _ __ very d isappo inted wh en they finally (3 bel announced that Gore lost. Write had to + base form for a past necessity. ~"OImtJ five weeks to fig ure out who won the electio n.--c:. A: It d id in 2000. TR 14 George W. m"":=5. yo u r boss is required to give you time o ff to vote. B: It was? A: Don't you remember! The electi on was dose and they _ _:h.---_ _ _ (2 ..-. "Ok) for Gore. I was. Write must have + past participle for a past deduction or conclusion.---. EXERCISE III Below is a conversation between two American citizens about the 2000 presidential election. they probably were. B: Yo u always vote for a Democrat... A: Yes. A: Ye" I did. Besides. CouLd Have + Past ParticipLe There are several ways to express can in the past.5. The newspapers couldn't predict the outcome of the 1948 election. Farmers in the South couldn't have become rich without slaves. The Cuban Missile Crisis could have destroyed the world. Was/were able to can also be used for ability over a past period of time. President Kennedy was able to prevent a war. The newspapers weren't able to predict t he outcome of the 1948 election. The person I was able to communicate in very simple had this ability over a period of time. depending on the meaning you want to convey. Do not use could for a single back their missiles. When I was yo ung. Some people thought that Kennedy couldn't Use couldn't have + past participLe to show have won the election without TV. I could _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ better than I can now. (continued) Modal::: in the Pasf 213 . couldn't and wasn't! I wasn't a citizen. could + base I could speak only a few words of English. Use was/were able to for success in doing a He was able to convince the Soviets to send single action. EXERCISE ID ABOUT YOU Fill in the blanks and discuss your answers. I looked on the Internet and was able to find lincoln's Gettysburg Address. weren't able to are used interchangeably. that something was impossible in the past. but Use could have + past participle for an he decided to stay out of politics. 1. action that didn't happen. In affirmative statements. I could always count on _ _ __ _ __ __ _ 2. form means used to be able to. When I was younger. I couldn't vote in the last election because In negative statements. I wasn't able to vote in the last election because I wasn't a citizen. I couldn't talk to people on the phone. action. English. AL Gore could have run for preside nt again. A few years ago. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Now I can speak English well. EXAMPLE When I didn't know mu ch English.7 CouLd + Base Form vs. but we saved money and ate at home. I could my mom. 5. but the weather was nice so I decided to walk. but he decided to give a very short speech. I couldn 't _ __ _ _ _ _ __ 7. EXAMPLE I could _ _cch=a"veccd =. 10. Yo u could yo ur homework o n the computer. 3. 214 Lesson 5 . I couldn't _ __ _ ______________ a few years ago beca use _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ 8. I was/was n't (choose one) able to EXERCISE ID FlU in the blanks with have + a past participle. but she was sick that day. I could _________ yo u.crl"ve""''---_ to work. I could a qu ick e-mail to my grandmother but I decided to write her a lo ng letter by hand. 4. 1. When I didn't know much English. 3. One of my goals was to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ I was/was n't able (choose one) to achieve my goal.S. but I se nt her a text message instead to tell her I'd be-ho me late.. 9. I could th e bus today. he could _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a lo ng speech. but she decided to study French instead. We could in a restaurant last weekend. Why didn't yo u tell me yo u were moving last Saturday! I'm sure you needed help. My sister is a citizen and she could _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in the last electi on. 2. When I was younger. 7. When Lincoln gave the Genysburg Address. I could never understand why _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ 6. I couldn't _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ aswell as I can now. but I decided to ride my bike instead. 5. 8. When I first came to the U. but we decided to listen to the news o n the radi o instead. 6. 4. She could _ _ __ _ _ __ _ English in her country. We could _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the electi o n results o n TV. but I see you did it by hand. EXAMPLE A: When I was a child. you know t hat something a. B: He ______________________________________ He died in 1963. appreciation for someone's help.8 More on Couldn't Have - EXAMPLES EXPLANATION A: My parents voted for Kennedy in 1964.5. A: President Kennedy ran fo r re-electi on in 1964.S. athletes won ten gold medals at the 1980 O lympics. You say you voted in the last election? You In sentences (b). B: You couldn't have seen him . didn't participate in the 1980 Olympics. (continued) Modals in the Past 215 . B: It couldn't have been him. You say you moved t he piano by yourself? You couldn't have moved it by yourself. A: U. the past. EXERCISE ID Fm in the blanks to make statements of disbelief. I couldn't move the refrigerator myself. He died in 1963. statement is absoLutely impossible. When we want to show gratitude or I couldn't have done it without you. h. We are saying that we can't believe this A: I t hink I saw your brother at the library information because it is illogical. He died before you were born.S. " (ompare: In sentences (a). I couldn't vote in the last election because didn't happen in the past. 3. we often say. "1 couldn't have done it without you. b. Thanks so much for helping me paint my house. B: You __________________________________________ The school was closed on C hristmas Day. yesterday. It's too heavy for one person. He's in Europe on vacation. Couldn't hove + past participle is used to B: What? They could n't have voted for him in show disbelief or to show that someone's 1964. 2. so my brother helped me. A: We had an English test on December 25. I was out of town. B: Th~___________________________________ The U. 1 saw President Kennedy. 1. you are responding in couldn't have voted because you weren't a disbelief to someone's statement about citizen at that time. a. I'm so rry. She thinks somebody must have helped him. I used them [0 open the door and get into the h ouse a few minutes ago. A: Somebody called me last night at midnight and didn't leave a message. A: _ _ __ _ _ _ _ without your help. B: We _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ last year. It has a price tag on it. 7. I was sleeping at m idnight. B: My pleasure. Don't you remember me? B: No. 8. A: _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ them at work. Was it you! B: It _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ me.! 10. B: That's impossible. A: I got an A o n my mach test. I studied for houn. A: Look at the big fish I caught yesterday. B: Maybe you left them at work. 12. 216 lesson 5 . He because he had already been president for two terms. The teacher sa id that the highest grade was a 8+. 9. B: You're wrong. A: O ne srudent gave the teacher a perfect compositio n with no mistakes. A: Thanks for h elping me move last Saturday. A: We met in a math class last yea r. Teacher: You failed the rest. I just started school t\Vo weeks ago. 6. 4. A: I can't find my house keys. 11. and that's the limit. A: George W. 5. You must have bought it at the store. A: Hi. B: The teacher thinks that th e student it by himself. Bush ran for re-election in 2008. B: You _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ that fish. Studenb What? I _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ the test. you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ an A. 5. You could have been doing yo ur homework t his morning. EXAMPLE A: I was injured in a car accident. 2. Subject Modal Not Have Been Present Partidple Complement They must have been waiting at 8:30 P. S: You sho uld have b'een wearing your seat belt. A: 1 wasted so much ti me wh en I was young. I must _ _ __ __ _ _ A: How co uld you sleep through so much thunder? B: I' m a heavy sleeper. He might have been sleeping at 10:30 P. B: I was home. A: I tried to call you a few hours ago but there was no answer. A: I know. (continued) Modals in the Past 217 .9 Continuous Forms of Past Modals We use continuous modals in the past to talk about a spedfic time in the past. 4. EXERCISE ID Fill in the blanks with the continuous form of the modal. But I could _ _ __ __ _ __ English instead of playing soccer every day after schoo l. A: Yo u shou ld _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ your ho mework instead.M. Tdi dn 't take my studies serio usly. 3. I must _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ a shower when you called. I should not have been driving so fast. A: W hat do you think of last night's rainstonn? H: I didn't hea r it. B: But you h ad a good ed ucation. M. A: Why didn't you finish your ho mewo rk? B: I was watch ing a movie on TV last night. 1. I wasn't wearing a seat belt. . What was the question! T: You should _ _ __ _ _ __ Summary of Lesson 5 "4 ... Urgency I must talk to the doctor right now! Strong necessity I must study for the test next I had to study for the test week. B: I often work on my car on Saturdays. I was thinking of something else. .. I had to go to court last week. 6.:eus:clea: .* . Modals Must Meaning Present/future Past Legal obligation I must go to court next week.e. A: I went to your house last Saturday.a_ . can you answer question number six! s: I'm sorry. I didn't think of it. = 'Sl _9 _ 5£ . .tQJ«:C . . I must have lost them. Mistakes (in past) You shouldn't eat fatty foods. ' •• . Prohibition You must not tell a lie in court. £4 ". .. (teacher to student) T: Peter. a hole in my pocket. last month. Oeduction. conclusion He's wearing a coat inside. Did you look in the garage! A: No. P iC4£ss. I wasn't listening. I thought you were going to be home. I shouldn't have eaten so many potato chips last night.. . You should have bought a new car last year. 5. There's must be cold. _ "'" ' . Should Meaning Present/Future Past Advice You should buy a new car next year. .4 . 218 Lesson 5 .. but you didn't answer the door.. He I can't find my keys. 1 might _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ on my car when you arrived.. Impossibility. (rare) Modals in rhe Past 219 . could have been sick. Acceptability You can wear jeans to class every You could have worn jeans to t he day. May/Might Meaning Present/Future Past Permission You may use a dictionary during the test. the last test. Possibility Mary isn't here today. She ought to have bought a new car last year. You weren't a atizen in 2008. The teacher wasn't here yesterday. She might have been sick. A: I voted for President Obama in di sbelief 2008. sick. Permission/ We can use a dictionary to write a We could use a dictionary to write prohibition composition. Suggestion To learn about computers. Ought To Meaning Present/Future Past Advice She ought to buy a new car soon. or you could buy a book and teach yourself. may have had a job interview this The teacher isn't here. I'm still not sure. B: You couldn't have voted for Obama. She could be Mary wasn't here yesterday. Possibility I may have a job interview next Simon is wearing a suit to class.Can/Could Meaning Present/Future Past Ability I can speak English now. He week. I could speak German when I was a child. you can take a course. party last night. She sick. She might be morning. but I taken decided to come to the U. We can't use our books during a We couldn't use a dictionary during test. the last composition.S. Direction not I could have gone to (anada. the last test. beLt. Have Got To Meaning Present/Future Past Necessity I've got to go to court next week. I had to study yesterday. 10 P. but I got sick. this street yesterday because the city was clea ning the streets. I couLd waLk. My last job was close to my home. You are not permitted to park at You were not permitted to park on a bus stop.. but he didn't. but it didn't I'm supposed to help my brother I was supposed to help my brother move on Saturday. move last Saturday. The weatherman said it is The weathenman said it was supposed supposed to rain tomorrow. (personaL or I have to go to court next week. LegaL) lack of necessity My job is close to my home. but his ptane was delayed. I don't have to drive. Be Able To Meaning Present/Future Past AbiLity She is abLe to play chess now. 220 Lesson 5 .M. to rain yesterday. I can wa Lk. I had to go to court last week.M. Be Supposed To Meaning Present/Future Past Expectation My brother is supposed to arrive My brother was supposed to arrive at at 10 P. Related Expressions Have To Meaning Present/Future Past Necessity I have to study now. Be Allowed To / Be Permitted To Meantng Present/Future Past Permission We are not allowed to taLk during We were not allowed to taLk during a test. I didn't have to drive. You are supposed to wear your He was supposed to wear his seat seat beLt. She was abLe to play chess when she was a chiLd. • was I supposed to work last Saturday. I couldn't ~a. Iq. =. Use Mue. • i i SI a a. have You should et gone to bed earlier last night. or you'll get wet. Can is never used for the past.. Use the correct form for the past participle. have He could Ras gone to the party. 4.. To form the past of a modal. After a modal.*"_ . use have + past participle.$(i $ .e Io"R~ a parking space.. • _. Mod<lls in the Past 221 . Had Better Meaning Present/Future Past Warning You'd better take an umbrella. 2. gone He should have _ to the doctor when he felt the pain in his chest.. have eaten I shouldn't aa. Don't confuse couldn't haue + past participle and couldn't + base form. coultJn't driWJ He (aR't ~fO. 6. Editing Advice =0 .4 4 ) .> iF<!! $$F. Don't use of after a modal to express past. but I got sick . d You were suppose to meet me after class yesterday. • 1.. fi"d Last night when I got home. ¥ . always use a base form. Don't forget the d in supposed to. so much before I went to bed last night. Don't forget the verb be. • 7. 5. 3.e his car this morning because the battery was dead. ' .~ ).': 4 . . C I had a terrible day yesterday.M. "Do you remember when I helped you push your car last winter?" H e answered. It iii'U~h _ someone else. Lesson 5 Test/Review • . You should __ -"'=-=="---__ have taken a map.t9"lie at work ea rly.liiied me because she was (4) taking her kids to schooL I stopped a third neighbo r and said.. It mli/J:lthlive'been a i9J .thoiJ. (8) 10. QP la uee 4. The battery was dead. $ 4( ea: • • X ' $ 4 • $ $ • • PART a A husband (H) and wife (W) are driving to a party and are lost. If the shaded words are correct. And we don't even have a map.--_ __ (I) a wrong turn. ~ because he was in a (2 hurry. .t-. but he ~'. I saw a neighbor I'll 1V':5~~~ of mine and asked him to help. (aampk ) H: I didn't think we were going to need one.~ at work at 8 A. "It ct:itl1<1j.' .: • .. write C. Fill in the blanks to complete this conversation.." He must. ' . I stopped another neighoor (3) and asked for help. I .hould'have<tOOli the subway to work. but she wiikln~(:h~Jj..'~:~ m me.Q.anil ph~ have mistakes. Find the mistakes and correct them.. but I couldn't start (ua lnpkl . I must _ __ ---.a"a(~attend an important meeting. I jusr moved here last month. e 3' S eA _Si '4 . They are arguing in the car. (1J I ~'. W: We're lost.t.to turn off the lights the night befo re. I """ S1J~ .30.ght I was crazy. 1t81"ft:8: my car in the morning. Editing Quiz •• P 4)$ ..~~. 4 p 1$ $ ct U. 54 Some of the shallecf-m. but I didn't arrive until . iJ6J lot easier. He h. cc . I (aa~) ' mwfhad.. 222 Lesson 5 ._ Wt w. .. no. I must . I tho ught I had the cell phone in my pocket. H: You know I don't like to ask for directions.. O h. You should _ _ __ _ _ __ _ it last night.-. (4) H: Why is it my fault? You could _ _ _--.".. it's my fau lt.W: I think you were supposed to make a right turn at the last intersection. but you turned left.with the Petersons and I should (9) _ __ ~ _ _ __ ho me. (5) W: Well.-____ it too.-_ __ (10) (11) the football game today instead of listening to you complain! Modals in the Past 223 .-_ _ _ _ for directions (2) the last ti me we stopped fo r gas. You forgot to recharge the battery.c. W: Watch our! You could _ _ __ = _ ___ that other car! (7) H: I wasn't going to hit that car. W: I don't know why we're going in o ur car anyway.. you didn't leave it at home. W: Let's use the cell phone and call the Aliens and ask them how to get to their house. The Petersons offered us a ride.. it at home.cc----.:. We could _ _ _--. ... (3) W: No. W: You shou ld _ _ __ _ _ __ _ some change with you..-_ ___ with them. We should _ _ _ _. Do you have any change? H: I o nly have dollar bills. H: Let's see. J've got the phone here in my purse... I could _ _ _--.. I didn't come anywhere close to it. (8) H: You should . (6) H: Again. I ca n't find it.----. we'll just have to look for a pay phone. wthofic Signature: _ _ _ _ _---'J.h permisMnn 10 .m {I. EU.com Sex M Date of birth _---'1~8'---__---'2~_..rcwf)t B.:. lWlrohouse 5/94-12/01 M.'d.. Box JZX C hicago.~a~c=k~N =.-ss ~.!(..AdJ/lls 00 not write in the shaded box.C... IOMit!£!. Complete each sentence on the next page..uriry number _~""C~4~9..) (momh) (. R.iI::. Fill out thl:' following form.. stock boy 5/88-3/94 R Wifinot l'N~'i(l/1iJi Smith...0"N".vc.Jay) !)o:nr) Social SO.-A::. by J-W Amer."sson 5 .-I'.-7~1~X"X.. b}' N()\'(:mbc. Smith C:I..."-A"I". Mail or (wc Iht:' applicatio n to: Ms.. dock 1102-e. Judy Upmn P. __y"es".. Look at the job application.:::-:-:_ _ _ __ ---. all ~I npllliO nls " . _ __ __ _ __ C ity Chicago State IL Zip axle _ _ __ __ _ Tdt:'phone( 539-2756 E-ma il addrt:. Mlion:di!')'.- Ooc. d'il~nshiJ>« petmllnem reo.~ O/sanCa. pre". Th isroml"Ul)' is an Equal Oppornmi!')' Empk.--_•. _---'6=9__ (You must be at least 18. 15.. Inc..) Company Position [).~.5"0~4. ma " ".1 $~US.Jeumen~ 10 PfO''e U S ..--.idell(r wi. checketl ____2_ _ TranscriptS received yes n.- Educational background: Dart' Io]:raduatt"d Degree o r major High School 1897 CoIl"" Grad uate School EmpJO}'me nt history (Plt:'ase Start with )"our present o r last job..1 (Om) (middle initial) Addn.--_.. Print in black ink....__~6~2. religion.. For office use only.='='50=n'_______ Date: Nevembcr 1 ?i 224 u.c Imln ig01lt inn An of 1986 requireo.'Ci>io!1I0 hi". cit. IL 60640 FAX number: 312·5554321 Applications must be submiurtl... Namt:' _ _ _ _~W.~W.:c./~ Supervisor Reason for leaving AI'!!!'. PART. ~nd p")~ d""bilirywill not inflocnce out J. ~/l~SOt1 =___ _ N .'<ltk in ._.Mi (option:ll) jnwi!soflOO@e'mail.he US. e~r~ead~_ _ them more carefully. He didn't have to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ it.EXAMPLE He didn't read the instnlctions carefully. He mailed the application. He was supposed to 2.ls in [he f'fl. He wrote the day (I8) before the month (2). He sho uld 10. 12. but he could _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ instead. He wasn't supposed to _ _ __ _ __ _ . He didn't fill in any college attended. That's more than 100 yean. He foIgOt to include his area code. He was supposed to _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 11.- it. He included his e--mail address. 13. He should _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the year too. He couldn't _ _ _ _ _ _ __ in 1897.. 3. 9. He might _ _ _ __ _ _ __ because he didn't like his boss.-. He wrote in the shaded box.. He included his religio n. He wrote that he graduated from hi gh school in 1897.. He printed his name o n the botto m li ne. He shou ld _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ his zip code . He must not _ __ _ __ _ __ the sentence about religion.sr 225 . 5. He wrote his application with a pe ncil.-. He didn't write his zip code. He didn't fill in hi s reason fo r leavi ng his last job. 1. He wrote his first job fi rst. He wasn't supposed to . 7. 8.-. He might not _ _ _ _ __ __ college. He was supposed to 14. He should _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ it 4. 15. He sho uld __~ha"v. He said that he left his first job for personal reasons. He should 6. He must not _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ the directions very carefully. ago! He must _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 1987. MOOfl. he wrote only the month and day. For today's date. But yo u'll have to eat dinner alo ne. and change clothes.... A: That's iffifXJSs ib le. (l2 INlSV/o$e) A: Well.--. ..-___ your house... (4 must/make) A: Where did you get off the highway? B: At Madison Street. {9 hau' tq/goJ I was so dirty.::..c. (JJ carVlUl(/«tli r) 226 Lesson 5 .--.:cc---. Fill in the blanks with the past of the modal or expression in parentheses ( ).-==::.-=.--.akd B: I did..C. (u.cc:..--.. PART.-. but then (8 mighVtakt) I ..-. B: O h.. A: Did you call for a tow truck! B: _ _ _-. But I had a flat tire after I got o ff the highway.amplt: ht SllpflO5t'd 10) B: I'm sorry.-_-.--..-_ _ about 15 minutes.--.me..-___ a wrong turn. How lo ng did it take you to change the tire? B: It _ _ ---.. Bill finally arrives.--. A: You ----. --.-.Adams Street.c:-:-==-. After Alan (A) has waited for [WO hau" for his friend Bill (B) to arrive for dinner. (6 """""" A: But Adams Street is not so far from here..-.--.. but I ---... (2lhwld/c.-= c----. It -----. Yo u ----.--_ _ it whi le I was changing the tire.. 1 _ _ _= _-..---- (3 can. thank goodness you're here now. take a shower. B: I know. But I thought it wou ld take too long. (5 can. =sed 'T-:'to -'---_ be here two hours ago..lnoVrtadJ it wh ile I was driving. but [ ----. ""'S-""LPLpo A: Why are you so late? You _ -':w". (I wn 'v'/lnd) A: You .-..a road map.-c=u---. for you. A: But you 're over two h ours late.-.--:-.-.--c. home.the paper where I had your {II CIJrVnoVfindl phone number. I got hungry and . So I changed the tire myself.o ff at Madison Street. (10 m U{/aI/J) B: I wanted to.. then.:-7:"c. I _ _ -.:c.:_ __ for a tow truck because I'm a member of a (7 QnvcaUJ motor club..==.-.--.::..----.lncVger) There's no exit there.-.c===. I got lost and I __--.--. So fa r. Problem A My mother.Expansion 11 Activities 0 A student will read one of the following problems out loud to the class. You're a woman.in·law came to the U. The student will pretend that this is his or her problem. last May. They invited me to dinner again next week. Try to use past and present modals. The wife worked very hard to make a beautiful dinner. Discuss the meaning of the poem. Other students will ask for more information and give advice about the problem. I'm not lIsed to eating American food and tho ught it tasted awful.S. I told my husband that he had to find another apartment for her. but they said that no one reported finding a watch. EXAMPLE For "sex" you wrote M. Now my husband is mad at me. How is the leader chosen? e Talk about how the media influences our decisions in voting or buying. 8 Fill out the application on page 180 of lesson Four." So he helped her move into her own apanment. Find a partner and exchange books with him or her. Tell each other about the mistakes using modals. She stayed with us for three months. Talk About It 0 The following excerpt from a poem by John Greenleaf Whittier is about regret. What can I do about the food? Problem D Write your own problem. I haven't told my wife that I lost the watch. Whil e 1 was on a business trip in New York last month. Make some mistakes on purpose. or I'm leaving. For all sad words of tongue or pen. Do you think I did the right thing? P roblem B My wife gave me a beautiful watch last C hristmas. W hat sho uld I do? Problem C A very nice American fam ily invited me to d inner last night. But 1 ate it so I wouldn't hurt their feelings. I left my watch in my hotel room. UTell her to leave. Modals in the PaSf 227 . The sadd est are rhese: "It mighr have been!" 8 Talk about the election process in your native country. so you should have written F. A few days later. I called the ho tel. real or imaginary. He didn't want to. I finally said to my husband. we read an article about Hurricane t Katrina in New Orleans. ~ut many people stayed. 228 Lesson 5 . EXAMPLE I Hurricane Katrina I In our English class. Tell about what you should have done to avoid the problem. The mayor told residents to leave i ~efore the hurricane struck.. 8 Write a short composition about another direction your life could have taken. Write about the tragic death of a famous person. What made you decide not to go in that direction? o The assassinations of Abraham Lincoln and John F. please visit our Web site.Write About It 0 Write about a mistake you once made. Everyone should have left !. For more practice using grammar in context. Kennedy were great American tragedies. e Write about how a tragedy occurred and what was done (or not done) to solve this problem. immediately. . . Lesson Grammar Adjective Clauses Descriptive Phrases Context The Internet . I have a friend who plays computer games The adjective clause can describe any noun all day" in the sentence. ''''''. • '...-- • I tORUII"n::'" "I . . clause tells you about the co mputer. -.I. .. "'IOU '4[ 3) S i .. -_.'1. Do you get unwanted e-mail asking you to buy products or o rder services? 2. I n sentence (a).. ' . . the b" Web sites that have a lot of ads annoy me" adjective clause describes the object (friend)" In sentence (b)...ZiLll'.0 0 ".. the adjective memory.. .. . _.. the adjective programmer..".."! . -' L ' _ ***SJriAM*** 600.. >< >< >< !'rem . It ..-. .' . clause tells you about the friend" Vou should buy a comput er that has a lot of In the sentence on the left.. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION " I have a friend who is a computer In t he sentence on the left. .. the adjective clause describes the subject (Web sites )" " Spam .. ... : (06 *0 .. (ltn _ ***SPAl\1*** Re Cimd~ ***SP:Al\1:*** Sllp f'nt ~' f' 230 Lesson 6 ... a. What do you do with e-mail after you read it? ** *S' " ~:a: I P"'}~'. Ph~nunC'\. ...r '''' ***SPD[*** ..... I Before You Read 1.'('t" Con ***SPAM*** To: rdh.1 Adjective Clauses-An Overview An adjective clause is a group of words that describes or identifies the noun before it. 6.• "' .'. . \1 ***SPAM*** F... One spammer who lives in Flo rida made so much money that he sold his business for $135 million dolla" and retired at the age of 37. Where does spam come from! It comes from companies that want your money... So why do spammers send e-mail that nobody wan ts to read ? The answer is simple: Some people do read th is mail and a very small percentage even buy the product or o rder the service that is offered. . Pay spedal attention to adjective clauses. Many of these compan ies try to take your mo ney by making false claims ("Lose 50 pou nds in to days!"). 260 billion spam e-mails V/ere sent.) ~ Ya. Spammers regularly se)) lists of e-mail addresses to other spammers. In add itio n.. 1 _ _ e""'" "OM _ . (0 2. RlOt$ offered by the Internet service provider you use. Sparnmers buy addresses from online companies. (Some software is free." How do spammers get your e-mail address? They use severa1 methods..trk. and use your primary e-mail addres. Many ~pl e who are unhappy with the amount of spam they receiw are asking their lawmakers to enact laws that would stop spam. when you see a box that asks you if you want mo re information.. • You could get anti'\Spam software. you arc often asked for an e-mail address when you place an order. spammers search chat rooms. • You can get a separate e-mail address to give to retailers who require an e-mail address. and newsgroups for e-mail addresses. calls sparn "pollution of the e-mail ecosystem. It is the electron ic cquivaJenr of junk mail or telemarketing calls. What can you do to eliminate spam? • You could simply delete it. ~» Read the following magazine article.. Descriptive Phrases 231 .. Most people delete this kind of e-mail without even reading it. In 2002.'i just for people you know. When you buy something online. And a small percentage o f trillions of e-mails means money. bulletin boards." Spam is commercial e-mail that you haven't asked for. Approximately 94 percent of the e-mail sent today is spam. make sure to unchcck the oox.. the fo under of Microsoft. Adjective C lauses. Now there are about 14.5 billion spam messages sent a day! Bill Gates. TR 15 Do you ever get e-mail that promises to make you rich or thi n? Do you get e-mail that tries to sell you a mortgage or a vacation package? Do you ever receive an offer that will give you a college diplom a in a year? This kind of advertising through e-mail is called "spam. • On a Web site.. .) 2. (n:ccitd 3.) reti red young..--.. Don't fo rget to uncheck the box if you don't want mo re info rmation. People who buy t hings onli ne should have a separate e-mail address. Peoplc_ _ _-. and which can be the subject of an adjective clause... EXERCISE.. EXAMPLE Spam comes from compan ies _ _ _ = tha".._ _ _ products and services o n line give (M' out their e.a = _ _ to sell you something.. 5.= (ho.-_ _ _ spam are often annoyed......n the blanks w..::=:...___ a check in it already. (""". 2. A spammer _ _ _--... 232 Lesson 6 . I kn ow a student _ _ _--. A person who buys things online should have a separate e-mail address. that..... Use t he relative pronouns that and which fo r things... Sometimes you see a box _ _ _ .t.._ _ _ in Flo rida became very rich and (Ii. " ..6.:-_ __ you spam want your mo ney. which PeopLe ..nt (mini) 1.:-. A present-tense verb in the adjective clause must agree in nu mber with its subject.. (M ' She nevcr goes to the bookstore anymore.. The e-mjl promises to make me rich.... (That is considered more correct than which ......mai l addresses.:--. Language Notes: 1... 4. I received an e-mail... FilI. People _ __ -. 6.... ~peoPle buy t hi ngs online.____ all her books on li ne.. Use t he relative pronouns who and -that for peopLe.-.. that.-w " . Companies _ _ _--... People ~ that buy t hings online often give out t heir e-mail addresses. or which + the correct form of the verb in parentheses ( ) to complete the adjective clause. I I I received an e-mail that promises to make me rich. often give out their e-mail add resses.2 Relative Pronoun as Subject The relative pronouns who.th who... . EXAMPLES a computer that has little memory A computer that has little memory Is not very useful today. I like reachers _ _ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ 4..e.. 7.. e-mail that comes from an unknown sender 6. I like [0 have neighbors .-.-_..-. companies that send spam 3.--c---c (continued) Adjective C lauses.9-.. ut.. people who don't know anything about computers EXERCISE. You sho uldn't believe an offer ___ -.-_ _ _ that you will (promise) lose 50 pounds in a week. EXAMPLE I don' t like people ___w""ho"-"sa "Y "-" o". Web sites that offer music down loads 7.o-"50""meth".. ABOUT YOU Fill in the blanks with an adjective clause._ _ 1. Discuss your answers.n.----. Web sites that offer a college diplo ma in six mo nths 8. EXERCISE... 1."t h".-.l"n9"-""".. a company that promises to make me rich in three weeks I wouldn't want to do "uslness with a company that promises to make me rich In three weeks... students who don't have a computer 4. e~mail that comes from friends and relatives 2...-.I. children who spe nd all their time playing computer games 5. Write a complete sentence.. using the phrases below as the subject . or object of your sentence. Oescriprive Phrases 2JJ ...." d".158"... I don't like apartments _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ 2. ne. I like movies _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ 3.. 5. class _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ 5. (like classes _ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ _~ 9.c - 10. (like to read books _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ 6. I ca n't understand people _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ 8. reach er _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ 2. teacher I prefer to have a teacher who doesn't explain things in my language.. classroom _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ 6. You may use singular or plural You may work with a partner..-. dictionary ___ _ ____________ _ __ _ __ _ __ 234 lesson 6 . (don'.-.-. EXAM PLES class CIaS6e6 that have fewer than 20 student6 are i>etter than large Cla66e6. A good friend is a person _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ EXERCISE D Write a sentence with each of the words given to give your opinion about the ideal situation for learning. 1.. coUege/school _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ 3. like to be around people . I've never met a person _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ 7. classmate _ ______ _ _ _ __ __________ _ ___ 9. school library ____ _ _ _______ __ _ _ ______ ~ 8.-. '~'book _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ 4. computer _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ 7. maiL (l ess Formal) A person I don't know sent me an e-mail. The English _ _ _ __ _ __ now is American English. which Object I don't know a person. and which can be the object of an adjective clause. [ have a hard teacher this semester. The relative pronoun is usually omitted in conversation when it is the object of the adjective clause. I studied British English in my native country. Whom is considered more correct than who when used as the object of the adjective clause.3 Relative Pronoun as Object The relative pronouns who(m) .6. The computer that I bought it has a lot of memory. I receive e-mfil. Answers may vary. A person '~~~('~. A person wfl&ffi I don't know sent me an e-maiLwith her picture. 2. Almost everyo ne fa iled the test (continued) Adjective C lauses. However. 1. that I don't read all the e-mail 11 I receive. Descri ptive Phrases 235 .) EXERCISE 11 Fill in the blanks to make an appropriate adjective clause. 2. (Formal) A perso n who I don't know sent me an e. don't repeat the object of the adjective clause with an object pronoun. The teacher _ _ _ __ _ _ _ last semester was much easier. (InformaL) 3. 3.'"~''''''''''''''''''''''' '''1''' '' sent me an e-mail with her picture. A person whom I don't know sent me an e-mail. The last dog _ _ _ _''h~e_"h"'a"'d~_ _ died a few weeks ago. that Language Notes: 1. (The computer is the object of the above adjective clause. I don't read all the e-mail tI>af I receive. A person 11 I don't know sent me an e-mail with her picture. as seen in the above note. In an adjective clause. The teacher gave a test last week. Object I don't read all the e-mail. t he reLative pronoun is usually omitted altogether in conversation. thot . EXAMPLE My friend just bought a new dog. A: How is that possible! 236 Lesson 6 . The apartment _ _ _ _ __ __ now is very small. A student who has good grades can get a omitted. It made me cry. 9.4 Comparing Pronoun as Subject and Object EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Compare: In sentences (a). S. It is often without reading. 4. I had a big apartment last year. I receive a lot of e-mail (that) I delete object of the adjective clause. I do. Tl16 B: Do you get a lot? A: Of course. Wrong: A student has good grades can get a sc holarship. EXERCISE III Fill in th e blanks with an adjective clause. One of the poems won a prize. 6. there are many new words for me. omitted. the relative pronoun is the doesn't want to own a computer. She has met a lot of people at school. especially in conversation. It cannot be b. the relative pronoun is the a. Doesn't everyone? B: I don't. A student (whom) I met in my math class In sentences (b). but she hasn't made any friends. The b. a. 6. the relative pronoun is an object and can be omitted. When I read English. The last lx>ok was very sad. Answers may vary. I use my dictionary re look up the words I _ __ _ _ _ __ 5. after that or who indicates that the relative pronoun is the subject. subject of the adjective clause. I receive a lot of e-mail that promises to new subject introduced (1) indicates that make me rich. I write poetry. The people are all too busy to spend time with her. A: I' m so tired of all the spa m I get ~» (O'(I""okJ ( 0 2. The fact that there is no new subject scholarship. Did you contact the owner of the wallet _ _ _ __ _ _ _ on the street? 7. for example. Choose a username and password. you won't be (9) able to use your account. So I'm SlyFox1986. After you choose a username. I like to send a lot of photos. I don't give it to anyone else. I don't use it for anything else. you can choose another one or simply add some numbers to it. A: I never thought about having different e~mail addresses for different things. Descriptive Phrases 237 . Make sure it's a number or word _ __ __ _ _ _ _ easily. If you forget your password. or Social Security number. The e~mail address _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ to my (2) friends is private. (6) A: How can I get one of these free accounts? B: You just go to their Web site and sign up.B: I have an e~mail address _ __ __ _ _ _ _ just (1) for shopping online. But they have limited space and aren't good for everything. The photos _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ are often too big for (4) my free Hotmail account. choose a password. If the username _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ has already been chosen by someone else. (5) A: Do you do a lot of shopping online? B: Yes. so I added the year of my birth. The books _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ online can be sent directly to my house. Never. A: Why did you choose that name? B: That's the name _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ when I was a child. I buy a lot of books online. The password _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ should (10) never be obvious. I chose SlyFox. (3) For example. My older (8) brother was always giving people nicknames. For example. (continued) Adjective C lauses. 1986. you can use Hotmail™ or Yahoo!TM for free. Don't you have to pay for each e~mail account? B: There are a lot of e~mail providers _ _ __ __ __ __ __ for free. but it was already taken. use your address. phone number. but it's perfect for the shopping _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ online. For example. with.... The college to which I applied is in California. Informally. that • I Spam is commerciaLe-maiL Il you don't ask for. Spam is commerciaLe-mail.. 6... (Vel}' formal) Prep.. A: What password did you choose! B: The password _ _ _---. 5 Relative Pronoun as Object of Preposition The relative pronouns can be the object of a preposition (to. (Informal) which Spam is commercial e-mai l for which you don't ask. and only whom and which may be used.. The friend Il I wrote to sent me a quick reply... Obj..... I wrote to a friend. Prep. The person to whom I spoke was very helpful.etc. about.... You don't ask for spam... The friend I wrote to sent me a quick reply. (Informal) who (m) The friend to wnom I wrote sent me a quick reply. 2.. I'll never tell it to (l1J anyone.. that • I.. 238 lesson 6 .... Obj. at for. Wrong: The college to that I applied is in California.... the preposition comes before the relative pronoun. most native speakers put the preposition at the end of the adjective clause... (Vel}' formal) Language Notes: 1... sent me a quick reply.. In very formaL EngLish..)....=___ is a secret. The most common way to say the sentences in the above chart is: Spam is commercial e-mail you don't ask for..: The friend ... That is not used directly after a preposition. The relative pronoun is usuaLLy omitted. He visited several Web sites he was interested in.~_ _ __ 1.EXERCISE 11 ABOUT YOU Complete each statement. There is a new Web site abo ut which everyone is talking.nformal by tak. 1. EXERCISE Cl Make these sentences more . EXAMPLE He visited several Web sites in which he was interested .ng out the relative pronoun and putting the prepos. Adjective C lauses. The teacher I studied beginning gramm ar with _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 6. 8. The house/a partment I used to live in _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ 4. Descriptive Phrases 239 . The school I graduated from _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ 3.""ry"-"c"ro"'w "d"ed =. EXAMPLE The class I was in last semester _____-"w"'a"'5'-'v"'. The job fo r which I am responsible is to maintain a company's Web site. _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ is a to pic I do n't like to talk about. The city I come from _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ 2. The link on which you click will take you to that Web site. Most of the people I went to elementary school with _______ 7.tion at the end of the adjective clause. _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ is a subject I' m very interested in. The information for which you are looking can be found o n the Web. 4. 3. The elementary schooll went to' _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 5. There are several Web sites on wh ich I d epend frequently. 6. 2. This is a job to which I am accustomed. 5. _ _ _ _ was boring..-_ __ were cheaply made. A: Did you travel with an interesting compan io n? 8: The person _ _ __ -. ( IIJ 240 Lesson 6 . The on ly water _ _ _ _-. I asked some friends for cheap ways to take a vacation. I don't understand the language _ _ _ _=.' They Were (5) unfriendly... (9) A: Did you find any interesting souvenirs? B: The souvenirs _ __ _=. Answers may vary. The view _ _ __ = ____ (2) ..---___ .." so I thought I ( I) wou ld see the ocean fro m my window.-_ __ (B) A: Did you take pictures? B: The pictures _ _ _ _""""". There was a choice of hotels. A: What happened? Didn't your travel agent give you good advice? B: I d idn't use a travel agent... The name of the hotel _ _ _ _"""CC_ _ _ _ was "Ocean View..-_ _ _ didn't come out. (3) A: What kind of food did they serve? B: The food ____ =-____ made me sick. We weren't interested (6) in the same things. A: Could you communicate with the people on the island? Do they speak English? B: No. I didn't see any water at all. The things _ _ _ _-=____ were different (7) from the things _ _ _ _-.-_ _ told me to look fo r (el"ll mt>l~J vacations online...-. EXERCISE III This is a conversation between two friends. 04») A: How was your trip? CD 2. from my window was o f a b rick wall. Fill in each blank with an adjective clause.c c .l".<. One friend I _ _ -" ta". T1I: 17 B: Terrible. (4) A: Did you meet any interesting travelers? B: I didn't like the other travelers . So I did. to!<.ked=. One just came back from an island vacation where he had a terrible time.. I didn't (lDJ buy any..-:_ _ _ _ was in the bathroom sink. ... and.< _ ~ "'Ie i.--_ _ _ was wasted.. Do you collect anything (coins. He got his idea of an online trad ing community in 1995. garage sales... his wife was able to find what she was looking for. graduated fro m Tuns University in 1988 with a degree in computer science. The Creator of eBay. From his Ca liforn ia home.) Read the foUowing Web artide. (continued) Adjective C lauscs.. r~m 3 spare t" . "' __ _ .• &0 .. stamps.<. Bu t since 1995.". Pierre Omidyar.c = . --.. ere. dolls.. I think ( 14) I'll just stay home. eBay has provided an online global community where people buy and sell almost anything. It is often ".=..-. _M--=:.. (lJ) A: Are you going ro have another vacatio n soon? B: The next vacation _ _ _ _= ____ will be in December. a collecto r o f plastic candy dispensers. within a sho rt peri od of tim e.. <0''''' "". but the money _ _ _ _-. 'm 18 Did you ever want to sell an ugly lamp that your aunt gave you fo r your birthday? O r an o ld toy that is raking up space in your closet? O r are you trying to buy another train for your toy train coll ectio n! In the old days..l i\'iJu~\.. Descriptive Phrases 241 . and O midyar made a little money on the trade.. .. CD 2.'t""ls.couldn 't be chanb.-.11 1I...I. People are no lo nger limited to finding buyers and sellers in the local area whe re they live.-..Iuon. ..I . 'A fka ""'""'! is a I~rb'" ~r~3 where in<..x.-.. (12) A: Why didn'r you change your ticket and come ho me early? s: The ticket . Pay special attention to when and where..."" .. Omidyar developed an o nline trading site. was trying to buy a piece fo r her unu sual collection.. U' * i4. . and flea markets I in their area to buy and sell unusual things.. when his wife.o. e8ay po i\ .::lID( ' 4 4 we .... buyers and sellers were li mited [0 newspapers.<d. A: Did you spend a lot o f money? B: Yes... .)? W here can you buy your collectibles? . What do you do with o ld rhinbl'S o f yours that you no longer want? Do you sell them or throw them away? 2. Before You Read 1. In an auction.000 categories of both new and used merchandise.900 worth of goods is traded on the site. jewelry. including cars. a Web site where people can put a photo of (i~ object deer w. Not only can you buy and sell on eBay. eBay makes its money by charging the seller a small percentage of the final price. Omidyar created eBay. Friendships are formed on eBay among people who share an interest in the same collectibles. eBay had become so big that Omidyar and his partner could no longer handle the business without expert help.. For example. over $60 billion worth of merchandise changed hands on eBay. eBay is now among the most visited Web sites on the Internet. She changed eBay from a company that sold several categories of used things to a large marketplace of 78 million items in 50. Not everything on eBay is sold by auction. Some items have fixed prices too.W?t to se)). In the year 2007 alone. but you can also meet people whose interests you share. more than $1. computers-and anything else you can imagine. 242 Lesson 6 . the person who makes the highest offer within a certain period of time gets to buy the item. By 1998. Every second. They brought in Meg Whitman. cPRJ gh~ cP starting price for an auction. toys. . doll collectors all over the world can "meet" each other and exchange information on bulletin boards and in chat rooms. whose Pierre Omidyar knowledge of business helped make eBay the success it is today. Using this idea. There was a time (when) people didn't have personal computers.co m is a Web site _ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ 3. go to the Web site.edu is a Web site _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ EXERCISE ID Fill in the blanks. eBay is a co mmunity where you can meet people who share your hobby.com is a Web site _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ 7. The teacher shouldn't give a test o n a day when _ __ __ _ __ 2.com is a Web site _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ 5. omitted. Descriptive Phrases 243 . EXERCISE III Use an adjective clause with where to tell what information you can find on certain Web sites.6.6 Where and When in Adjective Clauses - EXAMPLES EXPLANAnON eBay is a We b site where people can buy and Where means "in that place. IRS. omitted.org is a Web site _ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ 10. Newsweek. USPS. _ _ __ is the season when _ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ (continued) Adjective Clauscs.gov is a Web site _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ 9.gov is a Web site where you can read about the White House and the president. 1. I like to study at a time when _ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ 3. Weather. com is a Web site _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ 6." When can be limited to their local areas.com is a Web site _ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ 4. Mapquest. If you're not sure. EXAMPLE WhiteHouse. Saturday is the day when _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ 4. CNN. Or you can take a guess and check it out later. Redcross. 1. Travelocity. There was a time (when) collectors were When means "at that time.com is a Web site _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ 8. EXAMPLE I like to use the computer lab at a time when It isn't crowded." Where ca nnot be sell things . Hotmail. Harvard.com is a Web site _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ 2. (that) eBay got started express the same idea. Pierre gave the graduation speech Sentence (a) uses where to introduce the at the college where he had gotten his adjective clause. when eBay got its start. _ __ _ __ _ _ is a time when I like ro use the Internet. EXAMPLE _ _ _--"'"'-"'--___ is the month when I was born. 244 Lesson 6 . In 2002. or Which in Adjective CLauses EXAMPLES EXPLANATION a. in. 5. _ _ __ _ _ __ is a time when I can relax. Pierre gave the graduation speech express the same idea. Between 7 and 9 A. _ _ _ _ __ _ _ is a place where I can relax.ee from . 1995 is the yea. degree. Sentence (a) uses when to introduce the b. Sentence (c) uses (that) + clause + preposition to express the same idea. _ _ __ _ _ _ _ is a place where I can study undisturbed. c. _ _ __ _ _ __ is a time when I like to watch T V. Sentence (b) uses preposition + which to e. _ _ __ _ _ __ is a place where 1 ca n have fun. a. That. _ _ __ _ _ __ is a place where I can meet my friends. start.M. In 2002. _ _ _ _ was the year when _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ EXERCISE 01 ABOUT VOU Fill in the blanks to tell about yourself. at the college from which he had gotten Sentence (c) uses (that) + clause + his degree. _ _ __ _ _ _ _ is a place where I can be alo ne and think. Pierre gave the graduation speech at the college (that) he had gotten his deg. in which eBay got its adjective clause. 6. 1995 is the yea. When.7 Where. _ _ _ _ _ _ __ is a day when I have almost no free rime. is the time when _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ 6. 1995 is the yea. Sentence (b) uses preposition + which to b. In 2002. preposition to express the same idea. 2000. b. to. Six o 'clock is the time _ _ _ __ the auction stops. 7. The box at the to p of you r browser is the place In _ _ _ _ _ you type the Web address. I have a photograph of the h o me I grew up. In sente nce (b). EXERCISE ID Fill in the blanks with where. was a time _ -'w "'h " e"'n"---_ people celebrated the beginning of the new cen tury. etc. 1. The Sto re I bought my computer is having a sa le now. 11. 1'1 means no word is necessary. 14.EXAMPLES EXPLANATION (ompare: In sent ence (a). Do you remembe r th e year Meg Whitman started to work fo r eBay? (continued) Adjective C l. born. The ciry _ _ _ _ I was born h as a Jot of pa rks. computers. that means home. She lives in a home that has t hree The home has three computers. She wants to rent the apartment she saw last Sunday. 1. The town in she grew tip was destroyed by the war. a. The month has only 28 days. February is the month that has only In sent ence (b). 5. Do you bookmark the Web sites you visit often? 3. I like to shop at stores 1 can find products from my country. that. 12. 6. February is the mont h when I was In sentence (a). the computer a lot . 2. 8 . There are Web sites _ ____ you can compare prices of electronics. or which. 2. The office you can get your transcri pts is closed now.lllsesi Descriptive Phrases 245 . a. thot means the month. where means there or in that place. EXAMPLE January I. 28 days. EXAMPLE The ho me where I grew up had a beautifu l firep lace. when means then or in that month. I wou ld like to vi sit the city I grew up. A department store is a score in you can find all kinds of goods-clothing. or e. EXERCISE m Fm in the blanks with when. She lives in a home where people use People use t he computer a lot there. that. 4. toys. b. furn iture. 9. I don'r like cities have a lot of factories. 13. I was born then. I like to shop at stores have products from my country. s _ . February is the only mon th has fewer than 30 days.org is an o nline community whose members help L>aro other get what they need. t. there were about 8 miUion memlxn in d ooe to 4. 5..for free! It is also a 1. 3. Americans generate almost five pounds of Ifclrbage per person per day. 1. 8 . You join in the area where yo u li\e. What do you do with things that you do n't i '" nc:~ed o r use anymore? "- 2. The Freecycle NetWork re)Xlrts that its members arc keeping 55 tons of goods out of landfills each day! Typical )Xlstings o n Frcecycle might look like this: 246 Lesson 6 .1OOgraphical community. This garbage often contains useful items. And 55 percent of this garbage is bu ried in what is called "landfHl. 4. My b irthday is a day I think abom my past. O UT vacation to Paris was the best time _ ____ we h ad ever had. She wrote about a time _ ____ she couldn't speak English well. " Buried garbage can cause environmental problems. TI 19 Do you have an old computer that you don't need anymore? O r are you trying to find a mdio but don't want to spend money? Then Freecyclc is fur yOll.. 2008 was a year h ad 366 days. ." Freeq.C • . My parents' anniversary is a date _____ has a lot of mean ing for them. 11. whose idea was to protect the environment IYy keeping usable goods out of IandfiUs. '0 . CD 2. Pay special attention to adjective clauses beginning with whose.de. Do yo u think that Americans th row too many th ings in the garbage? 04») Read the following magazine article.. "*. New Year's Eve is a time 1 love. C. Do you give yourself the time _ ____ you n eed to write a good compositio n? 10. 6. The name combines the word "free" and the word "recycle. 7. 9. As of 2009.800 Freecycle communities around the mJrld.:. He also wanted to encourage neighbors to help each other. December is a time a lo t o f Americans buy gifts. Freeqcle was created in 2003 by Deron Beal. ss. Freecycle 4US _ =4 _ Before You Read _* . .tern... Good condition. TAKEN.. Whose + noun can be the object of the adj. Adjective C lauses.------. It may not be safe to let a stranger into your house.. It stands for his. It's always important to be polite. Freecycle is an on line community.. 'Their I . The person whose off. r~Its members ."'. Freecycle i s an on Li ne community whose members help each other. How do the members deliver or receive the item! The person whose offer you respond to will suggest a way for you to get it. the item wilJ be left in front of the giver's house for the receiver. People wJse children are growing can offer their kids' old clothes. Very often.. the subj. 6. Object ..Dn's off.ctiv.. claus•• Subject --~-. Yo u sho uld always send a thank-you e-mail to the person whose item you received.ctive clause. Sorry. girls' size 10 clothes. Object ~-~--~ You respond t~ ~ per. are growing. They\~ been taken . M ine broke. rollection of hip-hop COS.. or the possessive form of the noun. her. You shouLd always thank the person . Descriptive Phrases 247 ...i: The person will suggest a way for you to get it. * Subject PeopLe can offer their kids' oLd clothes.8 Whose + Noun in an Adjective Clause Whose is the possessive form of who. My daughter h as outgrown dlem.r . ~ You shouLd always thank the person whose item you received. You received h. Whose + noun can b.r-.. OFFER.'i"'ld. its.. " help each other....r you respond to wi ll suggest a way for you to get it. O r sometimes the giver and receiver will meet.. Need another one.ct of the adj.. WANTED.. clock radio. their. ) 4. Spammers send e~m ail to all the people whose names are on their lists.) 1. On eBay you can meet people whose interests you share. 7. 10. (Its customers buy and sell tho usands of items a day. I sent an e-mail to all the people whose e-mail addresses are in my address book. I only open attachments from senders whose names I recogn ize. Freecycle is an organization _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ (Its goal is to protect the environment from unnecessary land fill. 3. EXERCISE III Use the sentence in parentheses to form an adjective clause. 2. The teacher _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ uses a compu ter in the classroom. EXERCISE m Underline the adjective clause in each sentence. I have to talk to the coworker whose taptop I borrowed. 5. 8. A co mpany whose Web site I visit often sends me COLI pons bye--mail. 1.) 248 l esson 6 . Pierre O midyar is a creative person _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ (His idea for eBay made him a very wealthy man. 6. Freecycle is an online community _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ (Its members help each other to get the things they need.) 2. Compan ies whose sites you visit may sell your e-mail address co spammers. 4.) 5. EXAMPLE eBay is a company whose customers buy and sell thousands of items a day . I got a bike from a man whose son just got a bigger bike. Companies whose computers are infected with a virus can lose all their data. (I'm taking his class. EXAMPLE [received toys on FreL"Cycle from a member whose children are too old to use them. 9. My friend has a sister _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ (Her daughter is studying co be a computer programmer. The person whose furniture I received is moving to another city.) 3. W: Yes. An adjective clause does not usuaUy follow a personal pronoun. everything. TR 20 M: I hea rd you want to ta lk [0 me. Language Notes: 1. Dt!scriptivc Phrases 249 . no one.. I don't know anyone who has never used e-mail. IP RP The relative pronoun (RP) after an indefinite Something (that) he wrote made me ang ry. ~») A tooman (WJ is trying to Irreak up with a ma n (M). CD 2. 2.) 7.. (I) (continued) Adjective Cla uses. He who hesitates is lost. (l received her old T V. anything. In this case. The re's something __________--'L"w. An indefinite pronoun takes the -s form for present tense. it is often I didn't understand anything (that) you said. Everyone who uses e-mail has an e-mail address. omitted.a"'nt. EXERCISE III Fill in the blanks with an adjective clause. pronoun (IP) can be the object of the IP RP adjective cla use. except in very formal language and in some proverbs. Thepe ~o n ________________________________________ just bought a new flat-5creen TV. everyone."S'to"'-'te'7'fLLCJY"'o"'u_________ (exant/. adjective cla use. something. I give my so n's clothes to a wo man __________________________ (Ht:: r so n is smaller than my son . Use information from nearby sentences to help you. I don't know anyone who doesn't have a computer.ltJ M: What do you want to tell me! W: I wa nt to b reak up.-_____________ made me a ngry.9 Adjective Clauses After Indefinite Pronouns An adjective clause can follow an indefinite pronoun: someone. 6. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION IP RP The relative pronoun (RP) after an indefinite Everyone who received my e-mail knows about pronoun (IP) can be the subject of the the party. He who laughs Last laughs best. The relative pronoun IP RP ca nnot be omitted.) 6. Answers may vary. M: A re you an gry at me? What did I say! W: Nothing ________________". nothing. M: That's not true.-_ __ _ __ _ _ made me mad._ __ _ _ __ _ (6) M: Didn't you beli eve anything ____ _"..-- (5) W: I don't want to go anywhere with you.----.. EXAMPLE I don't send e~ mail 1k"'n"o"w to everyone _ _ _ __ _ _. If yo u have a buddy list...-_ _ __ _ _~ (J) W: I don't want anything from you. In fact._ _ _ __ _ _ _ ___ ' m W: I found o ut that you wrote the same thing to three other women. So good~bye! EXERCISE III Fill in the blanks with an adjective clause.. You sh ould read everything _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ in an e. W: How can it be sin cere? You wrote the same thing to my co usin's best friend.-. my neighbor." Everythin g else _ _ _ __ = _____ (9) was the same.-_ _ _ __ __ (8) was smcere. I'm going to return everything (4) M: Blit I can take you anywhere . 2.:.. 4. When sending an e-mail. '---_ _____ 1.. Answers may vary... you can send an instant message to someone _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ 250 Lesson 6 ... M: But I can buy you anything _ _ _ _ __ _-.. Everything ___ _ _ _ __ -.0. and my classmate. It was all spam. M: What about all the love letters I sent yo u bye-mail? W: I deleted everything _ __ _ _ __ _-.. 5. I received 20 e. 11) M: Then what's the problem? W: I just do n't love you anymore. you shou ldn 't write anything _ _ _ _ __ _ 3.mail before sending it. M: Did I do something wrong? W: Nothing _ _ _ __ _ __ ---.. Nothing _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ was importan t. Some people delete everything _ __ _ _ _ __ _ after they read it.---. The on ly"thing you changed was the name after "Dear..mails today. 3. Who is Bill Gates? Bill Gates is the man (who / whom/ which/ who. 1. I don't know anyone _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ 2. EXERCISE ID ABOUT VOU Fill in the blanks with an adjective clause. 8. o r hardware. 6. Who is Meg Whitman? She is the wo man (to who I whom / to whom I to which) Pierre Omidyar turned over the operatio n of eBay in 1998. What is spam? Spam is commercial e-ma il (who / where I what 10) you haven't asked for. '" means no word is necessary. People you don't know may send you attachments. I can't imagine anyone _ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ 5. Yo u shou ldn't open an attachment from anyone _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ It may contain a virus. 7.) created Microsoft. O midyar needed to bring in someone (who / whose / who'. 6. data. EXAMPLE I know so meone who can speak f our languages 1. Viruses are written by people (they / who I whom / whose) enjoy causing problems for the rest of us. EXERCISE lID Circle the correct words in parentheses ( ) to complete the sentences. Everything _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ is usefu l to me. EXAMPLE What is a computer virus? A virus is a computer code (what 181 who / whose) attaches itself to other programs and causes harm to programs. l'd like to get something _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ 4. (continued) Adjecrive C1ausesi Descriptive Phrases 251 . 5.Iknowsomeone _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ 3. / who h~) knowledge of business was greater than his ow n. The Internet is a tool (that I what I when / 0 ) has been around since the 19708. A computer is a tool (0 I whom / about which I whose) most of us use today for fast access to information. 4. 2. Bill Gates was born at a time (when I that / which / then) personal computers were not even in people's imagin ations. 13. What is eBay' eBay is a Web site (. 18. 16. The people (0 / which / whose / where) you meet in chat rooms are sometimes very rude.hat / where / there / which) you can buy and sell items. You can create an address book (which / in which / there/ in that) you can keep the e-mail addresses of aU you r fr iends. you can meet people (who / wham / wha they / they) have the Same interests as you do. Don't believe everything (what/ wha/ wham/ 0) you read on the In". TR 21 B: It was terrible.here / where / which / . EXERCISE HI Fill in the blanks with an adjective clause by using the sentences in parentheses or the context to give you clues. 19.:.hat) people with the same interests can meet each other. My pare n ts were born at a time (where / when / that / which) th e Inte rnet didn 't yet exist. / where / whose) you can keep the e._' d (oampkJ (I recommended a company.re!Oc.e) my friends ha"" sent to me. 12. 9.) (2) 252 lesson 6 . Th ere are chat rooms (. Do you know anyone (0 / who / whom/ which) doesn't own a computer! 21.!I!. 20.met. 14.. O n eBay. I ha"" all the e-mails (dun / what / where / uru:. ) B: The co mpany _ _ __ _ _ _--.mail add resses of all your friends.-_______ was not available (JJ o n the day _ _ _ __ _ ~----. Yo u can create an address book (when / . ~» A: How was your move last month! CD 2. 11. A vi rus writer is a person (his / whose / who / whom) enjoyment comes from creating problems for co mputer users. 17. The computer lab is never open at a time (wh ich / then / where / when) I need it.o ~m !!!! m~end ~'l1e'!!. (1 had to move on 'his day.. A man (who / whom/ whose/ who's) in my math class does n't own a computer. 10. I always delete the spam (wha / that / when / whase) I receive_ 15. 22.ha.. A: Didn't you use the moving co mpany _--. they charged me much more than I expected to pay.:.-_ __ _ __ _ .-..-_ _ _ __ _ (4) That made the move take lo nger.c:c-. B: I kn ow. but he ne~r has...- (/0) (I ta/Md to a woman.) said that the owner wou ld call me back.. .--. (I found IJ) the name on the Internet.-.. Make a list of everything _ ___ _ _ -:= _____ __ . so it was mo re expe nsive than I tho ught it would be...-. A: You sho uld keep trying.) (13) tells me the same thing... They didn't have much experience moving.-_ _ __ _ (8) (They sent these men to my home.) A: What happened? B: First of all."""""'.. A: Yo u should never use a company .---_ _ _ _ _ (5) (Things were their fault. (I had just (6) bought the mirror. (continued) Adjcctive C IHUSCS.) The movers broke the mirror _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ---. But there are many other things _ _ _ __ --. 8: I called the company several times.} were co llege snlde nrs. A: It's n ot the company's fault that it rained.:. But they charged me $800 fo r six hours of work..) (l1J Their insurance will probably pay for these things.-. (I had just cleaned the carpet.----. A: Yo u should ta lk to the owner of the company...) And they left muddy footprints o n the carpet ... The woman . (They !mJke or mined things.(1''''' talked to people.--. B: I do n't know if they have insurance.) I ·thought I was (7) getting professional movers.---. The information ____= ___ _ (The')' haw information. it was raining o n the day _ _ _ _ __ -.----0.. But the men _ _ _ __ --.--_ _ _ _ __ _ _ .. Descriptive Phrases 253 ..) o n thei r Web site says (9) $ 100 an hour...-......... Beca use the move took them so long.-- (12' B: Everyone . I used a company _ _ _ _ _ _ _-::. (I don'..) is so busy. A: How do you like your n ew plact:? B: It's fine.-- (J6} (1 uus renting her apartment...-.. Everyone makes mistakes. I had to leave.M. why did you move? You had a lovely apartment. wh at other inventions have changed the way people co mmunicate with each other? 2.....-----c:. (l5} I d id n't want to bother anyone.. We learn from the mistakes _ _ _ _ __ _= _______.-. e o "'4A4 4 . A: By the way. Besides computers. When you think about computers and the Internet. but when she came back last month. . It's across the street from the bu ilding _ _ __ ~---_ (l7} (M y sister lives in that building..) So now we get to see each other more often. <1' ... How aboU[ 5acurday after 4 P. ) B: Saturday would be great. haw (l8} '00 much to do a t that time.) spent a year in C hin a. The person . Why didn't you ask (l4} your friends to help you move! B: Everyone _ _ __ _ _= ______ (I know people.-. """'.." 40 .-. A: Don't fee l SO bad.= c . 4 • t o _. =- Before You Read 1." _ as • • .-. what famous names co me to mind! 254 Lesson 6 . " .! That's the only time . Creating The World ia'Wide Web _ •• __ 4 _ _ .. B: It wasn't mine.:--.-. Why do n't yo u come over sometime and see my new place! A: I' cl love to. Berners-Lee is not completely happy with the way the Web is used today. He is not rich or famous like Bill Gates. gave him a everyone to use. another Web page. you can click on to a physics laboratory in Geneva. However. Did You Berners-Lee. Read the following article. great love of mathematics and learning. Berners-Lee went to work at CERN. Most people have never heard ofTim Berners--Lee. He wanted to find a way to connect the knowledge and creativity of people all over the world. A hyperlink is a word or picture that In 1980. not the tool for creativity that he had imagined. who works at Know? the Massachusetts Institute of What is the difference between Technology. He devised a software program that as the (World allowed him to create a document that had links Wide) Web. who helped that the Internet became easy for design the world's first commercially available computer. Descriptive Phrases 255 . The number of Internet users started to grow quickly. Notice that some adjective clauses are ·4» CD 2. The creation httP~ the Web and the of the Web is so important that Internet? The some people compare Berners- Internet started in Lee to Johann Gutenberg. He thinks it has become a passive tool for so many people. Tim Berners-Lee In 1991. His parents. He continued to develop his idea throughout the 1980s. his project became known as the World Wide Web. system of hyperlinks Berners-Lee was born in England in 1955. He had a poor memory for facts and wanted to This system of find a way to keep track of things he couldn't hyperlinks is what is known remember. in which he answers questions he is often asked: "What were you thinking when you invented the Web?" "What do you think of it now?" "Where is the Web going to take us in the future?" • • Adjective Clauses. quickly go to where he had a lot of material to learn quickly. Today the Internet has more than 1. Switzerland. Berners-Lee published a book called Weaving the Web. who the 1970s. but it wasn't until Berners- invented printing by moveable Lee created his type in the fifteenth century. to other documents. In 1999.5 billion users. is the creator of the World Wide Web. TR 22 separated from the main clause with a comma. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Berners-lee. clause adds extra information. whom. who was born in England. France. 2. which is a wooden rack with beads. was born in begins with who. whkh. where.s. Omidyar brought in Meg Whitman. when. computers were beyond people's imagination. 4.6. Berners-lee went to work at CERN. idea for eBay in 1995. which is a physics laboratory in Geneva. EXAMPLE The abacus. Personal computers which were introduced in the 1970s are much smaller and faster than previous computers.000 years ago helped people solve arithmetic problems. 1. or whose. when personal part of the sentence. who created eBay. who helped design the first sentence. gave their son a love of Learning. ENIAC which helped the government sto re important data was built at th e Un iversity of Pennsylvania. The Internet which has been around since the 19705 \ V3S not available to most people until the Web was created. The first modern computer which was called ENIAC took up a lot of space (J . A nonessential adjective clause Pierre Omidyar. was probably the first computer. 3. got his nonessential adjective clause. essential to the mea ning of t he BemelS-Lee's parents. A nonesse ntial adjective computer. was involved in World War 11. 5. That is not used in a Pierre Omidyar. The abacus whi ch was created about 2. 256 u:sson 6 . A nonessential adjective clause is separated by commas from the main Berners-lee was born in 1955. The sentence is compLete without it. EN lAC was created in 1942 when the u. whose wife is a collector. now lives Some adjective clauses are not in the US.BOO square feet).10 NonessentiaL Adjective CLauses . whose knowledge of business helped make eBay the success it is today. EXERCISE 18 Put commas in the following sentences to separate the adjective clause from the main part of the sentence. 6. Bill Gates dropped out of Harvard to work with Paul Allen who was his old high school friend. In 1985. 9. Bill Gates introduced Windows which was Microsoft's version of the popular Macintosh operating system. Apple produced the first Macintosh computer which was easier to use than earlier computers. Descriptive Phrases 257 . 10. In 1984. 11. Together Gates and Allen founded Microsoft which has made both of them very rich. 12. Bill Gates Adjective Clauses. 7. Bill Gates went to Harvard University where he developed the programming language BASIC. Berners-Lee whose name is not widely recognized made a great contribution to the world. 8. Berners-Lee. In a nonessential adjective clause (b). 258 l<sson 6 . take it out. who created Microsoft. . Berners-Lee is unique and does not need to be identified. we University of Pennsylvania. " EXAMPLES EXPLANAnOH Bill Gates. The computer (that or which) I bought Exa mple (b) refers to only one computer. (Essential) essentia Lin order to explain which person is creative and inteLLigent.6. Try reading the sentences without the adjective clause. the noun isn't properLy identified and the idea isn't compLete. loved mathematics. has become part of our everyday computers as an invention. T'Y reading the There are many people whose only onUne sentences without the adjective clause. computers_ (Essential) Compare: a. (Nonessential) b. can't identify the noun. never In the examples to the left. only is a billion-dollar company. is In sentence (b). where he is a The adjective clause adds extra informatio n to professor of engineering. eBay was in Omidya~s ha nds unti l 1998. b. It cannot be omitted. which Bill Gates helped create. the adjective worked in the engineering department of the clause is essential because without it. (Essential) reLative pronouns which or that can be used or omitted.11 Essential vs. the sentence. (Nonessential) the relative pronoun whkh can be used. Microsoft. the adjective clause is creative and intelligent. b_ Berners-Lee. Compare: a. The people who built the first computers In the examples to the left. the adjective clause is not famous _ (Nonessential) nonessential because it provides extra information. lives. the rest of the sentence by commas. clause. The computer. If we activity is sending and receiving e-mail. A person who invents something is very In sentence (a). The sentences are complete. whose parents helped design we can still identify the noun in the main the first computer. two years ago is sLow compared to today's which is identified by the adjective clause. when he turned over the operation of the A nonessential adjective clause is set off from company to Meg Whitman. who invented the Web. the bought has a lot of memory. Nonessential Adjective Clauses 2 . the adjective finished college_ clause is nonessential because without it. Compare: a_ The computer (which or that) she just In an essential adjective clause (a). which was invented in the Example (a) refers to the whole class of 19405. Berners-Lee works at MIT. invented the Web. EXAMPLES People who send e--mail often use abbreviations. My best friend who gets at least 30 pieces of spam a day wrote a ien er to his se nator to complain. • Is the noun a unique person or place? 8erners-Lee. 6. am I including all members of a group (all my cousins. People who get spam every day ca n get very annoyed. 7. all my friends. 8. • If the noun is plural. Freecycle which was created in 2003 helps keep things o ut of land fills. Berners--Lce whose parents were ve ry ed ucated loves lea rning new things. always help me. is sick. does the sentence still make sense? Bill Gates never finished college. Meg Whitman who ran eBay for ten years decided to run for governor of California. 3. Descriptive Phrases 259 . (Not all of my friends have an Internet connection . Put commas in those sentences. who sent me an e~rna il yesterday.) EXERCISE 111 Decide which of the following sentences contains a nonessential adjective clause. Ne My fathe r. (continued) Adjective C lauses. • Can I write the adjective clause as a separate sentence? Bill Gates created Microsoft. My gram mar teacher who has been teaching here fo r 20 yea rs knows a lot about computers. 5. write Ne. 9. who works at MIT. He never finished college. (All my friend s are wonderful people. The Windows operating system which was developed by Microsoft came out in 1985. 1. • Can I put the adjective clause in parentheses? Bill Gates (who created Microsoft) never finished college. If the sentence doesn't need commas. Berners--Lee worked in Switzerland where the CERN physics laborato ry is located. Kids who spend a lot of ti me on the computer don't get much exe rcise. If t he answer to any of these Questions is yes.Language Note: Here are some Questions to help you decide if the adjective clause needs commas. all computers)? My friends. all Americans.) (ompare: I e-mailed some photos to my friends who have an Internet connection. who are wonderful people. • If the adjective clause is deleted. 2. 4. then the adjective clause is set off by commas. . 14.) 5. (We saw his picture on page 255. Did you like the story that we read about Berners-Lee? 11. (It was written by Berners-Lee in 1999. Tim Berners. The computer you bought three years ago doesn't have enough memory. The sentence in parentheses ( ) is not essential to the main idea of the sentence.. Omldyar's house. 10.) 260 Lesson 6 . (His idea was to protect the environment.) 3.org was created by Oeron Beal.ls now a large corporation. which was started in Pier. ) 2. The World Wide Web is used by billions of people around th e world. The book Weaving the Web answers a lot of questions about the creation of the Web.. 12.) e6ay. 13. The computer which is one of the most important inventions of the twentieth century has changed the way people process information. (It was created by Tim Berners-Lee. 1. It is extra information. Freecycle. EXERCISE ID Combine the two sentences into one.Lee was born in England. Bill Gates who created Microsoft with his friend became a billionaire.. EXAMPLE eBay is now a large corporation. (His parents helped design one of the fi rst computers.) 4. Berners-Lee knew about computers from an ea rly age. (It was started in Pierre Omidyar's house. My best friend whose name is o n my buddy list contacts me every day through an instant message. ) 7. (His fathe r was a professor of medicine. Tim Bemers. (More expe rt business knowledge was needed at that time to run the company. (Its members live in the same com munity.-mail did not become popular until the 19905.) 11.-Lee works at MIT.S.) Adjective C I:\lISCli: Descriprive Phrases 261 . when he was a ch ild.6.) 9. (His wife couldn't find one of her favorite collectibles at that time. Pierre Omidyar came to the U. (H e's the richest person in the U. (It was first created in 1972. E. Pierre Omidyar got his idea fo r eBay in 1995.) 10. eBay hired Meg Whitman in 1998.) 12.) 8.S. Bill Gates often gets spam asking hi m if he wants to become rich. Freecycle helps people get things for free. (He does resea rch on artificial intell igence there.. present participle (verb -ing). the founder of eBay. adjective clause to sentences (b) with a.6. definition or more information b. Shoppers using eBay can Locate a hard-ta-find item. One-haLf of aLL the e-maiL sent today is spam.12 Descriptive Phrases Some adjective clauses can be shortened to descriptive phrases. b. This kind annoying probLem. is very appositive. preposition (with. b. Pierre. a. adjective clause to sentences (b) with a prepositional phrase. adjective clause to sentences (b) with an appositive. hard-ta-find item. from France. of etc. There are about 78 million items listed on eBay. a descriptive phrase.Jrom. a. A man in Florida retired at the age of 37. b. phrase. b. Compare se ntences (a) with an b. who is from France. Pierre. eBay. created eBay. A man who is in Florida retired at the age of 37. who is the founder of eBay. We can shorten an adjective clause in which the relative pronoun is followed by the verb be. b. created eBay. Pierre Omidyar. Compare sentences (a) with an a.ve should write to their lawmakers. PeopLe unhappy with the amount of spam they Sentences (b) have a descriptive rece. is one of the richest men in the world. Pierre Omidyar. Spam. A descriptive phrase can begin with a b. Spam. Compare sentences (a) with an b. is an about the noun it follows. a. of descriptive phrase is called an a. past partici pLe. 3. A man living in Florida retired at the age of 37 Compare sentences (a) with an after making millions in the spa m business. a. which is unwanted commercial e-mail. a. which is an auction Web site. in. popuLar. EXAMPLES EXPLANAnON Compare: a. 262 Lesson 6 . PeopLe who are unhappy with the amount Sentences (a) have an adjective of spam they receive shouLd write to their clause.). is very popular. unwanted commercial e-mail. There are about 78 million items that are Listed adjective clause to sentences (b) with on e8ay. One-haLf of aLL of the e-maiL that is sent today A descriptive phrase can begin with a 15 spam. is one of the richest men in the worLd. b. Shoppers who are using e8ay can locate a a descri ptive phrase. is A descriptive phrase can give a an annoying problem. A man who is living in Florida retired at the age A descriptive phrase can begin with a of 37 after making millions in the spa m business. Lawmakers. eBay. an auction Web site. is used by millions of people. An appositive is always nonessentiaL Amazon. People who are using the Web ca n shop from their ho mes. People who are interested in read ing newspapers from other cities can find them on the Web. Bewers-lee's parents worked on the first computer that was sold com mercially. (continued) Adjective C I::tlIses. Google. 11. 5. 12. Massachusetts. A nonessential phrase is set off by commas. the founder of e8ay. There are a lot of dishonest co mpanies which are trying to take your money. 1. which is located in Cambridge. an online store. people v. EXERCISE III Shorten the adjective clauses to a descriptive phrase by crossing out the unnecessary words. 8.rfl:o 8:fe living in Califo rnia can sell to people who are living in New Yo rk. Tim Berners-Lee. A descriptive phrase can be essential or nonessential. who is one of the richest people in the world. 10. is one of the richest people in the world. EXAMPLE O n eBay. eBay takes a percentage of each sa le that is made on its Web site.Language Notes: 1. 9. A virus is a harmful program which is passed from computer to computer. (Nonessential) 2. 2. is a very popular Web site. The World Wide Web. 7. is an excellent university. which is abbreviated WWW. Bill Gates.co m. which is a physics lab in Switzerland. was first introduced on the Internet in 1991. gets spam asking him if he wants to become rich. which is a popular search engine. Descriprive Phrases 263 . Bemers--Lee developed the idea for the Web when he was wo rking at CERN . 4. now works at MIT. (Essential) Pierre Omidyar. who was born in England . MIT. 3. 6. PeopLe unhappy with the amount of spam they receive should write to their lawmakers. Google is very easy to use.) Microsoft Windows. Have you ever used Mapquest? (It is a Web si te that gives maps anJ driving directions. who is from Arizona.sson 6 . 13. created Freecycle.ne the two sentences. Use a phrase for the sentence . (This is a university in Massachusetts. EXAMPLE Microsoft Windows made personal co mputers easy to use. 15. 1.org. helps people get things they need for free.) 264 le. which is an onHne community. (It was created in 2003. Tim Bemers--Lee works at MIT.) 4. (Windows was created by Bill Gates. made personal compuUrs ea5Yto U5e.) 5.n parentheses ( ).) 2. Freecycle. created by 6111 Gates.org. Deron Beal. 14.org helps the environment.) 3. Freecycle. Computers which are sold today have much more memory and speed than computers which were sold ren years ago. (This is the same year Bill Gates was born. EXERCISE a (omb. (It is a popular search engine. Tim Bemers--Lee was born in 1955. 4. Pierre Omidyar. met Paul Alien in high school. 7.S. when he was a child. (continued) Adjective C lauses. Paul Alien h elped create Microsoft. BusinessWeek is a popular business magazine. Bill Gates started Microsoft at the age of 19.EXERCISE IiI Combine these short sentences into longer sentences using adjective clauses or descriptive phrases. BusinessWeek named Meg Whitman among the 25 most powerful business managers. whose father was a professor of medicine. He wrote his first computer program at age 14. 3. 5. Bill Gates has three children. His father was a lawyer.S. when he was a chi ld. 2. 6. 1. Bill Gate. came to the U. He was on ly 12 years o ld at that time. Bill Gates was born in 1955. Bill Gates wrote h is first computer program in 1967. Pierre Omidyar was born in France. EXAMPLE Pierre Orn idyar came to the U. He dropped Out of Harvard duri ng his second year. His wife was a marketing executive at Microsoft. His fathe r was a p rofessor of medicine. Descri ptive Phrases 265 . -d company in the U. Dell's parents were worried about Michacl.S. 10. 11. 12. He dropped out of college after his first year. Meg Whitman resigned from eBay. his business was making ovcr $50. She worked at eBay for tcn ycars. Dcll Computcrs was onc of thc first compank'S to sell computers onlinc.'t-'C}'Cle. Forbes is a busint-'SS magazinc. 266 Lesson 6 . timc. In 2008. Michael Dell created Dell computers. Its members can receive goods for free. Frt. 14. 9. It was sclling about $18 million of computcrs a day by the late 1990.. In 2000. At that.000 a month. His grades wcre dropping. Dell's business startcd to perform wcll at the cnd of his first year of collcgc.org is an online network. 13. 8. Forbes named Dell Computers the third most admirt. is an interesting person.= ( . is a programmer..Ie . about whom we read. (or which) has a Lot of memory. is an interesting person. Adjective C lauses. Summary of Lesson 6 . The peopLe (who.:gM $ . that) you My father. through Freecycle..org can get a Lot of FreecycLe.org. I sent an e-mail to never answered (InformaL) me. whom you met at the meet in chat rooms are sometimes party. very siLLy. Adjective clause I don't know anyone who doesn't after indefinite have a computer. whom.a4 '-. which is a city near San Francisco. that) about. I just bought a computer that e8ay was created in San Jose. whose computer I as object person whose bicycle I received bought. (InformaL) Where The store where J bought my Berners-lee works at the computer has good prices. Whose + noun I sent a thank-you e-mail to the My neighbor. just bought a new Laptop. ht e. Descriptive Phrases 267 . Massachusetts Institute of TechnoLogy. the founder of phrase ago didn't have a lot of memory. Pronoun as The person to whom I sent an Berners-Lee. Whose + noun Children whose parents are Berners-Lee. Microsoft. home computers. became a billionaire. whose parents as subject weaLthy often have the best worked on computers. Descriptive Home computers made 20 years BiLL Gates. is much slower than my memory. lot in his home. Pronoun as The first computer (that or which) My first computer. which J bought object J bought didn't have very much in 2004. compound Everything (that) I Learned about computers is useful. who(m) we read The person (whom. learned a technology in the home. new computer. object of e-mail never answered me. When I'lL never forget the day (when) The Web was created in 1991. where he does researdl. who. ESSENTIAL NONESSENTIAL Pronoun as PeopLe who (or that) use Oeron Beat who created subject FreecycLe. I saw a personal computer for when most peopLe did not have the first time. " £ s tu a 0 4 :A S . • is •• _ • 4" > . (FormaL) preposition (FormaL) Berners-Lee. environment. wants to heLp the things for free. e S . has A car that I!iwe a big engine is not economical. . whose I have a friend wAe Ais knowLedge of computers is very great. don't put an object after the verb. Put the subject before the verb in an adjective clause. Yo u can 't omit a relative pronoun that is the subject of the adjective clause. o r their. 268 Lesson 6 . Don't confuse whose with who's . who I know a man. 2. 4.. who She married a man wRa< has a Lot of money. her. 7. speaks five Languages. Make sure you use subject-vcrb agreement. Never use what as a relative pronoun. Put a noun before an adjective clause.. whose A student wR&s grades are good may get a schoLarship. The car that I bought * has a stick shift.. my cousin bought The house that be"gAt my ee"SiR is very beautiful. to show possessio n in an adjective clause. I know severaL EngLish teachers who speaks Spanish. 3. 5 Jtae c3 4SC= cc • " $ i 1. Editing Advice "db 4CC Si a : . The 5tudent w Who wants to Leave earLy shouLd sit in the back. 8.. If the relative pronoun is the object of the adjective clause. 6. that Everything wRa< you did was unnecessary. not his. Use whose.a . 5. . C Last semester [ took a photo editing .that has helped me a lot. Adjective C lauses. '~O) ..1.. is patient.c: -. bur it h as o ne person whQ!s not in the family.*_*9 " A S •• .. was takihg.er wl:-·68e. who/hiS sca nner is much better than (8) mine..e my.tpok were too dark. It's a woman I5J who' live next door to us.-Iass:. It's a great !7J . I have a family (4) picture. and fun.. Descriptive Phrases 269 .. 1 tried scanning it and ed iti ng it at home. 1 learned many things in this class...pfcrur.. photo. 4d4= J tU Si < (t d _l L$QU" O " Si$Y. Who "1 . (9)' I sta rted to take another photo class this semester. helpful. [ also (J J learned to cut out parrs 'I don!t .·_ now is not as good as last semester's teacher. except for her. (extlmple. Everything what I lea rned is very helpfu l.. :·. If the shaded words are correct.== Some of the sha'ded\mj an!! pl(~HS have mistakes. Find the mistakes and correct them. scanned the photo and showed me how to cut the neighbor out. For example.them..l4. She ca me right at the time when (~) ..wa.mend and she wanred to be in it. write C.. but I didn't do a good job.the. (amnple) who The teacher:WMt taught the class is an expert in ph oto ed iting. Wb~e( na~ is Mark Ryan.. My teacher. I learned how to lighten the (l) parts wli 4t needed lightening without lighte ning the who le photo. . The teach.0" »" a • . I) A lot of the photos I.Hql~. Editing Quiz i I lih.. .. This teacher.'5 (1 1) wants to lea rn a lot about photo ed iting should take Mark Ryan's class.nt. EXAMPLE A: Do ).only cost $ 1. at PART a Fill in the blanks to complete the adjective clause. B: Yt. I' ll always remem ber the day _ _ __ _ _ _ __ in my new country. The roommate I had last ear was much nicer. EXAMPLE A: Are there any teachers at this school who speak Spanish 1 B: Yes. Sh e spoke very fa~t. Yo u hit another car. 270 Lesson 6 . 2. $ Cl • $ e a.o u like you r new room mate? B: Not really. A: Do you remember your first day in the U.. A: [ heard you had a car accident. Books are cheaper then:. I Jidn'( understand everything 6. A: Did you buy your textbooks a t Be rk's Bookstore? B: No. Lapez speaks Spanish. _ .'S. The woman whose _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ wants me to pay her $700. A: My husband's mother always interferes in our married life. I wouldn't want to be married to a man whose 5. 3. A: I bought a laptop for $ I .! B: Of cou rse. A: What did the teacher say about registrati on? B: I don't know. 1. llle sto re _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ is about ten blocks from school. :. 4. ea. Answers may vary. B: That's terrible.500. Ms.' % .. B: That's a lot of money.Lesson 6 Test/Review ea $ • . The taptop _ _ _ _ _ _ _~.S. tiC ' 4 _ $ 5 _. 4 l: 0 $' .000. Berners-Lee was born in 1955. (We read about him in this lesson. A: Do you remember the names of all the stlldents? 8: No. Berners-Lee is not a weJl~known person..) Adjt. (He is an engineering professor there. Oml a. There are some students _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ PART 11 Combine each pair of sentences into one sentence. 1.) 5. A: 1l1e teacher is talking about a very fam o us American. (His wife is a coll ecto r.) Pie.. B: The man _ _ __ _ _ _ _ is Jo hn Kennedy. Use the words in parentheses ( ) to add a nonessential adjective clause to the first sentence. whose wife lsa collecto. 8. (M ost people knew nothing about computers in 1955. The Internet changed the way people get their information.) 3.) 4.'Ctivc Clauses. Berners-Lee studied physics in college. otthe idea fore6a In 1995. EXAMPLE Pierre Omidyar got the idea fo r eBay in 1995.) 2. Descriptive Phrases 271 . ([t became popular in the 19905. A: Did you buy the dictionary I recom mended to you! 8: No. but the dictionary _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is just as gO<Xl as the one you recommended. 7. Berners-Lee works at MIT. 9.. but I didn't hear his name. (His parents were programmers.. The Web. donates a lot o f mo ney to help others. which was created in 2003 .S. no commas MIT. 6. eBay is a Web site where people can buy and sell items. 4. Do not disturb the students who are studying in the library. Everyone who is in my computer class has a lapmp. Freecycle. is in November. The computer you bought has a lot of memory. 10. 272 Lesson 6 . Write "no change" (NC). PART D Some of the following sentences need commas. which is a well~known universi ty. I do n' t like teachers who give a lot o ( ho mework. 3. 12. Michigan. A lot o f peo ple like to sho p o n eBay. 8. Some of the adjective clauses cannot be shortened. Ne 1. 1. wRieR is a n American holiday. Ms. 4. Shorten them by crossing out unnecessary words. Everyone I mer at the party was very interesting. Do not change them. write "no commas." EXAMPLES The last article we read was about the Internet.S. 2. has a good engineering department. T he English that is spoken in the U. The teacher with whom I studied beginning grammar comes from Canada. The co mputer I bo ught last month has a lo t of memory. is good fo r the environment. 9. has changed the way many compani es do business. I scudied engineering at the Universi ty of Mi chiga n which is located in Ann Arbor. 6. EXAMPLES Tha nksgiving. Put them in. Tho mson who was my English teacher last semester will retire next year. Everyone who came to dinner enjoyed the food. which was introduced in 1991. 3. Bill Gates. 5. 11. is different from British English. If the sentence doesn't need commas. The children who are using the computer are not getting enough exercise. 7. PART 11 Some of these adjective clauses can be shortened to descriptive phrases. The computer which is o ne of the most impo rtant inventions of the twentieth century can be fo und in most American homes. 5. there are many immigrants who are from Mexico. In the U. who is onc of the richest people in the wo rld. which is an auctio n Web site. 2. I often use Freecycle. 10. O ne thing I don't like about the Web is ____ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ TaLk About It 0 In what ways does the computer make life better? In what ways does it make life worse? e One way to get rid of things you don't need is by using Freecyde. 11. My sister who lives in New Jersey has th ree children. O ur parents who live with us now are beginning to study English. I have two sisters. 12. children who use the Internet a loe b. Discuss your answers in a small group. people who don't have a computer c. schools that don't have modern computer equi pment e Fill in the blanks and discuss your anSwers: a. 7. a. 8. 9. My mother who lives in Mi ami has a degree in engineering. The city where 1 was born has bea utiful museums. Expansion I Activities 0 Make a sentence with each of the following phrases. O ne thing I really like about the Web is _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ c. St. Descri ptive Phrases 273 . Petersburg where I was born has beautiful museums. b. is one of my favorite Web sites. the spam I get in my mail box e. people who work with computers all day f. What do you do with things you have no more use for? Adjective C lauses. Web sites that have a lot of ads d.o rg which has communities in most big cities. please visit our Web site. For more practice using grammar in context. e Write about some type of technology that you use today that you didn't use ten years ago.Write About It 0 Write a paragraph teUlng the different ways you use your computer. I can see what my friends are doing. Also I can I ... 274 Lesson 6 . Any of my f r iends who want . to know what I'm doing can see my page . and . make new friends by seeing whom my friends have 1 included as their friends. e Write about an important person you know of who did something great but isn't well·known (like Tim Herners·Lee). EXAMPLE Using Facel>ook A few years ago I started using Facebook. I love it. Lesson Grammar Infi nitives Gerunds Context Helping Others . TR01 infinitives. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION I want to help.ro: cp. . An infinitive is used after expressions She's too young to help. An infinitive can follow certain adjectives. to be... • " . is a person who gh~ a".. 1835.= • . Philanthropist1 :. co =t :. k4 . Who are some of the richest people today? 2.: t '" . .. An infinitive follows certain expressions with it.& q •• . He's old enough to help. _ Dcue • Si • ..u... An object can be added before an infinitive.1 Infinitives-An Overview An infinitive is to + the base form: to go. v monrv fo hd ll odhcT propl". a. 4 454 ut. Pay special attention to CD3. Do you volunteer your time in order to help others? An infinitive is used to show purpose. Should rich people help other>? 04») Read the following textbook article. to see. It's important to help others. " Oh 2 Before You Read 1.. Andrew Carnegie. I want him to help.. 276 Lesson 7 . 7. I'm happy to help. with too and enough. Andrew Carnegie. An infinitive is used after certain verbs."" 0.1919 'A philcmlhropis. A year later. carved in stone. • It is a disgrace 3 to die rich. But he always remembered the day he wanted to use a library in Pittsburgh but was not permitted to enter.500 public libraries in the English-speaking world. Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh As Carnegie's fortunes grew. his family immigrated to the United States.20 a week. • It is important for a rich person to set an example for others. • It is not good to have money if your spirit is poor. By the time he died in 1919. He made a fortune 2 in the oil and steel industries but spent most of his life giving his money away. Andrew Carnegie was one of the world's richest men. "Free to the People." By the time Carnegie died. Carnegie had given away more than $350 million. Gerunds 277 . He wanted everyone to have access to libraries and education. When he was 13 years old. 'A disgrace is something that brings shame o r dishonor. He believed that education was the key to a successful life. But bUilding libraries was not his only contribution. there were only a few public libraries. One of his biggest desires was to build free public libraries. and it didn't take him long to become rich. • It is the moral obligation of the wealthy to help others. he tried to persuade other wealthy people to give away their money. In 1881. 'A fortune is a very large quantity of money. he started to give his money away. there were more than 2. Carnegie started to build free libraries for the people. • It is the mind that makes the body rich. are his own words. Infinitives. he started to work for $1. Over the doors of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. In his book The Gospel of Wealth. These are some of the ideas he wrote about in his book: • To give away money is the best thing rich people can do. He was disappointed to learn that the library was for members only. He was intelligent and hardworking. Carnegie was born in Scotland in 1835. EXERCISE 0 Fm in the blanks with an infinitive based on the article you just read. Everyone wa nts to be given an opportunity To make an infinitive passive. In a sentence with two infinitives connected by and.rk And rew Carnegie started _ _ _=-'. 278 Lesson 7 . the second to is usually omitted. participle. Some verbs are followed by an infinitive. 6. See Section 7. He started to work when he was 14. Language Note: The verbs below can be follo wed by an infinitive. use to be + past to succeed. EXAMPLE to w:. S. Answers may vary.:oc. He tried _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a library whe n he was young. 7. He thought it was important fo r rich people _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ poor people. He thought it was a terrible thing rich. Everyo ne deserves to have an education. 3. 4. He decided a lot of money to help others. "--___ when he was very you ng.7. He thought it was better _ _ _ __ __ _ _ a rich spirit than a big bank accou nt. 2. but he wasn't allowed inside.14. He wanted free public li braries. He decided to give away money. He thought that rich people needed an example for others. I wa nt to make money and help others. agree continue* inte nd offer seem appear decide know how plan start* attempt deserve learn prefer* t ry' begin* expect like* prepare want canCt) afford forget love* prete nd wish ca n't stand* hate* manage promise would like choose hope need refuse "These verbs can also be followed by a gerund with Little or no change in meaning. t.2 Verbs Followed by an Infinitive EXAMPLES EXPLANAnON (arnegie wanted to build libraries. (gillf) 1. Do you plan to get a college degree? In what field? 8.EXERCISE 11 Fill i n the blanks with an i nfi nitive. 1. Why did you decide to come to this school? 2. What did you need to do to register at this school? 3. EXAMPLE I like to eat Chinese food 1. like _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ • but I have to do it anyway. I need _ _ _ _ __ _ __ and _ _ _ __ _ _ _ every day. You may discuss your answers. 10. What do you expect to have five years from now (that you don't have now)? 5. I don'. I want _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ . Do you plan to transfer to a different school? 9. Ilovc 8.e:::g". I can'. (u~ach) (continued) Infinitives. I sometimes forget 7. afford 3.n. but I'd like to learn. I've decided 4. 9. not just taking.---__ attention. I don't want 6. Gerunds 279 . EXAM PLE C hildren like _ _-. I would like EXERCISE 11 ABOUT YOU Answer these questions. What do you hope to accomplish in your lifetime! 6.i"ve". but I don't have enough time. When did you start to study English? 4. EXAMPLE Why did you decide to come to this city! I decided to come here because [ wanted to go to this school. Share your answers with the class. Do you want to learn any other languages? Which o nes? Why? 7.to=~". 5. [ don'r know how _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ . 2. What do you plan to do after you graduate? EXERCISE 0 Fill in the blanks wit h the passive form of the verb in parentheses ( ). C hildren have _ _ _ ~~_ _ _ _ about giving. . He wanted them to donate money. He encouraged rich people to help ot hers. 2..---_ ___ a chance to succeed in life. b.-.--. Money for a charity needs _ _ _---. Carnegic thought that libraries needed _ _ __ -. Carnegie encouraged rich peopLe not to be selfish. (gi.". 3.. we can use an object + an infinitive.-. Some people who make donatio ns don't wam their names 0. Carnegie wanted poor people to have t he same The object can be a noun (a and b) or a opportunities as rich people. d.-----. EXAMPLE EXPLANAnON a..c--:--.::::.'''1 4.and ----~--~----- (!Otd ifeJPecr) 7. My elderly neighbor needs . There arc many ways of helping child ren..-. advise expect persuade allow fo rbid remind appoi nt force teach' ask invite tell beg need urge convince order want encourage permit would like "After teoch. Ou r parents want us to help others. Put not before an infinitive to make a He reminded them not to forget about the poor.. I'm going to offer to drive him. 280 Lesso n 7 .-_ _ _ (0011«1) 5. Everyone wants _ _ _---.- (clean) 6. how is sometimes used: He taught me how to ski...----.-_ __ for (build) the public.to the hospital (dril~) because he can't drive.d 7.cc-..3 Object Before Infinitive After the verb... language Note: The verbs below can be followed by a noun or object pronoun + an infinitive. 8. c. negative. There are many ways to help. C hildren need _____~~-----. pronoun (c and d). Parks need .--:. " 11. give a lot o f examples 2. Change the following imperative statements to statements with an object pronoun plus an infinitive. "Help others. correct my pronunciatio n 4. ra ise our hands to answer 10. a nswe r my questio ns I want him to answer my q uestio ns." He advised ___ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ 4. sta nd up to answer a questio n 9. EXAMPLE A wo m an says to her husband. d o the h omework 8. "Be kind to others. wri te perfect compositions 6. practice English every day 4. A mother says to her children . 1. EXAMPLES speak fast I don 't want the tcacher to speak fast." ____ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ S h ewa n~ 3. The father said to his ch ilJ ren . wear a unifo rm to class The [cacher does n't expect us to wear a u n iform to class. teach us idioms EXERCISE III Tell if the teacher expects or doesn't expect you to do the following. give liS a test o n gerunds and infinitives 8. ABOUT VOU Tell if you want or don't want the teacher to do the following. learn English in six mo nths 7. "Teach the chi ld ren good values. My parents always said to me. "Be good. give liS a lot of homewo rk 7." They expected _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 2.ey want ___ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ Infinitives.EXERCISE. use the Internet a questio n EXERCISE. ask questions 2. EXAMPLES come o n time The teacher expects us to come on time. Parents say to their ch ildren. review modals 6." She wants him to teach the children good values. explain the grammar 5. Gerunds 281 . 1. speak slowly 3. t . "Give to ch arity. study o n the weekend 3. speak English withollt an accent 5. . want / be obedient 12. "Be polite. permit / choose my own friends 3. expect / respect older people 7. I said to you. "Don't be selfish. Do you ever receive address labels in the ma il with your name and address printed on them? 2. "Give money to the poor.0 0. Before You Read 1. want I help them 9.." Theyencouraged _____ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ ___ 9. want / be independent 2. My parents said to us. encourage / get an education Charity and Volunteering QC." I would Iike _ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ 6." H ewa n ~ ___ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ 8. Parents say to their ch ildren. expect I get good grades in school 10. "Work hard. encourage / read 5. Do you ever watch a T V channel that asks you to send money to support it? 282 Lesson 7 . 5. allow / stay out late at night 8." Theyexpect ____ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ EXERCISE • Use the words given to tell what your family wanted from you when you were growing up. EXAMPLES want I watch TV My father didn't want me to watch TV. advise / be ho nest 6. expect / do chores 4. A father says to his daughter. . su _ _ _ t _ ." Theyreminded _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ ______ _ _ ___ 7. encourage / have a lot of friends 11. My parents said to me. "Be generous. expect / be polite My parents expected me to be polite. 1. ·4)) Read the following magazine article. Pay special attention to verbs CD 3, TR 02 followed by infinitives and base forms. There are more than 600,000 charities in the u.s. that you can give to. In addition, there are thousands of volunteer organizations. But it isn't always easy to get people to give willingly. One way charities get people to contribute is by offering a payroll deduction at work. An employee can have a certain amount of each paycheck deducted, so the money goes to charity before the employee even sees it. If • you are asked to give at your job, keep in mind that it is voluntary; no one can make • you glve. Another way to get you to give is to send you something free in the mail, such as address labels with your name and address printed on them. Some people feel guilty about accepting the gift without giving something. Also, some charities have volunteers stand at intersections with a can or box, asking passing drivers for donations. Often they give you something, such as candy, for your donation. Public TV and radio stations have fundraisers. Several days out of the year, they ask for your money to support the programs you like. The station has volunteers answer phones to take your credit card number. Besides giving money, people can volunteer their time. Some volunteers help kids learn to read; others help feed the homeless; others help elderly people get meals. Helping others makes us feel good. To encourage us to give, the government lets us deduct our contribution, which lowers our taxes. Infin itives; Gerunds 283 7.4 Causative Verbs Some verbs are called causative verbs because one person causes, enables, or allows another to do something. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION / (arnegie persuaded wealthy people to give away Get, persuade, and convince are followed their money. by an object + infinitive. You convinced me to help the poor. Get, in the example on the left. means They got us to contribute to charity. persuade. (arnegie helped people to get an education. After help + object, either the infinitive Some volunteers help kids learn to read. or the base form can be used. The base form is more common. The government lets you deduct your contribution Let means permit. Let is followed by an to charity. object + base form. (Permit and allow are The teacher doesn't let us talk during a test. followed by an infinitive.) (ompare: The teacher doesn't let us talk. The teacher doesn't permit us to talk. a. No one can make you give to charity. Make is followed by an object + base b. Volunteering my time makes me feel good. form. In sentence (a), make means force. In sentences (b), make means to cause something to happen . Public TV stations have volunteers answer the Hove means to give a job or task to phones and take donations. someone. Have, in this case, is followed The teacher had us write a composition about by an object + base form. charity. EXERCISE. Fill in the blanks with the base form or the infinitive of the verb in parentheses ( ). 04» [ volunteer for my local public radio station. Several times a year, the CDl. TRDl station tries [0 persuade listeners _ _--,..:: to::J! 9"ive .::..,._ _ money to the (example; gin:) station. Without listener support, the radio statio n could noe exist. The station managers have us _ _ _~_ _ __ _ the phones when listeners (J aruu.er) call to contribute. We let callers - - - - c : :- c - - - by check or credit (1 txryJ card. To get listeners _ _~~--,._ _ _~, the statio n offers some prizes. (3 contribute! For example, fo r a $60 contribution, you can get a coffee mug. For a $100 284 l esson 7 contribution, yo u can get a book. Everyone can listen to public rad io for free. No one makes YOlI _ _ _ -;-;- , - , -_ _ _ for it. But listeners sho uld pay fo r (4 pay) this service, if they can. They sho ulJ help the station _ __ --;;=;-_ _ _ (5 fXrj) fo r its excellent programming. EXERCISE IDJ Fill in the blanks with the base form of a verb and ABOUT YOU finish the sentence. EXAMPLE The teacher lets us talk In groups when we work on a prol>lem. 1. When I was a child, my pa rents didn't let mt: _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 2. When r was a child, my parents made me _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 3. During a tt:st, the teacher doesn't let us _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ 4. The teacher often has us _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ 5. My parents helped me _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ 7.5 Adjective Plus Infinitive Certain adjectives can be followed by an infinitive.. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Some people are happy to help others. Certain adjectives can be followed by Are you willing to donate your time? an infinitive. Many of these adjectives I am proud to be a volunteer. describe a perso n's emotional or I am sad to see so many needy people in the world. mental state. We are pleased to help. Language Note: The following adjectives can be followed by an infinitive. afraid eager pleased· sad ashamed' glad prepared' sony delighted· happy pro ud surprised' disappointed' lucky ready willi ng . 'Note: Many ·f'(1 word5 are adjectives. Infinitives; Gerunds 285 EXERCISE ID A college student has volunteered her time with an agency that delivers food to needy families. She is discussing her duties with the volunteer coordinator. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate infinitive. Answers may vary. A: Are you willi ng ___w ",,;-do = nate '77"'-_ _ your time on the weekends? (txGmpkJ B: Yes. I'm eager _ __ _cc-_ _ _ _ people who need my help. I'm (I) ready _ _ _----;,,---_ _ _ whatever you need me [0 do. (2) A: You're going to deliver meals to people in this neighborhood who don't have enough food. B: I'm surprised _ _ _----;;;;-_ _ _ that some people don't have (J) enough to eat. This seems like a midd le-class neighborhood. A: It is. But the economy is bad. Most people are lu cky _ __ _-;::-_ ___ a job. But many people have lost thei r jobs. (4) Some people are ash amed _ _ __ ;;;-_ __ _ for help. (5) B: I can understand that. But don't worry. I'm willing - ------;oc-- - - - anyone who needs my help. (6) A: Don't be afraid - ------;co--- - into a stranger's home. (7) Someone wi ll always go with you. B: I'm happy _ __ _=-___ food CO people who need it. (8) A: I'm glad _ _ _----;;;;-_ __ you work with us. Your parents must (9) be proud _ _ _----;=-_ __ sud1 a wonderful daughter. (10) EXERCISE" Fill in the blanks with an infinitive (phrase). EXAMPLE Before I came here, I was afra id _w~5~pea~~k~E::!ng!l!'!II~5!! h.,--_ _ _ _ __ _ 1. When I started this course, I was eager _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _~ 2. When I started to attend this school, I was surprised (to see, learn, find out) _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ 3. When I was a child, I was afraid _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ 4. Now I'm afraid _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 286 Lesson 7 5. I'm happy _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 6. I'm lucky _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 7. When I left my hometown, I was sorry _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 8. When I was _____ years old, I was ready _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ EXERCISE III FiLL in the blanks with an infinitive or a base form in this conversation between an uncle (U) and his nephew (N). Answers may vary. ·4) CD 3, TR 04 U: What do you plan __to _ Q _O__ this summer? (example) N: I wanted _____ a summer job, but I couldn't (1) find one. It's going to be boring. I'm ready _ _,--__:, (2) but no one wants _____ me. And my parents (3) expect me _____ a job. My mom won't let (4) me _ _ _ _ home all day and watch TV or hang (5) out with my friends at the swimming pool. U: Are you trying _____ money for your college education? (6) N: Not really. I haven't even thought about saving for college yet. I want a job because I'm planning _____ a car. U: You need _____ about college too. You're going to graduate (8) next year. N: I'm planning _____ to a community college, so it won't be so (9) expensive. And my parents are willing _____ for my college (10) tuition. U: Have you thought about volunteering your time this summer? N: Not really. I just want _____ money. (11) U: Don't just think about money. Try _____ about how you can help (12) other people. You can help little kids _____ to read. Or you can (13) help _ _ _ _ the parks by picking up garbage. (14) N: I keep telling you. I just want _ _ _ _ money. What will I get if I do (15) those things? I won't get my car. (continued) Infinitives; Gerunds 287 U: You'll get satisfaction. Helping others will make you _ _ __ _ (16) good. And you will learn _____ responsible. After you finish (17) community college and go to a four-year college, it will look good on your application if you say you volunteered. It will help you _ _ _ __ (18) into a good college. N: Why are you trying so hard to get me _____ a volunteer? (19) U: I volunteered when I was your age, and I found that it was more valuable than money. N: OK. I'll volunteer if you're willing _ __ __ me the money for the car. (20) One Step at a Time Before Yo u Read 1. Have you ever done volunteer work? What did you do? 2. Do you know anyone who has started a volunteer project? ·4)) Read the following article. Pay spedal attention to in order to CD 3, TR 05 and to. Joyce Koenig loves to help people. She's also an artist. She wanted to combine her love of art and her desire to help others. About ten years ago, Joyce heard about One Step at a Time, an organization that helps children with cancer to go to a special camp and just have fun. In order to send these kids to camp, though, the organization needs to raise money. Joyce had an idea: She started making and selling beautiful cards to raise money for these kids. Because these cards are all handmade, it was taking a long time for her to PI€Q.s e- make a lot of cards. So Joyce had another idea. She till? s,,, t;:> ~ dll. \ d "',"'- started inviting friends to her house to help her t"", •• c,"1" make the cards. Often she has a card-making party; the guests go into her studio in order to make the cards together. At first her friends were hesitant. Many said that they were not artistic and didn't know how to make cards. But once they saw the beautiful materials that she had in her studio, her 288 Lesson 7 friends felt more comfortable designing, cutting, and pasting in order to make an original card . To make money without spending money, ]oyce asks for and gets donations of paper, glue, scissors, riblxm, and other supplies from many sources. She sells her cards for $2 each at various art fairs during the year. Since she started her project, she has raised more than $30,OOO--two dollars at a time. I1 -----------------j ) 7.6 Using the Infinitive to Show Purpose - EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Joyce sells cards in order to raise money. In order to shows purpose. It answers the The organization needs money in order to question 'Why?" or 'What fo r?" help send kids to camp. Joyce sells cards to raise money. In order to can be shortened. We can sim ply The organization needs money to help send use to . kids to camp. a. In order to raise money, Joyce sells cards. a. The purpose phrase can precede the main a. To economize, Joyce asks for donations. clause. Use a comma after the purpose b. Joyce sells ca rds in order to raise money. phrase. b. Joyce asks for donations to economize. b. The pu rpose phrase ca n follow the main clause. Don't use a co mma. EXERasE m Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences. Answers may vary. EXAMPLE In order to _ __ ---'I"e= a m::.:..: m"o::l'e = a::u"o:::llt = v"o.::lu"ntee ==""'I1(! "--_ _ _ 4' you can use the Internet. You can find lots of inform ation there. 1. Carnegie donated his money to _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ li braries. 2. You can volunteer in o rder to job expe rience. But in order to money, yo u need a paying job. 3. To _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ a job, you need experience. To _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ experience, you need a job. 4. You can volunteer your time in order to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ people. There are many people who need help. 5. ]oyce started making and selling cards in order to _ __ _ _ _ _ __ 6. The organization One Step at a Time needs money in order to Infinitivcs; Gerunds 289 EXERCISE III ABOUT YOU Complete each sentence. EXAMPLE ______~~ ~~to ~ ~ ~~k~~ ~~Am ~e~n~·ca ~n~5~a~5~m ~ uc~h~a~s~po ~~~~ u~~______ ID improve my English. 1. I wam to learn English in order to __________________________ 2. I came to this school to _ _________________________________ 3. I use my d ictio nary to _ ___________________________________ 4. 1 _______________________________________ in order to relax. 5. I to lea rn new words. EXERCISE III Complete each sentence. Answers may vary. EXAMPLE Many students have jobs in o rder to pay for their education 1. We' re studying this lesson to _ ___________________________ 2. Many people use spell-check in o rder [0 _ _ _ _ _____________ 3. Many people use CaUer ID ID _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 4. You sho uld register early to _____________________________ S. Many students apply fo r financial aid to ______________________ 6. If you aren't satisfied with your score o n the T OEFL test, you can take it a second time in o rde r to _________ ____________ your score. 7. If you' re absent, you can call a classmate to _________________ 8. YOll need a password in order to _ ________________________ 9. You can use the Web site Weather.corn to _ _______________ 10. Some shoppers use coulx ms to _ ______________ ________ It's good to help other people. An infini tive phrase can be the subject of a It was Ca rnegie's dream to build li braries. sentence. We usually begin t he sentence with It's fun to make cards. it and put the infinitive phrase at the end of the sentence. It is important for rich people to set an For + an object can give the infinitive a example. specific subject. It is necessary for Joyce to get donations of supplies. It costs a lot of money to build a library. An infinitive is often used after cost + money It takes time and effort to raise money. and take + ti me. 290 Lesson 7 EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Carnegie was a poor immigrant, but it didn't An indirect object can fo llow take and cost. take him long to become rich . How much did it cost him to build a Library? To build li braries was (arnegie's dream. Sometimes we begin a sentence with an To g;ve money away is the best t hing rich infinitive phrase. A sentence that begins people can do. with an infinitive is very formal. To help others gives a person satisfaction. EXERCISE" Complete each statement with an infinitive phrase. EXAMPLE It isn't polite _ _ _ _ _ _ to = i"nte '= rru = Lpt .= a..:co = nv"e:.:l"5a = .w::·= ":.. . _ _ _ __ _ 1. It's d angero lls _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 2. It isn't healthy _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ 3. It', wonderful _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 4. It', ilI eb>aI _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 5. 1<', a good idea _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 6. It's the teacher's responsibility _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ 7. It costs a lot o f money _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ 8. It's important for me _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ 9. It's boring for the students _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 10. It', fun for children _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 11. It's easy fo r Americans _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 12. It took me a lo ng time _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 13. It cost me a lot of mo ney _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ 14. It will probably take me a long time _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ EXERCISE ID Make sentences with the words given. EXAMPLE d an gerous / children It's dangerous for children to play with matches. 1. fun / children 2. necessary / children 3. impo rtant / a family (ccmtinued) Infinitives; Geru nds 291 4. difficu lt / a large family 5. necessary / working parents 6. difficult / most people 7. hard / single parencs 8. difficult / the teacher EXERCISE l1li Complete each statement. Begin with an it- phrase. EXAMPLES It'" Impossll>le to be perfect. It cost me $ 2 .49 to mail a packabJe to my hometown. 1. to work hard. 2. to fall in love. 3. [0 get married. 4. to make a mistake in English. 5. to be lonely. 6. to help other people. 7. to cake a taxi from this school to my house. 8. to eat lunch in a resta Urant. 9. to go to college. 10. to buy my textbooks. 11. to learn English. 12. to give away money. 13. to have a lot of friends. 14. to travel. EXERCISE tm Change these statements to make them less formal by starting them with it. EXAMPLE To raise money fo r charity is a good thing. It',, a good thing to raise money for charity. 1. To raise $30,000 is not easy. 292 lesson 7 too much + noncount noun + infinitive too many + plural count noun + infinitive There are too many problems in the wo rld to solve in one day. so I have no ti me to Word order: volunteer. Gerunds 293 . adverb. be omitted. a. (amogie had enough money to build libraries. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Young Carnegie was too poor to enter the library. -~-- Too shows that the adjective or adverb is excessive for a specffic purpose. To give away mo ney is [he respons ibilit:y of [he ri ch. 6. To raise mo ney for children with cance r is loycc's goa l. I can't voLunteer this summer because Sometimes the infinitive phrase can rm too busy. a. A volunteer delivers her meals. To produce high-qualit:y publi c rndio takes a lo[ of money. Enough shows that an adjective. or noun is sufficient for a specific purpose. 3. enough money to build libraries Infi nithes. (arnegie could build libraries because he had context: enough money. 7. 2. Am I talented enough to design a card? Word order: Adjective/adverb + enough + infinitive Joyce sells cards easily enough to raise money for her charity.8 Infinitive with Too and Enough . There is enough volunteer work for everyone to do. 5. Making cards is not hard for me to do. I have too much wort< to do. too + adjective/adverb + infinitive She's too old to cook for herself. It is understood from the b. too busy to volunteer b. To build li braries was Ca rnegic's dream. The infinitive phrase can be preceded by for + object. Word order: enough + noun + infinitive I have enough time to volunteer this summer. Word order: Vou drive too slowly to drive on the highway. 4. To fight disease rakes a 10[ of mo ney. It's _____. A: But 1'd really like to help. Put the words in the correct order. I have _____-. We can go and pick up garbage. (I) A: You always say you want to volunteer. (example: enough/talent) (1 oW/too/learn) B: But it's so __________________ cards.----______ someth'mg new. EXERCISE Fill in the blanks with the words in parentheses. (11 hard/too/choose) EXERCISE fJI Fill in the blanks with too. But I don't have enough ______ talent ----"'__________ . (2 easy/ make) A: But I think it takes __________________ a card.-------:--__--::--____ five (10 enough/nwney/buy) cards now. too much. It won't take __________________ to finish the job.-u---"g<-h-.im (example) do that. A: They're all so beautiful. Anyone can do it. B: Why would you want to do that? I don't have ___ _ _e_ _ to en_o-. If not. (5 make) A: 1'd really like to help but I'm __________________ you at this time. (2) 294 Lesson 7 . When people have __________ . (4 time/ enough) B: It only takes about 15 minutes __________________ a card. I' m __________-. A: I heard about a volunteer project at the park. A: I heard about your card project. I have __________ things to do today. Each one is original. A: Really? They're so inexpensive.-_ _ _ _ only five. Answers may vary. (7 work/ too much/do) B: That's not a problem. or enough and any other words necessary to fill in the blanks. (6 busy/ too/help) I have __________________ at this time. B: Great! Every dollar helps. A: I'm not sure I have ________________ a donation. Add to where necessary. Choose the cards you like. too many. About 50 volunteers are coming.t-. I don't have (3 too/long/make) ------------------. (9 enough/money/ make) B: You can buy just one card for $2. they (8 time/ enough/help) help. Is there anything else I can do? B: You can make a donation. and I'd like to help you. that's okay too. Not being abLe to enter a library made Carnegie feel bad. A gerund ca n be passive: Sick children enjoy being given the opportunity to go being + past participle. It's (3) almost 90 degrees today. n oj se. You can stay in th e shalluwend . A gerund (phrase) can be used as the Joyce appredates getting help from volunteers. to camp. 7. A gerund (ph rase) can be used as the Volunteering your time is another way to help. B: The water is deep there. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Subject You ca n use a geru nd (phrase) in the Charity is a good thi ng. I appreciate being told about volunteer opportunities. same pLace you use any subject or Helping others is a good thing. object of a sentence.:. A gerund is used as a noun (subject or object). before the geru nd. lnfinitives. B: But it's _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to spend the whole day in the sun. I enjoy helping people.9 Gerunds-An Overview To form a gerund. They' re always yelling. B: The shallow end has a lot of kids. The park has a big swimming pool. Contributing money is one way to help. A: Don't worry. (5) A: I guess you 're just not interested in helping today. Object I enjoy summer. Gerunds 295 . A: We can go swimming afterwards. put not others. object. I enjoy volunteering my time. There's a shallow end and a deep end. subject of a sentence. Carnegie accused some rich people of not helping To make a gerund negative. time at the beach. I'm excited about making cards. put an -ing ending on a verb. And the kids make _ _ _ _~---. A gerund (ph rase) can be used as t he Let's volunteer this summer instead 0/ wasting our object of a prepositio n.-_ _ _ to (4) swim in deep water. and I don't swim _ __ ---. He continued driving his old car and living in a one-bedroom apartment.15 an hour. And he didn't stop working until shortly before he died at the age of 81. he learned about giving from his parents. and help others less fortunate. But he didn't care about owning expensive cars or taking fancy vacations. Also. Do you think that all rich people like to live in luxury? 2. "It keeps me going. he didn't change his lifestyle. saving carefully. However. When he became rich. He had to drop out of school after the seventh grade to help support his poor family. By working hard. we usually think of the very rich and famous. When we think of philanthropists. Why did Dawson insist on giving his money away to college students? One reason was that he did not have the opportunity to finish school. Since 1995. His mother made Dawson promise to always give something back. He was grateful to his parents for teaching him the importance of helping others. knowing I'm helping somebody.Helping Others Get an Education Before You Read 1." 296 Lesson 7 . he became rich. When asked why he worked long past the time when most people retire. TR 06 Read the following magazine article. was an ordinary man who did extraordinary things. Pay speciaL attention to gerunds. he donated more than $1 million for college scholarships to help poor students who want to MateL Dawson. He realized the importance of having an education and regretted not having the opportunity. and investing his money wisely. Like Andrew Carnegie or Bill Gates. He watched them work hard. Matel Dawson. Do you know anyone who is very generous? -4) CD 3. save their money. who was a forklift driver in Michigan. Dawson started working at Ford Motor Company in 1940 for $1. he enjoyed giving it away. 1921-2002 get an education. Instead of spending his money on himself. he replied. Volunteering your time _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ 4. Not an educatio n always bothered Dawso n. Having a lot of mo ney _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ 2. . 2. 4. EXAMPLE Own ing a lot o f things aoesn't give people much satisfaction. makes me feel good . Helping others gives a person pLeasure. . A gerund or a gerund phrase can be the Giving away money made Dawson feeLgood. (continued) n . an education is expensive in the U. 3. Hel ping less for tunate people _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 3. • r: r . put not before the gerund. Answers will vary. 1. EXAMPLE Helping others made Dawson feel good. EXAMPLE Taking a wann I>ath relaxes me at the end of the day. 1. A gerund subject takes a singular verb. _ _ __ in a factory was not an easy job. subject of the sentence. was an important decision in my life. Working hard _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ EXERCISE III ABOUT YOU Complete each statement with a gerund (phrase) as the subject. 3. 2. 4. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is d ifficult for me. To make a gerund negative..EXAMPLES EXPLANAnON Working gave Dawson satisfaction. 5. EXERCISE III Fill in the blanks with a gerund. Getting an education _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ 5. money didn't give Dawson sarisfaction. EXERCISE HI Complete each statement. ." . makes me feel bad. Answers may vary.. •• . an o ld car was not a problem for Dawson. that he was hel ping people was very important fo r Dawson. 6. Not finishing school ca n affect your whole life. a vacati o n wasn 't importa nt fo r Dawson. 7.S. .. 1. 11 Gerund after Prepositions and Nouns EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Dawson didn't care about owning fancy t hing s. noun in the following expressions: He did n't have a hard time saving money. Dawson thanked his parents for teaching him to Verb + object + preposition + gerund save money.rit :. Are you interested in _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 3. 1. spend money. have trouble. I have a lot of experience _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ 298 Lesson 7 . Arc you worried about _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 2. have fun. Verb + preposition + gerund He believed in helping others.:::i"n"' ' g-=c=o m"'p"'05 = iu:::·o:. EXAMPLE Are yo u lazy about _ _ __ _ _w ::. have a hard time. Adjective + preposition + gerund Dawson was concerned about helping poor college stude nts. 6. Then ask another student these questions.:s:. I had a hard time _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ 2. EXERCISE III Complete the questions with a gerund (phrase). Do you ever d ream about _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ EXEROSE IiJ Fill in the blanks with a gerund phrase. EXAMPLE I had problems getting a student loan. Joyce is successful at raising mo ney for children with cancer. have experience. Do you ever think about _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ 4. 5.:·. _ _ __ _ ____ makes me feel proud. has always been easy for mc. Oawson didn't spend money going on vacations or A gerund is used directly after the eating in expensive resta urants. have a difficult time. have a good time. spend time.:n. hove difficulty. have a problem. 7. Were you excited about _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ 5. Camegie was famous for building libraries.:7_ _ _ _ __ 1. from He kept me from Preposition prevent ..12 Using the Correct Preposition It is important to choose the correct preposition after a verb. object to depend on I insist on helping my verb + on insist on grandmother... from time. I don't have much experience _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ 4. from finishing my work on verb + object + from prohibit .. Verb + thank . about The librarian warned the verb + object + about students about talking in the library. 3... I have a lot offun _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ 7. adjective.. stop . of leaving work ea rly.. (continued) .. for taking care of their verb + object + for forgive . for They thanked me for blame ...n succeed in giving to t hose in need? accuse . I don' t have a good time _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 8. apologize to . from warn . of He accused me of verb + object + of suspect .. . or noun.. I spent a lot of money _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ 5. I don't have a problem _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 7. plan on believe in Does he believe in ve rb + . . . I don't like to spend my time _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ 6..... dream about verb + about forget about Carnegie dreamed about talk about opening public libraries. for Object + keep .. for children. think about worry about Verb + adjust to I am loolring forward to Preposition verb + to look forward to volunteering.. PREposmON COMBINATIONS COMMON PHRASES EXAMPLES care about I care' about helping complain about people. Compare: I need to wear glasses. Notice that in some expressions. good at Joyce is very good at adjective + at successfuLat making ca rds. / I'm afraid to go out at night. not part of an infinitive. (to + gerund) 300 Lesson 7 . fur helping them. I plan on volunteering on weekends. accustomed to I'm not accustomed to adjective + to used to wearing glasses. adjective + of guilty of proud of tired of concerned about The students are worried excited about about passing the exam. I'm afraid of going out at night. PREPOsmON COMBINATIONS COMMON PHRASES EXAMPLES afraid of I'm afraid of going out capable of at nig ht.. and proud can be followed by an infinitive too.. to is a preposition followed by a geru nd. Plan. He's proud of being a volunteer. / I plan to volunteer on weekends. interested in Are you interested in adjective + . adjective + about upset about worried about Adjective + Preposition responsible for The children are grateful adjective + for famous for to the voLunteers for grateful to . a/raid. Noun + Preposition a need for What is your reason for a reason for going home early? noun + for an excuse for technique for Language Notes: 1. / He's proud to be a volunteer.n getting a volu nteer job? in danger of The students are all noun + of in favor of in favor of having class the purpose of outside. (infinitive) I'm not accustomed to wearing gLasses. 2. . For a lot o f people. Fill in the blanks with a preposition and the gerund of the verb in parentheses ( ). he was always proud _ _ _--.-. (namf/lt: M..in"./l4nktfJ A: Do they use volunteers? B: I th ink so.--_ _ _ him ho me all day.. they feci worthless.9L-_ nothing to do.. ('j n nd " .--. he's interested -----.EXERCISE. A: My mother is afraid that he'll spend all his time _ _ _-..\') B: I don't blame him _ __ --". (11 gin·) B: ('m sure your mother will be grateful too.. He wou ld have a great time _ _ _----. their se ) f~worth depends ---~--c.--. (4 hmd B: Doesn't he have any interests? A: Well...{it'" he knows so much about flowers..--. -4») A: My father's going to retire next mo nth. If no preposition is necessary.-_ _ _ TV. but he lives in an apartment (5 gankn) now so he doesn't have a garden._ _ _ (I be) worried....-::::..:a::. "fi i ..... '... she's (J Utllch) not accustomed _ _ _--.--_ __ thc nicest garden on the block.. This would give him a reason _ __ ----.. write 0.---_ _ _ tours because (9 .--_ _ _ up in the morning..--_ _ _ me this idea.:-.:: a v".-. TRO] worried _. He's (03..-_ _ at the Botanical Gardens? (7 n.... He would be good _ _ _--..:c-.-_ _ _ there.--::-:.-..:_.---. (6 hDl. ".-. (' m grateful to you ODgt'IJ _ _ _--. (8 uork) A: You're right. Besides.... ( can't wait to tell him.l>o .-:--.-_. When he had a house.--.-----.' t h=.'d B: Has he thought _ _ _-.. (2 .. and when they retire.-.::::u'7.. 3put off means postpone: I can't put off buying a car. I need one now. Use the correct preposition (if necessary) and a gerund. Students appreciate receiving finandal aid. good I spell English words 6. The followi ng ve rbs take a gerund. afraid I fuil this course 5. EXAMPLES fond I read A: Are you fond of read ing? B: Yes. have experience I work with computers 8. Another student will answer. think I buy a ho use some day EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Dawson enjoyed giving money away. admit delay finish permit recommend advise deny imagine postpone resent appredate discuss keep (on) practice risk avoid dislike mindl put ofP stop can't helpl enjoy miss quit suggest consider language Notes: lCan't help means to have no control: When I see a sad movie. I don't mind. lazy I do the homework 3. have a techn ique / learn new words 4. I can't help crying. 302 Lesson 7 . 1. interested / study computer programming 7. I don't mind means that something is OK with me. EXERCISE III ABOUT YOU Ask a question with the words given. it doesn't bother me: Do you mind living with your parents? No. Many verbs arc followed by a gerund . care I get a good grade A: Do you care about getting a good grade? B: Of course I do. 21 mind means that something bothers me. I am. have trouble I understand spoken English 2. He coutdn't imagine not helping others. f don't mi'nd 2. Ive considered 3. 1. f avoid 8. EXAMPLE I avoid walking a lone at night. He kept on until shortly before he died at the age of 81. He regretted not _ _ __ _____. I can't imagine 6. He didn't mind in a small apartment. 3.. EXAMPLE Matel Dawson liked helping students 1. Answers may vary. 2. J ru s . go boati ng go fish ing go sailing go skiing go bowling go hi king go shoppi ng go sWim ming go campi ng go hu nting go sightseeing go danci ng go jogging go skati ng EXERCISE lID Fill in the blanks with a gerund (phrase) to complete these statements about the reading on Matel Dawson.EXAMPLES EXPLANATION 00 you go shopping every day? Go + gerund is used in many idiomatic 00 you like to go fishing? expressions of sport and recreation. 5. I don't enjoy 5. He didn't mind an old car. 1 appreciate 9. EXERCISE III ABOUT YOU Complete the sentences with a gerund (phrase). I don't like to go 7. Below are expressions with go + gerund. He couldn't imagine not . 4. 6. f enjoy 4. so he d idn't retire. I often put off lnf . Students appreciated _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ from Dawson. EXERCISE ID This is a conversation between a teenager and her older brother. but I can't decide what to do. He liked giving away money. 2. Some verbs can be followed by either He liked to give money away. change gerunds to infinitives and infinitives to gerunds..7. 4. (2) 304 Lesson 7 . Lt's hard work. Dawson's parents loved helpi ng others. FlU in the blanks with an appropriate gerund or infinitive. a gerund or an infinitive with no He started worldng in 1940. He started to work in 1940. if» (Ol. 3. begi n continue Li ke prefer can't stand· hate Love start · CQ/l't stand means can't tolerate: I can't stand living . He loved to help students get an education.-~~~_ outdoors.-. It doesn't matter which one you use. (1) B: You're a great swim mer. 5. TROS A: I want to work this summer. I prefer (e:wmtJle) ~~~~. Why don't you volunteer to teach kids how to swim! A: I hate ~~~~~~~~_ with kids. Language Note: The verbs below ca n be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive with no differen ce in meaning. 1.n iJ cold climate. Dawson began working when he was 19 years o ld. differe nce in meaning. They hated seeing people suffer. Answers may vary. He continued to work until he was BO years old. EXAMPLE Dawson's parents Loved to help others. They hated to see people suffer. He preferred to live in a small apartment. B: How abou t volunteering in a museum? A: I can't stand l1eing indoors all day.14 Verbs Followed by Gerund or Infinitive EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Dawson liked giving money away. EXERCISE III In the following sentences. . fJ) B: Maybe you should get a job as a lifeguard.. 4. Gerunds 305 .-_ _ __ (o r a job to mo rrow. Sometimes we begin a sentence with an To build libraries was Carnegie's dream. It is difficult to work in a factory. 2. what do you like! A: I love _ __ -. EXAMPLE It is wo nderful to help others. It cOStS a lot of money to go to college. Going to coUege is expensive.. A gerund phrase can be used as the subject.. 3. To pay for coUege is difficult for most families .. EXERCISE m Change these statements. Helping others is wonderful.---_ _ _ at the beach. infinitive phrase.--_ _ _ (5) 7.15 Infinitive and Gerund as Subject EXAMPLES EXPLANATION It is expensive to go to coUege.. I just don't like _ __ -. A: G reat idea! I'll start _ _ _ -. B: Well. It is hard to work and study at the same rime. A: I guess I'm lazy. end of the sentence or clause. We usuaLLy begin the sentence It makes me feel good to give money to with it and put the infinitive phrase at the poor peopLe. 1. Having a college education is important. Giving money to poor people makes me feel good.. Change the subject to a gerund form. It is impo rtant to invest your money wisely. (continued) Infinitivcs. a sentence. A sentence that begins To give money away is the best thing rich with an infinitive is very formal. (4) B: That's what you said yesterday. people can do. accord ing to Carnegie. An infinitive phrase can be the subject of It is important to have a coLLege education.. and then. but I don't type fast b. you try a different method. I always write my compositions by hand. he tried living a fancier lifestyle. Stop + infinitive . Oawson's mother said. 8. but he was toLd it was for members onLy. Try + infinitive"" make an effort or enough. an activity b. It is neces. Oawson wanted to finish school. 7.remember that something happened earlier b. It is a wo nderful thing to help sick kids. Dawson always had a simple lifestyle. an attempt b. 00 you remember reading about Carnegie? a. Try + gerund = experiment wit h became rich. writing them on a computer. Joyce always tries to help sick kids. but something new. He didn't stop worki ng a. b. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION a. Remember + gerund . Remember + infinitive .ary to ask viewers to co nrribute to public TV. Stop + gerund .remember other people. Oawson loved to work. Language Note: There is a big difference between stop/remember + gerund and stop/remember + infinitive. It is satisfying to help others. one way. in order to start another activity a.16 Gerund or Infinitive after a Verb: Differences in Meaning After stop.n something and then do it a. When he a. "Always remember to help b.quit one activity to get a job. You do something it didn't bring him satisfaction . 7. Carnegie tried to enter a Library when he was young.c.quit or discontinue unti l he was 80. remember. the difference is not as clear. the meaning of the sentence depends on whether you follow the verb with a gerund or an infinitive. if that doesn't a. It can be boring to do the same thing every day. 5. and try. I tried work. 6. For try. 306 lesson 7 . but he stopped b. -. TR 09 M: Where arc yOll going! 5: To C. Gerunds 307 . M: You didn't tell me.-_ him ... 5: Of course I did. M: Don't stop strangers. I remember telling YOll about it when I was at (o:nmllk: uU) your house for dinner last week.your cell phone.. First I tried ---=----:c. It could be dangerous. You met him then. I'm leaving tomOrrOw. M: O h.-_you say something about ie. Now I remember _--. hO\'I are yOll (2 mffl) getting to Californ ia! 5: I'm driving. (continued) Infinitives.:. I'm calling to say good·bye. s: Hi. (5 pid up) s: Of course I won't.-_ at a rest area... M: I don't remember _--=-_.-_ 3 cup of coffee every few h ours. yes. Anyway. M: If you get tired. Last night I wanred to talk to you and I couldn't reach you. (4 #'I) 5: I will. But ali i got was your voice mail. Mom. M: And remember your cell phone on in case I want to ca ll (61etMo) you. you should stOp _--.-. Fill in the blanks with the gerund or infinitive of the word in parentheses ( ).. 04» CD 1.. 11 hM~) Why are you going! S: I have a good friend there. M: Alone? 5: Yes. Then I tried _ -.EXERCISE ID Read the following conversation between a son (S) and his mother (M). li forn ia. M: Have I met your friend? 5: He was here last year at my birthday party.--..--. (J 1nl) And you can stop _---."":-_ your ho me "~ m~ phone. and we've decided to do some volunteer work in a forest during our sum mer vacation. stop so much. s: Did you leave a message? M: I tried _ _ _ __ a message but your mailbox was full. Remember _ ____ sunscreen. I'm your mother. After reading the articles in this lesson. Of course I worry. I'll leave my phone on. M: You'll be outdoors all day. can you think of ways you'd like to volunteer to help others? 2. And stop _ ____ me so much (11 worry) (12 give) advice. (9 leave) S: Don't worry. I'm 24 years old! M: Try . What do you think motivates people to volunteer? 308 Lesson 7 . S: Mom. ( 1J understand) Mimi's Bike Ride Before You Read 1. You don't (ID use) want to get a sunburn. . but I realized that I would need I I i <- • something better for the long. I decide<i to do my part to help too.i <- I usea to own a 1 a-speed road bike. In 1 998. ) lnfi it" 'r In .• \ felt 50 good about it that I started looking for more rides to do. where the land is flat. Pay special attention to used to. a Californian named Dan Pallotta had an Idea to raise money for • AIDS research. i . be used co 3. • I <.• But ['m proud to say that I finished it and went on to do four more AIDS rides. • <.• contribution is not very Important. I bought a new 24-speed mountain bike.1 did the Alaska ride.• months before the ride. TRIO to. • Even though I bike to and from work every day (20 miles round trip). In 2001. a woman who helped raise 04» money for AIDS research. hundreds of <. 50 I wasn't used to riding in hills and mountains. He organized a bike ride from Los Angeles to San Francisco. riding at least 150 miles a week. hilly ride. I raised almost $ 5. (. • 1 <-. This new l. Some of the riders coullin"t get used to the cold and had to quit. I went on my <. first AIDS ride. • thousands of people have taken part in the rides and more than $ 50 million has <- • I7een raised for AIDS research. But I was wrong. • <. Since then. In 1994..• I <. • <.• Before I went on my first AIDS ride. ". <.1 ". satisfying to complete the ride.. Read the following journal entry by Himi. and get used to. .000 for AIDS research. <- There were 471 riders who rode 525 miles. which was especially difficult-It was much coIder I I than expected.• wasn't used to riding long distances. It was 50 i <-. c:. I used to thi nk that one person's <. Also. I I i . Each rider asked friends and "- relaUve5 to give donations to support the ride. f rom San Francisco to Los Angeles. I trained for about six <. I live in Chicago.licycle helped me a lot in the California trip. that every person's contribution counts. 4." Often we use can. I used to _ _ __ _ _ ___ my extra money. I used to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to work. I used to _ _ _ _ _ __ _ my bike only in the summer. Now Used to + the base fo rm shows that an activity she owns a 24-speed bike. Pronunciation Note: The d in used to is not pronounced. I used to _ _ __ _ ____ o nly money.17 Used To / Be Used To / Get Used To Used to + the base fonn and be used to + a gerund have completely different meanings. but now 1 donate it to charity. but now I exercise every day. can't. Now I know that everyone can make a difference. She isn't used to the cold wind in Alaska. Now I have a 24-<peed bike. could. For the negative." The sentences to the Left describe a person's habits. comfortable. I used to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a IO-speed bike. It's good exercise and I save money. which is flat. 2. 1. But now I do it all year round. I didn't use to speak Eng lish at all. ta med to. Some of t he riders couldn't get used to Get used to + gerund or noun means "become the cold wind and ha d to quit. 6. Now I speak it fairly well. Note: Do not omit the d in the negative. This activity has been discontinued. She used to think that one person couldn't make a difference. accustomed to. They show what is normaLand She is used to riding in nice weather. I used to _ __ _ _ _ _ _ that one perso n can't make a difference. use be + not + used to. or couldn't before get used to. riding her bike in t he mountains. EXAMPLE I used to exercise once a week . Mimi used to own a l O-speed bike. was repeated or habitual in the past. use can't or couldn't get used to. Now she knows For the negative. EXERCISE IYI Finish these statements. Now I donate time and money to help others. use didn't use to. 3.7. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION . Chicago is flat. 5. Now I ride my bike. Mimi is used to riding her bike in Be used to + gerund or noun means "be accus- Chicago. Note: Omit the d in the negative. Answers may vary. 310 Lesson 7 . Mimi had to get used to For the negative. 3. 2. 6. _________________________________________ 4. 4. _________________________________________ 2. I'm n Ot used to a small apartment. Gerunds 311 . we drive on the left side of the road. I'm n Ot lIsed to . 5. India. 7. EXAMPLE 1'01 nOt used to shopping in large supermarkets . ______________________________________ 3. I'm not used to _ _ _ __ __ __ _ on the right side of the road. the teacher talks and the students only listen ~nd write. Now I speak English pretty well. In my native country. I' m nOt used to o n Sundays. I studied British English in my native country. and I've been out of school fo r 15 years. EXAMPLES I used to live with my whole fa mily. Now I live alone. In my country. l' m nor used to a student. In my hometown. I'm not used to _ _ _ __ _____ in class. Fill in the blanks with a gerund or a noun. I'm not used to . I didn't use to speak English at all. I' m 35 years old.EXERCISE 11 ABOUT YOU Write sentences comparing the way you used to live with the way you live now. Answers may vary. Sunday is a day when people rest. __________________________________________ EXERCISE III A student wrote about things that are new for her in the U. I shopped in small stores. _________________________________________ 5. Now I'm a full-time student. I used to work in a restaurant. Infin itives. it's warm all year round. we lived in a big ho use. 1. In my native country. Ideas fo r sencence'i: school job hobbies fashi ons apartrnent/house fam ily life friends music 1. In my native country. not shop and do laundry. In my native country.S. so I had to slim down and get in fJl shape. ______________________________________ 2. Also. American ronunciation. 1. They persuaded me to try it because it was for such a good cause. I used to (rake / taking) the bus to work every day.• EXAMPLE I'm not used to wearing a coat in the winter.ed w / used w) it. First. (I'm / 1) used to be a little overweight. I went on a d iet. I work ten miles from home. EXERCISE lID ABOUT YOU Write three different sentences beg. They (used [0 / are used (0 ) (ride / riding) long distances ( IJ (2) because they do it all the time.nning with ''I'm not used to ••. ______________________________________ 3. so it was hard for me at first. but (5) I decided to start riding my bike to work. To get ready for the ride. if was hard for me to get tlsed to: living In a small apartment. (6) 312 Lesson 7 . At first I was afraid. ~» CO 3. but now ") I try to eat mostly vegetables and fish. My friends arc good bikers. the correct words in parentheses ( ) to complete the story. (I / I'm) used to a lot of meat. I decided [0 get more exercise.he AIDS bike ride in Alaska. ________________________________________ EXERCISE m Cirde Here is a story of a San Francisco man who did the Alaska AIDS ride. ________________________________________ EXERCISE DJ ABOUT YOU Fill in the blanks with three different answers. I had to make some lifestyle changes. My friends told me about it and asked me to join them. nt11 In 2000 I went on . ________________________________________ 3. EXAMPLES When I came to this city. __________________________________________ 2. But little by little. I (got ". 1. . But little by little. At first I {wasn't / couldn't} get used to the cold. I got {use / used} to it.600 riders who finished the ride . so I was used to {ride / riding} up (8) and down hills. It was especially hard (9) to {used / get used} to the strong winds. Eventually I got used to {ride / riding} about 45-50 miles a day. (7) When the time came for the AIDS ride. On the weekends. And I've become a much healthier person because of this experience. which is hilly. (12) but I raised close to $4. Is there a place you would like to go to work as a volunteer? 2. On some days the temperature in Alaska was only 25 degrees Fahrenheit with strong winds. I live in San Francisco. I thought I was prepared. I didn't (use / used) to think that one person could make a difference. How can we help poor people in other countries? Michele Gran and Bud Philbrook. founders of Global Volunteers . But it's not cold in San Francisco.000. As a group we raised $4 million. I started to take longer rides. (/0) (11) I am proud to say I was one of the 1. Global Volunteers Before You Read 1. a. All his life. In Guatemala. I heard the teacher while she was ta Lking about volunteer prog rams. Dawson saw his mothe(s work habits. listen. EXAMPLES EXPLANAnON a. Michele suggested that they i spend a week helping poor people in G uatemala. I When their mends and relatives listened to them tell about their unusual \ honeymoon.()(X) volunteers to 30 cou nrries. Since then . When I entered the classroom. Bud used to practice law and Michele used to work in state government. ( 0 1. smell. I heard the sensed while it is in progress. Pay special attention to base forms and -ing fonms after sense-perception verbs (see.18 Sense-Perception Verbs After sense-perception verbs (hear. they became interested in how they could also help. finish. (saw. teacher talking about volunteer programs. She saw children go without proper nutritio n and' education. watch. b. listen to. they were thinking about taking a relaxmg honeymoon cruise. Bud and Michele l-'Stahlisht'1:l Global Volunteers. a. Thei r friends listened to them tell about their The base form shows that a person sensed unusual honeymoon. The -ing form shows t hat something is b. 314 Lesson 7 .). a.ia.) something from start to b. hut in the early '90s. she saw people living in poverty. Michele saw people living in poverty. they have sent almosr 22. etc. They listened to Bud and Michele te ll the who le story. such as building schools in G hana o r raking care of orphans in Ro man. feet. they quit their jobs to spend all their time with G lobal Volunteers. 7. an organization that helps people throughout the world. 04) Read the following magazine article. Michele saw people who were living in poverty. When Michele Gran and Bud Philbrook were planning to ~et married in 1979. etc. observe). TR 12 hear. see. Volunteers \. In 1984. heard. But whenever Michele turned on the world I1eWS.\'Ork together with the local people On projects. Matel Dawson saw his mother work ha rd. we can use either the -ing form or the base form with only a slight difference in meaning. Instead of their plannt-'d honeymoon. b. -. As we approached him.. my father _ -." Another time we saw new neighbors _ =-_ .. 1 heard my mothe r _ -. If they see their parents .c-.. Gerunds 315 . Let's offer them a hand . my parents always taught me to help othe rs. It f5 nm) was the boy's mother. I saw my father _==_ (2 tah) his hand and heard him _-. But these people need to move in today... I' m happy to be o f help to your son ."..-:-. In many cases. they will probably grow up to be charirable people.- others.= . I saw a woman _-.--:. We (8 sl ~) had planned a picnic that day.. By their example. but my parents suggested that we help them._ __My fath er went up to him and asked him what was wrong.. I heard my fath er _.-_ " "I want" o r "Buy me" or ( 1I JaYJ "Give me.. we saw a small boy walking alone on the street.." I think it's important to teach ch ildren to think of others before they think of themselves.. "We can have a picnic (9 leU) another day. cry' (l The boy said that he was lost.-_ the boy that he would help him find his parents.c. I h ear so many children today _ -.~_ _ her.-:-. -_ my father. both forms are possible.~-...EXERCISE III Fill in the blanks with the base form or -ing form of the verb in parentheses ( ).- (10 JlX'ri( iaJ their own pleasure to h elp others. my fathe r insisted o n stayi ng with the boy until m e police arrived . W e saw them -=-=u-.-.-_into the house next (7 mDle) door. Infinitives...to move a piano into the apartment. Even though we were in a hurry to go to the parry. "We (4 wkt) can't enjoy the party while this li ttle boy is alo ne and helpless." There are many other cases where I saw my parents .-_ frantically in ou r d irection. He said.--.. I really wanted to go to the party and sta rted to cry. O ne time whe n I was a child going to a binhday party with my father...-_ my hand and ralk to me sofdy. I fel.-. =(EZ hLlp) c-." Before the police arrived. She was so gratefu l to my fa ther for helping her son that she offered to give him mo ney. we heard him /n(lmp/e: .-.. (6 ~U) "I can't take mo ney from you." lid _ -.. (J teUj My fathe r called the police on his cell phone. ""_ _ _ (J h. the baby started (/ 0 !ea.--_ __ tht:m. She got used to (13 ring) ___==.= _ __ again.= _ _ __ Ioud ly in the next (8 cry) room. The next day..-=. The parents of If . to complete the story.-.----.) _ __ -". Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses ( ) and add prepositions. TR 11 (ewmpltJ (m nnple: hatt') time for anything else but studying. Bell. Bell became interested in _ _ _ "". At that ti me. she volunteered at a hospital for very sick ch ildren.---_ _ about how to be a foster pare nt..-_ __ games with them. She stayed with the baby for (9 (T'J' a few hours. When she began _ _ _=. a single woman at the time."--.--___up the phone in the middle of the night.. and (IJ cry' th e nu rse told her that the baby was taken away from her parents and they couldn't find a temporary ho me for her.---.a.:-. Charity Bell. Bell made some phone calls and started _ _ _= .:... to {J 1l!a. She ( 14 pick) 316 Lesson 7 . But when C harity Bell was a student at Harvard. but they were often too tired _ __== _ _ _ (5 " ad) or _ __ == pItry) (6 ___ _with their kids. One day she went to (7 fltil') th e hospital and heard a baby _ __ --.._ _ _ needy babies when she (2 M p) was 23 years old. They were gratefu l to her _ _ _-.. who became a foster mother (a person who gives temporary care to a child in her home).-". She went into that room and picked up the baby.-_ _ _.. Bell asked the nurse about this baby..-". the baby immed iately stopped _ _ _-. became a foster mother./) the kids and _ __ -.-7. if necessary.. '4») It's difficult for a college sUldent to have CD 1.. EXERCISE ID Read the true story of a young woman. She made herself (J2 kam) ava ilable to help o n nights and weekends."..' these very sick children were there too. The voluntt:er organization wanted her .----. she made time in her busy schedule _ _ _ . Her phone started ___==..--_ _ .-__ immediately.>1p) babies in need.. ---_ _ _ her _ _ _ (15) ==. (28 uJuo) she gets great satisfaction watching a baby _ _ _--... Incredi bly..-c.-..---"..----.. By the time she was 28 ). in children that no o ne else (15 !lW) wanted . she had (18) ___ --:= ____ take "her" babies to class with her.-___ order (17) _ _ _ --. Eve n though she is sometimes tired ..-_ _ _ . Bell had been foster mother to 50 children.---.d are more babies waiting fo r heT.-:.=c:..::.'.. They understood that it was (lOdoJ necessary _ _ __ = ____ her _ _ _--. Eve ryo ne understood how important if was ___-=..-:. Her professors ( 19) let her ---~... she is neve r t OO tired _ _ _=. but there (31 std (31 ka.-_ __ seven or eight ho urs a night.o".== (33 /.-. she gelS very (27!lWJ little mo ney fo r _ _ _--.. N ow she so me times (/6 Jl«pJ gets as little as three o r fo ur ho urs of sleep a night.this.i I S· S . she takes in bahies for a few days.-_ __ and .-_ _ _ care of these children.. Bell has (29 grow) had as many as e ight childre n at a time. Before she started taking care of babies . And her classmates didn't complain about . _ _ _ --..-___ (23Iakt) (21) (22 care of the babies at the same time.-_ _ _ "he r" babies _ _ _"7.---__ (26 hdpJ these babies.----. It is hard _ _ __ =.--. _ __ _= .-.ring) _ __ love to an unwanted child is her greatest joy.-.-c:::. However....uuJ.J ___==. but o ne time she had a baby for six mo nths.-.-_ _ in a child that needs her.-..-___ (3D) her _ _ _-".became accustomed ...:.ea" old and in graduate school. she used _ _ _-..-_ _ _ .---.--... . Usually.=:::. a baby crying in (1-4 lund the back o f the class.._ __ complete her studies. 318 Lesson 7 . persuade. for sick children. and have.. After help. Dawson donated his money to help students get an education. Matel Dawson wanted to help others. •• . use the infinitive. Summary of Lesson 7 . Dawson heard his mother talk about helping After sense perception verbs. Infinitives and Base Forms EXAMPLES EXPLANATION . the infinitive a subject. Jrs important/or rich people to help others. Carnegie had enough money to build libra ries. To help others is our moral obligation. His mother wanted him to help othe rs. For + noun or object pronoun is used to give It's fun for me to volunteer. An infinitive can follow certain adjectives. make. After causative verbs get. a base form is others. either the infinitive or the base He helped them pay their tuition. An object can be added before an infinitive. form can be used. An infinitive is used after certain verbs. It is important to be loved. It's important to help others. " 4 = 4 e w=_ t . Joyce makes cards in order to raise money An infinitive is used to show purpose. She got me to work. She persuaded me to work. The ·ing form can also be used in some cases: J hear the baby crying. She let me work. After causative verbs let. Informal: It can introduce an infinitive su bject. used. He was happy to give away his money. the base form. Formal: The infinitive can be in the subject position. An infinitive can be used in the passive voice. She had me work. use She made me work. Dawson helped students to get an education. An infinitive can be used after too and Dawson was too poor to finish schooL enough. and She convinced me to work. conwnce. A gerund is used after certain nouns. I put a dollar in the vend ing machine and Try . something else I had a fight with my neighbor. Try = make an attempt or effort Mimi tries to ride her bike to work a few times a week. She has six children. Gerund or Infinitive-Differences in Meaning EXAMPLES EXPLANATION I used to take the bus to work. Dawson learned about gMng from his A gerund is used after a preposition. He had a hard time supporting his family.ng Present custom around kids. A gerund can be used in the passive voice. I walk five miles a day. I try to g.experiment with a different method nothing came out. I tried hitting the machine.ng told a lie.S. r used to be overweight. so she told it again. My grandmother repeats herself a lot. I am used to walldng in all kinds of weather. Now I ride Discontinued past habit or sit uati on my bike.ve a little money to charity each year. For a list of words followed by gerunds or infinitives. He doesn't like to go shopp. parents. You must remember to turn off the stove Remember and then do before you leave the house. Dawson enjoyed giving money away. A gerund ca n be the subject of the sentence. I met a friend at the library. I have never lived alone before and it's hard for Change of custom me.s used to be. but still nothing happened. I can't get used to livi ng alone. and I stopped to Stop one activity in order to do talk to her. Now I'm in great shape. A gerund is used in many idiomatic expressions with go. .ng. She . A gerund follows certain verbs. see Appendix D. I dislike be. She Remember somet hing about the past didn't remember teWng the story.Gerunds EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Going to college is expensive in the U. and we stopped Stop somethi ng completely talldng to each other. 7. to show pu rpose. Use to + base form. • to It's necessary have a job. Don't forget to when imroducing an infinitive. Use {or. _ 1. 5. Do n't use to between cost o r lake and the indirect o bject. I used to !We in Alaska. need. 320 Lesson 7 . when yo u give a subject to the infinitive. o. no t to.. Don't confuse used to and be used to. My brother is used to live in New York. Be ca reful to use the correct form after stop. m IMfkJ I've lived in Alaska all my life and I love it. before the infinitive. to He needs leave. ing Stop te watch TV and go to bed. After want. • 2. It cost te me $500 to fly to Puerto Rico. It is easy te me to speak Spanish. use the o bject pron o un. and expect. nO( the subject pronoun. me to She wa nts t4aH speak English all the time. It s Is important to know a second language. jrl{J Find. 3. • _ 2. It took te him three months to find a job. as a subject. no t for. Now he lives in Boston. 4. 9. a good job takes time. 8. Don't o mit ir when introd ucing an infinitive after an im personal expressio n. Editing Advice : : OI L = i v = • • = L. to He exercises every day fef improve his health . Use a gerund o r an i nfin iti\'e~ not a base (c nn. 6. fo. . and I'm happy I did it. and have. Use a base fo rm or an #ing form after a se nse#perceptio n ve rb. make. find a job (6) f7J was easy because nurses are always in demand. write C.'Cr.." the nun. co E s =· __ • : :: :. Editing Quiz • _ . If the shaded words are correct. it1{J I thought about t& return to my hometown.A 11.MW W!M:i!$.. Use a gerund. Fin. My parents wanted I help in their business. The teacher made me t& rewrite my composition. to ci>!Jli>{e. A to buy He decided b"yiA§ a new laptop. 12. He let me t& borrow his car. I often thought (aampk) (euI~ about toh~. after causative verbs let. Find the mistakes and correct them.rp other people..li!eI better. [ enjoy working (B) with sick people and mak~ them to. Use the base form. • Q:' : "' . Some of the . (continued) I fi · · · ·· tin s . Some of my friends think (9) (10) . I decided ~e a nurse instead. A 13.'Cry little satisfactio n (ll or time for our family. they had . Make sure to choose a gerund after certain verbs and an infinitive after others.. after a prepositio n.ing program.nil:RI!.. I saw the accident t& happen.~ have mistakes. It took to me three (4) (5) yean. HowC'. ing I enjoy t& walk in the park. . Second.t. C to It's important fol: everyone do something for others. not an infinitive. m w but [ saw my parents to wpik hard. il1g I ca n smell the soup t& cook. 10. not the infinitive. ) Peo ple work (or make mo ney.<J) 322 lesson 7 .rtal(e noise.m) day.M. UsuaUy they just want _ --. ~iiC nights. I started .--. -"5) - Th ere's o nc thing I do n't li ke about my job: I have t. Lesson 7 Test/Review 4 4d h:$4(=: . people. theY. My daughte r is (22) now thinking about becorae a nurse too.-.pr. (.srari'd th at their dad needed (21) his sleep and she n eeded iherp~be quiet in the mo rning. ~~ as a nurse gives me a (26) (17) lot of satisfacti on.c.:--. Is depressing 10 "!Or!< with sick people all day.:-c:.I)g. but now th at they're older.b.M.-:. (20) they und erstand. My kids are ho me o n Saturday and Sunday. but it's easy f9t me 1b\clP it nJ) ha n. more than one answer is possible. . At first. In some cases. [ 0 7 A. or the base form of the verb in parentheses ( ).---..4 : $ 4 S PART a Fill in the blanks with the gerund..leep in rhe . (Ilruwtr) t. (M<) 2. the infinitive. Sometimes they want you ---.~" tyied ·~e a lot of no ise. (. I do n't enjoy _ _ -. dinner last night and the pho ne rang.-__ me something.:. EXAMPLE Ans wering the pho ne during d inner really bothers me. but it's important fOr everyo ne (2l) (25) fi'ndJng a jo b that gives them satisfaction. Someone was trying _---. (16) fro m 11 P. they sometimes wouldn't stop tOil. 4= . e we .-----:-:-=_ _ during dinner. I cou ld n't get UAed tQ~. (~U) 3. but I don't (d. nD because I love hdniiu. My wife mad e them lindet..onald like __-. (passr.mo ney to charity. and when I was trying s~i.-:--:---_ my credit card number to strangers o n {gitot} the pho ne.Y: inrnn. When they we::rc -~ nl younge r. --.) 4..-_ _ YOll something. ....-_ my phone number is not the answer to the problem._.--.-_ who's calling before you pick up the phone._ th ese phone calls..--. EXAMPLE We must concentrate _ .:-:=_ _..-. (cM"._ ._ up the phone (pici) (not pick) when it rings.. 1. What is the reason doing rnis exercise? 2. ...:-_ _ them you' re not interested doesn't stop them. · • II S 3 3 . Andrew Car negie was famous building free librari es... The teacher insists giving tests.-. I hope I succeed passing this course. It's impossible _-...>rJ but they don't listen.. _-. 4. 7.. _ -.--_ Caller ID. (continued) fn" ive..... (gn) 14. (. I've thought abou t _ . It's bener _-. but I don't do it anymore. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition.-:-_ up or _--._ my phone number. /boo) 6. (inrnTIIW 7. 6.. Students are interested improvi ng their pro nunciation. 9.. but I heard that (d"II~J they'll get my new number.::::. 3.e the choice of __-.. I finallydecided_-. Now I ha\. I'm not accustomed _____ wearing jeans to school.. Your grade in this course depends passing the tests and doing the ho mework.. (pl\~i\.:::::.--. (srop) (CtlU) 13... 11.. I've told th em politely that I don't want to _ _-...-. PART. 10... 5.--=-_ you. I tell them I'm not interested in _-::--:__ rneir product.' 12.their sales pitch.<: : IxKh....) 9.-_ them from _-. I keep _.....) 15.-. I dreamed climbing a mountain... (ltll) They don't let you _. I used to _-. S.... Most students care getting good grades.=__ (1i5!m) to the caller politely. 8....o=n _ _ learning English.----.. 5.. Helping poor people is a wonderful thing. Write some or different. It's expensive to go [Q college. I like to cook. 5. EXAMPLES It's im portant to spell correctly. Tell if these pairs of sentences mean about the same thing or have completely different meanings. I can't remember brushing my teeth. . I stopped to watch TV. 2. 10. 324 Lesson 7 . To spell correctly is important.. I'm used to playing soccer. PART. same I used to live in New York. She started to lose weight. To help poor people is a wonderful thing. dlff. She sta rted losing weigh t.nt 1. I plan o n buying a computer. 4. I'm used to living in New York. 8. I used to play soccer. 1 can 't remember to brush my teeth. 6. Are you afraid _ _ _ _ geuing a bad grade? 11. I like cooking. I plan to buy a computer.. 3. I'm not used speaking English all the time. I stopped watching TV. 7. Go ing to college is expensive. Are you worried getti ng a bad grade? 12. (OR 1 rarely do it. People in my family are not used to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ f.n your schooL What do students expect from teachers? What do teachers expect from st udents? F. rnscuss your answers . 1 used to have diffi culty _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ d. Gerunds 325 . Teachers (don 't) expect studen ts to: r eachers expect students to come to class on t ime.) Infinitives. I used to worry about _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ b.n the blanks. a.n a small group. h. Students (don' t) expect teachers to: Students don't expect teachers to be friendly. Americans are not lISed to _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ g. I often lIsed to _ __ _ __ __ _" but 1 don't do it anymore. and compare your Hill. Now 1 have difficulty _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ e. I'm not used to _ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ _ because _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ i. I'm used to _ __ __ _ __ _ because I've d one it all my life. f) Fm.Expansion I Activities 0 Tell about teachers and students.nd a partner. Now 1 wo rry about _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ c. please visit our Web site. e Would you like to volunteer your time to help a cause? What would you like to do? EXAMPLE Voluntee ring I have often thought about vol unteering to help children.n context. 326 Lesson 7 . • It is the mind that makes the body rich.. do rich people help poor people? e you ever give money to people on the street who collect money Do for charity? Why or why not? e If a homeless person asks you for money. I thought it would be a good idea to volunteer at a library near my house in an after-school reading program .Talk About It 0 These words are written on Andrew Camegie's tombstone: "Here lies a man who was able to surround himself with men far cleverer than himself. • It is a disgrace to die rich. do you help this person? Why or why not? Write Abo ut It 0 Write a paragraph telling if you agree or disagree with the following statements by Andrew Camegie: • It is no t good to have m o ney if you r spirit is poor. For more practice using grammar .. o Write about an expectation that your parents had for you that you did not meeL Explain why you did not do what they expected. I enjoy being with kids and watch ing them learn new things." What do you think this means? o In your native culture. Lesson Grammar AdverbiaL CLauses and Phrases Sentence Connectors So/Such • • • That Context Coming to America . J went to Canada. She came to the U. She came to the U. Why do many people leave one country and move to another? 2. 2.w • . It must be attached to the main clause. Because she wanted to study Spanish. it is usually separated from the main clause with a comma. What do immigrants have to give up? What do they ga in? 328 Lesson 8 . even though I miss my country.8. Wrong: She went to Mexico. so that she could be with her Purpose clause relatives. even though she didn't know English. a SAillS. Time clause She went to Canada first because she couldn't get a visa Reason clause for the U. Condition clause Language Notes: 1. (Com ma) A Nation of Immigrants 'P'.".S. S(& ". If it co mes before. Right: She went to Mexico because she wanted to study Spanish. ." wc. Main clause Adverbial clause I like living in the U. An adverbial clause is dependent on the main clause for its meaning. EXAMPLES TYPE OF CLAUSE She went to Canada before she came to the U.S. Compare: I went to Canada before I came to the United States.pu . It is also called a dependent clause.S. • ' " ji $4 Before You Read 1.1 Adverbial Clauses-An Overview An adverbial clause gives more information about the main clause.S.S. Contrast clause She will go back to her countIY if she saves enough money. The dependent clause can come before or after the main clause. • :o+e!* ij . (No comma) Before I came to the United States. In the 1980s. Between 18Z0 and 1840...". In 1965. Jews from the fonne r Soviet Union came because of anti-Semitism.The potato crop. Many people came so that they could be reunited with their families who had come before.e cl ~. was fore ign-born. between 1881 and 1920. In 1924. jobs.. of j.000 come to the U. In 1881.. In addition to legal imm igratio n. more than one million a year.. or 12. Why have so many people from other countries left family and friends. Congress opened the doors again and immigration started to rise. 15 percent of the populati on was foreign. Cubans and Vietnamese people came to escape commun ism. Between 1850 and 188Z. Census cannot count these people. o ld and new. Jews from Eastern Europe came to escape religious persecutionj Italians came for \VOrk.s. large groups started arriving from Eastern and Southern Europe. Pay special attention to d. 37 million people. In 2007.5 percent of the population. . and immigration slowed. this number is o nly an estimate.'1me.. takes in more immigrants than the rest o f the world combined.'$.. Since the U...S. many Germans came because of political unrest and economic problems. In the 1960s and 1970s.S.... ~ud~ or d m imir\llljon ~rwI J. ----------------------------~j 'mmmt mt'aNi n l l'Cfl'M: hunl. The early groups of immigrants came from Norrhern and Western Europe. each year illegally. The number of immigrants greW.S.. In 1910..v. Between 1840 and 1860. .. of) Read the following textbook article.fferent ways of g. which they depended on.. CD l . fR14 The United States is unique in that it is a natio n of immigrants.4 million immigrants c.'1me because of famine. The U. Arui&mitUm mea". many Chinese people aloo ca me to America because of famine.ng reasons.'Cf" beatU!. . had failed. about 300. many Irish people c. more than 23. Adverbial Clauses and Phrasesj Sentence Connectors: So/ Such .oom. and traditions to start life in a new country? The answer to that question is as diverse as the people who have come to the u. TIwt 329 .. Bosnians came because of war.d. Congress passed a law restricting the number of immigrants. Most came to find freedom and a better life.2 and in the 1990s. limits the number of immigrants it will the result of this fact. noun phrase. Because 0/ war in their counby. Compare: Purpose: I came to the U. reunited with his brother. for better jobs.2 Reason and Purpose . He came to the U. introduce a fact. We follow to with hardship.S. The purpose clause So (that) I would learn English.S. Many Irish immigrants came to the U. b. their number is onLy an estimate.S. Notice that in the above sentences.S. Many people come to the U.S. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION We came to the U. for freedom . he came reason. Census cannot count illegal Since means because. COUld. will. 1. They came here for a better life.8. Because can be followed with a. Use to before a verb.S. many peopLe cannot get an immigrant visa . because he wanted to be want.S. to escape economic short form is to. The short reunited with family members. 330 Lesson 8 .S. alone. Compare: a. usualLy contains a modal: can.S. or may for future. It is used to . b. Language Notes. For + noun or noun phrase shows Some people come to the U.S. The main clause is Since the U. a comma is used for result but not for purpose. In order ID make money. Remember: Since can also be used to show time.S. alone so I could get an education. that he wanted to be reunited with his brother. form is so. 2.S. He came to the U. the base form of the verb. b. so I miss my family. so with his brother. Since the U. so that he could be reunited Wrong: He came to the U.s. WOUld. The Many peopLe come to the U. People COme to the U. immigrants.S. because our relatives came here. purpose. He has been in the U. b. my family came to t he U. The context tells you the meaning of since. Result: I came to the U.S. Do not foUow so that with want. because DJ Because of i ntraduces a noun or hunger. I came to the U. or might for past. accept. There are several ways to show reason and purpose. a. many peopLe Left Bosnia. to the U. She came here to be with her family. Compare: a. Use for before a noun. So is also used to show result.S.S. so (that) they can be 50 that shows purpose. since 2003. Because introduces a clause of Because he couldn't find a job in his country. In order to shows purpose. . I chose to study at this school because _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ 3.. So/Such . EXAMPLE I'm studying English because I'm an immiqrantin the U. 11.S. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ war destroyed many of their homes and towns.--c----:---. (continued) Adverbial Clauses and Phrasesi Sentence Connectors. Many imm igrants came escape poverty. Often immigrants come make more money. 1 use my dictionary to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ 5.. Many immigrants came the poor economy in their countries.. 12. 9. Most immigrants come [0 the U. to escape famine.. (in order) to. or so (that). 8. 1.EXERCISE D Fill in the blanks with because. 10. Often immigrants come they can make more money. for. 5. since.S. Many immigrants came the political situati on was unstable in their cou ntries. because 0/. I come to this school for _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ 4. 1. That 331 .. many people had to leave their countries. Many immigrants ca me they cou ld feed their families. ABOUT YOU Fill in the blanks with a reason or purpose.. Many immigrants ca me they could escape religious persecution. I chose to live in this city because _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ 2. Many immigrants came be reunited with their relatives. 4.. 7.S.. and Enqlish is spoken here.S. EXAMPLE Many immigrants came to the U. I'm saving my money because . Often immigrants come they see a better future for their children in the U. Many immi grants came freedom. a better life. 13. Many immigrants came they didn't have enough [0 eat. 2.. 6. 3.. EXERCISE. 6. They're not coming here _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ jobs. next month _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ they want to be (1) near their children and grandchildren. since. Grandparents are the best babysitters.:=--t ~h'_'_'a:. B: Yes. (5) Our son. They just want to be grandparents. I'm saving my money so that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 7. I'm saving my money in order to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ 9. We bought a big house _ _----=5:.:. we want them to learn about our native culture _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ they have never been to our country. We moved last month. A: Don't you mind having your parents live with you? B: Not at all. A: I heard you moved. o . TR 15 Two women are talking. Do your parents speak English? 332 Lesson 8 . They're (example) coming to the U. People from my country often come to the U. B: I agree. because of. or (in order) to.M. They don't want to speak their native language _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ they want to be just like (7) their friends. who's five. They're in (3) their late 60s and are both retired. ·4) CD 3..S. so (that).S. is already starting to speak more English than Spanish. A: Aren't your parents going to work? B: No. A: It's great for kids to be near their grandparents. A: That's how kids are in America. I'm saving my money for _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 8. _ __ _ _ _ _ __ (2) our jobs.'____ _ we would have room for my parents.t. We want the kids to stay with their grandparents _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ they won't (4) forget our language. because _ _ _ _ __ EXERCISE FiLL in the bLanks with because. It'll be good for them and good for us. Also. He prefers English _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ all his friends in (6) kindergarten speak English. Answers may vary. we don't get home until after 6 P. S. mosdy between the ages of 4 and 12. What about your parents? Where do they live? A: They live a few blocks away from me. A refugee is a person who was forced from his or her homeland and crossed the border into another country for safety. for. The Lost Boys of Sudan Before You Read 1. Besides immigrants. but we almost never see each other _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ we (8) don't have time.S. back to Sudan and then to Kenya. as. They finally reached Ethiopia. when their long journey to the United States began. where they stayed in refugee camps until 1991. when a war started in Ethiopia and the camps were closed. While these young boys were in the field taking care of their catde. B: Just a little. since. the United States takes in thousands of refugees a yea r. TR 16 Read the foLLowing magazine article. What are some things a new immigrant has to adjust to in the U. it's hard for us to get together. had a long and difficult journey to the U. A: Yes. where they stayed in a refugee camp for almost ten (continued) Adverbial C lauses and Phrases. during. John. They ran again. . roots. That 333 . So/ Such . During that time. living in southern Sudan in the late 1980s. Three Lost Boys living in Chicago: The Lost Boys were just David. until. and whenever.? 2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ they work in the (9) day and I work in the evening. their villages were bombed. These boys. they walked hundreds of miles until they reached Ethiopia. Is adjustment to American life harder for some immigrants than for others? ·4) CD 3. ran for their lives. Sentence Con nectors. For three months. They survived by eating leaves. Pay special attention to time words: when.. The Lost Boys of Sudan. and Peter children. B: That's great! You can see them any time. as one group is called. many died of starvation and disease or were eaten by lions. and wild fruit. while. Agencies helped them with money for food and rent for a short time until they found jobs. 334 Lesson 8 . would certainly be different. One boy asked if the supermarket was the palace of the king.S. When they arrived in the U. Whenever they think about their country. "immediately after that time. new technologies. continuous in the main clause. they had to learn a completely new way of life. Peter Magai of Chicago is helping his village build a school." Use They have been studying English ever since they came the present perfect or present perfect to the U. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION When their villages were bombed.800 Lost Boys in the US." Whenever they teLL their story. the United Nations and the US. years. Of the approximately 27. Although their future in the US.000 of them survived. use the present tense in the time clause. only 11." They received money for a short time until they got jobs.S. time in the past to the present. the Lost Boys ran. When means flat that time" or Some Sudanese young men think they will go home . Most of them have been studying English and working full-time since they arrived. they got some schooling and learned basic English. They had to learn about city life.1'1 they were coming to America. they are sad. UntiL means "up to that time. Whenever means "any time" or "every time. strange foods. During their time in the refugee camp. They walked until they reached Ethiopia. Some have graduated from college and have started projects to help their villages back home. Things in the US. As . government agreed to resettle 3." when their country is at peace. When they saw an American supermarket for the first time. In a future sentence.000 boys who fled Sudan.. whenever they think about their homeland. their world around them was completely different. they are sad because so many of their family members and friends have died. Americans are amazed. looks bright. They had not even seen a refrigerator or stove or telephone until they came to America. and much more. In addition to their home surroundings. they were amazed by the amount of food. In 1999. they were thinking U about the new and uncertain life ahead. Some of them have had no news of their families Since or ever since means "from that since they left Sudan. Use during with a named period of b. more than one answer is possible. 7. when. the month of May). _ _ _ _ they were rraveling to the U. So/Such . or an event (the class. That 335 . Compare: a. a. many of them died.S. EXERCISE 0 Fill in the blanks with since. the trip. a. the movie. Some died they were marching to Ethiopia. or summer. their Use while or os with a continuous villages were bombed. Use for with the amount of time. 9. h. They had never seen a gas stove _ _ _ _ they came to the U. Adverbial Clauses and Phrases. b. 4. they studied night. childhood. While they were taking care of their cattle. while.S. The Lost Boys walked many months. their march to Ethiopia. until. They had very little to eat _ _ _ _ they came to the u. their childhood. during. 2. While they were taking care of their cattle. b. Use during with a time such as day. They stayed in a refugee camp for many yea rs. Some of them have been in the U. t heir villages were bombed. Sentence Connectors. They walked during the day. They lived in Ethiopia about four years. Use while with a continuous action. They walked for t hree months. They lived in refugee camps during thei r time (such as the day. 3.S.. Use when with a simple past villages were bombed. they were thinking about their new life ahead. or whenever. as. the meeting). they walked. .s. 8. During their time in the refugee camp. Compare: a.s. 1. jor. Use for with the amount of time. the week of March 2).. EXAMPLE The Lost Boys were very young when they left Sudan. They were taking care of their cattle when their a. As they were coming to the U. for over ten yea rs. They crossed the river the rainy season.EXAMPLES EXPLANATION They walked for three months. They studied English they were living in Kenya. 5. they were wondering about their future. In some cases. action. action. a specific time English. 6. . the month of August. During the day. period (the time they were in Ethiopia. b. S.c c . _----. 12. The American movies I had seen showed me beautifu l places.:. and he often caf!le back to visit. _ _".-__ 1 was a (4) teenager... __~__ I came to the U. Some of them have not hea rd anything about their families _ _ _ _ they left Sudan. 11.S. . _---. 14.S. I haven't had time to meet Americans or have much fun _----.S.= __ our break. (amnpU.-__ he came back. (l2l I talk to my class mates _----. they saw modern appli ances for the first time.. many ofthem work _____ they are going [0 school. they have been studyi ng English. But I really knew nothi ng about the u.S. 1 imagined that one day I wou ld be in (I) a place li ke the one I saw. but on the weekends I'm (IJ) alone most of the time. 10. I won't be able to make American friends ----. My uncle had lived in the U. and I just work and go to school.-- (J4J I learn mo re English. _ _ _ _ they think abou t their families and their homeland.S..-__ many (2J years. _ _. more than one answer is possible.... I thought about all the stories my (7) uncle had told me.:c. _____ they came to the U.. I've been here _~=__ five (1 0) (ll) months now. J finally uecided to come to the U.=__ I started my job.s.S. 13. (6) _ _. TR 17 _ -'-W " h"'e"'n"---_ I was a child. 04») CD 3.I was 20. he used (J) to tell me stories and show me pictures of the U. I asked my mother if she would let me vis it my uncle _---.. _ _ = __ I saw American movies.S. ----cc-- (') I came here. I hea rd many stories about life in America. In some cases..::-_ (5) my summer vaca tion.-__ I was traveli ng to the U. In the U. they feel sad. I've been working hard and (9) trying to learn English. EXERCISE 11 Fill in the blanks with an appropriate time word. 336 Lesson 8 .=__ I'm at school. but I newr imagined how much I wou ld miss my family and friends. but she sa id I was too young and the trip was too expensive.. they came to the U... .Jy"e"ars=_ _ • she has been living in the U.' ''f"ee ''-''''n"e''-rv. add a comma before the main clause. When the semester began _ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ __ __ 7.erbial Clauses and Phrases. 9. Fo r • she lived in Poland. Until • she lived with her parents. That 337 .S. When I was a ch ild _ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ 3. until I started attend ing th is school. _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ when I was __ yean. _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ever since I started attend ing this school.. Since the semester began _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ 8. Since 1997 I she has been living in the U. . 4. Since . EXAMPLES For _ _!! ma"".EXERCISE III Fill in the blanks with an appropriate expression. 5. until [ was _ _ years old. 6. While . When • she was living in Poland. she has been working in the U. 4. So/Sltch . 1. EXAMPLES Whenever I have a job interview ". Whenever • she visits her parents.I·. ! 1._ _______ _ _ Ever since I found a job I haven't had much time to study.. Sentence Connectors. Unti l I graduated _ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ (continued) Ad\. when I started attending th is school. EXERCISE • Complete the statements that apply to you.S. 3. If the time expression is at the beginning of the sentence. Since I grad uated _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ 13. Answers will vary. Ever since I was a child _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ 2. 10. 11. 7. During --------~I she lived in Poland. o ld. 5. When I grad uated _ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ 12. she met her future husband.o'''u'-'s''-. ever since I was _ _ years old. 2.ny!. 6.S. since I found a job. some of the lost Boys drowned. The Lost Boys went to Ethiopia after leaving Sudan. we delete the subject after the time word (after.4 Using the -. V b.ng Form after Time Words If the subject of a time clause and the subject of the main clause are the same. EXAMPLE While they were running fro m their ho mes. W henever I think about my future _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ 8. 15.S. W hile they were living in Kenya. EXPLANATION In sentences (a). Since my fa mily ca me to the U. While c~r. 2. Until my fa mily came to the U. The subject is omitted. 16. Subject Subject a. EXERCISE. _ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ 20.S. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ when I fo und a job. the time clause can be changed to a partidpial phrase.S. 17. while) and use a present par- ticiple (-ing). and the present partidple (-ing form) is used. _ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ 18. _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ 19. EXAMPLES Subject Subject a. until I fo und a job. In sentences (b). While they were crossing a river. The lost Boys went to Ethiopia after they left Sudan. When my fa mily came to the U. Change the time dause to a partidpial phrase.S. b. they saw many dangerous animals. While running from their homes. they stud ied English. they saw many dangerous anim als. 338 Lesson 8 . the subject of the main clause and the subject of the time clause are the same. The Lost Boys went to Kenya before they came to the U. some of the lost Boys drowned. 1. 14. S.. John wants to go back to Sudan after he graduates from college. Before they ca me to the U. : 'S C ••• "aQ Before You Read 1. Sentence Connecror. government. Jo hn Bul learned how to use a compute r after he came to the U.S. .S. John got help from the U.pecD. "All men are created equal" and that every person has a right to "life. Pay special attention to even 04» though. So/Such . TIt 18 For the first three centu ries after Columbus came to America in 1492. religion. today? Read the following textbook artide. The country became d ivided over the issue of slavery. ha> oonuaJiclOSY II!. . Ten to twelve million Africans were brought to work as sla\eS in the agricultural South. as [he land of equality. What do you know about the history of slavery in the U.S. Do yo u think everyone is equal in the U . Even though the importation of slaves finally ended in 1808.? 2. Un til he fo und a jo b. it is imponant to remember this dark period of American history. wrote. and in spite of (the fact that). In 1776. color. and [he C ivil War between the North and the South was lOught from 1861 to 1865. it took another 100 years IOr Congress to pass a law prohibiting discrimi nation because of race. In spite of these great words. It Jefferson owned 200 slaves at that time. CD 3. or national o rigin. 3 Slavery-An American Paradox .i ------------------------------------------~) 'A par.:i. although. liberty.unwillingly.S. the Lost Boys had neve r used electrici ty. when America declared its independence from England. In spite of the fact that that the North won and African-Americans were freed. 4• • _ = _2 _ _ 4 cm • I . o ne of the founding fa thers of the United States. sex. the sla"" population continued to grow as child ren were born to slave mothers.S. . and the pursuit of happiness. Although many new arrivals see the U. 4. Thomas Jefferron. it\la'i()n m a. the largest group of immigrants arrived in America. 6. 5. is a . Adverbial Clauses and Phrases. 3. Thm 339 . 340 Lesson 8 . When I was l6 years old. Even though it's hard for Peter to work and go to school. peopLe. means freedom to many aLthough. it is important to remember the dark days of slavery. people often use though at the end of a statement to show contrast· with the preceding statement. discrimination in spite of. I don't like to work and go to school. Language Note: In conversation.8.. use a clause" beginning with even though.S.S . A lor of my fr iends from high school didn't go to college (. I worked parHi me and saved money fo r college... I have to do it. my parents gave me pe rmiss ion to leave home and live with my uncle in New Jersey.. they still miss their families in Sudan.. did not get equality.~vo .n though / in spite of) the opportun ities they had. I managed to finish high school and (l) start college. or in spite of the foct that. My uncle always encouraged me to go to co llege (in spite of/ am though) (J) he is not an educated man. he owned slaves. In spite of the fact that Jefferson wrote about equaLity for everyone. he has to do it anyway. subject and a verb. A clause doesn't follow In spite of the slaves' freedo m. In spite of Jefferson's declaration of liberty Use in spite of + noun or noun phrase to for all.5 Contrast EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Even though slavery ended. show contrast. EXERCISE III Choose the correct phrase to complete each sentence. clause to emphasize the contrast. /:~~~. (/n spite of the fact that / In spite of) I was only (/) in high school. I decided (4) to become an English teacher (even [hough / ctlCn) I still have a bir o f an (5) accent.&t~) I was very young. African-Americans For an unexpected result or contrast of ideas. I wanted to come to the u. Although the U. (Although / In spite of) it was hard. Even though the Lost Boys are happy in the Still and anyway can be used in the main U. though.. . continued for many years.s. he owned 200 "A clause is a group of words that has a slaves. . . he owned slaves. and so on. the Lost Boys of Sudan are adapting to Ame rican life. _ _. That 341 . _ _ __ __ _ _ their busy work schedu les.. I like _ _ __ _ __ _ in spite of _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ 2.!I. EXERCISE m Complete each statement in different ways. your apartment.'6 u6ually a waste of time.EXERCISE lID Fill in the blanks with in spite of or in spite of the foct that. EXAMPLES Il ike my math teacher even tho ugh sheglvesalotof homework. So/Such . In spite of _ _ _ __ _ __ I often _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ Adverbial C lauses and Phmsesj Sentence Connectors. EXAMPLES In 5 ite of the f act that the law says evcr}'One has equal rights. many immigrants want to come here. I like _ _ _ _ __ _ _ even thu ugh _ __ _ _ _ __ __ 3. I like to watGh TV a lot in spite o f the fact that 11. a dass.!! !! s'l!!lite&.S. 3. The Lost Boys o f Suda n have not lost their hopes fo r a bright futu re _ _ _ _ __ ___ the difficulties they face. 6... 7. African·Ameri cans did nOt recei'\'C equal treatment under the law.n though _ _ __ _ __ __ 4. life is not pe rfect in the V. 1. 1. some people are still suffering. I have to _ _ _ __ __ _ "". The slave population cominued to grow _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Americans stOPped importing slaves from Africa. _ _ _ __ _ ___ slavery ended in 1865. 4. this dty. Many imm igrants come to America _ __ _ __ _ _ the difficulty o f sta rti ng a new li fe.!o~ f _ _ Thom as Jefferson's declaration o f equali ty fo r all.n. You can write about your job. 2. the Lost Boys o f Sudan go to school. everything in America is new fo r them. 5. Answers wi LL vary. Even though I don't speak English perfectly. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 5. 4. In spite of the fact that my teacher doesn't speak my native language. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 3. Even though students don't like taking tests. is a rich country.S. Do you ever see signs in public places in Spanish or any other language? 342 lesson 8 . EXAMPLE Even though many students have jobs.S.? 2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ 2. EXERCISE CompLete each statement by making a contrast. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ The Changing Face of America Before You Read 1. Even though the U. What do you think is the largest ethnic minority in the U. they manage to come to class and do their homework. In spite of my accent. 1. This number is expected to rise to more than 400 million l7.. Sentence Connecrors. One thing is certain: [he face of America is changing and will rontinue to change.. 2000 CII'Id 2050. the majority of immigrants to the u. Unl. So/Sllch .4 ln 2003. Hispania.. who arc . HO\vever. H ispani" arc already about • 36 pen:cnt of the )Xlplliarion of CalifOrnia and Texas. Sat.'eSt ! (. That 343 . TRlt condition clauses beginning with if and unless. There are many questions about the furure of America.s. For moo: of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.. The U. Today most immigrants ]041--- arc Hispmics. 1 Because of their lruge numbers.e(:K'd us.. The Hispanic population increased more man 50 percent be. Adverbial Clauses and Phrases.ween 1990 and 2000. 2050. Hispmics passed African- Americans as the largest minority."e5 in immigration patterns. Estimau!d ilnd PIo. 04») Read the following magazine article. 2050. 40'-\--- "-ere Europeans. this rrend has changed drnmatically.1fOUp of Hispmic immigrants mmes I from Meotico. nearly one 00'-\--- in fl\f! people will be an immigrant in 2050. since 1970. More than 50 percent of the people who hm~ arm~ since 1970 are Spanish speakers. U they \ ute as a grouP. HisJklnic mters are gaining politicaJ pQ\ver. The lal).ou:IMrp/~ will be 24 percent of the population l7. million. Population.S.. population is over 300 OrigIn. 11 alITent patterns of immigration continue and if (he birth rate remains the same.. they wiU ha\e a great influence on [he choice of our nation's leaders. there are chant.I now a~t 15 percent of the tcral JX>PlIlation. Pay special attention to CO ). EXERCISE ID Fill in the blanks with the correct fonm of the verb in parentheses ( ). In a future population by 2050. I won't go back. Cb<J 1. Use even if to show that the their number wUl increase because of their present condition doesn't affect the result.-_ _ _ almose 80 million people r""" to the population in the next 50 years. _ _ _ --. My brother won't come to the U. EXAMPLE If the H ispanic population _ _ -'co""'=·n nti "u"'e"s'---_ to gI'OVJ.-". use the simple present If Hispanics vote together. . If ehe U. unless you have a visa. In that case.S. Even if the economy of my country improves.J ehe populaeion _ _ _-.S. .8. it _ _ _-.6 Condition If..--.-_ . and unless Children in America learn EngLish even if their parents can also be about the general present speak another language at home. 24 percent o f the (contirtud u. Even if the immigration of Hispanics slows down. 2. Sentences with if. Even if the number o f immigrants _ _ _ ----. You can't come to the U. -_ _ (hM€ IOJ builJ 30 million more ho using units.-_ _ {inm rut} . tg.--_ __ down. Hispanics will be 24 percent of the affects the result. If I think about my native count/}" I get homesick. unless he gets a I wo n't go if you don't go. even if. nearly one in five Use unless to mean if not. sCholarship at an American university. they will have a lot of tense in the condition clause. political power. Q . even if. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION If current immigration patterns and birth rates Use if to show that the condition remain the $ame.-_ . populaeion _ __ -'w"il~1"' ''e''---___ Hispanic by ehe year 2050.. sentence. the present tense is used in both clauses. Compare: I won't go unless you go. Americans will be an immigrant in 2050. Unless immigration laws change. birth rate.S.s. and unless are used to show that a condition is needed for something to happen. 3.--. population by the middle of the century.-. The class size _ __ .---_ _ _ their native language C/mo<<J unless their parents _ _ _.-_ _ _ them to speak it.-----.. _ _ __ __ _ 2. You can't get on an alrplane unless you have a photo ID.S. If the Hispanic birth rate doesn't change..-_ _ _ at the same rate. _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ 4..-:_ __ _ born in the next 50 years.---:---. Children of immigrants _ __ ----.-:-._ _ __ Cg. .-:_ _ _ _ a change in immigration policy.. if yo u don't have a passport.-_ __ over 400 million by Cl>J 2050 if immigration _ __ -.....S. Children of immigrants will fo rget their language if they don't use it. _ _ _ __ __ Adverbial Clauses and Phrasesi Sentence Connectorsi So/Such . population _ _ _--..---. Immigrants wi ll con tinue to co me to the U. If more child ren _ _ __ -.S....--.S. _ __ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ 5.J EXERCISE ID Change the if clause in the sentences below to an unless clause. C"'J 7..S. if he or she was not born in the U. 1.e: n«d) 4. 3. I. That 345 .-_ _ _ to come to the U.:---.. (corlfinw) 6.S..oe cou ntries don't improve.-----.- (passi\.. An American citizen can' t be president of the U.) 5. unless (conril1kt') there _ _ __ -.. Immigrants _ _ _--. if co nditions in their nath.. Yo u ca n't enter the U.". EXAMPLE You can't get on an airplane if yo u don't have a photo ID.....-_--. Hispan ics will be 24 percent of the U.S.:-.-_ __ if the number of school·age (i~J children _ _ _ ---. The U. C" J mo re schools .:==:::-c. she anymore. B: I don't think the school will put them in a bilingual program _____ they're already fluent in English... TR 20 A: My youngest daughter is seven years old. but she answers in English. . 1. as immigrants. If I speak my native language all the time. If I have a serious problem _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . My parents had a hard time understanding him. (6) A: We can't fight it. EXERCISE Fill in the blanks in this conversation between two Hispanic mothers. EXERCISE El ABOUT YOU Complete each statement. B: _____ all her friends speak English. (4) A: Maybe we should put them in a bilingual program at school. of course she's going to (J) speak English. and she doesn't speak Spanish . She doesn't speak English. But he mixes Spanish with English. 346 Lesson 8 . 1f _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1'l1 get a good grade. _ _.S. . Last month he had to because my parents came (3) to visit from Guatemala. And we're not going to do that.If (example) understands. 5. Our kids won't speak Spanish well _ _ _ __ (7) we go back to live in our native countries. ·4) co 3. they'll have to speak (5) Spanish. She can't understand what my daughter is saying _____ I translate it for her. I won't learn English quickly . There are a lot of Spanish words he doesn't remember _____ I remind him. EXAMPLES I don't usually eat fast food unless I'm in a hurry . 3. I study every day unless _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 2. Use if or unless. We came to the U. 4. if I don't pass this course. My son is 14 and he won't speak Spanish _____ he has to. _ _ ___ they're in the bilingual program. A: My mother lives with us. My English will improve if _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ._ _ I say something to her in Spanish. (2) B: I have the same problem. A: I knQ\v college is going [ 0 be expens ive fo r me because I'm going to be an international student. A: I'm planning to go [ 0 Boston. I co me to class even if ___ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ 10. I th ink college is free fo r American residents. (J) like books. 12. People will understand you even if _ __ _= _ _ _ _ (l) Are }Q U plann ing to get a job there! A: I don't think I'm going to need one. " m go ing [0 live with my relatives and they said I Gm live [here for free. So/ Such . and her friend. Even if _ __ _= _ _ __ you have to pay fo r college. isn '[ it? B: No. I' ll continue to study at this school un less _ __ _ __ __ __ 9. . Even if _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ . B: Don't \\t'Orry. B: Even if _ _ __ = _ ___ . (1) A: But I make so many gra mmar mistakes. B: Even if ____:.-_ _ _ ~. I'm worried about the cold wea ther. That 347 . even if I' m sick. Answers may vary. . clothes. 11. people will probably understand yo u.S. I usually answer the pho ne un less _ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ 8. ) A: What if people won't und t!rstand me? My accent is nOt perfect. people understand me. you'll need mon ey fo r other things. I' m usually in a good mood un less _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ 7. W hat do people do in the winter? Aren't they afrai d of the snow and the cold? B: I' m sure people go o ut even if the weather is bad. but it's (4) cheaper for residents. and transportatio n. 6. (. _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ even if _ __ __ _ __ __ EXERCISE III Fill in the blanks to complete this conversation between a Colombian woman who's going to immigrate to the U.. Adve rbial Clauses and Ph rasesi Sentence Connectors. 348 Lesson 8 . it can cost from $ 7. the process of foreign adoption is not easy or cheap. there is such a long waiting list and there are so few babies available that people often have to wait years for a child. AB a result. Russia. . furthermore.000 foreign babies were adopted by American families. the process has become so complicated and slow that people often get discouraged with American adoptions.. Is it important for parents to teach their children about their family histories? • ·4) CD 3. in addition. In spite of all these difficulties. In addition. and the Philippines. In addition. Guatemala. However. more than 17. parents usually have to travel to the country for a one.to four-week stay. However. Pay speciaL attention to sentence connectors: however.000. TR 21 Read the following Web article. Americans bring home babies from countries such as China. the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) often takes 90 days to process the paperwork. Adopting a Baby from Abroad Before You Read 1. In 2008. many Americans are turning to foreign countries for adoption.000 to $30. South Korea. Furthermore. First. and as a result. Ukraine. Many American couples want to adopt children. Do you know anyone who has adopted a child? 2. these tiny immigrants bring joy to many American families. These words are similar Many couples in China prefer sons. So/Such . EXAMPLE The Lost Boys were happy living with their families in Sudan.) before a sentence connector. EXERCISE III Fill in the blanks with an appropriate connecting word. Use a comma after a sentence connector. the in meaning to so. they went to another country to adopt. 1. etc.-. second. Furthermore. addition. As a result.s growing for several Sometimes people order their thoughts reasons. Finally they found safety in a refugee camp in Kenya. immigration brings in a large using first.7 Sentence Con nectors Ideas can be connected by sentence connectors. These number. Answers may vary. the process isn't cheap or easy. Sentence connectors that show contrast However. Punctuation Note: Use either a period or a semicolon (. Nevertheless. My friends couldn't adopt a baby here. _ _ _ __ __ _ 1 conditions in the camp were very poor. They didn't know where to go. Foreign adoption is not for everyone. 2. Therefore. In addition. therefore. . (continued) Adverbial C lauses and Phrases. These connectors show the relationship between ideas. furthermore. The Hispanic population . as a result. and moreover. .-. These Many couples apply for adoption in a foreign country. It can be Sentence connectors that add more expensive. words are similar in meaning to but. information to the same ide~ are in Few American babies are available. 3. First. furthermore. These the process has become complicated. Many couples are frustrated with the adoption Sentence connectors that show result or process in the U. are however and nevertheless.S.. in addition. My friends couldn't adopt a baby here.-. EXA MPLES EXPLANATION Many couples want to adopt American children. In addition. for this reason.8. it can take a long time. they went to another country to adopt. The Lost Boys faced many problems when they left Sud an. However a war fo rced them [0 leave. Therefore. third. Sentence Connectors. majority of adoptions from China are girls.-1they didn't have enough to eat. _ __ _ __ __ 1 some drowned when they had to cross a river in their escape. Some ofthem couldn't swim. they go to other conclusion are therefore. and countries to adopt. there are very few babies available. words are similar in meaning to and. Thai 349 . and moreover. the birth rate among ordinal numbers can be replaced with Hispanics is high. . _ __ _ __ __ .S. legally. they were the victims of anti-Se mitism. at the beginning of the twentieth cen tury. Some built or bought small boats and tried to reach Ao rid a by sea. _ __ _ _ _ _ __ . they did not understand hO\v to cook at first. _ __ __ _ _ _ _. _ _ __ __ __ _ . Many of the Lost Boys had never seen a gas stove before they came to the U. about 6. Many C ubans tried to get pennission to leave Cuba legally but couldn 't. many people who \va nted to come to the U.7 million 'immigrants arrived in the U.6 milli on illegal aliens arrived during this period of time. immigration slowed down during Wo rld War I. 7. 10. A war broke out in Yugoslavia in 1992 . ___ __ __ __ . 11. _ _ __ __ __ _ . 13.S. Many lived in poor conditions. My grandfather im migrated to the U. 4. many people fo und other ways of leaving. many people died or lost thei r homes. Many C ubans \vanted to escape comm unism in the 1960s. many Irish people left and came to the U. Congress passed a law restricting the number of imm igrants. 8. ___ __ _ _ _~. . In 1924. 15. he wanted to be reun ited with his relatives. S. _ __ __ __ _ _ .S. to find a job and make more money. they still miss their fa mily and friends back home. Many immigran ts came to Ameri c. They had to fi nd jobs qui ckly.S. They faced problems in the U. Between 2000 and 2007.S.1. • about 5. 12. 14. 350 Lesson 8 .S. They are happy that they ca me to the U. could n't. _ _ __ __ __ _ . There was a big fam ine in Ireland.S. 6. _ _ __ _ __ __ . Jews had a hard life in Eastern Europe. 9. many of them couldn't get permission to leave C uba. they had to go to school to improve their English. So/Such . However. 16. Therefore. Africa n·Americans had been the largest mino rity for many yea rs. Adopting a fo reign baby is complicated. _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _. _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ 5. _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ 4. African fam ilies were tom apart. EXERCISE ID Complete each statement. "All men are created equal. 17.. It is important fo r me to k. Jefferson had 200 slaves at the time he wrote th ese words. As a res ult. _ _ __ _ __ _ _ ' Africans were brought to America against their will to work as slaves." _ __ __ _ __ ~.S. Ln add ition. 20. 1. EXAMPLE The U. People have to pay a lot of mo ney. Members of the same fam ily were sent to different areas to work as slaves.. 21. Living in another country is difficult. is a ri ch co untry. However. they have to travel [ 0 the fo reign country to fill ou r forms and pick up the baby. beca use they wanted to .oarn English. _ __ __ _ __ (continued) Adverbial Clauses and Phrases. it has many poor people. _ __ __ _ _ _ 2. . Most im migrants c. In add itio n. That 351 .S. Thomas Jefferson wrote. _ __ _ __ _ __ 3. 18. In 1776. . you must master the grammar. No one wants to leave fr iends and fam ily. Answers will vary. To learn a new Janguage. 19. Sentence Connectors. this changed in 2003 when the Hispanic populatio n became the largest minori ty. Some children speak one language at home and another at school. Slavery officially ended in 1865. Immigrants have to adjust to a new language. • many African fa milies continu ed to suffer. 6. It is important fo r me to lea rn English.1 me to th e U. However. . many died along the way. 22 Africans lost their freedom and were brought to America against tht::ir will (for I to) work in the fields. which included music and dance. (Even though / Howe()fT. fn addition. They rried to keep their African cultura l practices.he fae. Many people have come to America (because IS) freedom. slaves formed strong co mmunities.). It's important for a new immigrant to know English.S. dua) they worked hard from mo rning fi) till night. (In addition / H""""". T1I. They couldn't (Il) 352 Lesson 8 . 7. they were often beaten ifthey didn't obey. used English. (Because/ For) people from the same regions in Africa (10) were separated from each other. and were given b ibli cal na mes rather than African names. (In spite of I In spite of the fact that) the (9) difficulties of living under slavery. (Although / Unless) many people (6) in the North were against slavery. he o r she must have a passpOf[. Most o f the African-Americans in the North were free. _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 8. they lost thei r native languages. However. slavery contin ued in the South (because of I since) Southern slave owners did nor want to give up their (7) cheap labor supply. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ EXERCISE IlIJ Circle the correct words to complete this story. If someone wants to come to the U. to visit. _ __ 9. Th ey were forced to work hard (so that I in order to) white (5) plantation owners could become rich. Africans were taken from their ho mes (I) and put on slave ships (for I to) cross the Atlantic. [hey didn't have an easy life. In fact. (Because of/Since) (2J (3) hard cond iti o ns. (8) slavery continued to increase.) the law prohibited the importation of slaves. they received no money. Therefore. (In spite of/ In spite of . I may not speak English perfectly. But 04) (txlJmpitJ (0]. 8 So ••• That / Such • •• That We can show result with so ••• that and such (a) ••• that. Sentence Connecrorsj So/Such . so many + plural count noun + that so few + pLu ral cou nt noun + that Many American couples wa nt to adopt a baby. Many slaves fro m the South tried to run away to the North. when Co ngress (17) passed a law prohi biting discrimination in jobs and education. tI (IJ) (Unless / Until) the slaves were fin ally freed in 1865. . In Miami.. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION My grandparents had such a hard life in their We use: country that they had to leave. (In spite of the facl thal / In spile of) the ( 15) majo rity of Africans by that ti me were born in America. However. That 353 . language Note: That is often omitted in informaL speech. there are still many inequalities in American life. such + a/ an + adjective + singular noun + that The lost Boys saw such terrible things in such + adjective + pLuraLnoun + that their Life that they wi LL never forget t hem. Foreign adoption is so expensive that many We use: peopLe cannot afford it. so much + noncount noun + that The lost Boys had so Little food to eat that so little + noncount noun + that many of them died. they weren't allowed (11) to vote. (/6) Discrimi natio n was still lega l (when / until) 1965. 8.VCtIeT). they suffered discrimin ation (because / because of) the calor of their ski n. John works so hard (that) he doesn't have time to rest. (Furlhermare / HOt. there are so few babies available that many Americans adopt fo reig n babies. American Life is so strange fo r him (that) it wiLL take him time to understand it. they (I. attend public schools. / Although) some were caught and sent back to the ir "owners. so + adjective + that ChiLdren of immigrants Lea rn EngLish so easily so + adverb + that that they become flue nt in a short time. there are so many Spanish speakers We use: that you can hear Spanish wherever you go.) faced many d ifficulties. There was so much poverty in IreLand in the We use: 1800s that Irish peopLe were fo rced to Leave. (Althaugh / In Sl)i" of) there has been progress toward equality fo r (l8) all. (However. Adverbial C lauses and Phrases. 354 lesson B . offers _ _ __ _ __ _ freedom that people from all over the world wa nt to come here. Russ ia. I came to the U. 2. 3. EXERCISE III Fill in the blanks with so. [ was _ __ _ _ __ __ happy when I got my letter that I started to cry.'so ""'" m=a "Y "-_ __ problems in o ur country that we decided to leave. Wht::n I got to the Miami airport. the security li nes were _ __ __ _ _ _ long that I had to wa it for almost two ho urs. OUT family has been in the U. 1. for lo ng time that we hardly even speak o ur native language anymore. 8. EXAMPLE We had _ _ . by winni ng the Green Card Lottery. There were _ __ __ __ _ _ people arriving at the sa me time. 4. so much. The U. My uncle earned money in G uatemala that he cou ld n't support his family. There are _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ American babies to adopt that many fami lies adopt babies from China.S.S. or such (a/an).S. I come from Mexico. so few. 1 waited _ __ __ _ __ Iong time that 1 thought 1wou ld never get permission.S young when she arrived from China that she doesn't remember anything about China at all. for jobs.S. 6. My neighoor's baby \V3. I had to fill out papers and answer questions that I thought I would never be able re do it. There is _ _ _ __ _ _ __ unemployment in Mexi co that many people want (0 come to the U. so he ca me to the U. 7.S. 5. so many. so little. Before I got my visa. 9. 10. and other coun tries. My roommate is fro m India. so few. I had _ _ __ _ __ __ mistakes o n my test _ __ _ __ _ 11. so little. Peter is taking _ _ _ _ __ __ _ classes this semester _ _ _ _ 3.. 1. I was _ _ _ __ __ _ tired in class yesterday _ _ _ _ __ Adverbial Clauses and Phrases. or such (a/an). so much. She speaks English _ _ _ __ _ well 6. Answers will vary. Tlull 355 . We h ad _ _ _ __ _ __ lo ng test _ _ _ _ __ __ __ 10. English has _ _ _ _ __ _ _ irregu lar verbs _ _ _ __ _ _ 9. Sometimes the teacher talks _ _ __ _ _ ___ fast _ _ __ _ 5. The teacher gives _ _ _ _ __ _ _ homework _ __ _ _ _ 4. Sentence Connectors. EXAMPLES Michael is such a good student that he gets 100% on all his tests. The teacher gave _ __ _ _ ____ confusing explanation _ _ 12. Learning another language is _ __ --'5"'-_ 0 _ _ hard It can take a lifetime to do It. My math class is _ _ _ __ _ _ __ easy _ __ _ __ _ _ _ 2. So/Such . so many. Then complete each statement with a result. My bio logy class is _ _ _ __ __ _ boring _ _ __ _ __ 7. Stevens is _ _ _ __ _ __ _ good teacher _ __ _ __ _ 8. .EXERCISE" Fill in the blanks with so. Ms. Time when When I find a job. they have to get same idea moreover permission from U.. they are hopeful for their future. NP = Noun Phrase.. For this reason. 356 lesson 8 . . for + NP He exercises for his health .Clause. many people left. since + ( Since he doesn't understand English. " _ .". I'll buy a car. Contrast even though + ( Even though he's rich. • . . ** P: • ea :. sa (that) + ( He exercises so (that) he can lose weight. since I've been working since 9 A. inequalities still contrasting nevertheless exist. In addition.= . Summary of Lesson 8 up . aLthough + ( Although he's rich. _ . he can't find a job. we won't drive. " . 2. . he's fact that + ( not happy. .Verb Phrase) FUNCTION CONNEcrORS EXAMPLES Reason because + ( Because he doesn't understand EngLish. he can't find a job. I don't want to go alone. Purpose (in order) to + VP He exercises (in order) to lose weight. Nevertheless. he's not happy.. VP . for tMs reason There was a war in Bosnia.n addiUon Adopting a baby from another country is not easy. Words that connect a dependent clause or phrase to an independent clause: (Abbreviations: C. Words that connect two independent clauses: FUNCTION CONNEcroRS EXAMPLES To add . whenever Whenever I work overtime.S. Parents more to the furthermore have to pay a lot of money. because of + NP Because of his poor Eng lish.M . Condition if If it snows. I've decided to get a college degree. he's not happy. To show a therefore It is difficult for an uneducated person to find a job that pays result as a result welL Therefore. until I worked untilS P. even if We'U drive even if it rains. whiLe While I was slicing the bread. he can't find a job. idea The Lost Boys had a difficult childhood. However. = t. . I worked until t he store closed. during I worked during my su mmer vacation. To add a however The law says that everyone is equal. in spite of + NP In spite of his wea lth. Citizenship and Immigration Services. in spite of the In spite of the fact that he's rich.M. I make extra money. he's not happy. I cut my finger. for I've been worki ng for three hou rs. unless I won't go unless you go with me. I've been working since I woke up this morning.:. . 3.. not fOT. c_: ¥ !ii!tDW $M U . 5& he didn't hear the explanation. :$ • Ai eo • : " 1. . with a verb when showing purpose. «(omma) He was sick. + that Punctuation Note: Compare: He went home from work early because he was sick. (No comma) Editing Advice CD " • = I:. These are such good grapes that I such + adjective + pluraL noun can't stop eating them. to She went to the doctor f&f get a checkup. Because he was late. Even though she speaks English well. so f ew + pLural noun + that He has 50 few friends that he's lonely. (Period before the connecting word. Result with so many + plural noun + that I received 50 many letters that I didn't quantity have ti me to read them aU. (No comma) Because he was sick. Result with such (a/an) + adjective It was such a good movie that I nouns + singular noun + thot watched it three times. Don't combine so with because. Use because of when a noun phrase foUows. Therefore. word s so much + noncount noun + that I received 50 much mail that I didn't have time to read it all. btff she can't write it. A Adverbial C lauses and Phrases. Sentence Conm. That 357 . comma after therefore) He had such a bad headache that he had to go to bed. 2. 3. Use W. he went home from work early. so little + noncount noun + that She has 50 little time that she rarely takes a vacation. of He came late because bad traffic."Ccor'Sj So/Such .t. Words that introduce result clauses: FUNCTION CONNECTORS EXAMPLES Result with so + adjective + that I was 50 tired that I feU asleep in front adjectives of the TV. and adverbs so + adverb + that She speaks English 50 fluently that everyone thinks it's her first language. or but with mm though. he went home from work early. 4. Don't use eum without though or if to introd uce a clause. Lllovgll Even he's a poor man, he's happy. A if I won't call you even I need your help. A 5. Use the -ing fo rm, not the base form, after a time word if the subject is deleted. going Before!J& home, he bought some groceries. 6. Don't confuse so tha t (purpose) with so (result). He wanted to learn to drive, so tHat he took driving lessons. 7. After so tha t, use a modal before the verb. covid I bought a DVD player so that I watch all my favorite movies. A 8 . In a future sentence, use the simple present tense in the if clause or ti me clause. If I will go back to my hometown, I will visit my best friend. 9. H~ connects two sentences. Although connects twO parts of the same sentence. However. She was absent for three weeks. Alt~e"§~ she did all the homework. 10. Use so + adjective/adverb. Use such when you include a noun. 5ucha My grandfather is se wise person that everyone goes to him for " 358 Lesson 8 Editing Quiz 4 u: : _. sa • $ c .• • : e " =. = Some of the mded ~ @CI11nI .. have mistakes. Find the mistakes and correct them. If the shaded words are correct, write C. to I came to the V.S. five years ago fer study English. I chose to live in this (aa mlHtJ c city btCa~ my siste r was living h ere. EYen I had studied gram mar in my (=mp!i) (I) country. I didn't have expe rience talking with Americans. I wanted to prepa re myself. ~, I took private lessons with an Ameri can in my (2) country klf learn new Arneri cnn expressions. n. addition, ~re c:DI'Il'mg ~rl) (,I ' (5) here, I read a lot about li fe in the u.s. 80• (6)that I Alth~. I was surpri sed by so many things. First, J was su rprised by (8) how cold it is in the winter in this city. Purt:he-~ I couldn't believe - '(9) ~ that some students even call their teachers by their first names. Back h ome, we always call OU T teachers "Professor" to show respect. I also mi ss (10) getting together with friends after class. Now I'm at a city college and most students have jobs. In addition, most o f them h ave fam ilies. As ,-rifpit, UU ( 12) everyone leaves ~ ~ after class ~t there's no time to make friends. oi) , (4) I b~ve my phone number to some class mates SO thii we 2d ~6 on (13) weekends, but no o ne ever caUs me. Because my siste r has a busy life, so (16 ) she d oesn 't have much time fo r me either. I h ad 10 h ard time when I (/7) arrived here tb"t I wanted to go back. ~, I got used to life here. (18) (' 9) I di scovered that church is a gO<Xl place to meet people, ItO that J joined (20) a church. When I MU ~ more mo ney, I'm going to get an apartment (21) with one of my new friends from chu rch. Even tho ugh life has become eas ier, ~ t I still miss my fam ily back (22) home. Adverbi'll C lauses and Phrases; Sentence Connectors; So/Such . .. That 359 $ c. • , e : ., Lesson 8 Test/Review . . . . . to "*'" ,. ;.,1 _ ) 2$(S •• ... c; , : "' • • ... .. PART D Fill in the blanks with an appropriate time word: when, whenever, while, for, during, since, or until. EXAMPLE My fri ends were talking during the whole movie. Everyone around them was annoyed. 1. They talk _ _ ___ they go to the movies. Th is happens every time. 2. They were talking everyone else was trying to watch the movie. 3. They started talking _ ____ they sat down at the beginning of the 4. They talked two ho urs. 5. ll1eY didn't Stop talki ng they lef,. 6. _ _ ___ the movie was over, they left and went their separate ways. 7. I haven' t seen them _ _ __ _ we went to the movies last week. 8. I hate it when people talk to each other _ ____ a movie. PART. Fill in the blanks with because, because 0/, since, for, so that, in order to, or therefore. In some cases, more than one answer is possible. EXAMPLE I came to this school _ _ ...!i!! n.!! o~rd~e~r:.!t~ o _ _ leam English. 1. He came to the U.S. _ _ _ _ _ __ _ he could leam English. 2. He came to the U.S. _ _ _ _ _ __ _ find a better job. 3, He came to the U.S. _ __ _ _ _ __ _ economic problems in his country. 4. He came to the U.S. _ _ _ __ __ _ be wi,h his family. 5. He came to the U.S. _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ a better futu re. 6. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the U.S. is a land of opportuni ty, many immigrants want to come here. 7. The U.S. is a land of opportuni ty. ____ _ __ _ _ , many people from other countries want to im migrate here. 8. Irish people came to America in the IBOOs _________ they didn't have enough to eat. 360 Lesson 8 PART 11 Fill in the blanks with even though, in spite of the fact that, in spite of, or however. In some cases, more than one answer is possible, EXAMPLE Even tho h there are many opportunities in the U.S., my cousin can't find a job. 1. his fluency in English, he can't fin d a job. 2. He's fluent in English. I he can't find a job. 3. he has lived here all his life, he can't nnd a job. 4. He can't nnd a job he has good job skills. PART 0 Fill in the blanks with if, unless, or even if. EXAMPLE If you're absent, you shou ld call the teacher to let him know. 1. You must do the homework _ _ __ _ vou're absent. Absence is no excuse fo r nor doing tbe ho mework. 2. You sho uld come to every class _ _ ___ you' re sick. If you're sick, stay home. 3. yOll don't have time to study, you should d rop the course. 4. Some people go to wo rk they have a cold. Th ey do n't want to lose a day's pay. PART 11 Fill in the blanks with so, so many, so much, or such. EXAMPLE Lwas _ _ _ _-'60 =-_ _ _ _ late that I missed the meeting. 1. There were _ _ ___ people at the party th at there wasn't anywhere to sit d own. 2. The food was _ ____ delicio us that I didn't »,anr to stop eating. 3. I had a hard day at work yesterday that I didn't have time fo r lunch. 4. My broth er is _ _ __ intel Ligent that he gradu ated from high school at the age of 15. 5. She spent a long time o n her composition that she didn't have time to do the gramma r exercises. Ar!' I'f·..I,i,,1 r b" ....... :mrl Ph r~.-..· St' nrt>n('t> \..onnt'(".tnt": S /~lIch .. . That 361 PART,. Complete each sentence. Answers will vary. EXAMPLE He didn't learn to drive until he was 25 years old 1. I come to this school for _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ 2. I come to this school so that _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ 3. People sometimes don't undersrand me because of _ _ _ _ _ __ 4. Since _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~I it is necessary for immigrants to learn it. 5. She came to the U.S. to _ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ _ 6. I do n't watch much TV because _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ 7. I like to watch movies even though _ __ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ 8. Many people like to live in b ig cities in spite of the fact that _ _ __ 9. Please do n't caU me after midnight unless _ __ __ _ _ _ __ 10. I can usually understand the general meaning of a movie even if _ _ 11. I didn't spea k much English until _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ 12. I feU asleep during _ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ 13. Some students didn't study fo r the last test. A5 a result, _ _ __ __ 14. The teacher expects us to study befo re a test. However, _ __ _ __ 15. When applying for a job, you need to write a good resume. In addition , 16. My mother h as such a hard job that _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ 17. There are so many opportunities in the U.S. [hat _ _ __ _ __ _ 18. It was so cold outside last night that 362 Lesson 8 PART. Punctuate the folloWing sentences. Some sentences are already correct and need no more punctuation. If the sentence is correct, write C. Make any other necessary changes. EXAMPLES When he met her. he fell in love with her immediately. I' ll help you if you need me. C 1. The tcacher will help you if you go to her office. 2. She al wa~ gets good grades because she studies hard. 3. Even though own ing a dog has some disadvantages there are more advantages. 4. Because he didn't study he fa iled the test. 5. Before he got married his friends had a party fo r hi m. 6. She did all the homework and wrote all the compositions however she didn't pass the course. 7. Although I didn't do the homework I undersrood eve ryth ing that the teacher said . 8. Even though he worked hard all weekend he wasn't tired. 9. I stayed home last n ight so that l wou ldn't miss my favorite TV show. 10. I am unhappy with my job because I d on't get paid enough furthermo re my boss is an unpleasant pe rson. 11. She was so emotional at her daughter's wedding that she started to cry. 12. My boss never showed any respect fo r [he workers as a result many people quit. Expansion o Fonn a small group. Tell which one of each pair you think is better and why. Practice reason and contrast words. • own ing a dog o r owning a cat • driving a big car o r driving a sma ll sports car • send ing an e-mail o r writing a letter by hand • watchi ng a movie at ho me on a DVD player or watching a movie in a theate r • writi ng your compositio ns by hand or writing them on a computer • studying at a small commun ity college or studying at a large university • living in th e city o r living in a suburb EXAMPLE Even t ho ugh own ing a cat is easier, I prefer dogs bec.:'1use they provide protection fo r the ho me. e For each of the categories listed below, write a sentence with even though in the following pattern: I like even though _ __ _ _ _ __ Categories! food, exercise, mov;es, people, places, restaurants, hobbies, animals EXAMPLES I like to travel even tho ugh it's expensive. I like to eat fast food even though l know it's not good for me. Find a partner and compare your answers to your partner's answers. e Write three sentences to complain about this city. Work with a small group. Practice so/such . • . that. EXAMPLE Th ere is so much traffic in the morning that it takes me over an hour to ger to school. e Write three sentences about this school Try to convince someone that this is a good school. EXAMPLE The teachers are so friend ly that you can go to them whenever you need help. 364 l=;on 8 Talk About It 0 Frederick Douglass was an ex-slave who became a leader aga;nst slavery. In 1852, at a celebration of American Independence Day, Frederick Douglass gave a speech. He sa;d, "Th;s Fourth of July ;s yours, not m;ne. You may rejoke, I must mourn.' Look up the words rejoice and mourn. Then tell what you th;nk he meant by th;s. e Besides the U.S., what other countries have large numbers of ;mmigrants? Is the ;mmigrant population accepted by the native population? o When American parents adopt bab;es from other countries, should they try to teach them about the;r native countries? Why or why not? Write About It 0 Write about how an agency or people you know have helped you and your family since you came to the U.S. e Do you think a country ;s richer or poorer ;t ;t has a large number of ;mm;grants? Write a short composition to expla;n your po;nt of view. o Write about the reasons you (or your family) came to the U.S. e Write about the major reasons people imm;grate to the U.S. from your native country. EXAMPLE Immlgrant5 from Mexico I come from Mexico. Many people from my country want to immigrate to the U.S. for economic reasons. Even though there is a lot of unemployment in the U.s., Mexicans can usually find jobs in a big American city_ However. it is very difficult for Mexicans to get I work: authorization in the U.S. . .. i. For more practice using grammar in context, please visit our Web site. Adverbial C lauses and Phrases: Sentence Connectors; So/Such . . . ThaI 365 Lesson Grammar Noun CLauses Context Caring for Children I . We use a noun clause to include a question Do you know if the babysitter is available? within a statement or a question.0 .. _ 1 _ ea '. . has said or asked. "I will pick up my son. Should employers provide matern ity leave for new mothers? Why or why not? 2." We use a noun clause to repeat someone's I asked. . "Where will you pick him up?" exact words. 9. A noun clause functions as a noun in a sentence. We use a noun clause to report what someone I asked her where she would pick him up.'_ . Bringing Up Baby • _ . Compare: Noun He said hello. " ' • You Read 1. Before •• = _ . We use a noun clause to include a statement She didn't realize that the baby was sick.e t _~ _ ' '"' . within a statement or a question. Noun clause He said that he wanted to see the baby: EXAMPLES EXPLANATION I know that you love children.1 Noun Clauses-An Overview A clause is a group of words that has a subject and verb. She said that she would pick up her son. • . . Do you think grandparents sh ould have a big part in raising children? Why or why not? 368 Lesson 9 . She said. Do you think that the kids are tired ? I don't know how old the child is. lA gap. Read the following magazine article. they recommend early childhood education. were enrolled. experts warn that parents shouldn't overstimulate them. however. in this case. fewer than known. It is In 1970. One study shows that kids who hardly play preschool. 35 percent of children who had preschool education graduated from college. compared with only 14 percent of children who did not have preschool education. What happens in the first three years of a baby's life affects his emotional development and learning abilities for the rest of his life. In this study. or who aren't touched very much develop brains 20 to 50 percent smaller almost 50 percent than normal. means a difference. there is no scientific evidence to support this. To prevent a gapl between the rich and the poor. Research shows that a baby's earLy experiences infLuence his brain deveLopment. Pay speciaL attention to noun clauses. A recent study at the University of North Carolina followed children from preschool to young adulthood. Educators have known for a long time that kids raised in poverty enter school at a disadvantage. While it is important to give babies stimulating activities. In 2000. The results showed that children who got high-quality preschool education from the time they were infants benefited in later life. that babies whose parents rarely talk to them or hold 8 percent of kids were enrolled in them can be damaged for life. However. It is a well-known fact that talking to infants increases their language ability and that reading to them is the most important thing parents can do to raise a good reader. Some parents even Did You think that it's important to play Mozart to babies and show them famous Know? works of art. Noun Clauses 369 . Studies show (that) early childhood education is important.I feel. A noun clause often foUows be + an adjective: be afraid be clear be obvious be amazed be disappointed be su re be aware be glad be surprised be certain be happy be worried 'Feel foUowed by a noun dause means "believe. in the passive voice. hope. I realize that the child is tired and that he Connect two noun clauses in the same hasn't eaten lunch. I am sure (that) chUdren need a lot of A noun clause can be the complement of the attention. expect. sentence with and that or but that. Language Notes: 1. A noun clause often follows one of these verbs: believe fi nd out notice remember complain forget predict show decide hope pretend suppose dream know realize think expect learn regret understa nd feet· 2. Are you surprised (that) some parents play classical music for their babies? Some parents are worried (that) they don't spend enough time with their kids. suppose. especially in conversation. '"' I beliwt/think that it's important for a mother to stay home wittI her baby. That introduces a noun clause. I think so.9. attention. I know that you are a loving parent but that you can't spend much time with you r child. or "'think. That is often Some parents think (that) babies should omitted.2 Noun Clauses after Verbs and Adjectives EXAMPLES EXPLANAnON Parents know (that) kids need a lot of A noun clause can follow certain verbs. know. that it's important fof iI mother to stay home wittI her baby. 00 not include so if you include the A: Do you think that the children are noun clause. A: I hope that our children will be Noun clauses can be replaced by so after successful. and B: I hope so too. It has been said that it takes a village to A noun clause can be used after certain verbs raise a child. think. sentence afte r certain adjectives. believe.. something. listen to Mozart. 370 Lesson 9 . learning something? Wrong: I think so the children are teaming 8: Yes. and children. EXAMPLE A: Do you know that it's good to read to children when dlcy'rc very young? B: Yes. 1. EXERCISE. 4. 3.n-=ce =5. 4. About 7 mill ion American children are h ome alone after school. Some paren ts d1ink that _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ classical music for babies.--=expe="M-. A: I'm not so sure m at music is beneficial.. A: I'm sure that's a good idea. end in divorce. Only 25 percent of American households are made up o f a mother. They need to play too. 1. . 2.'e. A: I predict they will be very successful and happy. end in d ivorce. 3. " EXAMPLE Fifty ~rcent of marriages in the U. a father. Educators know that _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ enter school at a d isadvantage. I'm not surprised that 50 ~rcent of marriages in the U. " or "I'm not surprised that • • .5"ea=rly-". EXAMPLE Research shows that ___a=~-=a-=I1y' "-. R: I think that it's good to give kids as much education as possible before they go to school. EXERCISE 11 Fill in the blanks to complete the noun clause based on the reading on page 369. I hope my children will be successful onc day. I do. But don't fo rget that they're just kids. B: Of course they do.EXERCISE a Underline the noun clauses in the following conversation between two mothers. We all know that _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ to babies increases ~eir language abi li ty. But [ didn'r realize that playing music was important too..S. About 18 percent of American children live in poverty.. About 70 percent of married mothers work outside the home.--__ influence his bra in development. (continued) Noun Clauses 371 . but I suppose it ca n't hurt. Respond to each statistic about American families by beginning with "I'm surprised that .S. A study shows that _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ have smaller brains. Answers may vary. 2. I'm su rprised 7. I know 4.S. It's unfortunate 6. EXAMPLES I know that there are 50 states In the U.hink 2. 1. EXERCISE 0 Fill in the blanks with a noun dause to talk about your knowledge and impressions of the U. I've noticed 8. s. But if they need the money. I'm afraid 5. Should . What's your opinion? Answer the questions using I think and a noun clause.50~.. I'm surprised --. Should fathers take a greater part in ra ising their kids? 4. 7. Should parents buy a lot of toys fo r their children? 372 Lesson 9 . I've learned EXERCISE. Can children get the care and attention they need in day care? 3. EXAMPLE Should mothers of small kids stay ho me to raise them? I think mothers of small kids should stay ho me if thei r husbands can make eno ugh money. The average sizc of nC\" American homes has increased as the size of the American fam ily has decreased. Should parents read books to babies before . Discuss your answers. I'm disappointed 3.yj~~~Ii~ ve~a~ lo~n~e':.S. Twenry-six percent of households have only onc person. I think they should work.hey learn co calk? 7.!'ma ~nt. I .___________ _ 1. 6. Should grandparents help ma rc in raising their grandchi ldren? 5. Should the government give new mothers maternity leave? For how lo ng? 6.he government pay fo r child care for all ch il dren? 2. Thirty~three percent of working wives with full-time jobs earn more than their husbands. Doctors are concerned that children who spend too much time in front of the TV don't get enough exercise. The MP recommends that children under two not watch any TV at all. What are some good habits that children should develop? How can their parents encourage these habits? 2. The MP suggests that pediatricians help parents evaluate their children's entertainment habits. Noun Clauses 373 . At least one in three children is overweight.Pediatricians' Recommendations Before You Read 1. What kind of influence does television have on children? -4) Read the following magazine article. The MP advises that parents offer children stimulating activities. The MP recommends that pediatricians be good role models by not having TVs in their waiting rooms. TR 02 The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) is worried that American chiLdren spend too much time in front of the TV. It is essential that small children have direct interactions with parents for healthy brain growth. CD 4. Pay speciaL attention to noun clauses. 1. 2. Some expressions that show importa nce or urgency are: It . Compare pronouns: He wants her to read. - It is essential for them to pLay with their children. Some verbs that express importance or urgency are: advise'" forbid'" request ask" insist require· beg" order· suggest demand recommend "'The sta rred verbs can also be followed by an object + infinitive. He suggested that she read.9. A nou n clause is used after expressions of It is important that a father ~ time with importance beginning with it.s advisable It is important It is essential It . The subject pronoun is her kids. It is essentiaL that a baby Iw!e stimulation. EXAMPLE Kids should sce a doctor regu larly. A child should exercise regula rly. Language Notes: 1.3 Noun CLauses after Expressions of Importance EXAMPLES EXPLANATION The AAP recommends that pediatricians b. put not before the base form.c A noun clause is used after verbs that show good role models. Kids should eat a healthy diet.s necessary It is imperative It is urgent The above expressions can also be followed by for + object + infi nitive. importance or urgency. The AAP advises that children under two not For negatives. - I advise her to stay ho me with her small children. It is essen tial that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ 2. is used in the noun clause. EXERCISE III Rewrite these sentences as noun dauses. The base form his children. I advise that she stay home with her small children. It is importan t that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ 374 Lesson 9 . It is essential that they pLoy with t heir children. The base form is used The pediatrician suggested that she InlI to in the noun clause. watch any TV at all. used before the base form. It is important that kids see a doctor regularly. 3. It is essential that _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ Day (are Before You Read 1. who takes care of the children? Noun Clauses 375 . Some parents tell their children to turn off the TV. Children shouldn't watch a lot of TV. It is essential that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 7. Some parents insist that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ 8. do women with babies work outside the home? If so. A child must receive love. Dentists recommend that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 9. Parents should talk to their babies and hold them. Doctors recommend that _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 5. It is essential that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 4. Doctors suggest that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 6. In your native culture. Parents should be good role models. A child shouldn't eat a lot of candy. Doctors want parents to give their children a healthy diet. Do you think it's OK for mothers of small babies to work outside the home? 2. When choos ing a day care center.~ . experts believe that on ly aoout 12 percent of ch ildren receive high·quality care. During this time. talk to the child. it is importanr for babies to form an attachment to t. _-_ . Does the caregiver hug the child.. play with the chi ld! It is also important to know if the clay care center is clean and safe. Working parents often put their children in day <:'1re. But there are many other questions parents should ask and observations they should make. Pay special attention to noun clauses as questions. .... While most parents interviewed say they afe satisfi ed with the day care they use. -. '4» CD 4. Parents need to know if the caregiver is loving and responds to the child's n eeds.. .heir mothers. -- s · ----. smile at the child. -----. Experts bel ieve that parents should not put their babies in child care for the first four months. One caregiver for three babies is recom mended. of course parents want to know how much it costs. TJt 03 Read the following Web article. Is there a nurse o r doctor available co help with med ical card Do caregivers know first aid! Parents should ask how many children there are per caregiver. ~----~- 376 Lesson 9 . A parent shou ld find out how the caregiver takes care of sick children. Many parents really do n't know h ow good their day care service is.. The verb in the included question wiLL show the -5 ending for he.put the subject I'm not su re whether the child can play outside. Yes/No Questions with do/does/did Do the kids like their teacher? Remove do/does/did in the included Can you tell me whether the kids like their question. Yes/No Questions with auxiliaries or be Is the center clean? Add the word if or whether before I'd like to know if the eenter Is clean. or teacher? not). or the past form fu r the past tense. Use Can the child play outside? statement word order.4 Noun Clauses as Included Questions A noun clause is used to include a question in a statement or another question. included question-put the subject When will the children go home? before the verb.Questions with auxiliaries or be Where is the mother? Use statement word order in an I don't know where the mother is. Do you know when the children will go home? Wh. An included question is used after phrases such as these: I don't know I'm not sure Can yo u tell me Please tell me Nobody knows Are you sure I have no idea I can't understand 00 you understand I wonder I'd like to know Would you like to know I don't remember I can't tell you Does anyone know You need to decide 00 you remember 00 you know It's important to ask (continued) No un Cb uses 3 . or Did you r parents give you toys? I can't remember if my parents gave me toys. it.Questions about the subject Who takes care of the kids? There is no change in word order in I'd like to know who takes care of the kids.Questions with do/does/did What does the child want? Remove do/does/did in the included Do you know what the child wants? quest ion. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Wh. Wh. she. or it. before the verb. including a yes/no question . . questions about the subject. Add if or whether (.9. she. How many teachers work there? Please teLL me how many teachers work there. The verb will show the -s ending fo r he. . I wonder where the child went. or the past Where did the child go? form for the past tense. what. EXAMPLE Please tell me how old (is your child. an included question sounds more poLite than a direct question. 3. to / do I ha. 2. I'd like to know when (I ha. 1. 2. Do you know what (is the teacher's name / the leacher's name is)? 3. 1. I'd like to know if the day care center is clean (or not). 7.. Can you tell me how much (you paid / did)"OI< pay) (or the service? 378 Lesson 9 . Please tell me the day care center is located. It's good to have a lot of teachers. EXERCISE 11 Circle the correct words to complete the statement or question. especially from a st ra nger. Language Note: Vou can add or not at the end of an included yes/no question... how. I have no idea the day care charges. how many. 00 you know what time it is? Usage Note: When asking for information. Can you reil me _ __ _ the director of the program is? l've never met her. or how much). 5. 8. 4. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate question word or phrase (who. when. where.30. I don't know what time it is. Do you know whether the teacher speaks Spanish (or not)? Punctuation Note: Use a period at the end of the included question if the sentence is a statement. You sho uld ask _ _ _ _ people take care of the children. Direct Question: Who is the director of the day care center? More Polite: Can you tell me who the director of the day care (enter is? EXERCISE. or whether. f don't know my child's teacher's name is. Do you know (is the center open / if the <enter is open) on Saturday? 4. I would like to know _ __ _ the day care center is clean or not. to) pick my child up. EXAMPLE Can you tell me how much time the children spe nd watching TV? I'd like to know _ ----'i'f---_ the day care center is expensive. why. I would like to know _ _ _ _ the caregivers do i( the child gets sick.. Use a question mark if the sentence begins with a question.GOUr child i)i. 6. if. I can't remember _ __ _ the class begins at 730 o r 8. 1.nurse / whether Cl mme \oorks I does Cl nurse work) at rhe cente r. I want to know how old (your son is / is )'Our son). 6.11.he ""..!Ch TV I do .).11. EXERCISE III Write these questions as induded questions. Can you tell me when (rhe center closes / closes the ceureT' / does [he eenter close)? 9.. know _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ 2. Wha. I'd li ke to know (the center has I has . 11.. care cen'". 12. 7. Who read the article about workin g mothers? I'd li ke to know _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 3.he service costs I does . 8..11."cheT) her job. center I whether [he eenter has) an outdoor playgrou nd or not.he children «<Itch TV I if the children UIlltch TV) at the center. I don't know where (.) EXAMPLE Who wants to leave now? I don't know who wants to leave now.. How many students in this class come from South America? I don'. Who brought a dictio nary today? I don't know _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ 5. Who failed the test? Iwonder _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ Noun Clauses 379 .he . I wonde r (if . alre <enter is loca ..ice cOSlI costs the service). I£aCheT looes I does the teacheT loo< I if loc~s ..he cJa. I'd li ke to know (the children . Please tell me (if works lL . happened in the last class? Can you tell me _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ 4.dl is loca!£d . I'd like to know how much (. 5. cJa. (These are questions about the subject. 10. ) EXAMPLE Hmy many tests h ave we h ad? I don'r remember how man tests we have had. When will we have the final exam? I need to know ________________________________________ 2. When can the teacher see me? I need to know _____________________________________ EXERCISE m Writequestions these questions as included questions. with or do.questions with be or an auxiliary verb. What grade did I get o n the last test? C an you tell me _______________________________________ 3. How many m istakes did I make? I'd like to know ___________________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 4. How many lessons are we going to finish? Ca n you tell me _______________________________________ 3.) EXAMPLE Where d id you buy your books? Can you tell me where you ~ought your ~OOk57 1. (These are wh. Where will the fin al exam be? You should as k _____________________________________ 5. EXERCISE III Write these questions as included questions. (These are wh. did. How many q uestions does the test have? It's not important to know _______________________________ 5. How many compositions does the teacher require? Yo u sho uld ask th e teacher _______________________________ 380 Lesson 9 . When does the class begin? Can you tell me ______________________________________ 2. 1. does. Where is the teacher from? l wonder __________________________________________ 4. Is the test going to be hard? I don'tknow __________________________________________ 2. 1. Are the students confused? I have no idea _________________________________________ EXERCISE" Write these questions as included questions. Did you buy a diaionary? Please te ll me _________________________________________ 4.) EXAMPLE Does you r teacher give a lor of homework? Can you tell me ifyourteachergivesa IDtofhomework7 1. Do I need to write a composition? Can you te ll me _______________________________________ 1 . W ill you be ou r teacher next semester? I'd li ke to know ________________________________________ 3.EXERCISE la Write these questions as included questions. Have you been teachi ng here fo r a long tim e? Can you tell me ________________________________________ 5. or did. Does the teacher speak Spanish? I'm not sure __________________________________________ 5. Can you help liS with registratio n! I'd like to know ________________________________________ 4. Did everyone pass the last test? I don't know _________________________________________ 3. Does the school have a cafeteria? You should ask ______________________________________ 2.) EXAMPLE I s the teacherAmeri can? I'd like to know if the teacher is American. does. (These are yes/no questions with do. (These are yes/no questions with an auxiliary verb or be. Are there smo ke alarms in the building? I'd li ke to know -. Are the toys clean! I'd like to know _ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ 12. How does the caregiver take care o f sick children? I'd like to know _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 6. Am I welcome [0 drop in and visit? I'd like to know _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ 5. Whu takes the child ren o utside? I'd li ke to know _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ 11. How does the caregiver discipli ne the ch ildren? I'd like to know _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ 3. Does the caregiver hug the child ren? I'd like to know _ _ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ 10. Is the day care cen ter li censed by the state? I'd like to know _ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ 13. Can the caregiver handle problems without getting angry or impatient? I'd li ke to know _ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ 4. Do the children have stimulating activities? I'd like to know _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ 382 Lesson 9 . Include each question after "I'd like to know. Do the caregivers have a lot of experience? I'd like to know _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ 2. How many caregivers aTe there! I'd like to know _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ 9.-_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ 8. 1." EXAMPLE How much does it coSt? I'd like to know how much it costs. EXERCISE ID These are some questions parents can ask before choosing day care for their children. Is there a nurse or doctor [ 0 help with medical care? I'd like to know _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ 7. I don't know what to do. Use whether.c.es should I register for? 1 can't decide _________________________________________ 3. home with her children. Where can I buy . How can I USe the compute r in the library? I don'rknow _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ 6. What c1as. What can [ do about cancelled classes! I don'tknow _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ 7.extbooks? Idon'rknow __________________________________________ 2. She can't decide whether to work or stay infinitive phrase. b. Sentences (a) use a noun clause. Should I buy a new computer or a used one? I'm not su re __________________________________________ . 3.9.5 Question Words Followed by an Infinitive . Should I rake biology or physics? I can't decide _________________________________________ 8. phrase. could. Should I take morning classes or evening classes? I don'tknow __________________________________________ 4. I don't know how to find a good day care center. should can be shortened to an infinitive b. to i ntraduce an b. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION What shouLd I do? Some noun clauses with con. Where can I find information? Sentences (b) use an inftnitive (phrase). EXAMPLE What should I do about my problem? I do n'. EXERCISE III Complete these sentences with an infinitive phrase. a. not if. PLease teLL me where to find infonnalion. ShouLd she work or stay home with her chiLdren? Sentence (a) uses a noun clause. How can I find a good day care center? An infinitive is used after know how. Wrong: She can't decide if to work or stay home with her chiLdren. What else should I do? Idon'tknow __________________________________________ 5. I don't know what I shouLd do. . She can't decide if she shouLd work or stay Sentence (b) uses an inftnitive phrase. Please tell me where I can find information. home with her children. know what to do about mypnoblem. 1. and a. She told us to choose a topic. (Later) B: U h. Use a search engine and type in child development. Fill in the blanks to complete the included questions.r what time _ _ _ _= ____ (I) But I' m sure it must be after 6:00. to 6. ~» A: Hi. I didn't know ______ __ _ __ 2.M.:":::: "5'---__ (uample) B: What time is it now? A: I don't have my watch.00 A.00 P. I wonder what time _ ___--=____ tomorrow. I'll help you. I don't even know where _ _ _ _~---- (JJ A: Try going to the Internet. but I don't know how ______~~------ (iJ A: Come. When I came to this city. EXAM PLE I can' t decide whether to stay in this city or move to another city. When I ca me to this school. The li brary is d osed. I d on't know what topic _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ (ll A: You have small children. nt 04 B: I need to get to the library before it closes. topic. Why don't you write about ch ild development? B: That's a good. Why do you need to use the li brary? B: The teacher rold us to write a paper. I can't decide _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ 3.M. B: That's such a big topic. There are so many choices of prod ucts in the stores. What time does it close? A: I'm nor sure what time _ _ ---'i=t c:::lo:. But I have to start somewhere. 1.ah. I need to narrow the topic." 384 Lesson 9 . I had to decide _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ 4. Where are you going in such a hurry? CD 4. (5) A: The sign says. Discuss your answers in a small group or with the entire class. "Open 9. Sometimes I can·tdecide _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ EXERCISE III Two students are talking. EXERCISE III Complete each statement with an infinitive phrase. Answers may vary. so I don't knov. what to do. . Benjamin Speck. = •• . '! U =• scen . Before You Read 1... Pay spedal attention to the CD 4... Or. TR OS words in quotation marks (H• •• H) and other noun clauses. and they don't know if they should let him cry or pick him lip. kiss them once on the forehead when they say good night." wrote Benjamin Spoc.%'81 . and I don't know _ _ _---.. Spock disagreed with this strict manner of raising children and decided that he \\'Ould write a book." -====~~~~~~~) Noun Clauses 385 . . making it the biggest-<elling book Dr. "1 wanted to be supportive of parents rather than scold them. never let them sit in your lap. the li brarian can show you how to do a search . Spock's book appeared.." Also. The baby cries. "Never hug or kiss your children. Benjamin Speck? What do yOll know about him? 2. Speck'. John WatsOn was the leading child- care expert in the 1920s and 1930s. Spock said. New parents are aLways worried that they might be making a mIstake with their new baby. and they don't k""". a few months after his death at age 94. many parents say that it is the 1903-1998 parents' bible for raising children. and OUId Care. at 8:30." He continued. &b. Benjamin Spock NU.." Dr.. You know more than you think you do.• gently and lovingly. . talked to. Have yo u ever heard of Dr. In fact. Dr.k in h ~ fumou.. . (7) But don't worry. he told parents that it was necessary to feed children on a rigid schedule.-_ _ _ or not. Shake hands with them in the moming... book 0. "Trust yourself." Or. The baby is ~ck. Be natural and enjoy your baby. played with •. and theVlI grow up to be better people. I have an appointmenr (6.:-_ _ _ by ten o'clock o r not. He wiU be remembered for his common sense advice. Spock never imagined that h is book would become so popular. uIf you must. Th~ book has sold (M'r 50 million copies.. which first appeared in 1946. W hat are some di ffere nces in the ways that children are raised in d ifferent cultures? 04» Read the following magazine article. after the Bible. He wrote.. Before Dr. B: Can you meet me at the library at ten o'clock tomorrow and help me? A: I'm nor su re _ _ _ --. "Re5pect children because they deserve respect. The last edition came out in 1998. ''Every baby needs to be smiled at. Too much love will harm your baby said Warson . Spock said. 2. "Every baby needs to be smiled at: If it comes at the end. fteveT kiss you r child. Watson. Spoc k said. Spock said. c. "I'm going to feed him: said the mother. "Trust yourself." The mother asked. Note that the first letter of an exact quote is a capital Or. b. • they are a quote from a book. Spock. It makes them feel asked phrase in the middle." the quote by commas. newspaper. "Never hug or ki ss your are worth repeating and they are remembered children. I wanted to be supportive of pa rents said Spock. care of a baby?" or magazi ne. Dr. 386 Lesson 9 . "More than anything else: said Dr. with the said or "children want to help.9. 4. Spack said what good mothers and fathers instinctively feel like doing fo r their bab ies is usually best. separated from grown up. 'children want love.6 Noun Clauses as Exact Quotes of Notable Words EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Or." because: Parents ask. the subject and the Dr. 3. Punctuation Note: St udy the pu nctuation of sentences that contain an exact quote. verb can be inverted (c). S. "More t han anything else: said Spock." EXERCI SE BI Read these quotes by Dr. Spock. Spock and Dr. An exact quote can be split. "Every baby needs to be smiled at: said Dr. Spock said you know more than you think you do. Spock said. "N " EXAMPLE Warson sa id. a. "Trust yourself. "What is the right way to ta ke • they have been recorded on video or audio. Add quotation marks and capital letters where they are needed." An exact quote is used when the exact words John Watson said. Warson said treat you r children like small adult'i. 'Why is the baby crying?" ' Why is he crying?" asked the father. "Every baby needs to be The said or asked phrase can come at the smiled at: beginning (a) or the end of a quote (b and c) . 1. Read this story about Nasreddin. 7. "I was in the barn milking my cow. and then other people said Spock. If children worship material success rather than truth or compassion Spock said it is because they have absorbed those values from others. But out here we have light. He appeared to be looking for something. "What are you doing?" the neighbor asked. It's very valuable. then why are we looking for it outside the barn?" asked the neighbor." answered Nasreddin. ''What are you looking for?" the neighbor asked. 8. What kinds of stories or folk tales are popular for children in your native culture? 2." said Nasreddin. "I'm looking for my ring. What stories do you remember your parents telling you when you were a child? -4») Nasreddin is a character in many foLk taLes throughout the worLd. "I'll help you." Noun Clauses 387 . 6. "Don't be a fool. "I'm looking for something." "If you lost your ring inside the barn. After searching for several hours. ''It's too dark in the barn. first in their family. CD 4. TR 06 One day a neighbor passed Nasreddin's house and saw him outside his barn on his hands and knees. A Folk Tale Before You Read 1." Nasreddin replied. the neighbor finally asked. The most important value is to bring up children to help others." replied Nasreddin." said his neighbor. To reduce violence in our society said Spock we must eliminate violence in the home and on television. Pay spedaL attention to exact quotes. "Do you remember where you were when you lost it?" "Of course. The neighbor got down on his hands and knees and started to help Nasreddin look for his ring. Why d on' t you come [0 work with me and get your food given to you regularly? I would like chat said the wolf.TS of a fable ~n: animal. Cousin sa id the dog your li fe is much hard er than mine. 388 Lesson 9 . An exact quote can be split. Exact quotes are used in story telling to give "I'm looking for my ring: said Nasreddin. Ofn'Cl [he Charactl. "I will take you to The dog told the wolf that he would take my master's house.9. EXERCISE III Read the following fable' by Aesop.8 Noun Clauses as Reported Speech We use an exact quote when we want to write exactly what someone has said. Spock told parents that they knew more think you do." him to his master's house." than they thought they did. words to the characters. O h. We use reported speech when we want to report what someone has said. Do you know where I can find such a job! I will easily arrange that for you sa id the dog.It is necessary to feed John Watson told parents that it was children on a rigid schedule." necessary to feed children on a rigid schedule. O n the way there. The dog said to the wolf. Follow the same punctuation and word order ruLes as in Section 9.7 Exact Quotes in Telling a Story EXAMPLES EXPLANATION "What are you doing?" the neighbor asked. lA fahk is a shon stOI)' [ha!: [l'aCh~'S a lesson. "You know more than you Dr." said/asked phrase in the middle. "I will help you. Come with me to my master's h ouse and we will share my work.. It hurts a bit at first. A hungry wolf was looking fo r food when he met a house dog chat was pass ing by." said the neighbor. but yo u will soon get used to it Then good-bye to you said the wolf. .. Spock said. with the "as soon as I can. I would rather starve than be a fut slave.. Exact quote Reported speech Dr. So the wolf and the d og went towards the rown together. 9. Insert quotation marks and correct punctuation and capitalization. John Watson said. That is only the place where the collar is put o n me every night to keep me chained up. the wolf nmiced that the hair on a certain pare of the clog's neck was very much worn away. it is nothing said the dog.6. so he asked him how that had come about. Exact quotes are common in stories and news reports. (present continuous) (past continuous He said. "I can heLp you tomorrow." He said (that) he had to go." He said (that) he had taken the test. undertine the noun clauses that show reported speech. (past contlnuous) (past perfect continuous) He said. Note: There. She sa id she wou ldn't give me a ticket that time.s no change for modaL + have + past participle. It He said (that) she had seen him the day before. I said I needed ro get to he r sch ool quickly. What tenses are used? Last v.'lid that I had been driving [en m iles per hour over the limit I told her that I was in a hu rry because my daughter was sick. but that I should be more careful in the future. As I wali d riving my ca r on the expressway ro the school. She said that I had been driving too fast. "She may Leave early. It He said (that) 1 should leave. Cl police officer stopped me. that I hadn't realized I had been driving so fast. He said. He said. the tense of the verb in the noun clause moves back one tense." He said (that) I must have known . (permission) He said.). This change in tense is called the rule of sequence of tenses. If He said (that) he could help me the next day. Exact quote Reported speech He said. (possibility) He said. "I had never done that: He said (that) he had never done that. "She was helping me: He said (that) she had been helping him. "I have taken the test. I cold me police officer that I was sorry. told. Circle the verbs in the noun clauses. He said that it would be fine. "She saw me yesterday. etc. He said. Observe the difference in verb tenses in the exact quotes on the left and the reported speech on the right. HI know fOu . "You may go. EXERCISE III In the paragraph below. reported. "I am studying: He said (that) he was studyinv. "I must go. She s. (continued) Noun Clauses 389 . "You should have told me: He said (that) 1 should have told him. (simple past) (past perfect) He said. (present (simple past) He said. "I will stay. whether my daughter was sick or not. I mid my boss that I needed to leave work immediately. "DU should Leave. (present perfect) (p''' perloct) He said. "You must have known." He said (that) I could go." He said (that) he would stay." He said (that) she might leave early. 9.9 The RuLe of Sequence of Tenses After a past tense verb in the main clause (such as said.'eek my daughter's day caTe teacher called me at work and told me that my daughter had a fever and was resting in the n urse's office." He said (that) he knew me. He said. (No change) (past perfect) (past perfect) Modals He said. Modals That Do Not Change Their Forms in Reported Speech He said. • quotation marks • no Quotation marks • comma after said • no comma after said • doesn't contain that • contai ns that (opti ona l) • pronouns .that morning yesterday ~ the day before. Follow the rule of sequence of tenses. EXAMPLE You are the love of my life. My father told me that _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ 390 Lesson 9 . the following day now -to at that time 2.. today ~ that day this morning . the tense shows t hat the conversation took place at a different time and place. Spock said. My mother told me that _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ 2. You wi ll always be my baby. My granclmothertold methat I was the love of her life. Even t hough your name is still the same. EXEROSE III An adult is talki ng about things her parents and grandparents used to tell her when she was a little girl Change to reported speech. ' You know more than you think you do. the previous day tonight ~ that night tomorrow ~ the next day. you • pronouns"" she.. Sentence with Exact Quote: Sentence with Reported Speech: She said. I. You have an easy life compared to mine. The idea is more important t han the exact words. We even change t he tense in t he fo llowing sent ence: The teacher asked me what my name was. Time words change in reported speech.would help • time . 1.tomorrow • time . 3. Exact quote: Or.will help • verb . me • verb . The exact words are not important or not remembered. We often use reported speech when we want to paraphrase what someone has said. Nr will help you tomorrow: She said that she would help me the next day.· Pa raph rase: Or. Spock told parents that they should trust their own instincts. Observe all the differences between a sentence that has an exact quote and a sentence that uses reported speech.the next day Language Notes: 1. In reported speech. My pa rents told me that _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ 5.. She told me that the children were happy. . My father told me that _ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ 6. Other common verbs used in reported care center wouLd be closed for the holiday. She added that the day care center had c. Punishing you hurts me more than it hurts you.." exact Quote. (Change aIL three """s. My parents told me that _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ 8. You have to listen to you r teacher. c. Other common verbs used i n reported lS staff members. We wi ll a lW3\~ love you.. can be anything yo u wanr if you study hard . reil is followed by an indi rect object. we tell someone that . we soy that . b. My grandparenrs told me thar _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ 4. You sho uld wash your hands before mea ls. we use say or say to She said. b.. but said is not. We don't like to punish you. . My mother told me that _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ 9. . My grandparents rold me that _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ 10.. Compare: In an exact Quote. "I love you. a. 3. My father told me that _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ 9. speech that have an indirect object are: inform notify remind promise } someone that . ) YOll My parents told me that _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ 7. Tell EXAMPLES EXPLANATION a. lI s.· someone. . In reported speech. She informed the parents that the day d. but sometimes it's necessa ry. We do not usually use tell for an She said to her daughter. We had a much harde r life.10 Say vs. speech that do not have an indi rect object are: add answer explnin reply } that d. "I love you. We want you to be happy. She said that the children were happy. U sa sa id. _ _ ---'s=id a =--_ _ that I was a very happy child. "I have never read Or. The little girl ____ _ to her mother. Dr." 392 L~sson 9 . "Eat your vegetables. Usa said [Q her so n. "I want to take my children to the zoo." 3." 6. 8." Lisa said that she needed to put the kids to ~ed. "I forgot CO give the kids their vitami ns this morning." 5. U sa said. My parents _ ____ me that they wanted me to get a good ed ucation. John Watson that parents shou ld not hug their children. EXERCISE" Fill in the blanks with said or tald. 4. Speck's books. EXERCISE III Change each sentence to reported speech. Speck _ _ ___ parenLO. EXAMPLES U sa said. 1. 9. 3. that they sho uld trust their instincts. U sa and Paul said.. O ur paren ts _ _ ___ us to be h onest. _____ that I wanted [0 learn more about raising child ren. Follow the rule of sequence of tenses. "I'll read you a story. Usa sa id." 4. "We will take our kids to the park tomorrow. 2. The mother her son th at she wou ld pick him up after school. EXAMPLES He told his children that they should study hard. 7." 5. Dr. "My ch ildren need to get exercise. I ca lled my parents last week and _ ____ them about my n ew roommate." 10. The mother to her son." 2. 1. Spock • "You know more than you think you do. U sa said to her friend. "r want to grow up to be just like you. " I n eed [0 pur the kids to bed." Llsa told her son that she would read him a story. "I can write my name." 15. "I don't want to argue with you. "I want to watch my favo rite program o n TV. Tod said to his teacher. Paul said to Tod. Usa said to Tod." 16. "My son is in kindergarten. "Ir's your tu rn to put the ki ds to bed . "You must go to bed. Too said co his mother." 14." 13. "'love my new bicycle." 19. "Our son wants us to read him a story." 12. Usa said co Pau l. "Yo u will not get enough sleep. "My grandmother will buy me a toy. Tod said to hi s friend." 17. 6." 20. "I'm thi rsty. Tod said to his fa ther. Paul said to Tod. Tod said to his father." 8." 18. Tod said to his friend." 10. Usa and Paul said. "I do n't want to go to bed. "The child ren went to bed early last n ight." 11. Usa said." Noun Clauses 393 . "Our son's name is Tod. Tod said to his fa ther." 7. " [ can ' t sleep. Usa said to her neighbor. Usa said to the teacher." 9. When the action has not happened yet. you a. EXAMPLES EXCEmONS TO THE RULE. 1948. Poland when she was a child. to follow the rule of sequence of tenses." c.s their bible When the main verb is in the present tense. I told him that I (need / needed) some time to be with my friends and that we (are / . it is not necessary to follow the rule of sequence of tenses if it is clear that the original verb was past In sentence (a). (I) Yesterday it was his turn to take care ofthe kids. "I had a difficult childhood" not "I have a difficult childhood. What did you say? said for someone who did not hear it.". My mother said that she had (or had had) a "I was born in 1948" and not NI am born in difficult childhood. h. OUT teacher said that t he test on lesson 9 can use will or would. Parents say that Dr. both answers are possi ble. use would. my husband said that he (wilt / . b. Before we were married. I see (ua) how hard it is to be married.. In reporting a statement about the past. for raising children. and raise kids. usuaLLy foLLow the rule of sequence of tenses. In sentence (b). She said that she lived (or had Uved ) in In sentence (c). loyes (or loyed) children. When I was a child.." It is rare to change be to past perfect if there is no confusion of time." EXERCISE III Circle the correct verb to complete this composition. Spock told parents that children need love. He said that he In reporting something that is still present. When the action is past. When repeating speech immediateLy after it was B: I didn't hea r you. b.mid) help me with childcare 50/50. "I lived in Poland when I was a child. In a few cases.. it is clear that she said. I said that 1 (want~nteCI> [0 have a large family. work. it is clear that she said. My kindergarten teacher said that she would teach me to tie my shoes. follow the rule of sequence of tenses.. A: I can't find my wallet. I have two daughters. it is clear that she said. a.. Compare: a. Dr.. wm(or WOUld) be next week. He said that he you can leave the tenses with no change or wants (or wanted ) to have more children. Spock said that children deserve respect. ages four a~d six.) (I) m 394 Lesson 9 . it is not necessary Dr. But now that I'm an adu lt. My brother has five children. My mother said that she was born in 1948. Spock's book . we do not change tenses. In reporting a general truth. we do not A: I said I can't find my wa llet. he said that they (ate / had eaten) a lot of popcorn while they were (9) watching TV so they weren't hungry fo r lunch. Use tell "Sit down. Language Note: Don't forget to change the pronouns and possessive forms in the infinitive phrase. He asked me to give him my book. My fat her told me not to watch TV. Wrong: He told to close the door. Don't use say to report an imperative. N il _ I. 9 . Wrong: She said me to sit down . Use ask for an invitation or request. I told my husband that he (5) (needs / needed) to take the kids out fo r exercise yesterday." for a command or instruction. he told the kids that they (can / co"I<1) (4) watch TV all day. He said that he (will / would) (7) (BJ take them out next weekend . "Don't watch TV. please. put not before the infinitive. going out to lunch. uShow your chi ldren love." For a negative. my two kids (11) and my husband! 9. She asked me to sit down. When I asked him about the lunch he gave the kids." HGive me your book. 1 to ld him that the pediatrician always says that kids (Wlltch / watched ) too much TV. an infinitive is used. But he to ld me (6) that he ("<In" / ""'nled) to work on his car. After I left.H To report an imperative." He told us to show our children love.12 Reporting an Imperative EXAMPLES EXPLANATION "Trust yourself. Spock told parents to trust themselves. Use an object after tell or osk. Sometimes I say that I really (haue / had) three child ren. I always tell my husba nd that the kids (shouldn't ea t / shouldn't hatlf ea ten) snacks before they eat (10) a meal. The father said to his teenage daughter. EXERCISE III Change these imperatives to reported speech. "Don't spoil your grn ndchildren. "Read me a story. "Always be polite. The girl said to her parents. both answers are possible. The father said to his son. "Don't let the kids watch TV all day. It was my first babysitting job. She told the babysitter." 11. "Eat your vegetables. ~» CD 4." 12. The mother sa id to he r kids. In some cases. TR01 Last month I babysat for a fami ly that lives nea r me.. EXAMPLE The mother told her children. The father said to his daughter. "Comb my hair." 8. "Buy me a do ll. "Help me in the garage. The father sa id to his daughter. Use asked or told + an object pronoun. The girl said to her mocher." 7." 3. the threei'ear-old 396 u." 5." 10. The girl said [Q her fathe r." EXERCISE 111 Circle the correct word to complete this story about a babysitter. 1. I said to my parents." The mother told them to study for their test. The dentist sa id to th e boy. "Do n't come home late. The son said to his mother. They Q / wld) that the children ("""Id / will) sleep ~mple' IIJ through the night and not cause any problems." 6." 2." 9. "Take me to the zoo. "Study for your test.'Siilln 9 ." 4. "Do you r ho mework. But Danielle. "Brush you r teeth after every meal. they told me that (we I they) (don 't I didn't) have any (26) (27) money to pay (you I me) because they (ha . Later they told me that they (must / had to) rum off their cell phone because they were at a concert. she (said I 101d) me (relld l 10 "lid) (heT I me) (8) (9) (10) another one. When I wem [Q her room . They had given me their cell phone (6) number and told me (caU 1 10 call) (us I .. I tried to (tell / say) her that (12) (IJ) there (aren't / weren 't) any monsters in her closet. she told me that (I / she) flll (has seen I had seen) a monster in the closet. I told her that r (don't I didn't) ever want to have chil dren. She said that it (is / was) my /2f) (25) responsibility to stay w ith the kids until the parents came home. Blit they didn't (20) (ZIJ come home till 1:00 A. She to ld me that I (fO) (will I would) get used to it. but she didn't stop (!~) crying. my mothe r was \V"diting up for me. When they fin ally got home. She fina lly fe ll asleep at ten. They said that (they I we) (would I will) (30) (11) pay (you I me) (next I the following) week.hem) in case of any problem. I wanted to ca ll the parents and tell them that Estelle (is / was) (15) upset and that she (is / was) crying..gotten) (28) (29) to stop at a cash machine.girl. woke up at 9 ..hey) (would I will) be home by eleven. the five-year.d (her I you) a story. the ch ildren's behavior (wasn't / isn't) unusual. ( 17) ( IB) but when I called .gotl£n I had [o. I (said I told) her (37) (38) (39) that I (don't / didn't) want to babysit ever again . I (said I 101d) her that I (will I """Id) r. They called and told me that the concert (has started / had started) an ho ur late.{)\d. (23) She to ld me (don 't / not to) worry. She told me that (You/ 1) (15) (J6) (will I would) change (my I your) mind some day..M. (41) Noun Clauses 397 . started crying. I called my mother and to ld (22 ) her that I (can't/ couldn't) leave because the parents hadn't come home. there was no answer. Then Estelle. She laughed and told me that (Jf.00 and (said I 101d) that (1 I she) (can't I couldn't) (2) (J) (4) sleep. [o. (32) (3J) When I got home. Every 15) (6) m time I finished the story. (19) They sa id (we I . • travel in the U. c..S. • that the family would have to help pay fo r my schooling. I • . c. I c."pI. give them breakfast. .S. e. with e. fa mily for a year. an article about an -au pa i r~ program in the U. go to live in the U. get them dressed. 1have always wanted:to be an English teacher in Estonia. • these young people can improve theirEngli5h.• 5aid I would be paid about $ 200 a week.= ea aL. • outings. CS _S. ". . 1 "-." S he asked me why I wanted to leave our e.~ e.• My year in the U. I wanted to knOVJ if I would get·paid. I asked her how ma ny hours a week I would ". mostly women between t he &lees of 18. I had an interview. The family treated me like a member of their family. and she said 45. My English is 1 00 percent better now. She told me • e. Pay (D4. e. I read 1.. ".. Friends often ask me if I am happY that I spent a yea r in the U. Do you know anyone who works in chil d care? ~») Read the following journal entry. . iI I. My mother said she would talk it over with Dad. Ii "This was the oPJXlrtunity of a l ifetime. The interviewer asked ". take them to school. • that I had just gotten my license. • an American family for a year to take care of their small c hildren. : . *t'w. but my English c. Sometimes an au pair has to drive kids to school and to play dates. In the process. _ • a.. • Five years ago.and 25. :e 4 . )e .S. and e. She also asked me whether I knew how to drive. u::oz a est •• ..S . I became very excited and asked my mother if I could • jOin. and she said no. and she ". the opportunity to go to school in t he U.• have to work.5. <- • When I heard about it. TR08 sped al attention to reported questions. e.S. At first she said. "Absolutely not. and they • finally agreed to let me go. c. I asked her if I had to do housework. [ told her that it would be an opportunity for me to imprave my <.. Being an Au Pair as ::Cl . when J was 1 8 years old and living in my native Estonia. po.. ". Have you ever taken ca re of sma ll children? 2. that my Job was only to take care of the kids: wake them up. taking me with them on trips and other family Ii e. e. (in Lansing. ". Before You Read 1. leam about American culture. • I was so excited when I was accepted.. e. • mends.• After filling out the application.J 398 Lesson 9 .. This is a program where young • people. I told her e.. I met other au pairs from around the world and have made many new I. • them with homeworlc. English. Michigan) was wonderful. I also wanted to know if I would have ". and she said yes. _Me( ss. and I say.• why I wanted to be an au pair. and help I. • was far from perfect. 9.13 Noun Clauses as Reported Questions When we report a question, we follow the rule of sequence of tenses if the main verb is in the past tense (asked, wanted tD know, tried tD understand, etc.). Use statement word order-put the subject before the verb. Use a period at the end. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Wh- Questions with auxiliaries or be "How old are you?" An object (me, him, her, etc.) can be She asked me how old I was. added after asked. "Where will I go to school?" I asked her where I would go to school. Wh- Questions wUh dol does/did "Why do you want to be an au pair?" Remove do/does/did in the noun She asked me why I wanted to be an au pair. clause. " How did you hear about t he program?" She asked me how I had heard about the program. Wh- Questions about the subject "Who taught you to drive?" There is no change in word order in She asked me who had taught me to drive. questions about t he SUbject. "What happened?" She asked me what had happened. Yes/No Questions with auxUiaries or be "WiU I have time to go to school?" Add the word if or whether before I asked her if I would have time to go to school. reporting a yes/no question. You can "(an I take classes?" add or not at t he end. I asked her whether I could take classes or not. Yes/No Questions with do/does/did "Do I have to do housework?'" Remove do/does/did. I asked her whether I had to do housework. "Did you receive the applicati on?" She asked me if I had received the application. Language Notes: 1. If the ask phrase is in the present tense, do not follow the rule of sequence of tenses. Keep the same tenses as the original question. "Are you happy that you spent a year in the U.S.?" . Friends often ask me if I am happy that I spent a year in the US . 2. Remember: Reported speech is often a paraphrase of what someone has said. She asked me, uDoes your mother approve?" She asked me if my mother was okay with it. 3. For exceptions to the rule .of sequence of tenses. see Section 9.11. She asked me if Est onia is in Europe. Noun Clauses 399 EXERCISE III These are some questions the interviewer asked the au pair candidate. Change these questions to reported speech. Follow the rule of sequence of tenses. EXAMPLE How old are you! She asked me how old I was. 1. Have yOll discussed this with your parents? She askedme ________________________________________ 2. Do you have experience with. small children? She asked me ________________________________________ 3. When did you grad uate from high school? She asked me _____________________________________ 4. Do you have you nger sisters and b rothers? Sheaskedme ________________________________________ 5. How did you h ear about the program? Sheaskedme ________________________________________ 6. Have yo u ever rraveled to another country before? She asked me _____________________________________ 7. Do you have a driver's license? She asked me _____________________________________ 8. How lo ng have you had your d river's license? Sheasked me ________________________________________ 9. Did you receive our brochure? She asked me _____________________________________ 10. What are you r plans for the futu re? She~kedme _____________________________________ 11. Have you ever left your parents before? Sheaskedme ________________________________________ 400 Lesson 9 EXERCISE 1/1 These are some questions the au pair candidate asked the interviewer. Change these questions to reported speech. Follow the rule of sequence of tenses. EXAMPLE How much will I get paid? She asked her _-,h:::o:.:w" m = uc:::h"-s : :h : :e:..wo = u:::I=d 9",e,,, tJ:p=a:: ld::.,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 1. Will I have my own room? She asked her _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 2. How many children does the fam ily have? She asked her _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 3. How old are the child ren? She asked her _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 4. Are the child ren in schoo l? She asked her _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 5. Sh ould I get an internati onal driver's license? Sheasked her _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 6. What is the cli mate like in Michig'<m? She asked her _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ 7. Does the fa mily have an extra bedroom! She asked her _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ 8. Can I use the fa mily's computer? She asked her _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 9. When will I get a vacatio n{ Sheasked her _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 10. How much is the airfa Te? Sheasked her _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 11. Who will pay fo r th e airfa re? She asked her _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 12. Where can I study English? Sheasked her _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 1 I n I s EXERCISE IlIJ Change these questions to reported speech. Follow the rule of sequence of tenses. EXAMPLE The babysitter asked ,he child, "Do you feel sick?" The babysitter asked ,he child -=if=he::.~"e::I= t 5i::c::.: k.,-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 1. The babysitter asked the parents, "What time wi ll you be home?" The babysitter asked 'he parents _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 2. The babysiner asked. the parents, "Where are you going?" The babysitter asked 'he parents _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 3. The children asked the babysitter. "What's yOUT name?" The children asked 'he babysitter _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 4. The babysitter asked the little boy, "How old are you!" The babysitter asked ,he little boy _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 5. The bahysitter asked the parents, "Have the kids eaten dinner yet?" The babysitter asked the parents _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ 6. The children asked ,he babysitter, "Do we have to go to bed a' 8,00 p.m.?" The children asked the babysitter _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 7. The babysitter asked the parents, "Should I give the kids a snack before bed?" The babysitter asked the parents _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 8. The children asked the babysitter, "00 you want to play a gJ.me with us!" Th e children asked ,he babysitter _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ 9. The children asked the babysitter, "Can we watch TV?" The children asked ,he babysitter _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ 10. The parents asked the babysitter, "Have you ever taken care of an infant before?" The parents asked the babysitter _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ 11. The babysitter asked the parents, "Do you have a phone number where I can reach you?" The babysitter asked the parents _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ 402 Lesson 9 9.14 Noun Clauses after Other Past Tense Verbs - . - - EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Dr. Spock decided t hat he would write a book. If the verb in the main clause is past He thought that he could help parents feel more tense (thought, knew; believed, wondered, comfortable with their kids. realized, decided, imagined, understood, was sure. etc.), follow the rule of He knew that he wanted to help parents. sequence of tenses in Section 9.9. The au pair didn't know if she would be happy in the U.S, She wondered what her life would be like in the U,S, Her mother wasn't sure whether she should let her daughter go to the U.S. or not. EXERCISE III fill in the blanks to complete this story. Answers may vary. I'm from Romania. I never imagined that 1 _ _--'-wo T=u:::kI:;~Te'---- in (~ampk) the U.S. someday. But I h eard about an au pair program and decided to come here when I was 20 years o ld. I didn't think that my parents _ _ _-,.,,-_ _ _ me permission to come here, but they did. They (I) thought that living in another country - - - - c ; ; - - - - - make me (l) more independent and responsible. And they were right. Before l came to the U.S. I wondered _ _ _-,,,,-_ _ _ my life (3) _ _ _--",-_ _ _ be like. I ,hough, ,ha, I _ _ _~,-_ __ w m all the time and not have time for school and friends. But that's not true. I've made a lot of good friends in my English class. I didn't realize that I - - -- , 0 : - - - - people of diffe rent ages in a college class, but the (6) students are as young as 17 and as old as 751 I was also surprised by how many nationalities of people I - - - - - ; c ; ; - - - - - I've met stud ents (7) (continued) Noun Clauses 403 from many co untri es, fro m Poland to Portug'di to Peru! I tho ught that my English _ _ _ _= ____ almost perfect because I had been stuJying (8) it sin ce 1was a ch ild. But I re-d lized that I _ _ _ _= ____ a lot of (9l idioma tic express io ns, like "It's a piece of cake" (it's easy). I wondered _ _ _ _= ____ "my" American (1 0) fam ily _ _ _---;;;;-_ _ _ be like. I didn 't know that they (11) ____= ____ treat me like a member of the fam ily. ll1ey have 1l2J been so ni ce to me. Being an au pair has been an unfo rgettable experience fo r me. EXERCISE m rule of sequenceFill ofin tenses. the blanks and discuss your answers. Follow the EXAMPLE Before I c" me to this city. I ,ho ugh, ,ha, everyl>ody here was unfriendly. but it isn't true. 1. Before I came to 'his city (or the U.S.), I th ough, that _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, but it isn't true. 2. Before I came to th is city (or the U.S.), I didn' t know , hat _ _ _ __ 3. Before I came to this city {or the U.S.}, I was worried that _ _ _ __ 4. When I came to this school, I was surprised to learn that _ _ _ _ __ 5. When I ca me to this school, I reali zed that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 6. When I was younger, I never imagined that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 7. Before I came to the U.S. (or this city), I wondered _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 404 Lesson 9 EXERCISE ID Fill in the bLanks to tell about you and your parents ABOUT YOU when you were a child. Follow the ruLe of sequence of tenses. EXAMPLE When I was a child, I dreamed that _ 1_w_o_u_ld_ be_ a_m_o_v_ie_s_t_a_r_, _ _ _ __ 1. My parents told me that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 2. My parents hoped that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 3. My parents thought that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 4. When I was a child, I dreamed that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 5. When I was a child, I thought that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 6. When I was a child, I didn't understand _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ 7. When I was younger, I wondered _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 8. When I was younger, I didn't know _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ 9. When I was younger, I couldn't decide _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ EXERCISE m The author of this book remembers this true story from her childhood. Change the words in parentheses to reported speech. ·4)) co 4, TR 09 When I was about six years old, I had the measles.3 My mother told me to stay in the bedroom (example: "Stay in the bedroom.") because it was dark in there. She said - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - - . (I "/ don 't want the bright light to hurt your eyes.") My bedroom was near the dining room of the house, My mother told me _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ____________________ becauseitwasdarkin (2 "You can go in to the dining room. ") there. She told me _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ because (3 "Don't go into the Living room.") it was too light there. The TV was in the living room and she thought - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - -- -- - - - _. (4 "The brightness of the T V can hurt your eyes.") My sister Micki was three years older than I and liked to tease 4 me. She had already had the measles, so she wasn't afraid of getting sick. She 'Measles is an illness that children often get. The medical name is rubeola. 4T0 tease mea ns to make fu n of. (continued) came to the door of my bedroom and asked me _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ -----:-:-:-::::---;--------;---;----:-:----:-:::-_ _ _ . I told (5 "Do you know why you can't go into the living room?") her ----_----:-:--:::-:---:-_:------:--::--_ _ ___ . She said, "The living room (6 "I don 't understand. ") is for living people. The dining room is for dying people, and you're going to die." Of course I believed her because she was nine years old and knew much more than I did. I didn't understand that ------------------------------. (7 " 'Dining' means 'eating,' not 'dying'. ") Today we can laugh about this story, but when I had the measles, I was ahaidthat _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~~~_::__-----------. (8 "I will die.") EXERCISE m This is a composition written by a former au pair. Change the words in parentheses ( ) to reported speech. -4» CD 4, TR 10 Two years ago, when I was 18 and living in my native Poland, I didn't know exactly _ _w _h_a_t_15_h_o_u_ld_ d_o_ with my life. I had just graduated (example: "What should I do?") from high school and I couldn't decide _ _----:--::-:-----:-_ _ _ _ _:--__ . (1 "Should I go to college or not?") A neighbor of mine told me and decided (2 "I had the same problem when I was your age.") to go to the U.S. for a year to work as an "au pair." She asked me _ _ _ _ _ _ _________________ . I told her that (3 "Have you ever heard of the au pair program in America?") _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . She told me that _ _--,---,-_ _ _ _ _:--_-:::-' (4 "I haven't.") (5 "I lived with an American family for a year.") helping them take care of their two small children. I asked her _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . She laughed and (6 "How much will this program cost me?") told me _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . (7 "You will earn about $200 a week, get your own room, and get three meals a day.") She also told me . I asked u.s.") (8 "You will have a chance to travel in the her _____ _____ ___ , and she said _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . (9 "Was ita good experience for you?") (10 "It has changed my life.") Shesaid _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and (11 "I have gained a new understanding of people.") _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . I asked her _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ (12 "My English has improved a lot.") (13 "Is the work very hard?") and she said _ _ __ _ _ _ __ but that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. (14 "It is.") (15 "It is very rewarding.") 406 Lesson 9 I looked up au pair on the Internet and fo und out how [0 apply. I told my parents th at - =c--:c-c---,---:----:---,---:----,:;--. At first they (16 "/ am thinlil'lt aOOuc goi'll,f 10 Amniro fflf" (.l )lMr. "J told me _ _ =-;;;--;--;;-_ _ They thought that _-;:;;-;;;-_ .,-_-;;-_ ( 17 "JbI'r go. "' ( 18 "YOlI art 1OO)iO'I11&·' and that ---c=,.--,,...,-,------:---=-. I reminded them ( 19 "YOlI don'r hou!o.", upnYnct. 1 _ - ; : ; = _,..-;-_ _-:---,-_-:-;;-=;-;;-_ and th at by working in the U.S. (20"f hat" Ix>b,sar man, rimts fryrOOlf rlt"i,dd:on' kw. "' _____========= (21 . , eec 1 _____. I also told them that ,,<iU t1o'm ~~. --;:;=c-;c-;,-;--",,-,-= ,.--.,.,...-:---,,--;--c;-;;--' My parents finally agreed (22 "M) ErogliJlt "ill improt" if 1 lit" "ith an AINTican ~lIni". ") to let me go. I filled out the applicatio n, had an interview, and was accepted,1 told my parents ____==-,.._-;;-_ __ ' 1 promised them (23 "I:km'r ,",,",."' (2-4 "I wiU~p in louch uirh)iO'l by _ iI mmtlll A'try du,."' W hen I arrived, my American fam ily explained to me _ ==,.--,,-;-;_---;--::;-_. They had twO small kids. and I had to wake them (25 -What do 1 hat" 10 do!"J up, make them breakfast, and take them to school in the mo rning. 1 asked them _ _-==-;-;-__--,---;-_ --;--:::;_ _ •and they laughed. They told (26 -/AI 1hat" to UOlit f".. chtm at JChool!") I told them _ _ __ _ -==-:....,-,,-_-;-_ _ -;--;-- =_ _ _ __ • (28"/ don'l lion mou,:h IYIOrIt"J to fxlJ fur xhool. .) but they told me _--;= :;;-=--;_----;_.,,-_ ., So that's what I did. I met (29 "\t~ u;Upay /arJOUl" daua. "' students from all over the world. I also had a chance to travel to many American cities with other au pairs. When the year was over, I was very sad to leave my new family, but we promised _---:==--."._.,-----:-;;-__. They (JO 'We "iU510.)' in IOI«:h."' told me - - - - - --;;-:=-:;;-;-.,---;-- ; - - ; ---;c,--- - -- - (JI "YOlI "'iUo.l~ ~ wtlCOlTlt in 00lf hOIoIJt."' Now I am back. ho me and in college, majo ring in early ch ildhood educatio n. My parents told me ---:==-;-c-...,------;---:--;;-,. They can ()2 -Wt art ~ Ulf' 1d)iO'l go co Amcico.. "' see that I've become much more confident and mature, Becoming an au pair in the U.S. was o ne of the best experi ences of my life. I • . Summary of Lesson 9 , Direct statement or Sentence with induded Use of noun clause or question statement or question infinitive She loves kids. I know that she loves kids. A noun c1ausc is used as She is patient. I'm SlIre dlat she is patien t. an included statement. Talk [Q your ch ildren. It is essenti al th at you talk to your A noun clause is used after Don I t be so strict. children. expressions of imporcancc. He recommends that wc not be so Th e base fo rm is used in strict. the noun clause. Is the baby sick? I don't know if the baby is sick. A noun clause is used as an What does the baby need' I'm nO£ Sllre wh at the baby needs. included questio n. What should I do with th e I don' t know wh at to do with the An infinitive can replace crying baby? crying baby. should o r can. Where can ] get information Can you tell me where [0 get ." about the • all pair in for mation about the "all pair" program? program ? Yo u know mo rc th an you Dr. Spock said, "Yo u know more A nou n clause is used in an think you do. than you think you do." exact quote to reJX>rt what Do you have ch ildren? "Do you h ave ch ildren?" asked someone has sa id or asked. the d octor. I will read a book abollt She said that sh e would read a A noun clause is used child care. book about child care. in reported speech to Do you have experi ence She asked me if 1 had experien ce report o r paraphrase what with ch ild ren? with children. someone has said. Trust yourself. He told us [Q trust o u rselves. An infinitive is used to Don't give the child candy. He told me not to gi'" the child report an imperative. candy. Punctuation with Noun Clauses I know where he lives. Peri oo at cnd. No comma before noun clause. Do you kn ow where he lives? Question mark at cnd. No comma before no un clause. He sa id, "I li ke you." Comma after said. Quotation marks arou nd q uote. Period before fina l quotation mark. "I like you ," he said. Quotation marks arou nd quote. Comma before fina l quotation mark. Period at cnd. He asked, "What do yo u want?" Com ma after asked. Quotation marks around quote. Question mark before final quotation mark. "Wh at do you want?" he asked. Q uotati on marks aro und quote. Question mark before end of quote. Per iod at end. 408 u."SSOn 9 Editing Advice • _ sw . . . . 400$ Q UC_ • • ••= cs t o 1. Use that o r nothing to introduce an included state ment. Do n't use wha t. that I know wRat she Likes to swim. 2. Use statement word order in an included questio n. it is I don't know what time iTit. I don't know where([iV;;your b~r. 3. Wc sa) something. Wc tell someone something. t:(}/d He sail! me that he wanted to go home. said He teI<I, HI want to go home. H 4. Use tell o r ask, nO[ sa), to report an imperative. Fo llow teUand ask with an object. t:(}/d I sail! you to wash your hands. me She asked to show her my ID card . • 5. Do n't use to after teU. He to Ld te me that he wanted to go home. 6. Use if o r whether to introduce an included yes/no questi o n. if I can't decide I shouLd buy a car or not . • whether I don't know it's going to rain or not . • 7. U se tOOuld, no t will, to repo rt something that is past. """Id My father said that he will come to the U.S. in 2005. 8. FoIIO\.¥ the rule of sequence of tenses when the main verb is in the pasL wanted When I was a chiLd, my grandmother toLd me that she _ to travel. Nou n Clauses 409 9. Don't use so before a noun clause. He thinks se the U.S. is a beautifuLcountry. 10. Use the base form afrer expressions showing im portance or urgency. It is urgent that you"", on time for the meeting. review I suggested that the teacher reviewed the Last Lesson . 11. Use not + base form to form the negative after expressions showing importance o r urgency. IlO~ Doctors recommend that small chiLdren <Iefl't watch TV. 12. Don't isn 't used in reporting a negative im perative. not. t:o He toLd me <Iefl't open the door. Editing Quiz • ., i e a. _ • ;. e e e C¥ • : .- . : ea Some of the stIe!IiiI __ II1II pliii4f!S have mistakes. Find the mistakes and correct them. If the shaded words are correct, write C. t hat When I was fourteen years old, I told my parents what I wanted to work as C (= "",., • babys itter, but th ey 1\lkI- that I was too young. At that time, they told (aDmpk) (l) me that they will pay me $1 an hour to help with my fivc-year-old brother. (l) A few times they ~ ~ I could watch him when they went out for an (h hour or so. They never left me alone with him for more than an hour. And they aLways told!D~ PH them immediately in case of any problem. They (41 told me do~t watch TV or talk on the phone with my friends while I was (5' working as a babysittcr. When they came home, they always told me that I h~491>~ a good job. (6, 410 Lesson 9 When J was fifteen, they gave me a few more respons ibilities, like preparing a small meal for my broth er. They always ~ol'd me that it was (1) (8) important that he eat fruit, not candy, ifhe asked for someth ing sweet. (9) I asked them ~~~, • COuIll get morc money because I had more • (/0) -. responsibilities, and they agreed to give me $2 an ho ur, I saved my money and asked them jfbqm buy some new COs with my earni ngs. My parents (11) said, ~(~'fcq.Ji1ie'., U's yppr ,mo~,/yoo earne01ib.-, (Il) When I turned 17 twO months ago, my parents let me work for other fam ilies. I started worki ng fo r my neighbors, who have three children. The ne ighbors asked me had LJ(9ttI!n my d river's license yct. When I said yes, (~ (H) they wcre very pleased, becausc I could take their kids re the park or drive them re their tenn is lessons. I ncver realized how hard ,-c.·it to take care "(ii) of so many kids. Whenever I take the kids somewh ere, they always ask, ~~~~;W?~ as soon as we get in the car. They think SO we should (l6f (m arrive as soon as we get in th e car. When they're thirsty, they always iiilli.il1~:tQ\1i,uy rhem soda, but I saY thcm (18) (19) wtia.t (20) it is healthier to drink water. But they always teQ, "In our house we always drink soda," I don't (21) understand whv do thei r parents always give them sweet things. In my -it21 house, we always d rink watcr. I did n't know whether:to 'lllbw the rules of (23) my ho use or theirs. So I asked my paren ts what ah~IdJ do. My parents (24) told me ~tQ fljV anything about their parents' rules but that I should try /25) to encou rage healthy habits by example. Noun Clauses 411 t you'll find a job soon 4. I'm sure cl. Fill in the blanks with an included question. :0 $ _ PART D Punctuate the following sentences.Lesson 9 Test/Review s e * • x . The teacher sa id I will return your tests on Mo nday 5. Arc they working now? Can you tell me ______________________________________ 7.<. Did she go home! 1 don'r know 3.. Do yOll know what time it is 3. What does "li berty" mean? 1 don't know ______________________________________ 6." 1.. Can yOll tell me where 1 can find the bookstore PART. EXAMPLE He said..on 9 .57 1. I didn't realize th at you had seen the movie already 6. What do you want he asked 8.. He asked me What are you doing h~rc 7. &sac. 4 . "I can't help you. EXAMPLE How old is th e president! Do you know how old the president . I don't know what ti me it is 2. 1 rold hi m th at 1 didn't need his help 10. Where does Jack live! 1 don't know 2. Should 1 buy the car! [ don't know ________________________________________ 412 Les. Why were they late? Nobody knows 4. 1want to help you 1said 9. Who atc the cake? I don't know 5. " 3. He said." 7. EXAMPLE He said." 8. "I' m learn ing a lot. Follow the rule of sequence of tenses or use the infinitive where necessary. He said to his wife. He said to us. He said to her. Has she ever gone to Paris? I'm not sure _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 9." 5. He said." He said that she was late. They said. "I will caU you. "Oive me the money. What should I do! I don't know _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ PART 11 Change the following sentences to reported speech. You said. He said to us. "My mother left yesterday. You said to her. " 11. Spock." 12. Can wc use our books during the test? Do you know _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 10. "You should have called me. "Don ' t go away. "I have your book. 8. "We finished the job." Noun C lauses 13 . They said to me." 4. 1. "You may need some help. "She is late." 9." 2• mwe sal"d ." 10." 6. "We were scudying. "I've never heard of Dr. He said. "We can help you. "Where have you been?" 6. "What do you need!" 8. "Can you help me raday?" 10. 1 wonder why it is so h ard to raise a child. EXAMPLES He asked mc. He asked me. He asked mc. He asked mc. "What time is it?" 4. "What does she want?" He asked me what she wanted. He asked us. He asked us. "Where are you fmm?" 3. He asked mc. "W ho needs my help!" Expansion Activities 0 Write questions you have about the topks in the readings of this lesson. "W ill you leave to morrow?" 7. "Do you have any chil d ren?" 2. He asked mc. "Did your fa ther come home?" 5. "Arc you a student?" 9. PART a Change the following questions to reported speech. He asked mc. Express your questions with "1 wonder • • • n Compare your questions in a small group. 1. He asked mc. Follow the rule of sequence of tenses. 414 Lesson 9 . He asked me. EXAMPLES T wonder why paren ts spend so much less time wi th their children than they used to. Did your parents read to you when you were a child? Do you think reading to a child is important? et Did you have a lot of toys when you were a child? Are toys important for children? o Do you think children today behave differently from when you were a child? o Is it hard to raise children? Why? f) Read the following poem. . yet they belo ng no t to you. For their souls dwell in the ho use of tomorrow. For life goes not backward nor tarries with yesterday. Fo r they have their own tho ughts. You may give them your love but not your thoughts. Your children are not yo ur children. They come through you but not from you. or other adults give you when you were younger? Write three sentences. e What advice did your parents. Fo r even as he loves che arrow that flies. Share them in a small group. Let yo ur bending in che archer's hand be for gladn ess. Discuss the meaning. EXAMPLES My mother told me to he honest. so he loves aJso the how chat is stable. My grandfather told me that I shou ld always respect older people. You may strive [0 be like them. but seek not to make them like you. Kahlil Gibran (From The Prophet) Noun Clauses 415 . You are the bows from which your children as living arrows are sent forth. Talk About It 0 How is your philosophy of raising children different from your parents' philosophy or methods? e How do you think parents should punish children when they misbehave? . teachers. They are the sons and daughters of Life's longing for itself. which you cannot visit. And though they are with )'o u. not even in yo ur dreams. You may house their bodies but not their souls. For more practice using grammar in context. They always told me to do my homework and to ask for help if I didn't underStand something" . Explain what the advice was and how this has helped you. See the folk tale on page 387 for an example. Explain what this belief was and why you no longer believe it to be true. EXAMPLE My Parents' Advice When I was a child.'I"') About It 0 Write about a belief you used to have that you no longer have. . () Write about some good advice your parents gave you when you were a child. like the one in Exercise 33 on pages 405-406. my parents always told me that I education was t he most important thing in the world. 8 Write a short fable or fairy tale that you remember. Include the characters' words in quotation marks. please visit our Web site. 416 Lesson 9 . Write about an incident from your childhood. . Unreal Conditions Unreal Conditions Past Wishes Context Science or Science Fiction? .Lesson Grammar Unreal Conditions Present Real vs. . • $3 . TRll If you could travel to the past or the future.' go to a star 500 light-')>ears2 away. using today's technologies.792. ed that time changes with motion. While tra\~ling. [D4.CXXJ miles per hour. 299.CXXJ years to arrive.. Pay spedal attention to 04» unreal conditions. time tra\~l would be imJXlSSible. such as traveling to the moon. If you wanted to travel to the nearest star. which time period would you visit? What ". The time on a clock in motion moves more slOYlly than the time on a clock that does not mow.I). 'A l. However..4 . . many believe that travel to the past: will never happen."uld )<)u like to see? If )<)u could ". Science and technology are evolving at a rapid pace. . it would take 85.) According to Einstein.458 Il'>etCno ~r ~ (or 186. . While most physicists believe that travel to the furure is J:OSSible.vel to the past and prevent your grandfather from meeting )'O ur grandmother.lfKe that I ~h[ mwls in ~ )'\'ar through ~ ' "Kutl m (6 ttillioo mile!. Can you nam e some changes in technology o r medicine that have happened since you were a child? Read the following magazine article. Do you think time travel is a poss ibility fo r the future? 2.. had their roots in science fiction novels and movies. rum around. are the subject not only of fantasy but of serious scientific exploration.000 years older. .lll wanted to visit the Earth in the year 3<XX).000 miJtos pet s. You would be in the furure. AZ'_" :.. you can't travel Faster than the speed of light. and come back at that speed. right? About 100 years ago. When )<)u got back. theoretically. In faa. 'The. :e • 4 • You Read 1. He pro.=.. _ S . Albert Einstein 1879-1955 time trave1 is possible.G. then )Cll '-'Uuldn't be here. many of today's scientific discoveries and explorations. you would age more slowly. written by H.ghr.::oo= is the Jisr. first presented in a novel called The Time Madtine. . le -.'Wn<. all the people )DU knew would be gone. $ : . or 9. Before $4 . which is 35.. . (lbis assumes the speed of today's rockets.pocd oflidu ill. 418 Lesson IO . If )K. but you would only be ten years older. the Eanh " " uld be 1. ) 'OU would have to get on a rocket ship going at almost the speed of light. Time Travel • a . Einstein believed that. Would }D U want to travel to the furure to see all the changes that will occur?Would you come back to the present and warn people of furure earthquakes or aa:idents? Remember that if }DU came back l{x)() }>ears later. A1bert Einstein proved that the universe has not three dimensions but four-three of space and one of time. Wells over 100 }>ears ago. i t 4.46 trillion kilo~M'S). These ideas. we could travel to the future Use a past form in the if clause or past. very surprised to meet me. contract with would: I'd.) the main clause.1 Unreal Conditions-Present An unreal condition is used to talk about a hypothetical or imagined situation. our lives would be different. be + verb -ing. a comma is used to separate ~hetwo clauses. I would be smarter. Were is the correct form in the co ndition clause for all subjects. the If clause uses statement word order. If you had Einstein's brain.) If we didn't haW! computers. would you go? conditionals. Even if I could know my future. (No comma) Unreal Conditio ns. singular and pLuraL. (Comma) I would be smarter if I had Einstein's brai n. she. If we were time travelers. you wiLL often hear native speakers use was with I.10. I would visU my ancestors. we'd. he. If I could traW!1 to the past. they'd. it. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION If we had a time machine. If time travel were possible. she'd. Howeve r. I'd be living with my For a continuous resuLt.. some people would do it. The main clause uses Question word order. we'd be able to All pronouns except it can visit the future. When the main clause precedes the if clause. unless or even if. Real Conditi ons. If I had Einstein's brain. If I were in my native country now. (Reality: I can't travel to the past. Wishes 419 . I wouldn't want to know it. we'd see the future. they'd be he'd. and would or could + base form in (Reality: We don't haW! a time machine. 0" What if you could travel to the future? We use what if to propose a What if you had the brain of Einstein? hypothetical situation.) If we could travel at the speed of light. use would + parents. you'd. Punctuation Note: When the if clause precedes the main clause. I wouldn't travel to the past unless I could return to the The condition can begin with present. what would you do? When we make a question with If you could fly to another planet. a comma is not used. An unreal condition in the present describes a situation that is not real now. If I vi!rlted my great-great-great-grandparents. and singular nouns. I'd study more science. (Reality: We haW! computers. We often give advice with the expression "If I were you . If 1 were you. 1. wou ld you want to go? 4. what would it be! s. what would it be? 10. If you could change o ne thing about yourself. If you could be a chil d again.. EXAMPLE A: What would you do if you _ __ --'w "'e.=-_ __ the mayor {. EXAMPLE If you could meet any famous person. wh o would it be? 11. If you cou ld find a clI re for only one disease. who wou ld you meet! I would meet Einstein. I would ask him how he discovered relativity. If you cou kl travel to the past or the future.Cre . which direction would you go? 2. would you do it? Why or why noc? 3. If you cou ld meet any famous person. Give an explanation fo r your answers. what wou ld it be? 6. If you could make a clone of yourself. If you could change one thing abouc today's world. If you cou ld know the day of you r death. If you could be any animal. would you want to know it? 7. If you cou ld have the brain of ano ther person. Use would + base form in the main clause.d::-=c:. rea = te "'--_ (NJ (CWll".::r:=e'---_ _ the mayor. what an imal would you be? EXERCISE 11 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses ( ) to complete these conversations. whose brain would you want? 8.J enough parking spaces for everyo ne. 410 Lesson \0 . what age wou ld you be? 9. If you cou ld travel to another planer. EXERCISE 0 Answer the following questions with 1 would.oIv/doJ (bl') of this city? 8: If I _ _ _--'w "'e. I _ ----'w "'o'-'u::l.. Use the past tense in the if clause. fb<J 6. A: If you _ _ _--.---:_ __ _ find a way re teach a person a (enn) fo reign Language in a week.-..-_ __ type fast.. _ __ --._. A: If yo u look like a ny movie star.!loo/< ""J Brad Piu..-:-:-_ __ _ (dm... A: lfl _ _ _---._ _ __ come back co Ea rth in any form (wn) after you di e. I _ _ _ --:---:-_ ___ my (t)~J compositions on the computer if I _ _ __ .Ido) B: My mom says that one of me is enough.-_ _ ic? (.--.-_ __ (<an) make a copy o f yourself.-..-.J her crazy. Wishes 421 . If she _ _ _-:.1.. 1_ _ _ -.---.. (onf.-:--:-_ _ _ a million d o llars. Then I """') a n ice hOllse and car. B: as an Ameri ca n dog. it ____. (ron! what _ _ _~~~_ _ ~1 (.) (Wo o f m e...._ _ _ be invisible fo r a d ay.... (= ) who ? B: I (.-. A: If you _ __ ---..Ido) (ha"._ __ _ to my teacher's house the day she writes the final exam..Ido) .. (look like) 5. 7.--:_ _ _ _ yo ur fi rst custo mer.. Real Conditions..----:_ __ back? (~rom'" B: I _ _ _---. (Clln) (continued) U nrt-al Cond itions.. A: Why are you writing your compos ition by hand! B: I d on'...-) o f mon ey? B: my family nrst. 2. know how to type.--..) B: 1 _ __ _. A: What if you a lot (.. A: If you _ _ _--.-..--_ __ back as a dog. There are many ho meless dogs.. "'"') 4. ( -) A: Not in my n ative country..---./romt hulJ 3...-..-_ _ __ (Mo. how _ _ _--.. Dogs h ave such an easy life. (mahJ B: And L_ _ _ _. -_ _ _ enough resources fo r everybody...---..-c-... thi n n er. B: If people _ __ . so much.-.co=..- (I......-... 1 _ _ _-.._ _ _ if you _ _-..-:-_ _ _ _ in the nineteenth century. A: It .... the wo rld ("""'.........-. My life _ _ _.) overpopul ated.-_ _ _ overpopul ated.--.."..-= _ _ _.I'b.---.) A: How far back _ _ _~~---' 6<»<1._ __ much h appier-and hea lthier.-:--..-.--~-. ) _ _ _.--.. A: Ifl _ _ _--:.-_ _ _ a class to (bd (wkd learn to typt:.. ("""'" ) A: I d idn't think of that.-.-._ _ _ _ to the past..---.---.... ) _ _ _ _.. Wo men coul dn' t \lUte back then. (4 bd Ifl .:. etm) (04..u"Id'--.. If the world .:--. I _ __ --.-.. (5 rux/ftll) (6 lax) k Diet is not en ough ..-) B: . r..vote..."..) ___-.--c....--. 10) (bd A: Yes... but if you ___-:.. r. I (lit .-_ _ a parking space! (naoc/{irwlJ EXERCISE 11 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses ( ) to complete this conversation.. ...in the n ineteenth cen tury.-:-_ __ you..-._ _ _ easy.. 422 Lesson 10 ..-c. If 1 _ _ --.-. .-_ __ ahout (2 be) (3 CllI1/'IoJeJ 30 pounds. Yo u need to get exercise too._ _ ch ange on e thing about yourself..-c:.) you ....7 C " ..-.---:-:_ _ wo rk.. » A: If you _ _-..weight.. There (b.c-. (fIO(... I _ _ _--. Let's go joggi ng every d ay after work.-.) B: 1 _ _ _-. . TR 12 what _ _ _~-:. You can start right now wi th exercise. (In ... 8..-_ _ l)IOIV'do) (C(lfv'lrIlI~1J to the past o r future? B: _ _ _. A: What _ _-.-.. (nWlun ._ _ __ to the nineteenth century and stay there...) A: Why! B: If 1 ------0.-:..n ice if people _ _ _ _ _ _ __ (Il") (canl live forever..: al74e 10) 9..-... I _ _ _-. ~ (aonnplr.-_ _ _ ' ( I it/b... So I' m too tired at the end of the day. Unreal Conditions.-.-. The problem is I do n't know how [0 swim. My gym has a pool and they give lessons o n the weekends. 1 _ _ _--. Real Cond itions.. Swimming is grea t exercise.. A: Yo u can take lessons.-_ _ how to swim.:. You may share your sentences in a small group or with the entire class.--.. But I sit at a d esk all day. 1. I to simplify (/Hrd (16 try) my life. A: Ca n't you get any exercise at your job! B: If! _ _ _--.-_ _ much mo re ( I J rwr. 4. 2.-_ _ so tired after work. 3.. EXEROSE 0 Make a list of things you would do if you had more free time. (7 W . B: If I _ _ _-.-_ _ a different kind of job... B: If I _ _ _-".-.. I _ _ _-. If I __---:::---.ime.:-:-.___--.---.. Wishes 423 . I'd visit my grandmother more often if I had more free t. ( 10 get) A: How about going swimming with me o n Saturdays? I go every Saturd ay./htIwJ (/4 fwt't) free time..-----:___ kids.. (9 hot'!') I mo re exercise. Why don't you sign up for lessons? B: I' m too b usy with the kids on the weekends.jogging with you. But I wo rk nine h ours (8 go) a day and it takes me two hours CO commute]. I'd read more novels.-_ __ (11 know) fl2 goJ with you. EXAMPLES If I had more free time..--.:-:-. A: If! you.od _ _ _ _~_... l(."}. I wouldn't ~e so nervous when I talk on the telephone If I understood English ~etter.. (0)) 4. abou t me so much.--c-_ _ grandchildren. EXERCISE III Fill in the blanks to tell what the following people are thinking. EXAMPLES If I spoke English fluently.. 6.---. If I married.-'C7-. EXAMPLE O " e-year·dd. If I a car.. 19-yea r<>ld.. I wouldn't come to this class.-___ 50 interesting..year-old grandmothe" Ifl . .-.-_ __ (om) (ull) my mother that I hate peas. 35-year-old mothe" I _ _ _-. I"""") 424 Lesson 10 . 3.) drive. 2. (am' 3.) 5.-.) 7. If I _ _ _-. my friends and /hm..-_. (~'I'J my life _ _ _-.yea r-old. 1. -. You may share your sentences in a small group or with the entire class. If I could walk..--::-. my parents I"d . 25-yea r-old.-.dk) imo the kitchen and take a cookie out of the cookie jar... . I a p rivate university if (af/rod) a lot o f money.-. (I. T wo-year-old. 14-year-old. 2. I h appi er if (I. I _ _ _--. I would walk (etlll) (". 1..--_ _ _ talk.-____ more time for myself if (han~J my kids _ _ _-. (hm. (noc/". 6(). ) out every night.-_ _ _ older.::. EXERCISE • ABOUT YOUMake a list of things you would do differently if you spoke or understood English better. --.-_ __ young today. . _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 5. ..-_ __ fc(ln) (SirY) "Feed me a steak. My life would be better if _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ 8.. _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ 4.d be very unhappy if _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ 12. If I were the English teacher.. _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ 2.. 8. rI... I'd study more if _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 10. (nov'beliet't) 10. The dog.'1"w"'o"'u"ld= lo"w"e"r--'ta = XB " s"'.---.it. I would get ~etter grades.----.. 9.. .:-_ ___ you the story of my life.-7-. ._ _ _ talk. I'd ltavel a lot if _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ 11. _ __ _ 7. _ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ 3... r • ". If 1 _ _ _.'---_ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 1. I()().. _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ 6. I'd be learning English much faster if _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ 9. If I were rich. If I could be a child again.-_ _ _ learn all about computers and other high~tech (/l£I\oe to) stuff. If I cou ld predict the fucure. 9().-. If I _ _ _----. If I could change places with any other person in the world.. 1 _ _ _--.-. If! were the president. _ _ ~~-. If I could live to be 200 year. y!.year-old." EXERCISE 11 ABOUT YOU Complete each statement.. old. [. I wouldn't borrow money from a friend unless _ _ _ _ _ _ __ .year-<>Id df I _ _ _----. (!e1/J you ---.. EXAMPLES If I studied harder. If I didn't have the textPook. ls this lesson easy? No. 1. EXERCISE Cl ABOUT YOU Answer each question with yes or no. Do you have a computer? 426 lesson 10 I . Do you work on Sundays? 4. Do you h ave a cell phone? 9. Do you live fa r from school? 10. EXAMPLES Do you have the textbook? Yes. Do you speak English perfectly? 12. we wouldn't have to s pend 50 much time on It. Do you have a job? 11. If It were easy. Do you have an e·mail address? 3. Does the teacher speak you r native language? 6. I wouldn't oe aOle to do this """rcise. Do all the students in th is class speak the same language? 5. Then make a statement with an unreal condition. Are you an American citizen? 2. Do you ha"" a h igh schoo l diplo ma? 8. Are you taking other courses this semester? 7. Would you want to have Einstein's brain? I wouldn't want to live for 500 years. Would you want to visit another planet? 11. EXAMPLE What would you do if a stranger on the street asked you for money? I would say. Wou ld you read someone else's mail? 6. Would you buy a used computer? 4. Sometimes the condition (the if great-grandparents. In the Ti me travel would teach me a lot about life hundreds exam pLes on the left. Wou ld you want to know how lo ng you're go ing to live? EXERCISE III Answer these questions. Would you lie to protect a friend? 7. Wo uld you give money to a beggar? 2.10. is "if you had the opportunity" or "if I would never travel in a rocket. Would you want to live o n the top floor o f a hundred-sto ry building? 12. Would you want to live more than LOO years? 10. 1. would you? EXERCISE III ABOUT YOU Answer these questions and discuss your answers. Would you lend a large amount of money to a friend? 5. Would you marry someone from another country! 3. Would you want to travel to the past o r the future? 9." Would you want to live without today's Would want is used to present technologies? hypothetical situations. "I'm sorry. What would you do if you found a wallet in the street with a name and phone number in it? (continued) . I can't give you any. Would you tell a dying relative that he or she is dying? 8. wouLd you? the possibility presented itself. clause) is implied. The if clause Would you want to travel to another planet? is implied." 1. not stated. the implication of years ago.2 ImpLied Conditions - EXAMPLES EXPLANATION I would do anything to meet my great. What would you do if you saw a person in a public park picking flowers? 4./ould you do if you hit a car in a parking lot and no one saw you? 6. What would you do if your docto r told you that you had six months left to live? 8. 2. What would you do if you saw another student cheating on a test? 7. What wou ld you do o r say if you could meet the president? 9. What would you do if you lost your mo ney and didn't have enough money to get home by publi c transportation? 3. What would you do if your best friend to lJ you r secret to another person? 428 LesSllll 10 . What would you do if a cashier jn a supe rmarket gave you a ten-<lollar bi ll in change instead of a o ne-<lollar bill? 5. What would you do jf yo ur best friend borrowed money from you and didn't pay you back? 10. What v. Because of the distance from Earth. they will have to return within a given time period. (continued) Unreal Conditions. Also. has already begun. Real Conditions. 1£ a person goes to Mars. they will miss their chance. they will not be able to rely on a message from Earth to help them. Wishes 429 . Before anyone goes to Mars. Pay speciaL attention to conditions beginning with if. Exploration on Mars. Spirit Rover landed on Mars to gather information about possible life-forms there. however. Are you interested in exploration of different planets? 2. 1£ they don't come back within this period of time. 1£ astronauts go to Mars. to study the climate and geology of the planet. it can take about 40 minutes from the time a message goes out from Earth until it is received on Mars. a visitor to Mars will have to be gone for at least three years because of the distance and time necessary to travel. Do you think there is life on other planets? Sun Read the following textbook article. But one of the biggest problems with traveling to Mars is the danger of radiation. In 2004. Going to Mars is more difficult than going to the moon. and to prepare for human exploration of our neighbor in the not-so-distant future.Traveling to Mars Before You Read 1. he or she will be exposed to much more radiation than someone traveling to the moon. 1£ astronauts have a problem with their equipment. more needs to be learned. our closest planetary neighbor. hypothetical or imaginary situations in the If you could go to Mars. they will have to Notice that for real possibilities. we could go today if we wanted to. we're going to be more and more ready to go as technology gets better and life support systems improve. According to Charles Cockell. They are not plans for the future. Notice that we use the past tense in the if clause and would or could in the main clause. possibility for the future. "Technically. they will have to The sentences on the left describe a real return within a given time period. humans could go to Mars now. a British microbiologist. 430 Lesson 10 . Reality: You can't go to Mars today. you would weigh about The statements to the left are about one-third of what you weigh on Earth. we use the solve them by themselves. present tense in the if clause and the future If a person goes to Mars. he will be gone for tense in the main clause. would you go? Spirit Rover EXAMPLES EXPLANATION If astronauts go to Mars. three years. If you were on Mars. would you go? present." he says." If you had the chance to go to Mars. ''As time goes on. If they have problems. Reality: You are not on Mars now. If they ___---.---_ _ _• yo u can bring me hack a souveni r rock ( 14 go) fro m there._ _ _ h is bones. Scientists are trying to bu ild a spacecraft that can minimize rad iation to the astronauts.---..-. If a person ___~-.---_ _ it.:cc-. I read that there's too much radiatio n. proba bly travel to Mars _ _ _~. B: 1£ yo u _ _ _---.-. .-_ _ to Mars today.I"s~. (15 Mid (16 uauh) B: If you _ _ _ =~. A: Is that a problem? B: Yes. A: Do you think that astronauts will travel to Mars soon? B: Not so soon. By the way.-..-. I _ __ ~~._ __ (3 hapt>rn) ___ ~~ _ _ _ you _ _ _ ~~ _ _ _ (4) (5 \mm) _ _ _ _-. Ifl _ _ _---.--...--_ _ time.-.-. the (1l go) (1 3t-isil) Rocky Mountains...-. . you _ _ _= . I -----..EXERCISE m Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses ( ). it.-. summer.-:-. (6 go) ___---.-_ _ _ back a rock as a souve nir. it _ _ _-. Are you go ing to watch it? A: I don't know.---..----.. Both real conditions and unreal conditions are used.---- (2 solld the rad iatio n problem.---_ _ a lot about ( 1 71.----. If I ----"o-c.. there's go ing to be a program on TV tonight abou t Mars.-:--.OO~) (I81rom) space travel. And it wi ll probably (1 damage) cause cancer.----.------.~--.-_ _ exposed to too much (e:mmpk: Iw) rad iation. W ould you want to visit a different time in histo ry? W hat period in histo ry would you want to visit? 432 lesson IO .. .>J . A: It _ _ _ -. " .-. we> • Q. could _ __ cha nge one thing in your life.-. 'Wo . easier time.-_ __ golf all day on Saturday....c.:-c--..----. Can yo u imagine wh at life was li ke 100 years '1g0? 1...-. I ..:::=::.. 04») A: If you __--.. And I (7 pla) _ _ _--. :. _ : . (3 b._ ..--..-_ _ _ younger. ""7.-:.. EXERCISE 01 Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses ( ).----c--.c:--..SO many responsibilities. (1 bel A: You're not very old now. tu • . >. a.-./luiwJ H: _ _ _=-.::::::.-_ _ _ _ very unhappy.000 years ago? 2. Yo u're just in your 30s.. I _ _ _= . I iiII Before You Read 1. (1 )o"/dumge) H: I ___---._ _ _ (9 nov'hatt') them..:---. - f" be) (12 C(1n) go back in time and make so me changes....-.) Now I have two small children who need all my atte ntion.-_ _ _ nice if we .. TR 14 what (n:ampk can) . If I _ _-.= _ _ _ you nger. ..... But I'm just (10 be) dreaming about a simpler..:-..--_ __ Iate on Sunday mornings.-_ _ kids? (5 )IOU/do) (6 IlOf.--.'..' .-.. CO 4. Unreal conditions are used..--..--.. : CL $ 4.a •• .-. (4 ~ . . A: What . Life 100 Years Ago '==. I love them very much. H: But if I _ _ _-.. (8 deep) A: A re you sorry you had kids? B: Of course not. if you _ _-. Only 6 percent of Americans had a high school diploma at that time. Weof. And if you had had a baby at that ti me. )QlI would have earned about $200-$400 a year. You wo uld have washed your hair about once a month. If you had been a child living in a dry. it wo uld have been born at home.S. you " 'Ould have made $2. he probably would not have had a college education.500 a year. O nly 10 percent of doctors at that time had a college degree. Read the following magarlne article. If you had gone to a doctor. But do you ever wonder what your li fe would have been like if you had been alive 100 years ago? If )QU had lived around 1900 in the U.. What about your ho me? If you had been living 100 years ago.-------------------------------------------) . Pay special attention to unreal 04» CD 4. YOll might have had to oork in a factory for 12. you probably wo uld have died because antibiotics had not yet been discovered. Most of us are amazed by the rapid pace of technoLogy at the beginning of the twenty-first century. If you had gon en an infectio n aT mat rime.16 hours a day. If you had been a dentist or an accountant.en wonder what life will be like 20 o r 50 or 100 years from now.>ere pneu mo nia. influenza. TJl 15 conditions in the past. you probably would n't have had a bathtub or a telephone. The leading causes of death at that time v. and tuberculosis. Do you think you wo uld ha\'e been happy with life 100 years ago? . You probably wouldn't have graduated from high school. etc. If you had had a baby.S. (Whom) 434 Lesson JO . (Formal) 3. 2. If my mother had never met my father.s. It is clear that b. it probably (haw) _ _ _ __ _ __ at home. I would have gone to college. In very informal conversational English. you could Could or might can be used in the main have died. If I had a car. In relaxed speech. If you had lived 100 years ago.-. I would have studied it in my clause (after know. you (be) wouldn't have been rich.. if it is OR clear that the action is past. would. EXERCISE ID Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb about life in the U. and (b) have the same meaning. your you were born in the past. I would have told you.9. a.a doctor 100 years ago. perfect. I would have tolIl you. Follow country. If you were born 100 years ago. you probably wouldn't have graduated from high schooL If you had gotten an infection. I would have driven you to the airport last week. (1Wt/be) 1. Sometimes we mix a past condition with a present result.) as a waitperson. If I would have known about the problem. realize.). 100 years ago. you Use the past perfect in the if clause and would would have made about $200 a year. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION If you had been alive 100 years ago. Language Notes: 1. Sometimes we mix a present condition with a past result. I would have been for the past perfect of could. your life Sometimes we don't change to the past would have been different. 100 years ago. Sentences (a) life would have been different. If you _ _ _--. 4.4 UnreaL Conditions-Past An unreal condition can describe a situation that was not real in the past. If you had been born 100 years ago. I wouldn't be here today. have after could. especially with the verb be. you often hear would have in both clauses. the rule of sequence of tenses in the noun If I had realized how hard I would have to work clause. listen to your teacher pronounce the sentences above with relaxed pronunciation. If my great-grandparents had been able to come In the if clause. If I had known that learning English was going A noun clause can be used within an if to be so hard. (See Section 9. clause instead of would. (Informal) If I had known about the problem. born here and my life would have been easier. it might have died young. use had been able to to the U. have + past participle in the main clause._ ___ a baby 100 years ago. or might is pronounced like of or tal.10. EXAMPLE If you _ _ --"h"'a~d-"~-"ee~n~-. -_ _ _ 3 car if yOll (""""""" ) (!il ~' 5..-_ _ _ _ limited.a child 100 years ago.. (4 take) You probably _ _ _---.-. Your president .--. your opportunities _ _ _--. If you _ _ _ --cc--c-_ _ _ arou nd 1900.----.---:-. 17 qull) (continued) Unreal Conditions.---.!) 7.....S.-a=d"l>"e"e.-:-. (Iiw) you probably _ _----.. Wishes 435 .. Fill in the blanks with the correct fo rm of the verb in parentheses ( ) to complete the story.. {nor/fini5hJ 4..--. but if you _ _---'h. ~» CD 4.------.-.---."..an infection. (be) EXERCISE ID A middle-aged woman is telling her daughter how the young lady's life would have been different if she had grown up in the late 1950s. If you _ __ ----. 2.--.in nursing o r ed ucation. (1100:1) you _ _ _----.----. If yOll _ _ _ ----. If you _ _ _ _~---. When I was your age..-""7---. (J ~J If you . (lil \:d 6..---_ __ 16 ~tJ pregnant.a secretarial course.... you (ged probably (die) 3.-.Theodore Roosevelt if you (b.c-. . you probably _ __ _::.----.in the U.) .7 ..-_ _ _ married in (5 get) your early twenties. Real Condirions.--:cc---.---.-_ __ by train. to college.-_ _ _ your job. (frut .. you probably (2 go) ... You can be anything you want...: .-.----... Yo u _ _ _--._ _ _ high school.-. .. Yo u probably _ _ _ --c---... I didn't have the opportunity yo u have today..---_ _ _ to travel to another city._.-_ _ a woman (e:«l lnpk: be) growing up in the fifties. (J major) or you -----c~--. 'Ht 16 It's great that you're thinking about becoming a doctor or astronaut...u--.. at the beginning of the last century.-c_ ___ if you (tllDl'ltJ . . your life (JJ gTOttJ) _ __ ---. EXAMPLE I would have saved money if I had ~oughta usedlapt<>p.--.-_ __ different too.---.rno or more chUdren . Yo ur husband (8 Mn" . I wou ld have do ne better on the last test if _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ 2.. (9 mni' you have the opportunity to continue working after you have children. If you _ _ _=_-..-_ _ _ o ne TV and one pho ne. Because we had only (JI hat . If I hadn't come to class today. one TV.-. 1. Your house (l 0 br) _ _ _---.-. I wouldn't have passed It. If I had been born 200 years ago. If I had n't studied for the last test. _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ 3. I wouldn't have learned about time travel if _ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ 436 Lc:s:so n 10 .:--.----.. I wou ld have studied English when I was a child if _ _ _ _ _ __ 4. _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ 5.. the family spent more time together. EXAMPLE If I had taken the TOEFL test last year.to support you and the children.-----. _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ 4.---_ _ up in the fifties.=:-_ __ completely different. If I had known how important English was going to be in my life. _ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ 2. My parents wou ld have been d isappointed in me if _ __ _ __ __ 5.--. Technology _ _ _---.:.:c---. You probably .-.. If I hadn't taken beginning English. Yo u _ _ _=---:. 1. _ _ EXERCISE IrI ABOUT YOU Complete each statement.=-. But today. (14 br) EXERCISE ID ABOUT YOU Complete each statement.-c--..-_ _ III roVMd a computer or a cell phone. I wou ld have taken an easier course if _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ 3.. o f Its cat-clon' .. If you wish I scientists at the University had ' . ·4» co 4. . Science can do so much these days. vitro fertilizatIOn at than the average mouse. . your dream come trUe. we would be able to live up to 150 years. ' you can have been able to produce mice d arling cat cloned. f S uthern these experiments worked in the UniverSity 0 0 humans. TR 17 Pay special attention to wish and the verbs that follow it.Science or Wishful Thinking? Before You Read 1. b lieved to Company an . Would you want to live for 150 years? Read the science news articles and the conversation that follows. A U S able to double the life span woman gave . They have $32000 109 service. it would mean that California... your oving cat 63-year-old California nine lIves. Do you wish for things you don't have in your life? 2. The best they can do is extend our lives and keep us healthier longer. r. .. In laboratory experiments. What would you do differently if you were 21? A: I would be going to parties on weekends. If f o In.. I wish I had waited until I was older. (continued) . For United States ever to give birth. 4/ n-t'i tTO fertilization is a surgical procedure to help a wuman conceive a baby.. " . I wish they could find a way to keep us young. yo u can make of Connecticut have been A birth to a baby. of fruit flies from 70 days The woman IS e . 1 . I started to have my children when I was in my early twenties.. . your that live 30 percent longer She went through a ~roram . I wish I could be 21 forever.. B: I don't think scientists will ever find a way to make us any younger than we are now... nounced the start be the oldest woman ID. I wish I didn't have to get old and sick.. A: I wish I were younger. I wouldn't have to take care of children. I wouldn't have so many responsibilities. to 140 days. . the .. It's possible that soon people will be able to live 150 years.. B: I read an article about how scientists are working to extend our lives. A: I wouldn't want to be 150 years old and sick. 000 years later. I read an article about a 63-year-old woman who gave birth to a baby with the help of science.000 years and see all the changes in the world after that period of time? 1 B: I read an article that says that if we could travel at almost I the speed of light. B: My aunt is 55 and just got married for the first time a few years ago. I just wish I could visit the .. 438 Lesson 10 . for something in the present. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION Present Use a past tense verb to wish Reality: I don't have a dog. isn't it! Don't you wish you could come back in 1. With be. form for all subjects. she. and it.1 future. ) ---------------------------- We often wish for things that are not real or true in the present. A: Technology in the twenty-first century is moving so fast. She died 10 years ago. Wish: I wish (that) I had a dog. All our friends and relatives would be long dead if we left the present and returned 1. were is the correct Informal: I wish I was younger. After wish. I A: I wouldn't want to live in the future. conversation.1. will often hear native speakers use was with I. he. B: That's amazing! What will science do for us next? A: Scientists have started to clone animals. we could leave the Earth and come back a I thousand years from now. you Informal: I wish it was Sunday. Reality: I can't live 150 yea rs. But it's too late. however. but it is We have to get old. you ca n use that to Reality: introduce the clause. I wish I could have cloned her. B: I used to have a wonderful dog. In formal: I wish it were Sunday. Formal: I wish I were younger. Wish: I wish I could live 150 years. But now she's too old. She wishes she had gotten married when she was young and she wishes she had had children. I miss her. usually omitted. Wish: I wish (that) we didn't have to get old. A: I'm not so sure about that. S. Info rmal: I wish you would hove told me t he truth. (continued) .c. We often wish for things that are not real or true in the past. 2007). I couldn't clone participle after wish. but I wish I were.sli. "'Thr full tidc is Y/lO<: SW]ing YOUill' 1M Own.) to shorten t he wish clause. past.!! frtr E>tmdin& YOOT Wannn". there are a lot of things you could do to Jj"" longer. could. etc.. Reality: My aunt didn't have kids when she was young. Formal: I wish you had told me the t rut h.. did. A: I wish we _. use could have + past Reality: My lavorite dog died yea rs ago. EXAMPLES EXPLANATION I'm not young. ( /I B: According ro the book.·" Man". healthier life. (Fr. couLd. We can use an auxitiary verb I don't have a car. il}' Mkhuc1 Rui>en h tl(l Mdlln~t 0. but I wish I had..u::::IdC':-_ stay young forever. We can use the auxiliary verb had to shorten the wish clause. A: Like what? B: For one thing. A: Rea lly? I wish l ----. but! wish I did.=: co". Pre.WmplcJ B: I just read a book called You : Staying Young. Wish: I wish I could have cloned her.. Don't you? ft. If t he rea Lsituation uses Wish: She wishes she had had kids when she was young. Usage Note: In conversation. They write about things you can do to live a longer. the doctors recommend walking 30 minutes a day. my dog.-_ Iive ro be at least 100 years old. yo u often hear Americans use would have + past participLe for past wishes. wish for something in the Wish: I wish I had known them. (were.' A: Is it about some new scientific discovery? B: Not at all. EXERCISE III Fill in the blanks to complete this conversation about wishes in the present. EXAMPlES EXPLANATION Past Use a past perfect verb to Reality: I didn't know my grandparents. The authors are doctors.. I didn't bring my photo album to t he U. A: I didn·t bring my photo album to the U. I don't need them anymore. But when it's (5) Friday and I have so many things to do on the weekend._ _ _ _ them back home. EXAMPLE [wish [had more time to spend with my family. but 1 can't. A: No. I wish there _ _=-_ a magic pill. I live too far.S. B: Maybe you can walk to wotk. sometimes I wish it __= __ Monday. And I brought too many unnecessary books to the U. [wish I didn't have to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ 4. 1. I work so many hours (2) that I'm too tired to exercise when 1get home. A: I wish 1__= __ so many hours.. A: I wish 1 _ _ = _ _ time for a 30-minute walk. I wish I _ _ ~_ closer to my job. I wish it _ _ = _ _ Friday. I have too many (7J things to do. I wish 1 _ _ = __ so many things to Jo.::ha "d= v:: ro".. EXERCISE III RII in the blanks to complete each statement. There's no magic pill. I wish I _ _. (3) B: How about walking on the weekend? A: I have too many other things to do on the weekends. [wish I had _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ 5.S. What other advice does this book give? (6) B: The authors recommend that wc sleep seven to eight hours a night.u"g". I wish I could _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ EXERCISE m Fill in the blanks with a past wish. (8) B: Mc too. It sounds like you have to work hard to live longer.ht".--_ (example) it with me to see the pictures of my family and friends back home. I wish I knew how to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 3. like laundry and shopping. ()) What about you? Did you bring the right things? 440 lesson 10 . I wish I _ _ _ _-. When it's (4) Monday and I start work. [wish [were _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ 2. Na me something you wish you had never do ne. I wasn't a good student when I was young. But I didn't kn ow how cold it was going to be in the winter here. But my school back home (J) on ly offered Ge rman. I d idn't realize how important (5) education was. I wish they _ _ _ _-. Real Conditions: Wishes 441 . 4. Name something your family wishes you had done differently. There was an American school near my house. I wish I ___ _ = _ ___ a better student. I wish tht: war had never happened.S. I wish I _ _ _ _= ___ _ . I wish I _ _ _ _ = ___ _ (7) mo re practice with native speakers.. But they didn't tell me until a few months before the move. EXAMPLE Name something you wish had never happened. 1. Name someth ing you wish you had known before you came to this city.S. (41 8: So arc you fluent in German? A: Not really. (81 A: There are so many new discoveri es in science.-_ _ _ _ English too. 7. 8: That would be great. I had studied English for many years. but I did n't have practice with native speakers. 6. Unreal Cond itio ns. 5. 2. Name something you wish you had studied when you were you nger. A: I started to study English when I got to the U. 8: I wish I _ _ __ = _ _ __ that my parents were planning to (6) immigrate to the U. We arrived in December (2) and I wasn't prepared for a Boston winter. and I wish [ _ _ _ _= ____ classes there. 3. Name something you wish yo ur parents had done or told you. Maybe they'll figure o ut a way for us to lea rn a foreign language faster.-. 8: More o r less. It's so tough to learn a new language. Name something you wish you had do ne when you were younger. Name something yo u wish had never happened.-:_ _ _ _ it when I was )lOunger. EXEROSE g Name something. I wish I _ _ _ _-. . (haw. TR 18 A: What can that do for me? B: A lot.how to do that..talk to my family every day.::c:had::. Why don't you try laser surgery? co 4. A: I'm too tired when I get home from work. I wish I ------c----c-.bald. read. (can) B: You can. A: I've been bald since I was 25 years old... care what they say..... I wish someone _ _ _---.='---__ this (haw' surgery years ago. B: You need to exercise every day. A: I don'. .. 442 Lesson 10 . (hat~) -4» B: You can have perfect or near perfect vision.. and I don't need glasses anymore. I wish scientists _ _ _--.-.c .. (am) 3.=:-___ find a cure for baldness.. Noth ing works... Now I can sec first thing in the morning. I had \I.. EXAMPLE A: I wish 1 _ _ _-C. 2.. . ('" B: Why don ' t you try a cl iet? A: ['ve tried ever y diet.'ha"tl'C-___ good vision./no(j B: They say bald men arc very manly. Just get a microphone for your computer and you can chat with them online for free.-_ _ _ thin. I wish 1 _ _ _--. I wish they _ _---'had=. Some Mshes are about the present./orn glasses since I was a child. EXERCISE ID Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses ( ) in each of the conversations below.---. I'll show you . A: I wish I ._ _ _ find a pill that would make me thin (can) with no effort on my part. and play sports without wondering where my glasses arc.--c-c . drive.. 1. I wish I ------. (be.--.. I had it two years ago. A: It's so expensive to call my cou ntry. (hlOW) B: Don't worry. some are about the past. A: I wish I _ _ _--._ _ _ hair. . Now ("(liE) I have no educatio n and a lot of responsib ilities..v A: Why? B: 1 would like to meet my grandparents. Irn.-_ __ _ bo rn in the U. English. A: We saw a great movie last n ight about time travel. B: 1 wish we _ _ _ -.them. A: I know.-. {'mew' 6.---_ _ _ go to the past. 7. I never knew them. Istudy) B: I wish I _ _ __ c-. I"'.----cc""'""'. B: I wish I _ __ . A: I stud ied Italian when I was a ch ild . Rea l Cond itions.--_ _ _ a few years. 8.:-:::~--. (ji. A: If everyone stayed young and no o ne died.-. c--. Iw" B: Why? A: I wo uld be able to see future problems and then come back and warn people abour them.. where wou ld we find space on the Earth for all the new babies born every day? B: We could colon ize Mars. 5. A: I didn't say "old..--_ _ _ have the wisdom of old (can) peop le and the bodies o f yo ung people.----. college before getting manied.. B: I wish I _ __ =. I wish I . A: I wish I . Wishes 443 .. b ut I h ad to study (cmvgoJ fOT my biology test..:..travel to the fu ture._ _ _ with you . Then English I"d would be easy for me. A: I wish I _ _ _ ---.--. A: I wish l _ _ _ _.. B: Why? No one wants to get old. but they died before I was born.S. (continued) Unreal Conditions.-:.-:-." O lder people have more experience and wisdom. But I wish I _ _ _-. I wish ----cc-~--.--.ushJ B: But you have a great husband.-_ _ _ older.4...." 1 just said "older. it now. B: With today's biological technologies.6 Wishing for a Desired Change EXAMPLES EXPLANATION My parents wish I wouldn't watch so many science Would + base form is used after fiction movies. You need to study and do your homework..your room. You have school tomorrow (4) morning.. It shows a desire for change. I wish I could travel to the past.a sister or brother. And I wish you (J) . I like long hair. wish to show that a person wants They wish I would study harder.:u:.. My mom is in her fifties already. (Mt'eJ B: Maybe you will someday. A: I don't think so... m s: I'll do it when I get back tonight.----.) of discontent with the present situation. F: Well..) for change but an expression [ wish I were young. F: I wish you . c c . EXERCISE ID A father (F) is complaining to his teenage son (5). A: Maybe so.-.. F: And I wish you .out on a weeknight.. A: 1wish 1_ _ _--. future. 444 Lesso n 10 . I wish [ _ _ _ _~~-. F: Your hair's so long.---. All my friends have long hair. $: But.--. older ".cc--.:. (['m not young.____ . But she doesn't have the energy to raise a small child..---. something different to happen in the They wish I would be more serious about my education.. Your clothes are on the closet floor. but with my two kids.:G :. (I) s: I cleaned it two weeks ago. it's dirty again. A: I'm an only child.. (can) 9. B: You can finish college now. 10. DaJ.. It's so dirty. Fill in the blanks to show a desire that the person do something differently..'Omen can still have kids.. I wish you _ _--"w=o u= ld:. I'm going with my friends to a movie.c. there's no time. I wish you _ _ __ ""'_ __ _ them up. (I can't travel to the Wish without would is not a desire past.. t _ _ it. I wish you _ __ _--.--:____ rich enough to buy a ho use. I wish you _ _ __ --.!tmlkJ so much at night. I wish I ____.. I wish the people upstairs from me ----. Try to be more (7) responsible.:e'---_ _ morc quiet.-_ _ _ _ an elevato r. .--. Real Conditio ns. ) 3.) the building..) 8.-___ air<onJ iti on ing..-_ _ _ th e hallways more often. m OTe trees and flowers around (1. I'm 18.--_ _ _ ho me instead of (5) goi ng out with your fr iends all the time....move..l"d.. F: But it'll be late. (1. I wish the building _ _ _-. I wish there . EXAMPLES I wish my neighbors _ _ ---'w "'o:::u:...~' 7. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses ( ). (ha~d 6.) 1.. I wish the apartment _ __ _. not an electric stove. (1. 5: I'll study when I get back..--..-.--.a gas stove. but I can't.de) 2.---.-.-.-----.:l>. I wish I ----:-c.. EXERCISE III A man is complaining about his apartment situation. (noVrai. ("') 11.-_ _ _ my rent every year. I wish my land lord _ _ _._ _ _ _ more heat. (dwnJ 9.-.. but there is concrete all around.re=--_ _ _ thicker. (6) F: And I wish you like a baby. I wish the land lord _ _ _---.-. Don't include would if you think there is no possibility of change. ("') I wish the walls _ _ _--'..--. I wish the landlord _ _ _-.c:.. (can) Unreal Conditi ons. 5: Dad..cc--. Wishes 445 ...w:::e::.. 10. I wish I _ __--..:_ _ _ me like a baby... (lUll''!) 12. (hm:. I wish I ---~__c---.-:.-_ _ _ _ sunnier.-_ _ _ _ larger.---. ("') 5.. I wish my kitchen _ __ --.---0. Include would if you think he is hoping for a change. (pro. 4. around (I1()I. _ _ _ English as well as the teacher. Don't include would if you think that she believes there is no possibility of change. Fill in the blanks with the form of t he verb.a d ictionary in my native country." Dictionaries are much cheaper there. J wish my parents would let me go out with my friends.d 3. 446 Lesson 10 . Include would if you think she hopes for a change. I wish I _ _ _ _~~-._ more time on cond itionals. 4. 6.nd . EXAMPLES I wish 1 _ _ _:::. I wish the book the answers in the back.:::. registered early. and I need to check my spelli ng.pe"". I wish my fam ily 2." We' re go ing to write a com position.ke :. I wish mo re people 6. EXERCISE ID Fill in the blanks to complete these statements. I wish I mo re attentio n to learni ng (pa. 1 wish my apartment EXERCISE m correct A student is complaining about her class. I wish the gove rn ment 5.. Both present. (5petlk) I wish the teacher _ _w ~o~u~ld~s. EXAMPLES I wish the class didn't have 50 many students.!. sFpo".my dictionary to class today. I wish the teacher 3. I wish my neighbors 4.. (!pettd) 1. (b..) English when I was in my native cou ntry.. (im. 1 wish I _ _ _ _ _ _ __ my counselor's advice and (wh. I wish I ----c~c--. I couldn 't get into the biology class I wanted. (can) 2. and future wishes are included. Your wish can include a desire for a change (by using wouLd) or it can simply state that you're unhappy with the way things are right now.. . f wish I ski p ESL and go into regular English. 1. past. (ha. 5. -." (l t-ili/J s: Mom. marri ed already. M: You're right.it (exampk: tJi. (continued) Unreal Conditi ons. yo u're only 48 years old. "I wish I -----c-. you don't like Shari's husband. I wish she ----co---c--.--.-_..·S c-_ _ me more o. (He) S: Mom. 10.. 7. But what can we d o? M: 1 wish you -----.-. . (2 hd s: I do too. (1)1 They're always making so much noise. and you'll say to yourse lf. your sister's only 23. Besides.. I wish 1___---. Then I would (/ultie) know English perfectly. I wish the teacher _ _ _ _.lir) often.O o..-_ __ the teacher's brain.c.to see you and your sister. M: Well. I'm not going to live forever. There's plenty of time to get married.----..:H-'t' w) 9. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words in parentheses ( ) to express their wishes. (not.:-c--.-_ _ write so many compositions.-. I wish she -----c.'h.-cc---. (5 mllll)'J S: There's nothing wrong with Paul. He's a good husband to her.-_ _ _ comparing me to my sister. I wish you ___W . you know. '4» co 4. M: Who knows how long I'll be here? There are no guarantees in life. TR 19 M: You never visit. Wishes 447 .-_ _ _ _ quiet.-:-.my mom more often.-Vl .. and she's already married. I wish we _ _ _.a different man. 8. EXERCISE III A mother (M) is complaining to her adult son (5). S: I do visit you often. Real Conditions._ _ _ _ us use our books (la) during a test.-.. I'm only 25 years old. I wish the students in the back _ _ __ ". S: I wish you _ _ _--c:--c.Id =. Isn't once a week often enough? M: Some day I won't be here.u =. My own mother died when I was a teenager. (4 ~TopJ She has different goals in life. wouldn't it? 448 ixsson 10 . But I've got to live my own life. ll1at would make you happy. I want to be a rock musician..to me. M: You didn't finish college. I wish you ____~-~--. but also see your great-great-great- grandchildren married.-_ _ _ your (9 gel) degree. with a good job. (6 eat) 5: I eat enough.-_ _ _ a real job. I wish you ----~__c_---. M: I'm still your mother. M: I wish you _ _ _---. you'll probably live to be 150 years old and not only see me married.--. S: With today's technologies. S: I'm not too young to get married. You'll still be telling me how to live my life. S: You wouldn't? Just think. Then you tell me you're too young to get married. (8 find) 5: It is a real job. you said I was too fat. How are you <-"Ver going to find a real job? S: You don't need a college degree to be a rock musician. You know. M: We'll see.:--. M: Well. (7 lmen) 5: I do listen to you.. When I was a teenager. I just don't Vlant to now. I hope I live long enough to see you married. M: I wou ldn't want to live so long. M: Sometimes you act like a child and tell me you're old enough to make your own decisions..:. I wish you _ _ _---. you'll be L50 years old and I'll be 127. more.. you're too thin. I wouldn't have been born. Wishes Present Future Past I wish my grandparents I wish you would cut you r hair. 4. If you could travel to the past. Unreal Condi tions. Real Conditi ons. $ Qt _ ~ S . If I could live to be 150 years old. If my parents spoke better English. I wis h you could have lish fluently. If I go to New York. Summary of Lesson 10 . Wishes 449 . 3. ea: . she would have more free time. I will send you a postcard. we wouldn't be able to explore space. you wouldnTt have had a computer. I wish I had studied were here. he could have practiced medicine without a college degree. If my father had not met my mother. Q • 4. Real Possibilities for the Future Condttion Future Result If we explore Mars. 2. Unreal Conditions-Past Verb ~ Past Perfect Verb ~ Would I Might I Could + Have + Past Partldple If you had lived 100 years ago. I would know my great-great-grandchildren. she will miss the meeting. Unreal Conditions-Present Verb ~ Past Verb • Would I Might I Could + Base ronn If I were an astronaut. t e : $ to. If we didn't have advanced technology. you could meet your ancestors. they might have more opportunities. I wish I could speak Eng. If a docto r had lived 100 years ago. seen t he movie. we will learn a lot.. I would go to Mars. If she is late._ _ 3£ ==4¥ u a s e. If she didn't have children. you might have died.. 1.. EngLish when I was younger. UP . I wis h he would turn off the TV. If you had gotten an infection.51 4 ' . had If she has studied harder. When I v. had I wish I Rave seen that movie. ' 04 . e so .. . >:.>as in h igh school.. . If I will have time tomorrow. I wish I qm. $ = _ $ $. C There are a few things in my life that I wish \A. not the present perfect.. Editing Quiz •• = 41. . [f I Iiave: (31 gone to college. I will wri te my com position . I don't have (exarnpld (l) the skills for a better job. convince ~ 450 Lesson 10 .. I wo uld buy a house. for unreal conditions and wishes. .) i: b e :e S $ S := b She 2 . 2. • . write C. I wasn't interested in college. . eeL ca Some of the .ou1d be very proud of me. First. • 1.d. have She would has called you if she hadn't lost your phone number. use the simple present tense in the if clause. I could help my family back ho me. my parents w. Use the past perfect."ete different.m ee rich." but I was foolish and didn't listen to them. Find the mistakes and correct them. My parents always said.. if I ~ a good (6) 17) educat ion.w. she wouldn't have failed the test... And if I llid ~ M . were If I ". 3.. FOT a real cond ition. I }ViQ be making much more money now. And. . Always use the base form after a modal. If the shaded words are correct. Editing Advice :. • SI'!! so_. Don't use will with an unreal condition. I wish (exarnr>/e) had I ~ a better job and fu'ade more money_ Unfortunately.4 S " .. more money.# 44414 ¥ • 4. "We wish you W<!!itl(i'oo)ptli)ue<) (1 you r education. -*I!!IlI'._h•• 1S have mistakes. 4... J3J:' ~~ an apartment with him. with me last year. Wishes 451 . and you can learn from their experience. If I had ~pw:n that he was going to be so inconsiderate. I'll get my own apartment next May. ~. If he comes to the (/8) U." Unrea l Conditions. but he d idn't get his visa (20) at that time." But we signed a ffll (D) one-year lease together and I can't do anything about it until next May. Another thing I' m not happy about is my living situation. I never would had (14) (15) roomed with him. than live with a stranger. My parents have (11) told me. I wish I don't have (JO) a roommate.ould give advice to every young person in the world.S." And I Will. I ( 19) wish he ka's~r* to the U. I wish he WCipl<1 turn off the TV at night and let me sleep.h~ enough tl7. but we learn from them. I wish it Was May already! I prefer to live alo ne rather (16. "Listen to your parents. I have a room mate because J can't afford [Q pay the rent alone. by May.S. money. He's very responsible. lid say. I' m saving my money now. who's planning to come here soon. but they' ll have to make their own decisions. They've lived longer than (23) you have. If I wt~ . I wiU get a better roommate. "If I ~re you.my younger brothers and sister about the importance of an ed ucation. and the TV is too loud. Real Conditio ns. "Look before a~ ~ you leap. If I c. My roommate always watches TV. Another possibi lity is to room with my cousin. I rea lize that we all make mistakes in life. "... If you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ any animal. Fill in the blanks to express an unreal condition about the past. . Fill in the blanks to express an unreal condition about the present... 0.ke=n_ _ a wrong tu rn on the highway. :s. I love my dog.. The weather is terrible today.'"'i!i"CC a SA:::> ><:le! . If I _ _"ha =d= n'-t="t"a"." • .. so she didn't pass the course.4 PART. EXAMPLES I took a wrong turn on the highway. She didn't pass the final exam. I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ an appointment with the doctor immediately. so we're going to stay home. My neighbor offered to buy my dog. She doesn't have enough time to read. 3. We _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ out if the weather _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ nice today.:. we _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ our ancestors. I _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ my dog even if my neighbor _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ me a million dollars. she _ _ __ __ _ __ the course. I wouldn't ~e In this class. 5. £ " _. If you _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ a child. .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ on time if I _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ my alarm clock."""". you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 50 many responsibilities.oz: c:.:* . 2. what animal _ _ _ __ you _ _ _-" PART. You're sick. If 1 _ _ _ __ _ _ __ you .' ' ~' . S' S$iC ~ . ' 00:::< . If we _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ to the past. 1. I arrived at the meeting one hour late. so [ didn't wake up on time.accv"e"accm-. _w=o~u=ld"h".. 4. We can't travel to the past....: Q '«63_ . 1. : ::::. __ I. EXAMPLE If I spoke English perfectly.. 6. I forgot [0 set my alarm clock. -.'v~ed=-_ at the meeting on time. You need to see a doctor. . If she _ __ __ _ _ _ _ the fina l exam. You have a lot of responsibilities.. ow ...Lesson 10 Test/Review .-.. *". Wouldn't you like to visit yours? 2. 452 Lesson 10 . Shc _ _ _ _ __ _ __ more books if she more time. 7. You're not a child. he __________________ into the house. Traffic is horrible. so he couldn't get into the house. so his condition didn't improve. 3. his condition __________________ 6. B: You didn't tell me about it. She didn't hear the pho ne ring. They live far away. (rontinued) Unrea l Cond itions. 3. 1. 50 I didn't buy the computer I saw last week. I __________________ the computer if I my credit card with me. A: We went to see a great movie last night. I have to take the bus to work. A: Do your parents live near you? B: No. PART 11 Fill in the blanks in the conversations to express present or past wishes. But I live far from the train stati on. A: I don't have a car. He left his keys at the office. I wish I __________________ to drive to work. He didn't take the medicine. 8: I wish I __________________ those ki nds of problems! 2. 4. and he stan s to have all kinds of problems. B: I have a car and drive to work. I wish you ____--'-' had o. What was it about? A: It was about a man who wishes he __________________ rich. (tXllmpk.m " "' e _____ with us. Wi shes 453 . so she didn't answer it. I didn't have my credit card with me. r wish I __________________ near a train station ~o I could ride a train to work. He's sudden ly very rich. If he __________________ h is keys at the office. If he __________________ the medicine. I wish you __________________ me. And his wish comes true.=c"coc. I wish I __________________ a car. She _________________ the phone if she __________________ it ring. Real C()nditi on ~. I wish they __________________ so far from me. 5. If I have to work. A: Why do you eat while you drive? B: I don't have enough time to stop and eat. 4. I _ ___ _ be able to come to cl ass. A: It's too bad we can't go back and start our lives again. I have to work every night. I'm an only child. a. would go d. I _ _ _ _ drive to Canada if! had a car. 7. People who du that sometimes have an accident. went c. would d. I didn't study English as a child. would be 4. wou ld d. some contain unreal conditions. a. will be able to 5. I wish I _ _ _ __ __ __ it as a child. I can't help you. I wish 1 _ __ _ __ _ __ to work at night. A: I wish you that. 6. weren't d. I would help you if 1 _ __ _ a. A: Do you want to go to a party with us on Saturday n ight? B: I can't. a. I wish I _ _ _ _ __ _ __ back and make some changes in the past. 1. will be d. Ifl _ __ _ sh oppi ng next Saturday. go 3. can b. wasn't 454 Lesson 10 . were b. I wish I a brother o r a sister. I might go shopping next Saturday. wou ldn' t b. last year. A: Do you have any sisters and brothers? B: No. cou ld c. won't C.S. am c. will c. a . I'd move to a different apartment. B: Me too. A: I came to the U. I might have to work next Monday. PART 11 Some of the following sentences contain real conditions. Write the letter of the correct words to fill in the blanks. If I _ _ ___ you. wou ld be 2. I wish 1 _ _ _ _ _ __ __ with you. 5. will go b. I wish I _ _ __ __ _ _ here 15 years ago. were b. I'll buy you a scarf. would be pay 10. can drive d. would have studied 14. a. will take (continued) U nreal Conditions. pay b.. would drive b. My uncle never exercised and was overweight. weren't have d. could drive c. wouldn't raining 9. will drive 13. He had a heart attack and died when he was 50 years old. 6. . •• doesn't have c. I can't drive a car. have 12. she would have more time to study. . Wishes 455 . wouldn't have b. know c. would had studied b. would know 7. I wish I _ _ _ __ a car. My life would be easier if 1 _ _ __ more English. If I had known how difficult it was to lea rn English. live d. I' cl go for a walk. •• . She has three children. took d. wou ld studied d. rammg C. If it now. he might have lived much longer. I don't have a house. She has no time to study. 150 t . would have lived 11. If he _ __ _ better care of himself. weren t rammg . I wish I _____ a house. •• will live Co would live b. have had d. b. She wouldn't tell you the secret even if you _ _ __ _ hcr a millio n dollars. 1 _____ in Paris . knew b. If she _ ____ children. a. . a. will know d. doesn't raining d. paid Co will pay d. a. _ _ ___ it when I was young. •• would take Co had taken b. •• had b. It's raining now. Real Conditions. would study c. didn't have s. If I could live in any city in the world. wi ll have c. had taken 16. would call c. He was driving without a seat belt and had a car accident. wouldn't talk d. Nobody told me we were going to have a test today. wou ldn't had d. 15. hadn't had 18. were told 19. a. I you. were taken c. could help d. will call d. migh t not have had c. a. had told d. a. My roommate talks o n the phone all the time. If he the test last week. h e would have fa iled it. I wish he _____ on the phone so much. won't talk c. would have called b. doesn't talk b. would told b. I didn't have time to call you yesterday. a. didn't have b. would called 17. He was seriously injured. would take d. wouldn't have talked 456 Lesson 10 . could had helped 20. I _____ you if I had had more free time. could have hel ped c. he _____ such a serious injury. has taken b. I wish someone _____ me. could helped b. would tell c. a. If he had been wea ring his seat belt. a. Why didn 't you tell me about you r move last week? If you had told me. My brother needs mo re driving lessons before he can take the driver's li cense test. people didn't have to work? f. The world would be a better place if _ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ __ g. If I lost my _ _ _ __ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ . I'd change b. but I wish I had. everyone were the same religion or race! c. Share your sentences in a small group.Expansion Activities 0 Do you think the world would be better or worse if • •• ? Form a small group and discuss your reasons. b. _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ e. families were allowed to have o nly one child? g. every job paid the same salary! e Fill in the blanks.. but I wish I had n't. I Jn n"~ I l. If I had known _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ I wou ld (not) have _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ EXAMPLE If I had known that I needed computer ski lls in the u. If I could travel to the future. If I could change one thing about myself (o r my life). I'd be very upset. I wou ld have studied computers in my native country. we could live to be about 150 years old? e. I wish I were _ _ _ _ years old. If I could travel to the past. Wishes 457 . a. I didn't _ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ .s. a. I . c. Most people would be happier if _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ d.()nd iti nns: R al Conditio ns. _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ f . o Fill in the blanks and explain your answers. e Fill in the blanks and explain your answers. everyone spoke the same language? d. a. there were no computers? b. I wish I didn't have to work on Saturdays. (Many people will write "if I were rich. would you do it? Why or why not? o If you could live 200 years. If it were pos'. o Write some sentences about your job. The rest of the class has to guess who wrote it. or your family. who would you be? e Since Albert Einstein's death in 1955. would the Earth be overpopulated? o In Lesson 6. o On a piece of paper or index card. the creator of the World Wide Web. finish this sentence: I would be happier if _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ The teacher will collect the cards or papers and read each statement. My brother watches TV all day. we read about Tim Berners·Lee. What do you wish were different? Share your answers in a small group. who would you want to meet? f) If you had the brain of another person. Do you think he would have tried to make money on his idea if he had known how popular the Web was going to become? Cl) What entirely new things do you think might be pos'. his brain has been kept in a jar for study.' so try to think of something else.bility of making a clone of yourself or a member of your family.) Talk About It 0 If you could meet anyone in the world. EXAMPLES I have to work on Satu rdays. would you want to? o If we could eliminate all diseases.ble to create a new Einstein from a brain cell would it be a good idea to do so? Why or why not? e If you had the pos'. your apartment.ble in the future? 458 Lesso n 10 . He has never made any money from the Web. your school.' or "if I knew more English. I wish he would play with his friends mo re. U. Duell. president." (Lord Kelvin. ." (M arsh al Ferdinand Foch .." (Ken O lse n.. The device is inherently of no value to us.) e Write about an important event in history. (Or you can write about the habits or traits of another person you know well. Warner Brothers. French comm ander o f Allied forces during the closing months of World War I. Discuss in small groups.. 19 27) • "Everything t hat can be invented h as been invented. Write how your life would be different if you didn't have these traits or habits. (ID Read what people have said in the past about the future. Tell what the result would or might have been if this event hadn't happened. O ffi ce of Patents. Warner. president.S. Royal Society. 1977) • "The telephone has too many sho rtco mings to be se rio usly considered as a means of communicatio n. 1899) Write About It 0 Write about personality traits or bad habits you have." (Western Union internal memo. wants to hear actors talk?" (Harry M. and founder of Digital Equipment Corp. e Write about how your life would have been different if you had stayed in the same place your whole life. 1876) • "Airplanes are interesting toys but of no military va lue. She left o ne d ay [n a relative way And returned the previous night. Who traveled far faster than light. chairman. 1918) • "Who . There was a young lady n amed Bright." (C h arles H. 1895) • "There is no reaso n for any individual to have a computer in their home. • "HeavieHhan-air flying machines are impossible. commissioner. Cl) Read the following poem and discuss its meaning. I wish my parents had come to the U. How would you want to change your life? EXAMPLE My Wishes There are a f ew th ings I wish were different in my life. For more practice using grammar in context. and they didn't want to make a big change . But they are old now. First.. with me.S. et Write about some things in your life that you are not happy about. 460 u::!'son 10 .. please visit our Web site. braceLets. history grammar bioLogy chemistry geometry math (mathematics') 'Note: £Yen though mathematics e nds wit h 5. . rings) Group D: Nouns that are abstractions.Appendices Appendix A • IQ l 0$ 4 . . packages. '.l. separate parts.A. Group A: Nouns that have no distinct. dimes.. .. . . postcards. flyers) furniture (chairs.4= . - Noncount Nouns There are several types of noncount nouns.~ . .. I !<. .~" I.i! 44 ... beds) homework (compositions.. milk juice bread electricity oil yogurt meat Lightning water pork butter thunder coffee pouLtry paper choLesteroL tea soup aJr bLood Group B: Nouns that have parts that are too small or insignificant to count. tabLes. . love happiness nutrition patience work nature truth education intelligence poverty heaLth heLp beauty advice unemployment music fun energy Luck/fortune knowLedge pollution art information friendship Group E: Subjects of study... dresses) jeweLry (neckLaces.. money or cash (nickels. We look at the whole. ~ >.~ . c AP1 . The members of the category are not the same... it is not plural. exercises. readings) clothing (sweaters.1" ..... pants. nce hair sand sugar popcorn corn saLt snow grass Group C: Nouns that are classes or categories of things.. A. doLlars) maiL (Letters.. .. (continued) II .. /I. the meaning changes according to the way the nouns are used. She spent a lot of time on her project. AP2 Appendix A / Noncount Nouns . gra ndparents. He wrote a paper about hypnosis. Those children are making a tot of noise. programm ing. I have 200 chickens on my farm. I have so me trouble wit h my car. a lot of food at home. We have contain cholesteroL. Count Noncount Oranges and grapefruit are fruits that I boug ht some fruit at the fruit store. ' . There is a lot of crime in a big city. Ice cream and butter are foods t hat We don't need t o go shopping today. I had a bad experience duri ng my trip She has some experience with computer to Paris. sometimes sad. She went to Puerto Rico t hree times. We ate some chicken fo r dinner. The window is made of bulletproof glass. Singular Count Plural Count Noncount a tomato t omatoes coffee one tomato two tomatoes two cups of coffee some tomatoes some coffee no tomat o no tomatoes no coffee any t omatoes any coffee (with questions and negatives) (with questions and negati ves) a lot of tomatoes a lot of coffee many to matoes much coffee (with questions and negatives) a few tomatoes a little coffee several tomat oes several cups of coffee How many t omatoes? How much coffee? The following words can be used as either count nouns or non count nouns. I need some paper to write my composition. She drank t hree glasses of water.' I don·t know much about the lives of my Life is sometimes ha ppy. I heard a noise outside my window. I don't wa nt to bo re yo u wit h all my troubles. However. He committed t hree crimes last year. contai n a lot of vita min C.Notice the quantity words used with count and noncount nouns. Use the indefinite article (a/an) + a singuLar Dogs have sharp teeth. Chicago and Los AngeLes are dties. . Count Noncount Singula r Plural Definite the book the books the coffee Indefinite a book (some/any) books (some/any) coffee Part 1. . 00 not use an article before a plural noun. 'tE. . about a noncount noun. B. Abraham lincoLn was an American president. • You can put an adjective before the noun.e . Uses of the Indefinite Article A. Coffee contains caffeine. Appendix B I. An elephant has big ears. (continued) . To classify a subject Examples Explanation Chicago is a city. • Use on before a voweLsound.= l t re : all )S & 4 * =£ l O CO . To make a generalization about a noun Examples Explanation A dog has sharp teeth. lineoln and Washington were American presidents. :e Uses of Articles Overview of Articles Articles tell us if a noun is definite or indefinite. Money can't buy happiness. Illinois is a state. What are those? They're tall buildings. Love makes people happy. same mean ing. Both the singular and plural forms have the Elephants have big ears. Whars that? Irs a tall building. count noun or no article with a plural noun. et •• • . 00 not use an article to make a generalization Milk is white.! . • Use 0 before a consonant sound. The dog We start by saying a dog. The coffee is We start by saying any coffee. saying the coffee. We conti nue by sugar to bake a cake. There's an elevator in the building. Do you have (any) cash with you? I don't have (any) time. ndeft nite Are there any restrooms on t his fl. I'm going to use the We start by saying some sugar. I need some sugar. AP4 Append ix B / Uses of Articles . We continue by sayi ng barks all the time.c.oor? noun into a co nversation. ntraduce an. count nouns. saying the grapes. Some and any can be omitted. Do you have (any) cups? Use any in questio ns and negatives. We continue by this morning. There + a form of be can . We ate the grapes We start by saying some grapes. We continue by in the cabinet. Part 2. Did you buy any coffee? Yes. the dog. Count: Use some or any with plural nouns and noncount I have (some) dishes. Noncount: I have (some) money with me. To refer to a previously mentioned noun Examples Explanation There's a dog in the next apartment. We bought some grapes. saying the sugar. nouns. To introduce a new noun into the conversation Examples Explanation I have a cell phone. Use the indefinite article a/an with singular I have an umbrella. There isn't any money in my checking account. Uses of the Definite Article A. I don't have (any) forks. (continued) A endix B / Uses of Articles AP5 . The house on the corner i s bea utiful. the speaker defines or specifies which one. common. Write your name on the top of t he page. The president is talking about taxes. and the world are unique There are many problems in the world. When the speaker and the listener have the same reference Examples Explanation The boy 15 shoveling snow. things in common. PeopLe who live in the same house have the house. When there Is only one In our experience Examples Explanation The sun is bigger than the moon. the moon. Students in the same class have things in in the classroom. The object is present. The mo~ the table is mine.B. The check has only one back. The sun. The page has on ly one top. o:J~ a. door and the windows before you Leave c. 1 listener have the same object in mind. b. The teacher is writing on the board a. The listener knows exactLy which one because I spent the money you gave me. 50 the speaker and The toys are broken. People who Live in the same country have c. objects. The Amazon is the longest river in the world. Alaska is the biggest state in the U. C. A superlative indicates that there is only one. Sign your name on the back of the check. b. There is only one in our immediate experience.S. Please turn off the lights and shut the things in common. A computer is expensive.D. use 0 + a singular noun or no article with a pluraL noun. work. The cell phone uses radio waves. He's in church. the store. With familiar places Examples Explanation I'm going to the store after work. use the. the beach. and bed. 2. Computers are expensive. Language Notes: 1. the train. To make a formal generalization Examples Explanation The shark is the oldest and most To say t hat something is true of all members primitive fish. Compare: The computer has changed the way we deal with information. The bank is closed now. The computer has changed the way people To taLk about a class of inventions. Are you going downtown after class? E. the park. I'm going home. The heart is a muscle that pumps blood to To talk about an organ of the body in a general the rest of t he body. school. AP6 Appendix B / Uses of Articles . sense. the bus. use the. the post office. deal with information. middle. and mner. the dentist-when we refer to the one that we habituaLLy visit or use. Omit to and the with home and downtown. Do you We use the with certain familiar pLaces and need anything? people-the bank. use the with singular count nouns. They're at work. I'm going to school. the doctor. I'm going to bed. the zaa. The bat is a nocturnaLanimal. Omit the after a preposition with the words church. ru go tomo rrow. The ear has th ree parts: outer. of a group. the movies. Language Note: For info rmal generalizations. continents: PLaces that are considered a union: Cleveland the United States Ohio the former Soviet Union Mexico PLace names: the of South America the Republic of China the Distriet of Columbia Mo untains: Mountain ranges: Mount Everest the Himalayas Mount MCKinley the Rocky Mountains Islands: Collectives of islands: Coney Island the Hawaiian Islands Staten Island the Philippines Lakes: Collectives of lakes: Lake Superior t he Great lakes lake Michigan the Fi nger Lakes Beaches: Rivers. oceans. 22 Part 3. In (the) winter. Special Uses of Articles No Article Article Personal names: The whole family: Jo hn Kennedy the Kennedys George Bush the Bushes Title and name: Title without name: Queen Elizabeth t he Queen Pope Benediet the Pope Cities. canals: Palm Beach the Mississippi River Pebble Beach the Atlantic Ocean the Dead Sea the Panama Canal Streets and avenues: Well-known buildings: Madison Avenue t he Willis Tower Wall Street the Empire State Building Parks: Zoos: Central Park the San Diego Zoo Hyde Park the Milwaukee Zoo Seasons: Deserts: summer fall spring winter the Mojave Desert Summer is my favorite season . states. countries. the may be used. the Sahara Desert Note: After a preposition. (continued) . my car runs badly. seas. the one The last month.. 6 - ][3 . The teacher is in the office. the last before this one: week. No Article Article Directions: Sections of a piece of Land: north south the Southwest (of the U. She plays (the) drums. of the car. . the last year. year. . etc. Summer vacation begins the last week in May. In office = in an eLected position: In the office . etc. The teacher gave us a test last week.S. !\ ~ AP8 Appt!ndix B / Uses of Articles . week. December is the last month of the year.) east west the West Side (of New York) School subjects: Unique geog raphical points: history math the North Pole the Vatican Name + college or university: The University/ CoUege of Northwestern University the University of Michigan Bradford College the College of DuPage County Magazines: Newspapers: Time Sports Illustrated the Tribune t he Wall Street Journal Months and days: Ships: September the Titanic Monday the Queen Elizabeth 11 Holidays and dates: The day of month: Mothe(s Day the fifth of May J uly 4 (month + day) the Fourth of July Diseases: Ailments: cancer AIDS a cold a toothache polio maLaria a headache the flu Games and sports: Musical instruments. . Languages: The language: French the French language English the English language last month. after ploy: poker the drums the piano soccer Note: Sometimes the is omitted.the Last in a series: I fo rgot to pay my rent last month.in a specific room: The president is in office for four years. . In back/in front: In t he back/ in the Front: She's in back He's in the back of the bus. . but I didn't get around to it. Here is a list of the most common ones: • get something . e get + past participLe "" beco me get acquainted get worried get hurt get engaged get lost get bored get married get accustomed to get con fused get divorced get used t o get scared get tired get dressed They got married in 1989.advance He works very hard because he wants to get ahead in his job. • get + (to) place = arrive I got home at six. What time do you get to school? • get + object + infinitive . He didn't get it. Appendix C = . ... Do you and your roommate get aLong well? • get around to something == find the time to do something I wanted to write my brother a letter yesterday. (continued) .have a good relationship She does n't get along with her mother-in-law. • get away with something . • get + adjective . she got ma laria. persuade She got him to wash the dishes. _ S i + 4 S $ 4ut ::48. • get along (well) (with someone) .escape punishment He cheated on his taxes and got away with it. • get away = escape The police chased the thief.catch While she was traveLing.. The boss explained the project to us.receive I got a letter from my father. • get a joke or an idea "" understand Everybody except Tom laughed at t he joke. C44 = e . • "$ <:st4 eo_=q • PS I Pse The Verb GET Get has many meanings. but he got away. act) • s s=. but I didn't get it.. • get an illness .become get hungry get sleepy get ric h get dark get nervous get angry get well get old get upset get fat It gets dark at 6:30. • get ahead . • get rid of someone or something'" free oneseLf of someone or something undesirable My apartment has roaches.be caught and punished for doing something wrong They got in trouble for cheating on the t est . • get on "" seat yourself on a bicycle. 1 • get over something . but she cou ldn't get through to him. motorcycle. horse She got on the motorcycle and left. everyone got out.get revenge My brother wa nts t o get back at me for st ealing his girlfriend. • get together"" meet with another person i I'd like to see you again. • get off "" leave a bicycle. but her line was busy. • get on . but I'm going to try to get out of it.finish I can meet you afte r I get through with my homework. • " • get up .have just enough but nothing more On her saLary. She can't afford a car or a vacation. horse. and I can't get rid of them. • get in(to) '" enter a car She got in the car and drove away quickly. (an she get back to you tomorrow? • get by . train.arise from bed He woke up at six o'clock. • get back to someone . • get through (to someone) . • get back at someone . I couldn't get t hroug h. airplane I They will get off the train at the next stop. motorcycle. she's just getting by. I tried to call my mot her many times. • i • get out of something "" escape responsibility I My boss wants me to help him on Saturday.communicate. • get out (of) = leave a car When the taxi arrived at the th eater. ai rpLane She got on the bus and took a seat in the back. often by telephone She t ried to explai n the harm of eating fast food to her son.recover from an illness or disappointment She has the flu thi s week. bus. • get in trou ble . bus. .enter a train. When can we get together? .communicate with someone at a later time The boss can't talk to you today. but he didn't get up until 6:30. AP IO Appendix C / The Verb GET . • get through (with somet hing) .. • get back"" return He got back from his vacation last Saturday. I hope she gets over it soon. ID is ofuen omi~: "He .Appendix D· $lE _ \ §' I j 4 a • . I learned to speak English .'e (continued) AOI)f'nd ix D I Gerund and Infini tive Panerns APt1 . helped me (10) fl1()'I. agree claim know how seem appear consent learn swear arrange decide manage tend ask demand need threaten attempt deserve offer try be able expect plan voLunteer beg fail prepare want can afford forget pretend wish care hope promise would like choose intend refuse 2. advise convince hire require allow dare instruct select appoint enabLe invite teach ask encourage need tell beg expect order urge cause forbid permit want challenge force persuade warn choose get remind would like command help· 'NQcr: After Mp. Verb + Infinitive They need to leave. 'P:: S$$ la Gerund and Infinitive Patterns 1..i el!!lC me: . He expects me to eaU him. Verb + Noun/Object Pronoun + Infinitive I want you to leave . afraid disturbed lucky sorry ashamed eager pleased surprised amazed foolish prepared upset careful fortunate proud willing content free ready wrong delighted glad reluctant determined happy sad disa ppointed likely shocked 4. She delayed goi ng to the doctor.3. Verb + Gerund J enjoy dancing . We're willing to help you. Adjective + Infinitive They are happy to be here. admit detest miss resent advise discuss permit resist anticipate dislike postpone risk appreciate enjoy practice stop avoid finish put off suggest can't help forbid quit tolerate complete imagine recall understand consider keep (on) recommend delay mention regret deny mind remember API2 Appendix 0 / Gerund and Infinitive Patterns . .. for blame .. about (continued) / p r .. ..... . from thank . I look forward to having my own apartment.. for forgive .. . adjust to concentrate on forget about refrain from argue about depend on insist on succeed in beLieve in (dis)approve of look forward to talk about caTe about dream about object to think about complain about feel li ke plan on worry about Adjective + Preposition + Gerund I'm fon d of traveling.. to prevent . accuse ... She's not accustomed to eating alone..5.. Preposition + Gerund Verb + Preposition + Gerund We talked about moving. from suspect . . for prohibit . I apologized to him for forgetting his birthday. of devote . from warn . from stop .. . for responsible for upset about concerned about gUilty of sony about used to excited about (in)capable of suitable for wo rried about Verb + Object + Preposition + Gerund I thanked him for helping me.-l . of apologize to . They went shopping yesterday.. 'n t P PI . Expressions with Go + Gerund He goes fishing every Saturday.. go boating go hiking go sightseeing go bowling go hunting go skating go camping go jogging go skiing go dancing go sailing go swimming go fishing go shopping 6.. accustomed to famous for interested in sure of afraid of fond of lazy about surprised at appropriate for good at proud of tired of ashamed of grateful to .. for keep .. Noun + Gerund He has difficulty speaking English. Gerund After Preposition in Certain Expressions Who's in charge of coUecting the papers? What is your reason for coming late? impression of in favor of in the midd le of requirement for in charge of instead of need for technique for in danger of interest in reason for the point of 7. She had a problem finding a job.ading . I started to read. Verb + Gerund or Infinitive (with little or no difference in meaning) They like to sing. attempt intend begin like can't stand Love continue neglect deserve prefer hate start hesitate AP 14 Appendix D / Gerund and Infinitive f'Httems . She spent three weeks looking for an apartment. They like singing. Use a gerund after the noun in these expressions: have a difficult time have a hard time have difficulty have a problem have experience have trouble have fun spend time/ money have a good time there's no use 8. I started r. '0. . • A j..I± . = • . " Verbs and Adjectives Followed by a Preposition Many verbs and adjectives are fo llowed by a pre position.. . . . accuse someone of (be) familiar with (be) prepared for/to (be) accustomed to (be) famous for prevent (someone) from adjust to feel like prohibit (someone) from (be) afraid of (be) fond of protect (someone) from agree with forget about (be) proud of (be) amazed at/by forgive someone for recover from (be) angry about (be) glad about (be) related to (be) angry at/with (be) good at rely on/upon apologize for (be) grateful to someone for (be) responsible for approve of (be) guilty of (be) sad about argue about (be) happy about (be) satisfied with argue with hear about (be) scared of (be) ashamed of hear of (be) sick of (be) aware of hope for (be) sorry about believe in (be) incapable of (be) sorry for blame someone for insist on/ upon speak about (be) bored with/by (be) interested in speak to/with (be) capable of (be) involved in succeed in care about (be) jealous of (be) sure of/about care for (be) known for (be) surprised at compare to/with (be) lazy about take care of complain about listen to talk about concentrate on look at talk to/with (be) concerned about look for thank (someone) for consist of look forward to (be) thankful (to someone) count on (be) mad about for deal with (be) mad at think about/of decide on (be) made from / of (be) tired of depend on/upon (be) married to (be) upset about (be) different from object to (be) upset with disapprove of (be) opposed to (be) used to (be) divorced from participate in wait for dream about/of plan on warn (someone) about (be) engaged to pray to (be) worried about (be) excited about pray for worry about A ndix E / Verbs and Adiectives Fo llowed a Pre osit-ion AP 15 .Appendix E _. Patterns: He gave a present to his wife. No preposition is used. The preposition used is for.. Group 1 Pronouns affect word order. P& ASS.4C . Patterns: She asked the teacher a question. The preposition used is to. (00 for 10) He bought her a ca r. (10/ 00) He gave it to her.Appendix F • . It also can depend on whether you use a noun or a pronoun as the object. (00 for 10) He bought his daughter a car. (00 to 10) He gave his wife a present. The preposition used is to. Patterns: He bought a car for his daughter. (10/ 00) She asked him a questio n. (00 to 10) He explained it to her. (00 for 10) He cashed it for her. (00 to 10) He gave her a present. _ E _. " x • ( Direct and Indirect Objects The order of direct and indirect objects depends on the verb you use. (10/ 00) He bought it for his daughter. The preposition used is for. (10/ 00) He gave it to his wife. (00 to 10) Verbs: bring lend pass sell show teach give offer pay send sing tell hand owe read serve take write Group 2 Pronouns affect word order... Patterns: He cashed a check for his friend.. (00 for 10) Verbs: answer change design open prescribe cash close fix prepare pronounce Group 5 Pronouns don't affect word order. • z ea * £. (00 to 10) Verbs: admit introduce recommend say announce mention repeat speak describe prove report suggest explain Group 4 Pronouns don't affect word order. (10/ 00) Verbs: ask charge cost wish take (with time) AP t 6 Append ix F / Direct and Indirect O bjects . (00 for 10) Verbs: bake buy draw get make build do find knit reserve Group 3 Pronouns don't affect word order. = ee . Patterns: He explained the problem to his friend. (10/ 00) He bought it for her. does/dl\Z/ say/sei/ --says/sEl/ (continued) Appendix G / Spelling and Pronunciation of Ve rbs APl7 .runs voiced sounds. Appendix G 14 OI U s_ e $. sh. x. S) < 40 . ch.aQi4IU CJ$i <_S>C!? 1 $ $$ 6ws:::. ch. u. carry carries change the y to j and add -es_ worry worries When the base form ends in a vowel + y. eat-eats Laugh. /all buzz buzzes wash washes catch catches fix fixes When the base form ends in a consonant + Y. miss misses add -es and pronounce an extra syLlabLe. we pronounce an extra syLLable.Laughs We pronounce /z/ if the verb ends in most live. do pay pays not change the y.04$" . go goes do does Three Pronunciations of the -s Form We pronounce / s/ if the verb end s in these hope-hopes pick-picks voiceLess sounds: / p t k f/. obey obeys Add -es to go and do. sh.misses fix-fixes se.sat. ge. or x. grab-grabs sing-sings read-reads bo rrow-bo rrows When the base form ends in ss. $.0 nce:z sa. miss.. ' " wo OD (Of Spelling and Pronundation of Verbs Spelling of the -s Form of Verbs Rule Base form -s Form Add -5 to most verbs to make the -5 form_ hope hopes eat eats When the base form ends in ss. wash-washes change--changes watch--watches dance--dances These verbs have a change in the voweLsound. dO/ du/ .lives run. or ce. buzz-buzzes use-uses / al/. u.W . double refer referring the final consonant only if the last syllable is admit admitting stressed. drop the e live living before adding -ing. s top stopping II I ( V( sit sitting III (V( g r a b grabbing III ( V( Do not double the final w. do not double the final consonant. 6pen opening offer offering limit limiting develop developing If the word ends in a consonant + e. begin beginning rebel rebelling When the last syllable of a multi-syllable word is listen listening not stressed. or y_ show showing mix mixing stay staying For a two-syllable word that ends in CVc. x. dou ble the final III (V( consonant and add -ing. take taking write writing arrive arriving AP 18 Appendix G / Spelli ng and Pronunciati on o( Verbs . carry carrying For a one-syllable verb that ends in a consonant + p I an planning vowel + consonant (CVC).Spelling of the -ing Form of Verbs Rule Base Form -Ing Form Add -ing to most verbs_ eat eating go going study studying Note: 00 not remove the y for the -ing form . die died live lived When the base form ends in a consonant + y. k. stay stayed For a one-syllable word that ends in a consonant + s top stopped vowel + consonant «(VC). p I u g plugged II I ( V( Do not double the final w or x. double the final consonant II I ( V( and add -ed. cl.needed 1001 if the base form ends in hate-hated add-added decide-decided a It! or Idl sound. add -d on ly. f . worry worried When the base form ends in a vowel + y.freed use. s. permit permitted When the last syllable of a multi-syllable wo rd is not open opened stressed. double the occur occurred finaL consonant only if the last syllabLe is stressed.rubbed charge-charged bang. s.wanted need.massaged fear-feared bathe-bathed name-named free. carry carried change the y to i and add -ed. do not destroy destroyed change the y. We pronounce a I dl if the rub. sew sewed fix fixed For a two-syllable word that ends in (VC. A ndixG / S lIi n. happen happened develop developed Pronunciation of Past Forms that End in -ed The past ten se with -ed has three pronunciations. love. We pronounce a It! if the base jump-jumped cough-coughed wash-washed form ends in these voiceless cook-cooked kiss-kissed watch-watched sounds: l p.used learn-learned stay.and Pronu nciation of Verbs APl9 .dragged glue-glued call-called sounds.Spelling of the Past Tense of Regular Verbs Rule Base Form -ed Form Add -ed to the base form to make the past tense of start started most regular verbs. kick kicked When the base form end s in e.banged base form ends in most voiced drag. do not double the final consonant.stayed We pronounce an extra syllabLe wait-waited want.loved massage. P o lish. Kurds.) • Names o f orga nizations.-.--~--"""--. H ein le Cengage. Span ish.. President Lincoln.).~. hotels: the R epublican P arty. --~"". R ogersi Mrs. • The word "In. Americans. Canadians. Independence Day • Important words in a title: Grammar in Context. buildings. George ·W ashington • Titles preceding names of people: Doctor (Dr.--------.---------'-.) Sm ith. The Old Man and [he Sea. W all Street (St.--. Monday • Holidays: Christmas.'-'~. • Names of people: Julia R oberts. Spaniards.---. Vietnamese: Russ ian • Months: January: February • Days: Sunday..--'~------~.~. Carter • Geographic names: th e United States. AP20 Appendix H / Capita lizatio n Rules . compan ies.~.--. stores. Appendix H . Queen Elizabeth.). lake Superior. the Rocky Mountains.. Abbey Road (Rd. The Sound of M usic NO'rE: Capitalize "the" as the first word of a title. Eskimos • Languages: English. • Street names: Pe nnsylvania Avenue (Ave.--"--"""-------=~.~. R omeo and }uliet. D arrmou<h College. Jews. My sister a nd 1 took a trip together. the University of Wisconsinj the White H ouse. B loum ingdale'si the Hilcon Hotel • Nationalities and ethnic groups: Mexicans.". the Mississippi River NOTE: The word "the" in a geographic name is not capitalized. Mr. . coll eges. Califo rnia.:-=- Capitalization Rules • The fi rst word in a sentence: My fr ie nds are helpful.. and sheriffs (continued) Appendix I / Plural Fonns of Nouns AP2t . and avocados forfe leaf f + ves leaves Izl knife knives Exceptions: beliefs. • $I _ . x. . cliffs.. s. Appendix I SW46: I( . . te Wo '$ Plural Forms of Nouns REGULAR NOUN PLURALS Word Ending Example Noun Plural Addition Plural Form Pronunciation Vowel bee +s bees Izl banana bananas ch. sopranos. £0%2:.:0 =:& s.. sh. solos. aLtos. chiefs. ss church + es churches lazl di sh dishes box boxes bus buses class classes Voiceless consonants cat +s cats Isl lip lips month months Voiced consonants card +s cards Izl pm pms VoweL + y boy +s boys Izl day days Consonant + y lady 1+ ies ladies Izl story stories Vowel + 0 video +s videos Izl radio radios Consonant + 0 potato +es potatoes Izl hero heroes Exceptions: photos... .. chefs. .se. .. roofs. pianos.. . . autos. . ) foot feet goose geese sheep sheep No change fish fish deer deer child children Different word form person people (OR persons) mouse mIce (eye)glasses Jeans No singular form belongings pajamas clothes pants/ slacks goods scissors groceries shorts alumnus alumni us ~ i cactus cacti (OR cactuses) radius radii stimulus stimuli syllabus syllabi (OR syllabuses) analysis analyses is -+ es crisis crises hypothesis hypotheses oasis oases parenthesis parentheses thesis theses appendix appendices (OR appendixes) . IRREGULAR NOUN PLURALS Si ngular Plu ral Expla nation man men Vowel change woman women (Note: The first vowel in tooth teeth women is pronounced /1/ .x -+ ices OR -+ ixes index indices (OR indexes) ex -+ ices OR -+ exes bacterium bacteria urn --+ 0 curriculum curricula datum data medium media memorandum memoranda criterion criteria ion -+ a phenomenon phenomena on -+0 alga algae D -+ De formula formulae (00 formulas) vertebra vertebrae AP22 Appendix I / Plura l Forms of Nouns . 2 square yards yd' square kllometers km' 0.62 miles m. Note: 12 inches .54 centimeters cm feet Etr.8 square meters m' square miles mi 2 2.1 yard Area When You Know Symbol Multiply by To Find Symbol square inches in2 6. feet ft 0.:. a I a c s eh oc .5 centimeters cm ID i .1 foot 3 feet / 36 inches . 4" $ $14& .Appendix J taws .6 squa re ki lo meters km' Metric: square centimeters cm' 0.16 square inches .28 feet ft meters m 1. :.76 square feet ft' square meters m' 1. 1.39 inches '" centimeters cm 0. e. e =.3 meters m yards yd 0. ' .09 yards yd kilometers km 0.91 meters m miles m. .6 kilo meters km Metric: centimeters cm 0. • CA C'CS {4 • _ ii @ : Metric Conversion Chart Length When You Know Symbol Multiply by To Find Symbol inches in 2.03 feet ft meters m 3. . .. 0.5 squa re centimeters cm' square feet ft.09 square meters m' square yards yd' 0.: .39 square miles mil (continued) Append ix J / Metric Conversion Chart AP23 . in 2 square meters m' 10. " .>jii ii#t!!l ft 30. 35 grams g pounds lb 0.~ ".0 milliliters ml pints quarts ~n .2 pounds lb Note: 1 pound .8 liters l Metric: milliliters ml 0.26 gallons gal AP24 Appendix J / Metric Conw rsion Chart .11 pints pt Liters L 1.05 quarts qt liters L 0.Q3 fluid ounces fl Ol liters l 2. ": f pt qt 0.04 ounces Ol kilograms kg 2.45 kilograms kg Metric: grams g 0.95 liters liters l l gallons gal 3.16 ounces Volume When You Know Symbol MUltiply by To Find Symbol fluid ounces ft Ol 30.Weight (Mass) When You Know Symbol Multiply by To Find Symbol ounces Ol 28.47 0. 18 10 -12 20 -7 32 0 40 4 50 10 60 16 70 21 80 27 90 32 100 38 212 100 A ndix J / Mcnic Convers ion Chart AP25 . degrees Celsius O( then multiply by '" Metric: degrees Celsius O( Multiply by 'I"~ degrees Fahrenheit of then add 32 Sample temperatures Fahrenheit Celsius 0 .Temperature When You Know Symbol Do this To Find Symbol degrees Fahrenheit OF Subtract 32. angry. **Other two-syllable adjectives that have two forms: handsome. clever... stupid AP26 Appendix K / Comparative and Superlative Forms . more simple the most simpLe common commoner the commonest more common the most common Adjectives with three or more important more important the most important syllables difficult more difficult the most difficu lt -ly adverbs quickly more quickly the most quickly brightly more brightly the most brightly Irregula r adjectives and good/well better the best adverbs bad/badly worse the worst far farther the farthest little less the least a lot more the most Language Notes: 1. friendLy.. I A _ $ . 4 4 e ea • os ht ue Comparative and Superlative Forms Comparative and Superlative Forms Simple Comparative Superlative One-syllable adjectives and tall taller the tallest adverbs· fast faster the fastest Two-syllable adjectives that easy easier the easiest end in y happy happier the happiest Other two-syllable adjectives frequent more frequent the most frequent active more active the most active Some two-syllable adjectives simple simpLer the si mpLest have two forms. polite.Appendix K $ cc _ • • ha = it • t)& $ = CC. * . quiet. narrow. * Exceptions to one-syllable adjectives: bored mOTe bored the most bored tired mOTe ti red the most tired 2. gentLe.. She looks as pretty as a picture. I have more time than you (do).~. nmd. {td.TIhS include br.wnll. He doesn't work as hard as his wife (does) .look. arnl . She seems more intelligent than her sister. (continued) A ndix K / Comparative and Superlative Fomls AP27 .S.The Superlative Form Subject Verb Superlative Form + Noun Prepositional Phrase Alaska is the biggest state in the U. smn. 'The linking . The Comparative Form Subject Linki ng Verb' Comparative Adjective Than Noun/Pronoun She 15 ta ller than her sister (is).S. Comparisons with Nouns Subject Verb Comparative Word + Noun Than Noun/Pronoun I wo rk fewer hours than you (do). Subject Verb Phrase As Adverb As Noun/Pronoun She speaks Eng lish as fluently as her husband (does). Equality or Inequality with Adjectives and Adverbs Subjeet Linking Verb As Adjective As Noun/Pronoun She isn't as old as her husba nd (is). I sleep less than you (do) . Subjeet Verb Phrase Comparative Adverb Than Noun/Pronoun I speak Eng lish more fluently than my sister (does) . California 15 the most populated state in the U. She isn't the same height as her brother (is). AP28 Appendix K / Compararivc and Superlative Forms . Equality or Inequality with Nouns ~iltt~m A Subject Verb The Same Noun As Noun/Pronoun She wears the same size as her mother (does). Subject Verb As Much As Noun/Pronoun . I don't drive as much as you (do). Regular coffee tastes like decaf. Similarities Using Like/Alike Pattern A Subject Unking Verb Like Noun/Pronoun Sugar looks li ke salt.Equality or Inequality with Quantities Subject Verb As Many/Much Noun As Noun/Pronoun She works as many hours as her husband (does). Chicken doesn't cost as much as meat (does). Regular coffee and decaf taste alike. Pattern D Subject & Subject Linking Verb Alike Sugar and salt look alike. She and her brother aren't the same height. ~i1tt~m D Subject & Subject Verb The Same Noun She and her mother wea r the same size. Milk doesn't have as much fat as cream (does). . Today isn't Sunday. I have a cat. Glossary of Grammatical Terms • Adjective An adjective gives a description of a noun.<T d rink coffee. She speaks Spanish- Some se ntences have a main clause and a dependent clause. She speaks Engli sh extreme!. • Adverb An adve rb describes the action o f a verb. MAIN CLAUSE DEl'ENDENTClAUSE (time clause) She'll turn off the light befo re she goes to bed.. • Apostrophe' We use the apostrophe for possession and contractions. My neighbors are nice. eat. • Adverb of Frequency An adverb o f frequency rells how o fte n the action happens. " • • = = . My sister's friend is beautiful. (continued) . • Base Form The base fo rm. He can 't driue. • Auxiliary Verb Some verbs have twO parts: an auxiliary verb a nd a main verb. Some sentences h ave only one clause. • Article The definite article is the. I ate an apple. ufrhe verb has no te nse. He's an old man.s or -ed): be. MAIN ClAUSE OEPENDE"o'T ClAUSE (if clause) I'll take yo u to the doctor if you don't have yo ur car o n Saturday. • Clause A clause is a group of words th at has a subject and a verb. We don't knotv you. It has no e nding (. sometimes callecl the "simple" (onn. They "suall.. . write. I drive CLlTef"II. The indefinite articles are a a nd an. She speaks Engli sh {luently... or anothe r adverb. • Affirmative means yes. It's a (all tree. take.. take the bus. • Capital Letter A BeD E F G . He can't study. 3n adjective. well. 1>lo\l:-< CLo\USE DEPENDENT ClAUSE (reason clause) She fou nd a good job because she has computer skills. Appendix l •a . We wi fl retu rn . I d idn 't go out. I net. The teacher came late. She is very intelligent. go. I n. hardly etJfT. sometimes. AP30 Append ix L I G lossary of Grammarical Ternls . c. • Hyphen - • Imperative An imperative se ntence gives a command or instructions. • Infinitive An infinitive is LO + base fonn. Don'L be late. They have a singu lar and a plural fonn. NOTE: 'Y is sometimes considered a vowel. b. Her husband drives faster than she does. .etI('1' drink coffee. He works hard.3 pens 1 table . We al4. r. It completes the verb ph rase. • Linking Verb A linking verb is a verb that lin ks the subject to the noun or adjective after it. My ho use is bigger than your house. as in the world syllable. s. i. appear.he ~) (You're . He's my brother. She is a doctor. usually.you are) (tOOTl'. t V. k. g.. {eel.r3tive form o( an adjective or adverb is used to compare two things. generall)" often. X.s. • Direct Object A direct object is a noun (phrase) Or pronoun that rece ives the action of the verb. We saw the mooie. tI.. seldom. L. • Exclamation Mark ! • Frequency Words Frequency words are alua). look. smeU. taste. You have a nice car.will not) • Count Noun Count nouns are nouns that we can count. You need to be here on time. p. Please sit down. She seems very intelligent. f. netJef. They are la".OO'Ys do our homework.. An im perative sentence omits the word )'Ou. q. n. rarely. sound.1. • Colon s • Comma • Comparative Form A comp. • Complement TI1e complement of the sentence is the info rmation after the verb. I slept far five haurs. • Contraction A contraction is made up of twO YIO rds put together with an apostro phe. 'Y. • Consonant The fo llowing letters are consonants. She lacks tired.4 tables • D ependent Clause See Clause. (He's . You 're late. d. Come here. seem. I want to leave. z. ~ m. ll1ey UIOn't talk to me. It. I pen . Linking verbs include be. I love you. you. He likes her. • Object P ronoun Use object pronouns (me. • Nou n A no un is a person (brother). need. Present The present participle is verb + . him. mean.ogether. think. My sisters live in New York. Do you need any money? We had a '0< of homeu. Let's talk about it. They were laughing. like. see. We d o nor use a continuo us tense (be + verb -ing) with a nc naction verb. • Object The object of the sentence foll ows the verb. • Noncount Noun A no nCQu n[ no un is a noun that we do n't count. • Parentheses () • Paragraph A paragraph is a group of sentences about one to pic. 1 met your brother. will. I bough. The nc naction verbs arc: believe. might. There is a stra nge car in front of m.. know.. Last month my sister came to visit. • Period • P hrase A group of words tha. He prepared so me rice.al. and se nse-percepti o n verbs. We Love our mother. It h as no plural fo rm.jng. shauW. She has a laprop. You look great. have. own. a place (kitchen). us.• Modal The modal verbs are can. N ouns can be either count (1 table. Sh e drank some water. A.. undersUlncl. It receives the acti on of the verb. care. a big box of cer. or a thing (table) . I must go. utln t. them) after the verb or prepositio n. I saw a mooie.ery nice woman helped me at registration. remember. seem.. (continued) Annf>:nclix L I G los. her. go . Sh e is sleeping. matter. hear.. My brother lives in California. I saw the movie. it. 2 tables) o r no nco unt (money.arv o f G rammatical Terms AP3 1 . • Participle. must. may. I drink coffee every day. would. They shauW leave.ork. Ula ter). Love. He bough' a car. house. I get advice from them. • Negative means no . cou"~ shall. • Nonaction Verb A ncnactio n verb has no action. prefer. • Noun Modifier A noun modifier makes a no un more specific. COSl. fire department Independence Day can opener • Noun P hrase A noun phrase is a group of words that fo rm the subject or object of the sentence. back. or -jng ending. from. with. • Sentence A sentence is a group of words that contains a subject 2 and a verb (at least) and gives a complete thought. I have a new ca r. sound. OUl. Com ma I Colon: Semicolon j Question Mark? Exclamati on Mark! • Question Mark ! • Quotation Marks " " • Regular Verb A regular verb forms its past te nse with -ed. • Plural Plural means more than one. by. I have one television. She WlICChe. He _ ked yesterday. it never has an os. John likes Mary. • Possessive Form Possessive forms show owners hi p o r relationshi p. of. like. Mary 's coat is in the closet. into. She studies unth her friends. My reet are big. down. Did you see the movie? I couldn't find your phone number. My brother lives in Miami. on. to. She reels fine. below. It describes a sense. The wedding was beautiful. in. • Preposition A preposition is a short connecting word: about. N<YfASENTINCE: When she came home • Simple Form of Verb The simple form of the verb. smell. • Pronoun A pronoun takes the place of a noun. -ed. before. I bought it last week. around.! TV a lot. across. auay. SENTENCE: She came home. as. after. under. ooer. • Singular Singular mea ns one. • Sense-Perception Verb A sense-perce ption verb has no action . She ate a sandwich. above. A plural nou n usually ends wi th -s. • Subject The subject of the se ntence tells who or what the sentence is about. also called the base form. for. She has beautifu l eyes. The book is on the table. • -s Form A present tense verb that ends in -s or -e5. at. The sense-perception ve rbs are: look. My sister got married last April. caste. He litJe~ in New York. The coffee smells fresh . behind. up. has no tense. The milk tastes sour. but she doesn't li ke him. AP32 Append ix L / Glossary of G rammatical Terms . feel. I laughed at the joke. • Punctuation Period . off. My brother speaks English the best in my family. We speak Spanish. you. Some ve rbs have no action. l'lr IURf:: She will u.Vfk ing now. Tense shows when the action of the sentence happe ned. He runs faSt .. They speak Japanese.ork tomorrow. SIMPLE PRESENT: She usually works hard. he.peak English. He i. tall. PRESENTCONTll\'\X)US: She is \l. It is used in conversation. Y is sometimes considered a vowel (for example. it. • Superlative Fonn A supe rlative fo rm of an adjective or adverb shows the numbe r one item in a group of th ree Or more. e. U .• Subject Pronouns Use subject pronouns (I. • Vowel The following letters are vowels: a.) change (one syllable) after (ah er . She looks bea uriful. is he? • Tense A verb has tense. They are linking ve rbs. )'ou. she. Yo u seem tired. '"vc. i. D. in the word mystery).twO syllables) look (one syll able) respansible (re·span·si·ble . I . • Verb A verb is the action ohhe sentence. (Some words have o nly o ne syllable. You speak Spani sh. SIMPLE "AST: She worked yesterday. January is the coldest month of the yea r. They connect the subject to the rest of the sentence.four syllables) • Tag Question A tag question is a short questi on at the end of a se ntence. • Syllable A syllable is a part of a word that has o nly o ne vowel sound. they) before a ve rb. don't you? He's n ot happy. . ~ 4'< 5..".crure o n . 11. AP34 Append ix M / Alphaberical Li st of Irregula r Verb Forms .1!iCd in or!. the past furm 10 <eru 10 punishn":"1 byJf:. . . is . $lS_ I $ Alphabetical List of Irregular Verb Forms Base Past Past Base Past Past Form Form Participle Form Form Participle be wa s/were been find found found bear bore born/borne fit fit fit beat beat beaten flee fled fled become became become fly flew flown begin began begun forbid forbade forbidden bend bent bent forget forgot forgotten bet bet bet forgive forgave forgiven bid bid bid freeze froze frozen bind bound bound get got golten bite bit bitten glVe gave glVen bleed bled bled go went gone blow blew blown grind ground ground break broke broken grow grew grown breed bred bred hang hung hung} bring brought brought have had had broadcast broadcast broadcast hear heard heard build built built hide hid hidden burst burst burst hit hit hit buy bought bought hold held held cast cast cast hurt hurt hurt catch caught caught keep kept kept choose chose chosen know knew known cling clung clung lay laid laid come came come lead led led cost cost cost leave left left creep crept crept lend lent lent cut cut cut let let let deal dea lt dealt lie lay lain dig dug dug light lit/ lig hted lit/lighted dive dove/dived dove/dived lose lost lost do did done make made made draw drew drawn mean meant meant drink drank drunk meet met met drive drove driven mistake mistook mistaken eat ate eaten overcome overcame overcome fall feU fallen overdo overdid overdone feed fed fed overtake overtook overtaken feel felt felt overthrow overth rew overthrown fig ht fought fought pay paid paid 'HIl"""" is tNd..Appendix M " .>I>il: ")C . so.Ieh.11. .... hat".. " IUlltio.. the l.". Base Past Past Base Past Past Form Form Parttdple Form Form Parttd ple plead pled/pleaded pled/pleaded sting stung stung prove proved proven/proved stink stank stunk put put put strike struck struck/stricken quit quit quit strive strove striven read read read swear swore sworn ride rode ridden sweep swept swept ring rang rung swell swelled swelled/swollen rise rose risen swim swam swum run ran run swing swung swung say said said take took taken see saw seen teach taught taught seek sought sought tear tore torn sell sold sold tell told told send sent sent think thought thought set set set throw threw thrown sew sewed sewn/sewed understand understood understood shake shook shaken uphold upheld upheld shed shed shed upset upset upset shine shone/shined shone/shined wake woke woken shoot shot shot wear wore worn show showed shown/showed weave wove woven shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk/shrunken wed wedded/wed wedded/wed shut shut shut weep wept wept sing sang sung Win won won sink sank sunk wind wound wound sit sat sat withdraw withdrew withdrawn sleep slept slept withhold withheld withheld slide slid slid withstand withstood withstood slit slit slit wring wrung wrung speak spoke spoken write wrote written speed sped sped Note: spend spent spent The past and past participLe of some verbs can spm spun spun end in -ed or -to spit spit spit burn burned or burnt split split split dream dreamed or dreamt spread spread spread kneel kneeled or knelt spnng sprang sprung Learn Learned or learnt stand stood stood leap leaped or leapt steal stole stolen spill spilled orspilt stick stuck stuck spoil spoiled or spoilt . • AL Alabama HI Hawaii MA Massachusetts NM New Mexico SD South Dakota AK Alaska ID Idaho MI Michigan NY New York TN Tennessee /lZ Arizona IL Illinois MN Minnesota NC North Carolina TX Texas AR Arkansas IN Indiana MS Mississippi ND North Dakota UT Utah CA California lA Iowa MO Missouri OH Ohio VT Vermont CO Colorado KS Kansas MT Montana OK Oklahoma VA Virginia CT Connecticut KY Kentucky NE Nebraska OR Oregon WA Washington DE Delaware LA Louisiana NV Nevada PA Pennsylvania WV West Virginia FL Florida ME Maine NH New Hampshire RI Rhode Island WI Wisconsin GA Georgia MD Maryland NJ New Jersey SC South Carolina WY Wyoming DC' District of Columbia 'The District of Columbia is not a state. D. VT \. .. Note: Washington....... AZ •Santa Fe OK "-.\ """".( .. " . - AK Concord i ..• • DE ---t--- Cow< I-CIty l05A~ . Mountam time zone • WA Centra' time zone . • J8Ckson • TX t.Appendix N Map of the United States of America .. \J---~ ~~ .." ~T" ~ • OR • •BOdO on 10 1 so NY . MS AL "'.Aleuti an time zone '. . Washington. TN NC ·RaI. D.. D. Juneau s...- • .~ ~i.... MI "'*" k-Q L WY li""'"" . Eastern tIme l o ne • .t lake' C Oy ~.. • *s..~j L~ --J"" • rallalVl9see • • FL • HawaII... .' r-- ... "'.... and Washington state are not the same.. ... is the capital of the United States. Alaska Pa cific ti me zone time zone . AP36 Appendix N / Map of the United States of America ....C.. ..~ ~... . \ OH CA UT •Oonve< CO MO KS T..C. I """.... .... . MT i ME ' . •Phoe"" NM -(Sc~ ~ru Wnhlngton. GA .C....' - . NH f ' • . '. ougfu w. vs. 340 uses of. 100 10. 78 reason and purpose in.J by noun clauses.s jve voice. 285 41 9 wilh continuOlls te nses. must. 3 44 with p. 102 pnrticiples as. \\-. 156. 230. 77 B after indefinite prono uns. 328 Apostrophe \v1th has. 238 with passive voice.. 111 Activ~ \'oice wirh pas' perfecl rense."l rt ici pies. 243. a nd 394 preposi tions after. 33. 41 widl p. 38 with pasl p. 138. telXlrting imperatives With.. 73 widl il/ unle:u/aren if. 73 with prest!nt perfect tense. with present perfect tense. gel.t partic iple.. 111 .'lst continllo lls tense. 100 Il< with relative prono un as subject. 151 adjectives clauses. 138 Be allou'Cd to.64.67 328-338 Ald". nonessellfial. ge l. with simple p. 86-87 328. with et'tT. 79-80 Advice with should. 4-5. 41 Base form in(o nn:ll vs. 62 Be permitted 10.1St perfecT tense in. 33. 230 widl past continuous tense.11 p<\st perfect continuo lls Be ~upposed 10. 83 Ago. pm. 38 Be able 10.. 2 1 te nse. 284 1:>. 10 with adjecrives. 370 with real condirion. 340 with tm nsiriw \'t:rbs. I 11 before p.44 Because. with intr.. 344 Anyuqry with com rast. 118 314 235.r perfect te nse. 64 o verview. simple pasr tense with.!!h. 62 with present perfect tense. gel.236 with recenlly. 61 s ho rtened to descriptive phrases.ht'Te()Tuhen in. 100 vs. 100 Auxi liary verbs after wish.'lsr con rin llolls te nse. vs. 33.112 with past perfect conti nuo us afrer sense-perception verbs. 138 after expressio ns o f urgency. ge l used to and used 10. 262 . with relative pro no un as object. 33. 38 \~ . 164 238.. to show feelings.m sitive verh<l. f0n11al. 330 As a 'l'd U". with yet. because of. 82-83 262-263 Affirmative srntements \'s. 11 8 \'s.t perfect continuolls Already Actio n verbs. 232.. had "'''''' 146 Adjecrivc cla uses. 62 374 overview. 15 1 td tO/tIJwm/ lhal/ wruch in widl passive voice.259 with gel + pru. 25 vs.244-245 tense."lst te nse .'lst participles. infinilives. 263 with be \ 'S.261 Affirmarive quesrio ns 438-439 essential vs.'l. prepos itions. 209 with I'I1OIWt and infiniriw.'>Sive voice. 86-87 «.82-83 rime in. 293 quesrions with. 138. 5 .18 with modals. 135 ( )11om. 33. 138. 349 pasT. 60. 3 10 wi th passive vo ice. 330 Index It . 86-87 232.hase + a n o un . 138 with u. 13. 43 Be used 00. 249 with late". with with mcxlals.Index A with pru.. Appositives. AP3 -8 with enough and infinitive. 244-245 with alroody. 60. 247 with modals. 118 with pru.t. 235. 6 1. 293 tense. te nse. 189.41 9 Articles. A> infinitives after. 31 0 with p. 34 258. \Votd o rder in. 109 with present perfect tense. 144 AJverb(s) with present perfecr continuo us in pasr.190 Adverbia l (dependenr) clauses. 9 Adjecrh-e(s) punctuation in sen tences wirh.236 with past perfect tense.. 334-335 Ask. ed verb end ing with pasr form. 20 puncruation with. 34 Gt't used w. 111 C. could runt' + with be supposed ro. 140 Expecrariol\s in if clause. J 49 mOl in. Et'tr passive \lo ice wi th. \'S. 293 For this reason.S befo re. Mt'f'. 164 But. 388. differences in wi th continuous result. 151 383 F". 33. See Noun clauses D Furure. 434 Et-'ffi though. 284 form.w ho. 388 Had been able to vs. 434 12 Index . gerund. 146 noun clauses as. 304 past. 303 wirh havt' or has. 386. mooals negative (o rm of. 335 afrer preposir.ition . 383 for suggestions. 199 tense. nonessential adjective meaning. 161 with object and infi nitive. must not a nd should not. ". 302 Conditions. could + base with past perfect tt!nse. past.14 with adverbia l clauses. with no ch. 340 with say (ro). 349 During. 256. not met. 213 with present perft!CT continuo us CI:luses with unreal conditions in past. shon ening nOlln d. 298 with no nessenlin l adjective Don't MtIt to overview.. 291 word o rde r wirh..1. 444 S. 125 Olflf)ot. with real conditio ns. 62. 430 \vith past continuo us tense. l OO. passive vo ice. 2 1 adjective. 353 with rime. 13 Dependent clauses.'. 146 <Ast with infinitives. 434 with base form. 306 implied. 16 1 wi th unreal conditio ns. Unreal conditio ns 389-390 H Contrast.'lus. past. 340. 386 Go.ent.Born. See Adverbial Could". AP2 with s imple past tense. 13 adverbial. 156 passive fo rm of. 138. 295-299.""". Set Adjective dlllses 434 with ptesent perfect tense.wse with. 6 meaning. 298 separating time clause preceding as subject. 41 9 209 vs. 334 338 adjective cla uses sho rtened to." 142 Col1rTary-to-(acr conditions. 284 Continuous verbs with mexlals. Descri prive ph rnses clauses. reponed speech.io ns.IIU. 3.s vs. simple past tense in. 344 . 434 C sho rtening nOlln clause wirh. fry wilh P'lssi"c voice. 427 Enough before infi nitives. nonessential. AP9-1Q pteo. 349 no un . 25 conditions. 368 afte r 100 ma'lJ.. 340 as causative verb.41 9 Et-ten if. 69 after go. 349 past participle. te nse. 295 cla uses. gerunds after. 335 defi r. com n'l. 138. 102 E after verbs.258-259 G". 60. 9. 290. mexbls for. 303 4 19 Direction. be with adjectives and past vs. 295.374 \'s . in time changed to participial phrases. not mken. 86-87 with mixed te nses. had bet'flllble 10. Set' vs. real conditions . gerund. 344 vs.. could. 259 vs. 119. 30 5 ma in clause. 295 with sentence connectors. 2 13 past.. 19 1. F Can. wishes about. 434 c1.. APIl .30 (dependent) clauses Count nOUIlS. 77 174 questions with. 199 after no uns. vs. 297 before main clflU8eS. 289 FUl1hennow. See Ad\"erbial Furure tense ti me (depende nr) clauses with present te nse. be used wand used w. 31 0 with had. See Conditions with so man)/so fetA. 263 G Commas Direct objects wit h active and Gemnd(s). 2 15 to show purpose. 73 Could. 293 vs. 297. 4 19 participles.'ltive verbs. 2W. 15 1. 3 10 Contrnct io ns Exact quotes vs. 289 for.. should. 67 conditions with . 161 a".dlOuld. 39 1 Had. 4 19 and past partici ples. 328. comrncr iOl"lS wi[h."mge in unreal Essential vs. 430 with unreal cond itions. 330. 430 with p'St perfect continuous for suggestions. 156 wit h participle. 16 1 293. 262-263 102 essential vs. 388 "Gorta. In.$l Nwt. AP I I . 19 1 adjective clauses afte r.'lnd unless. 4 27 In spite of flu laa that vs. 330 in s ratements llnd questio ns. 383 (or permissio n a nd prohibition. 138 with past tense. in purpose clauses. 9 . 2 11 wirh reported speech.-e (or ur~~ncy.s:1tive ve rb. 434 prommcintio n of. probability in with mixed tenses. oose for m with causati\'t! M(ry not. 16 1 fu le of sequence of tenses in. 2 1 with adjecti\'eS/adverbs and vs. 204 15 33.41 for possibility and probability. 142.tions. 14 2 perfect tense. 377 .iTl8 form for p(~sib ili ty vs. 156 with passive voice. 278 M (xlals and related expressio ns. (o r past m istakes. 278 for necessity. 138 I u-.14 Ma" 138. with implied conditions. 338 questio ns. 140 contrnctions \\ith . 189.7 188. 284 negative (o rm of.190 verbs. f't'etl if . 434 as genmd.'\sr (Y. Logical conclusions.. 290. 290-29 1 fo r expectatio ns. 19 1 after modals vs. 399 after sense-perceprio n verbs. 284 in prcsenl perfect tense. with ask and tell. 146 Ind irect object{s) linking verbs. must fo r. 213 Imperarive(s) to introduce infinitives. 138. 2 17 in present. 344 noun clause to. 168 H(1d to 69 vs.'ll concl usio ns. 164 with simple past tense.Had be. 249 Z84 u-aVUlt"l1' supposed to. 290-29 1. in present perfect tense. 142 434 verbs.oestions. could hat't' + with mixed rense. 430 In order w. in spite 01. 4.176 Z84 ro show puq:n. Help with o bjects nnd i nfjn iri v~. 140 to introduce noun clauses.73 Modals in the pas t.~ + past participle. past.. 20 """'81>. 280 434 Hat'C gOI to. 280 wi th unreal conditions in past. 289 comrnClio ns with. 140. 146 How long as su bject. ction o r nonaction verb. 419 a fter ri me words. 199 In vs. 330 314 in reported speech. transitn. 293 for logic. 140.. 394 305 ZI5 Implied conditio ns. 434 for before objects and. 83 Had bel t('T" !lot. 144 vs. 25 with tOO. 138. In addition. reponing. 344 Inflnitive phrases. with unreal condi tions past and past participles. had to.lho. 434 h continuous form 0(. 138 meaning. 156 Hou'f"l'CT. Z93 M(ry ha. 188-2 18 with real conditions. 138. 156 wirh actin' and passive voice. 285 Maybe. 209 Index t3 . 430 340 (or sugs." marry with presen t after verbs. Intransitive verbs vs.'lti\'C verbs. 19 1 as c:llI. 20 ID before. 289 for advice. mod:'lIs for.'f! after adjectives. aft-er question words. commllS before. 138. 291 Main c111Uses. See Genlllds the present."". 276-295. mU. 69 Milia with CHIs. 191 as . 374 Might 'Ultlf' + past p. 27 vs. gerund. 9. 349 mean ing.o. for with presenl perfecr tense. 41 9 expressions o( importance could + base form vs.'lrticipl e. If conditions with. 142 O\'Ctview. 304 wirh passive vo ice. 374 pasr participle . gerund. 138. 168 How much. 305 with continuous verbs. 284 Migh.lulher to introduce. 4-5 Infinitive(s). 289. 17 4 with present perfect ren~. 430 Irregular \ 'erbs. AP34-35 with aCtive and passive voice.'. with no change in overviev.189 in past. shortening 151 vs.--e + past participle.lrriciple. L mltll hau' vs. rouldn 't ha. 13 with take and COSt. differences in negative. 383 138. 427 (or directio n not taken. 306 for oblib"\tio n. may be. 39 1 M Hru after take and cost. 276 Mistakes. 434 beginning with. 389-390 If clauses with continuolls result.e. 6 . 138 with fmure tense. 2 11 Lately with present perfect tense. In H(". 15 1.. 349 Indefin ite pronoun(s) Let with objects and infinitives.<. 172 before rerx:med que. 204 Hat-Of to. 383 (or possibilities.5 objecrs befo re. 156 with p. 189. AP I6 uses. 156 No un clauses. 349 NOlluwe [0 O bject nou ns and pro nou ns with Must.ct q uotes. 138. 29 1 adverbs with.'e got in if clauses. with gel. 300 Pamphrasing. 368-407 words. with transitiw verbs. 377 object nou ns and prono uns 10 with. 353 10 before. 278 with JXlst continuous tense. 100 Nonessential adjective cb. 353 199 ded uctio n. 138 383 with infinitives. 21. 280 compared to other past tenses. 168 after too !11lIIlY. 168 374 present. 38 69 two objects with. in adjective clauses.ive voice. musl not. be supposed [0.'Itive <lnd neg<ltive vs. 295 Nega tive q uestions shortening to infi nitive ph rases. had (0. 138. vs· active voice.uses. 69 affirmative and negative after too much. 144 \15. past. 168 befo re J. I11 before h>enmds. 293 word orde r with. 33. vs. . 298 verb tenses with.lCn mds. 60 with get + past participle. 293 with P<tst perfect tense. 390 Must nOI. 6 1-62 of used [0. 9 ove rview. 338 after adjectives.1 19 with reported speech. 111 with an agenr. 98 14 Index .190 lOO after verbs. 156 pas.~. 280 as repo n ed speech . 11 0 with present perfect rense. 370 Participles. 298 O ught w hat~. 15 1 247 Participial phrases after time vs. 69 NewT' . AP I -2 after take and cost. See Past participle mWI for. Past contin uo lls tense. 6 2 far \vi th. d irect q uestio ns with. 146 pasr paniciples before. 256 for before infi nitives and. relative form. 370 with mooals. 73 of infinitivt!S. H 9 indirect.More~. 67 in <lffirm. 67 Negative contmctio ns with hatJe/ 377-378 adverbs with . for logic<ll conclusion o r wirh so many/so few. 204 proh<lbility with. 144 count and no ncuunt Opponun ity.. 394 as repo n ed questions. 293 D ughl to. 6 1 NetJ{'fl hele. 67 Nt!gatiw statemen ts o overview. 29 7 punctuatio n with. 156 Nou n(s) supposed W. 83 vs. word order in.108. 100 \vith so much/so little. 100.J I 0 389-390. fo rm. 64 tense. 39 1 125 Noncount nou ns. 399 be wid" 6 1 of i mpemtives..'led. don 't hat'f! 10.ctio n verbs. should. 65 of gerunds. 374 98.our an agent. 6 1 10.399 with gerunds.. shou ldn 'l. hatOf [0. 6 1. 368 affi rmarh:e and negative Negative forms in passive \'oice. . 156 rule o f sequence o f tenses with.. 100 with passive vo ice. 43. 156 O blis.1.>atio n with must or be stmemenrs. 125 \'s. 374 after past tense verbs. 370 statements with. 2 11 whose with. and ha. mocb ls for. 386 as adjectives. ) with past continuo us tense. 172 lin ki ng verbs with. 399 with rom. essential adjective clauses. so to replace.AP I6 q uestions with. before infi nitives. . 62. 67 urgency. . 5. reported speech fo t. n with active and passive voice. 142 as included question. before with past perfect word ord ~ r with. 40 3 wid. of prepositio ns. 83 p M lu t haU!. 60-77 [0. 434 Passive vo ice. 62. 100 258 ~ 259 pronouns as. 370 noun clauses in. See Present p:l rticiple with must. 19 1 prepositions after. 78-86 N as ex.. NOn<l. 78-80 Necess ity after expressions of urgency. 146 for necessity. 295 . 60. 62 of base form for t!xpressio ns of past perfect tense in. 77 Obj' cr(. 6 2 has. 77 with mo(b ls. 142 vs. mis.H O with present perfect tense. 238 overview. 388 by + agem with. 73 with yet. 67 uf modais. 64.. 46 with passi\"e \'Oice. after time words.S. 10 434. 20 with get \'s. \21 . uthiw.·ni\'e quesTions wit h. 11 2 with present perfect continuous be with. 19 1 13 Index 15 .~s. 118 participial. as subjects. 100 \\~t h adverbs. 86-87 tense. nonessential. 111 . b. 41 9 with passive voice. 4 -20. 263 with I't"ef. continuous tensej Past with no rime mentio ned. I 11 98. 125 adjective clauses shortened present. and as. 140 with indefinite past time. might. AP 15 with t4!OVU'('f(' going 10. 98 after linking veru. 12 1. 4. vs. 125 172 nt!f. present perfect tense. si mple p:L<. 349 with alU'ay~ and n l't'l'T. I11 pronou ns.><l tive statements with.I. questions . 438-439 rompmecl to other past {en..fwn. 38 with adverbs. could with 114 Present perfect co ntinuous tense. 33. I11 before genmds. 238 uses. 43 with irrel. 2 1 with past perfcct ren~ . descriptive with continuat ion from past to 98. 119 past.122 with past perfect con tinuo us 86-87 short ans\\'t!rs with. 213 uses of. tense. 10.. 109 tense. Simple JXISC with ongoing activities. Set> Modals in Present perfect tense. 300 101. 79-80. modals for. 290-29 1 1. 100 affiTm. 20 with hat'e. 125 questions. 98 infin itive. 299. after m<xlals. 11 8 with may. 98 as adjective. 104 after because.122 before nou ns. 10 11 8. simple past tense. 438-439 uses of. modals for. present perfect tense. 11 0 in descri pti\'t! phrases. 33. p:L~ t perfect conti nuous with must MW. compared to o ther past tenses. OC/O'Tf'. 11 0 Prepositio n(s) present p:ut iciple with. 11 9 vs. for pasr wishes. 125 objects o f. 125 with couWn't fuwl'.5. l OO 109 after adjectives. 125 rn. 83 o\'erview. 20 could /taw with.t tense. 262 Past partici ples. 4 1 uses o f. 6-7 ' erue (werview.102 98. 399 with already. 111. 438-439 378 affirmative stateme nts with . Past perfect continuous tense. J 18 Phrases 98. III Ptesent participle. 298 with simple past tense. 78 Periods affi rmative and negative twuW fult'e with. 25 present JXlrticiple \\~t h.102 forms. 10 1. with noun clauses as reported 4. 13 with for. 82-83 . 5 used as adjective.18. 215 with wishes. present perfect continuous 338 with how long. API 5 short aI"lS\\'ets with. 13 affirmative srntements ~m d Permission. 102 wirh neu~r .190 perfect tense. 121. 262 U'ovwere in. with pa.. 34 0\'Crview.JUlar ve rn.1se fo rm . 102 with for./recffidy.5. 2 11 compatison of. 109 Past with modals. 125 with regular . aft er noW \S . 27 short answers with. 11 8 adverbs ~fore . 82-83 . questions with.~t h . 25 rense. 46 189. 6 . 100 as adjectives. and could. 78-80 Past fo rm . 109-11 0 after vern. 102 0\'t!rview. 83 with for. 10 Past perfect tense. 77 Past tenses. be.122 Possibility with how much/how many. 98. 125 rompared to ()ther past tenses.11 2 20-2 1. 4-5 vs. 6 the pasr with adverbs...'.. probability in the pas' . 300 vs. 11 8 essenrial vs. 78 with u . 9 forms. 33. 60 Past wishes. in adjective clauses. Past perfect negative fo rms of. 19 1 with latel. 262 'Nit h yet and already.. 125 vs. 78 vs. in adjective clauses. 11 9.t. 11 8 with senrence connectors.'erbs.'!Si\'e voice.112 vs. 2.262-263 cont ractio ns with.. in if clauses.th for. probability in the ptesent. I 00 in noun clauses. 33 with simple paSt tense. in descriptive phrases. 83 with s imple past tense. at end of included q ucsrions. negative questions with. wit h relative wit h rime clauses.~s. 125 wi th get.. forms .7. See Past ronrinllo us fotms 0 (. 83 vs.124. 125 tense. with past continuous tense. 15 1 compared to o ther past tenses. 98 vs. 111 Ptepositio nal ph r. with U -hcfl. 13 Question(s) ti me \\'or(1s in. 138 100 relntive. 62 with mcxlals. simple past tense. 249 with for. pre~ nt. Prese nt wishes. 399 Say vs.Present perfec t tense (continued) with senrenct connectors. modals wifh moc. 25. See Relative pronou ns Quesrion words followed by wilh p:lst perfect continuous Promlnciation infiniti\'CS. word Rule of sequence of lenses. 41 Should not "S. AP33-34 with noun clauses as reporte<l as subject of adjecti"~ clauses. paS I and past paniciples. 25 before mnin clauses. shortening incl mle<l question supposed to.30 389-390 vs. 238 with how long. not kept.ing form after. 6 separnting time clnuse pteceding noun clauses as. ndjective clauses 25 Sho rt answers nfter. 62 ()bject. 430 ci:tuses. 11 8 "geua.439 377-378 403 Probability neg:uive. possibility in the past. p. 430 \'s.1> Sense-perception v~ rbs. 289 as object of preposition . 41 9 exceptions to. 39 1 vs. 10 s vs. 146 ought to. 349 contmcled. 142 Real conditio ns vs. 389-390 o\'crvitw.eS.'\st perfec! tense. 138 hL. 25 in if clauses. for. 386 after indefinite pronouns. Mt~ 10. 19 1 with reponed speech. object. 256. 38 order in.'m iciple to foml. with passive voice. See Exact qUOTes with past perfect tense. no un clauses after past tense q uestions. don't Mt-e 10. 25 378 Relative pronouns with defi nite time. 62. possibility in the present. 98 16 [ndcx . with had. See Negntive questions pnst. 330 question. 388. 25 with Ilonessenrinl adjective as ubject of relative clnuses. 1CB haJ w. 259 om itted. 349 Proh ibi!ion. that. adv~rb i al clauses to show. 41 9 modnls in. 142 with ptesent perfect tense." 142 Quotes. 125 at end of incl uded questio ns. 19 1 with Jince. 62 314 Prono un(s) with when. modn ls for.335 affi rmative.30 Q 5ay/tell wi!h. 389-390 pas! p. 46 advetbial clauses to show.-. 46 in sentences with dependent vs. 328. 21.383 tense. with.lals. 289 tule of sequence (If tenses with . 19 1 with present perfect tense. Should Mt-1' + past participle. 3 10 Recrnd1 with present perfect Tense. 383 used to. 146 Reason. 390 with since or t't-'CT since.98 clauses. 156 wi!h ad\'erbial clauses. 236 overview. 249 . tell. 434 renl'e included. 399-400. for. 138 indefinite. 390 as subject vs. pas!.378 with pruit continuous tense. 235. 144 BO with. 102 to pllrnphrnse. 353 uses of. with pnssi\'(" vo ice. 67 indude<I.. IQ Mt(' nfler modals. 236 of irregular verhi. 16. 142 conditions. 33. present perfec! continuous P"'pose puncrua!ion With. 27.'\ssive vo ice. 394 Present tense. 399 vs. 12 1. 3 14 Prom ises. 25 Sentence connectors. with no un clauses. and in. exact. 389. .. 15 1 . 13.122 main clnuse. 438. 109 when. 44. modal. See Affi nnative Results with j(} • •• tMt and with so far and up to now. 11 with dependent dalL<. simple pas! tense with. 138 connectors.403 with reported speech. 399 wilh repetition fro m pasr 10 infinitives to show. See Simple present with how long. 330 Regular \'eros Simple past tense. exaCt quoteSj 388. 16 1 \ '5. 390 tense. 6 with ago. 300 vs. 27 questions nu:h . 209 with p. for. 34 of txact quotes. 204 Punctuatio n 33. 138 Mt~ gOI to.. 399 232 verbs. 349 Reported speech with no lime mentioned.390 with yet. no un clauses as. unreal can and could.434 R Should. Shall. 189.<>Iow with passive VOice. 235 in if clauses. must. subject Semicolons with sen tence 112 with moda ls.e fonn and . 6-7. 374 370 Thn. intr. that. 389. U in since cla uses. T To 10 1. 161 in reported speech.~ voice. 290.34..41 . 98. 3 10 vs. differe nces in meaning..108.t:. 353 as rela tive pronoun in adjective ca llsati\~ . 16. 338 306 305 with past continuous tense. past. 33. 43. tNIt. 289. 43 . 310 So .98. fo llowed by infinitives. 236. with ". 6-7 . 11 8.~ ti\'e of.30.1••.t:. 13. AP14-35 with modals. 353 cla uses.11 2. present perfect tense. omissio n of in adjective clauses. 349 fo llowed by prepositions. 11 9 vs. so thaI. with lInreal Simple present te nse. 98.30 jXlSl continuous lense.119 with pass i. 304 Still with contms t. 334-335 no nacrio n. 21 exceptions to . 349 to introduce noun cla uses. Un less clauses.101.438-439 0(.122. 69 vs. 399. 114. 29 1 befo re indirect object. 334.334 25. and have gOl Since/t't. 232 fo llowed by noun clauses. 304 Subject\s) Ti me clauses I. 7J 25. that. 334 presem perfect con t inuous vs.ms it i\~\'s.102 Take with infinitives.11 0. be used to/get used to. 98.hen. 438-439 So m a ll)' ••.439 past perfect continllOUS tense. 13. 340 as subject of adjective clauses. 232.. 438-439 Un less. 300 te n. 138 Time expressions.<. with repetition. . 41 9 in ti me clauses. 430.-<. 114. 25 100. 297. Used to In show reslllt .102. past perfecl tel'k<..1St continuous tense. 62 Time words prepositions after. noun clauses after expressions to replace nOlln clauses. 330 245. not part of wi th paST perfectcomi"uolls reporting impemtives with.enr. 30 111 -112 .~ ph rases as.335 present. past continuous tense. V 27 353. 21 So littlt' . 335 simple past tense. 174 So . questions ' '''ith when. gem mls a. 434 oose form after expressio ns of. 338 pronunciation of.390 tense.. 330 as o bject of relative clauses. 13 in if clauses. 44.m5eS. 390 \\~ th reported speech.98.122. 144 with wishes. 305 changed ID pmtidpial phrases. 125 306 o f regu lar \~ rbs . 104 Tell as prepositio n. 430 with wishes. 344. 238 auxiliary. continuous. Sll)" 39 1 to show purpose. 142 So 104. 430 Too much/too many before 114 with passive voice. 330 with noun cI. 284 So much . 25. 121.oerunds and infin itives after. AP17. 121 . 330 with past perfect te n. 98. with P. 125. 290-29 1. 299 Such . 394 Urgency with present perfect Tense. 11 9.19 Suggest ions with modals.n. inrrnnsitive verbs. 344 27. U nreal co nditio ns in future sellle nces.38. 244. \IS. Try with infinitive or I. 6 paSI perfect tense.t:. 293 vs. 235. 10 . 109. 293 vs. 370 nel. 353 with participial phmses. 194 in fin itive. . real conditio ns. 125 T mn s iti\~ vs. 125 Up to nou! with present perfect with present perfect continuous rule of seque nce of.ha. with reasons. 438. 21.34. 125 . 370 306 Therefore. 46. hatJf' to.. that.'t'T since. 391 . 4-20.16. 438-439 re nse. 353 235 So far with present perfect lense. 27 tense.. that. 330. after wish. 20-2 1.370 Ve rb(s) So fetJ. 6 1 infinitives. 13 125. 353 clauses. pastrenses. . 125 conditio ns. 11 2 T ense(s) Too before infln itives. 41 9 438-439 present perfect tense. 73 Subject qut!Scio ns 102 irregular forms of. with modals.258 fo llo\\'ed by ger unds.>enmd. in future. 403 374 with ti n'le.124. in fj niri. 434 with genem l pre:. that. Unti~ 134 SifICe 121-1 22. with mu..30. 353 with prepositio n in adjecrive actio n. 403.. transitive. 302. 27 8 Stop with infini tive or geTUnd. 344 46. 334 Whose with nouns.~/«. 244. with enough. 232 . 444 with two objects. 41 9 102 41 9. 444 314 377 p. y with P"St continuous tense. 438-448 sense-perceptio n. 293 with preposition in lldjecri\'e with n OlLn cllluses. See T ense(s) as object of reilltive cllluses.2 5 u. 444 base fo rm or -ing form llfrer. 243. in cond itional sentences. 438-439 vs. with UJOItW.238 Would want with implied When. 114 clauses. YeI WhL'fJ q uestions. 438-439 in reported speech. 430 ll frer «"ish. 293 tense. III Wheneta. 399 Wa. in adjecti v~ with present perfect tense. alread)'.19 befor(' reported questions. 444 with mO<:\llls. 73 Which. 243. 335 Would. to introduce noun cllluses. 238 for past wishes. AP17.u.. 235. WIv questions 1\'l1w 434 llS indudrtl questions. 41 9 236. when. 399 vs. whom in adjective clauses. 427 in adjective dllUseS. inrmnsitive. 24 7 38 244. 69 in adjective cllluses.. 38 with.. 235 Yes/no q uestions 102 WIwm with modals. 334. 438-439 tr:lnsitive vs. 138 with preposiTio n in adjective Would hat!(' + pllst partici ple with pllssive voice. 41 9 Was/were with pmit continuous \'(Ihil. 377 perfect tense. 335 as relati\'e pronoun. 235 vs. 235. with unreal conditio ns. 138 with past tenses. about fut ure. 335 with unreal conditio ns. 13. 235 with passive voice. 23'. 377 as object of relative clauses.ho in adjective clauses. 232 245 vs. prese nt. with p"st perfect tense. past with pte~ition in adjective as included questions. 2 1 to introduce infi nitives.'t'Te going to.Verb(s) (con tinued) Whetru. conditions. in questions with dependem Wa. 38 18 Index . 438. 62 simple pllst tense with. if. 434 1\1Jw. 238 as reported questio ns. 235 with wishes. while. past. 209 232 clauses.e with (00. 399 present. clauses. 138 W('Te with past conti nuo us tense.V«''CTe mpposed to. Where in lldjecti\'C cbuses."r. 258 Word o rder Verb tense. 383 for desired ch:mge. vs. 100 with continuo us tenses. 102 as subject o f adjective clauses.245 W. 377 w dlluseS. 238 in reported speech. 125 as object of reinrive clauses.439 spelling of. simple p:lst tense 238 vs. with unreal cond itio ns. Wishes. 61 clauses. 335 as subject of adjective clauses. 244. 399 as relative pronoun. 236. 138 with simple past tense. '1bor SI<llisliOl 255 (to'.342 Cl iscockpholcJIU·' 2 11 0 Pictorial PamdclGl.>bb'Alamy 398 e Donna Colemanlist()t:kp hotl.'Uy Images 39.}' 257 0 Shulterslock 60 0 CABHl EL BOUYSlAFPlGeHy Imagl's 275 0 Alexander Ralhsll!>'1(1(' ko holo'HF 62 Q S.) Cl Byron SchumakcrlAl am.ock 189 Cl North Wind Pic.308.mc.Photo Credits 26. 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Eugene Smithfl'imc Wc PicLureslCc. 48 © Br.gcslDn~amstimc 97 Cl Mkhcllc MalvcnrlSl.l y Inu!bl£:S: (1'/!JIII) &I AIISlar Pic.'IY Potapov-dlSlmtterstock 2 Cl D-.os 121A1anlY www.llrror/M irrorpi xlAlalllY..t.com 78 Cl I-Iuhon ArdlivcJ('.('X' kphotoIHF 367 0 CaUrnnc YculctlistockphotolRF 108 e 1'1l" Prinl CoIICf'to r/Alamy 369 0 Scan Lockcflst.o IHF 30 (} Bnld Killl'r'lislockphoIO'nF 247 0 1l\C F'roccycle Net work 32 COUlta.99.1urc Ubnuy/Alamy 67 Q Zina Sd ct.y r-. Elbaum 85 Cl Phot os I2IAlamy 332 0 Rmann. (right) 230 0 Mlchad Ul(~h/ist ockphoto{H'" o Danid Rodriguc-tJ.an\Slimc 86 (lop left) C Unil. 154.>(..sI.373.o ckpho liYlW 406 e nidcrtandcrlS huttcrsl. Elbaulll ( top riglll) Cl JtlsI.kayalDreamsl.ockphotcyHF . e Ivy Close I mageslAlam). 333 CourtCb)' of Sandrn N. W.l y hnages 75.confJSloc:kphoL()I1l . 170.ion.o riai Pn:-ss U d/Alamy.ly Images 276 0 Mary Evans Pic.td Killcrlislnd:phoUy l1f? (OOUO'm ) 0 Danl Pw.olHF 385 0 l-lullo n Archin"!lGct.. (bottom) 339 0 DuncRll WaikfYlislockphotolHF C United An::hi\'(:'S Gmbl UAlamy 343 0 AP Phot~ Walsh 87 Cl A\~dnt-glDrcamstimc 346 0 Monkey Business 1 1I1i1..globalvolunlccn.ockp hotl.'O Cordl!rtll"iSl.1 ure Library/Alum.'CI ArchivcsCmbl UAlanw.:w1~F 13 7 0 Shawll GcruimrtliSi. or at home. • MORE connection between grammar and writing. 3 Student Book 978-1-4240-7902-5 OnIine Workbook 978-1-4240-8259-9 Split Edition 3A 978-1-4240-8092-2 SplltEdItIon3B 978-1-4240-8093-9 AudioCD 978-1-4240-7904-9 Teacher's Edition 978-1-4240-7906-3 Online Lllson Planner 978-1-4240-8484-5 AI_lament CD-ROM with ExamView8 978-1-4240-8243-8 eIt. Amt:rican English • Online Workbook features additional exercises that learners can access in the classroom. ELBAUM best selling grammar series now has more of what works students and teachers! tudenlts learn more. and more! • MORE accessible and contextualized grammar charts and presentations provide added clarity. 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