Civil War Magazine 3

Article.........................................................................................................................Page # 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry..................................................................4-5 Lincoln’s Election....................................................................................................6 The Secession of South Carolina.............................................................................7 Fort Sumter’s Attack..........................................................................................8-11 The 1st Battle of Bull Run......................................................................................12 The Battle of Antietam...........................................................................................13 The Emancipation Proclamation............................................................................15 The Battle of Gettysburg........................................................................................16 The Battle of Vicksburg.........................................................................................17 Lincoln’s Reelection..............................................................................................19 Sherman’s March to the Sea & the Battle of Atlanta.............................................20 Major Events of April 1865...................................................................................21 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Cover photo designed by Paula Quach and edited by Ryan Villena. Magazine typeset by Paula Quach. Magazine edited and formatted by Ryan Villena. Advertisements included courtesy of Tina Huang and Jenny Wong. Articles and pictures for 1, 2, and 3 written and obtained by Jenny Wong. Articles and pictures for 4, 5, and 6 written and obtained by Paula Quach. Articles and pictures for 7, 8, and 9 written and obtained by Tina Huang. Articles and pictures for 10, 11, and 12 written and obtained by Ryan Villena. Table of Contents organized by Tina Huang and set by Ryan Villena. Bibliography compiled by Jenny Wong. Printed by Ryan Villena. Copyright© ‘Kay Corporation. Due June 27, 2012. | State of America 2 2012. May 1865 | 3 .Printed June 27. 4 | State of America . May 1865 | 5 . his father strongly opposed slavery. which had frightened slaveholders.CAUSES Brother versus Brother ::: REACTIONS ::: BUILDUPS John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry -Perspective from a Southern Slaveholder through an October 20. I supporters to his farmhouse route to Harpers Ferry to seize the federal arsenal but unfortunately failed. a I of slaveholder in terribly with violence. imagine family. An angry Southern slaveholder expresses angered would not be able to support them without my slaves. During his early ages. which affected John Brown’s beliefs on slavery. His plan was to obtain weapons and give them to slaves for encouragement and to riot against Southern slaveholders in the South. My I’ve worked so hard. 1859. he led a On October of his group an abolitionist his frustration in following passage as a response John raid: to Brown’s the horrified this raid that a man named John Brown had led. Even though I do not treat them the way I should treat a human being. If he had a larger amount of what would happen to my slaves and his violence continued. whole family depends on them. I depend on them. shed blood and tears on 6 | State of America . I am very fortunate to see that the Virginia court had sentenced him to death. I can’t My two sons and my wife. 16. 1859 entry: 345 words John Brown was who expressed his opposition of slavery “As the am South. And they call us their “brothers.” Brother vs. do anything to hurt my family. but if I don’t. The Union demands us to give up the ones who help us earn money to survive. Make your choice. Brother I’ve treated them so harshly. It is already worse enough to accept the fact that the government has the possibility of banning slavery. my slaves being the support of the family. I have never asked for much. They would rather they get fat and rich while we suffer in vain. the courage to arm my family.” Take a stand. the base of my family. A drawing of John Brown – madman. they would have never truly meant to treat them like this. or hero? Are you with us? Join Now May 1865 | 7 . and have enough to raise them. they would have CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA Deo Duce Vincemus Are you ready to take a stand for our rights? These are our livelihoods. I can’t bear to see my slaves to riot against me. They are the support of my family.the farm alone to raise barely enough to purchase a few slaves while my dear wife was in labor with twins. just a loving family. The idea of my slaves who would use Since But I weapons frightens me to death. martyr. 8 | State of America . Lincoln They acknowledged that Lincoln had a national reputation and his beliefs were the same as the Republicans. President Lincoln can change this.. were Realizing there of standing for no chances Abraham against them. each day I have the anxiety of going to work losing a finger or two. barely enough to The The wages this factory gives is much. my hopes had come back for once. And hopefully he would be is all I to protect the workers and give rights to us. the Republicans goal.” faded. crowded.. In the following. Douglas as a candidate to run for president. and hopefully. able This man is my only hope. All of this. Worst of all. these companies do not have insurance if accidents happen. the Republicans pleaded help. However. factory are worse enough. My hopes had all faded by the first few weeks of working. 1860 entry: IN JUNE OF 1860. not This job is all I have. the Democrats have chosen Stephen A. President Lincoln had “This job represented the North.Brother vs. he remains true to his beliefs. a Northern factory worker expresses her perspective for Lincoln’s victory in the campaign: ”As a factory worker.” May 1865 | 9 . he doesn’t seem like My the person who would abuse his powers like the hopes other presidents I’ve heard about from my ten had all other roommates in our dark. Our conditions at the faded. Brother words Lincoln’s Election of324 1860 -Perspective from a Northern Factory Worker through a November 18.. when Lincoln had won the campaign for presidency over Stephen Douglas.. I would never have had taken the chance to escape here. But hopefully. this would They thought many reinforce reforms that would be in favor of antislavery. there is not much to ask for. Just maintain this job in this dreadful factory. and I’ve left my whole life back in Europe. banning slavery. I’ve lost my husband and kids along the way here. and unsanitary small room. but if I had realized even where I lived would be as harsh as this. and it is not better than farming at all. machines are dangerous. support myself. have. A strong nation would have to Union have every state and territory united. The South completely wipe out slavery and However. Southerners things too quickly. causing states to follow the footsteps of South Carolina. which had frustrated me Confederates and the them to secede from the Union. Carolina is and social goal is make and to economic reforms. Brother through a December 20. By viewed Lincoln as a threat because of his beliefs and the fact that he seceding. remained deeply. They believed that Lincoln would Civil War. By winning I ran for the campaign was because of resulted with the the campaign. making small reforms in the the Union. 1860 entry: 327 words I would have never thought it would be this difficult and this the quickly. my first priority is to though slavery is morally wrong. South Carolina to disunite the Union. As Lincoln won the campaign. secession was much unexpected. I have never expected myself South “After winning the campaign. they have contributed to the represented the North. 10 | State of America . which immediately seceded. the Carolina in the following: surrendered Douglas. When I succeeded in victories and defeats thoughts of the secession of South winning the campaign against Stephen but in the end.-Perspective from Abraham Lincoln The Secession of South Brother vs. my maintain the unified South too • THE SECESSION of South Carolina happened just after Lincoln’s repulsive by assuming victory of the campaign. I thought it would my confidence in uniting the nation South coming back in be simple to unite the nation by successfully. themselves. Even because the North president. But would not want to risk any possibilities Appomattox suddenly.” society. as to abolish slavery completely. I cornered them at keep the Union together. the secession had led other became the reform their social lives. The Civil had many But I have realized there is more work war Abraham Lincoln expresses his to be done. As much as I want to abolish slavery more main nation. The only reason Courthouse. May 1865 | 11 . the Confederacy finally turned violent over our presence at that fort and Sumter was put under siege. Charleston Bay. Fort Sumter. The following is a snippet of a soldier named Private O’Malley’s journal regarding the important first 33 hours of the war. Major Robert Anderson 12 | State of America .The Civil War: Extended Starting Shots Battles Major Events Sparking the Fuse – Fort Sumter (573 words) APRIL 1861 EARLY THIS MONTH. positioned in the middle of the focal trade harbor. Despite various attempts at diplomacy. was a sore thumb – a Union fort in the middle of Confederate lands. rising tensions between the Union and the new Confederacy would become violent over one of the few forts in the South left in Union hands. ........ is most troubled......... OF Myself............... Don’t let this continue.......... It is the second day and we cannot hold out any longer.. They demanded our surrender... ...... It is surrounded by the Confederates.. President Lincoln is now calling ......... destroyed....... Union and estimate to be 0300. Jr. one of which difficult to hear anything in I recognized as a past senator.. We must raise the white flag for we cannot hold out any longer.... Fight for your country – Your brothers Starting Shots True liberty and freedom The Union Join Now May 1865 | 13 Statistics gained have noted that not one life was lost during this entire exchange. I tried not to mind.. and tortured.. for example................. this mess.Starting Shots I cannot hear much aside from my ears ringing from the explosions that have started up....... write in this decision........ They echo through the fort with each explosion and blow... They are beaten.. However.. of us are left to blame him......... . to more this entry to later install more guns and complete all construction) We are surrounded by the enemy.... We help are my a fort must go and fellows this little companion of AMERICA mine to let go of my thoughts................. number of meals are surely decreasing and I do not know emissaries had been sent meet are constant andto I find how it we will withstand an assault by the Confeds...... We are surrendering. And so we Liberty wait. We had spent our days gnawing on the be fired.................. of our full capacity are wide-awake ever since the talks at some time I (we haveto been working try on........ conserve our With only a few shots able to Our Commander............... The barracks are burning and we are all tired and hungry...... but for our brothers....... with only a few shots for every hundred of theirs to try to Journal April 12. like many of my any fellows on continue writing longer... I cannot with strict rations... And our sprung The rainThree of shells now the up. 1861 ammunition...... It is not a real battle because most of us just sit and wait.... with the Commander...... The ultimatum has usual hardtack and jerky... but I am sure that most of us in the fort fort only at part barrage.. choking so in.... This is a free country – not just for us..... I my cannot We would not give But I hold UNITED STATES So in our beds or try to find something doubts. The smoke is thickening and Major Anderson stood his ground. a resist the I may add still early morning.......... Confederacy...... I now we lay tensely to distract ourselves quietly....... . but still my try to put out fires that have been sent by the rebelling states – body called for food as I lay in bed or drilled..... James Chestnut. much................... Major Robert and a fort surely to run out of supplies by the 15th even Anderson. 14 | State of America . Infantry Sergeant O’Malley.” In the early morning. They routed the Union and sent them scurrying back in an unorganized rabble. We were horrified: they had gotten reinforcements. They routed the Union and sent them scurrying back in an unorganized rabble. the new Confederate States of America truly showed that they are not to be trifled with. Even as a Union soldier.” he recalls... we were running away in a crazy mess. civilians of all types from the North came to watch the battle to see. “I thought we were close to winning and we could bring an end to this whole mess. A common contributor to this magazine. discussions between President Davis and the generals are firing up about why the troops did not take advantage of the Union loss to follow up but nothing seems to have been decided. as one bystander said.Starting Shots July 1861 By Han U. there are rumors that Mr. There was one point – an important one at the [Henry House] hill that was being held fast though.. which is by the Union capital. the new Confederate States of America truly showed that they are not to be trifled with. they sent a fresh wave of troops. McClellan. “The US put down this rebellion in this one final.P. In fact. he still feels a kinship to his home state’s fellow slave states and his story shows best the events of this battle. We needed to capture that point. At first retreat was semiorderly but soon. From there. a soldier in the battle wrote to us the events of the battle. The First Manassas/Battle of Bull Run (460 Words) UNION DEFEATED!!! In a shocking turn of events. in fact. Virginia. telegraph us or send us a request through mail! May 1865 | 15 . But just when we thought they were at their breaking point. one man showed himself to be determined and powerful in the face of defeat: Thomas J. both sides traded blows for dominance. a battle held in the 21st of this month. glorious victory. The Union was led by General McDowell and did. “From there.” Currently. but somehow I managed. They screamed a ‘rebel yell’ and broke our ranks. On the Union side of things. For more by Han U. Lincoln has removed McDowell and instated him with George B. P. the Confederate states have proven to the Union that winning this war won’t be easy for them. Only time will tell how that will effect us.” In that battle. seem to be beating us back. “Stonewall” Jackson held out against the attacks long enough for reinforcements under General Johnston. the Union struck first at our troops waiting near Manassas Junction. This war between the new Confederacy and the Union – this Civil War – has been going on for a few months and many a previous skirmish has been won by the Union. The Confeds didn’t follow. “We fought hard. I was so tired from the constant fighting I could barely move my feet let alone run. His troops pushed our own and under the command of General Beauregard. but if it had gone right the rewards would have been absolutely worth it. injury upon injury. In the end. Fathers. For a win would have done several things: it would’ve won European recognition as a separate country. 1862 will be forever marked on our minds and history. deciding to change up his strategy. Lee was forced to retreat due to exhaustion.Starting Shots The Darkest Day(322 Words) September 1862 THE BLOODIEST BATTLE of this entire war so far occurred just recently. However.” Only. brothers. to many citizens. We are now truly fighting for freedom. Neither side could break the other despite several assaults. 16 | State of America . Since his main goal went unachieved. very wrong. It was: the Battle of Antietam (Confeds call it the Battle of Sharpsburg)..000 casualties for both sides.. Major O’Malley. the Confederate troops could leech off our own farms during the harvest season. September 17. The results turned out wrong. It is a loss that solidifies our realization that this must end. It was just in one day and brought the death upon death. family are now lost to us forever in this war against ourselves. the battle didn’t end quite that smoothly for either side. a frequent correspondent with this magazine gives a little insight onto the reasons of such an audacious action: “General Lee’s move was actually quite strategic if you look at it. there are a reported over 23. and it could’ve forced President Lincoln to work for a peaceful resolution and end the war. Since neither side could break the other. President Lincoln’s response was heard throughout the states in his issue of the Emancipation Proclamation on the It began with General Lee of the Confederacy 22nd. which would spare their own country the problem of feeding everything. it doesn’t feel like it. This war has been going on too long. it is now counted as a technical victory for the Union. This was a loss for all sides. Delicious Burgers: It’s the Best AmericanStyle Food! May 1865 | 17 . This day is a moment to write down my excitements. we can be free forever and away from control. an escaped slave from the 15South people at the very beginning. planned to run away. This is the only hope to save our friends in the southern region. ensure our rights and freedom! The Union has heard us and raged the Civil War. not just in the North. is the day that President Lincoln announced and declared our independence through the speech of Emancipation Proclamation. So our friends: we must win! We have to help those of us who are still suffering and beat up to death. We planned and escaped at night with the help of our friends in the North. I do not want my race to take the risks. We have sung songs to memorize our routes on our way there. my race has fought in the Revolutionary War for years. our friends in the South don’t have to risks their lives to go to the North anymore. Southerners. especially on shoes. and made us work day and night. this will be our turning point. Men and I have crossed the Potomac River. a world with freedom and liberty up in the North. Crok and I survived in this journey. starved us. Hopefully through the Lincoln’s speech we can receive more support from the European liberals and the British will not help the Confederacy to break our naval blockade. Invasion of the North will give us .The Civil War: Extended --Battles (444 Words) My English was not proper because I had lack of education. Friends! Battles Continue to fight for our freedom. September 22. If we can gain control of Gettysburg. the government should do something for us. Now that President Lincoln has declared freeing all enslaved persons. Men! If we win this battle. African Americans. for the better good of our community! (395 Words) Reports have given that there is a Union town and they have cavalry and shoes. led by the John Pemberton. have a greater advantage against the Confederate forces. Over there. trying to fight for my freedom by helping the Americans. Although our country is at war. They heard that the Underground Trail can lead us to different world. but in the South as well. I am finally considered to be free in America. From now on. 1862. We had We are definitely short on supplies. We can be free anywhere if we won this war. It was really dangerous and risky. unjust slaveholders never gave us our freedom! They betrayed us! They ruled upon us using those evil punishments and continued to tortured us. It is a big day for my race. but I will fight for our friends in the South to share our freedom! The victory at Antietam is a turning point for all of us. heading for this town. Many of us are willing to risk our lives for our freedom. Those of my friends. I began to understand English when Master Patrick yelled at me and beat me up. Today. The men fought for their lives and we must get them better supplies to prevent injuries! Hopefully this invasion will be successful and the other front at Vicksburg can survive through the siege. I saw lights in our future and for our latter generations. But after the war ended.--. we will 18 | State of America –from Unik. Some died from the crocodile in swamps. Gettysburg of Pennsylvania. Battles proving that they are not just troubled. So men. The United States Colored Troops was established and they fought in this war. We shall defeat the Union together! -from General Robert E. Men were shot. of which Vicksburg is the key! The war can never be brought to a close until that key is in our pocket. we had a great casualty compared to the other battles in the Civil War. I had failed to win this battle for my men. officially started on July 1. Surprisingly. head of the Union army After President Lincoln has received my letter to rage a way with Confederates in Vicksburg. They have sacrifice men to win this battle.. but they are brave soldiers. However. The nation will fall into economic crisis. thousands of them died bravely! I figured that the Union is so better than our tactic. it is I who have lost this fight. Pickett and General A. and they can defy us from May 1865 | 19 .more control of land use and roads. We will charge through the city with our friends in the West and South. It was my fault. This is a turning point for the North. Although. we shall fight until we can no longer fight! We must protect our belief and land. Hill have attack. Grant.] what a lot of land these fellows hold. the Confederate suffered a higher number of injuries and death. Lee (Battle of Gettysburg. 1863) This Battle of Gettysburg lasted for three days. They had better weapons. as an independent. guns and cannons that shot our men. General George E. my country.. the Confederates.. “[..] -from General Ulysses S. we will continue to fight until we see hope! [The battle of Vicksburg had high casualties. Without slavery. President Lincoln had responded.. our nation will not last. This is known as the Pickett’s Charge and dialogues were actually from Lee. We can no longer receive supports from the Europeans and recognize internationally. We can take all the northern ports of the Confederacy. They were three times more than ours.P. We didn’t want to put the city under siege. finally surrendered after 47 Siege Days. the British." I launched a full scale attack on the Confederate at the city of Vicksburg.Vicksburg. We. head of the Confederate Army. can gain control of this river. the Confederates will not be able to travel and trade. The power is greatly weaken. will protect this land from regaining this boundary. will not reinforce and support the Confederates further more. Confederates will not be the same. The Mississippi River is the last major stronghold of the Confederates. But the victory at Vicksburg will be our hope and it will break and lower the morale of Confederates! Without a doubt. If we. The Europeans can potentially recognize the dependence of Confederate government. the Union. People in the city have been starved for days after we cut off all supplies from importation. head of the Union army Today is the celebration of our blood and tears. Men. Men. If my men and I gained the control of this river. Vicksburg determines if South will be aid by the Europeans. General John Pemberton. we will have an advantage. War is inevitable and bloody. The fall of the Confederates and the end of this war shall come soon! 20 | State of America . this is our turning point. we can break up the South and the West connection. the Europeans. a victory at Vicksburg. Today the Union has sent me a notification that the British is willing to support the South if they have won a major battle. The control of the Mississippi River is the key to victory of this war. Grant. but attacks inflicted too much casualties. Without this last stronghold. Union. we must win this battle and this will be our turning point! We must fight until General Pemberto surrender! -from General Ulysses S. May 1865 | 21 . I hate this man so much. John Cloon. Southern immigrant to North.” yessir. nor long remember” before I ducked outta there. Then the fart kinda disappeared up my rear end. 1863 *From the Translator: I’m hating this black Negro. -from GeneralEnd. yessir. it was a relief for us all when Lincoln’s address took such a short time. Nope. and it was a damned good speech. I predict nothing to come out of this speech. I maybe did put in the part about farting to humiliate him. which made me feel sick. …Well. because he had none of these fancy megaphone-cone devices. yessir. so I concentrated on that for a while. Erm… Oh. whereas the gentleman before him took something like two hours. yessir. Now. but I do say that this was a speech that put into perspective the struggles between North and South. I’m no historian. Robert E. Lee. It was also only two minutes long. Know why? Because it doesn’t take a fancy insult to make a black look like a total ass. nosir. In other news. Hmph. Lincoln delivered a speech at Gettysburg. o’ course. “Four score and seven years ago. today. He were my slave. 1863 Word Count: 391 Two important things happened today. when all this war stuff is over. I’m learnin’ how to read. so I only had time to catch the words “the world will little note. First: I got me a translator* so this entry can be typed. He really didn’t pay attention to the speech at all. No one could hear it. It was a real fine speech. there was no applause at the ending or coverage by the local newspapers in the weeks since it’s happened. I do know I shouldn’t have done that.” And then I had to fart. I still can’t believe slavery’s been outlawed.The Civil War: Extended --Major Events The Gettysburg Address December 1. but still I caught a few words. Damned blacks… Hmph. but I still got to learn how to write. Not that it’ll have much significance later. the head of Confederates (Battle of Gettysburg) Bill Freedman. 22 | State of America . I’d whip him for every time a breath went in and outta his goddamned mouth. and that’ll take a while since I have what the fine nurses said was a “speech and learning impediment. Christ. it was a speech that both Northerners and Southerners could enjoy and relate to without disagreement. okay. yessir. 1863.--. yessir. burning and destroying about $80 million in property and only stealing $20 million for his own division. return to the north. Sherman reportedly ordered his men to burn anything useful to our army to the ground.Major Events Sherman’s March to the Sea & Battle of Atlanta Word Count: 304 December 22. This puts all Southerners at unease. 5000 horses. for war purposes. During the March.” or the destruction of everything. this special news report.000 slaves have been killed of causes such as “hunger. or continue occupying Atlanta. Sherman’s March to the Sea and the horrors it brought. disease. it is clear that the South is in desperate need of a miracle if campaigns like Sherman’s March keep pounding our newly founded nation.” Obviously. This is an unprecedented move in history. No one knows whether Sherman will strike again. 13. spies indicate he’s been without reliable or fast communication to Northern headquarters. Though we already possess magnificent generals like the great Robert E. again. this is terrifying news for anyone in the South. and 10. Lee and Stonewall Jackson. General William Tecumseh Sherman of the Northern forces has just declared his terrifying “March to the Sea” over. 9. 4000 mules. not purely an opposing army. the people of the newly formed Confederate States of America. given Sherman’s unpredictability. are the first victims of this maneuver.000 head of cattle. Sherman’s March has incurred about $100 million in damages. especially given Sherman’s circumstances. and we. or exposure. and our messengers have just given us some surprising and terrifying statistics. It was perhaps the first display of what today’s war experts are calling “total war. which they have also seized. the people of the Confederacy.5 million pounds of fodder have been either stolen or destroyed. May 1865 | 23 . 1865 Birchwood News brings you. no campaign like this has ever been witnessed in history.5 million pounds of corn and a whopping 10. I hear it was pretty nifty. I’ll bet people’ve already been partying! I’d better join them… avenge the South in its mission to preserve the traditional ways of slavery. and then a week later. I don’t know what did. That was… the 7th. 1865 Hyuck. yessir. It took two years of convincin’. Even though I am pretty ticked that we lost the war. Like an affair or whatever. if I’d been less happy I would already have chopped this damned Negro’s head off by now. hyuck. that was the 7th. really. Yeah. hyuck. nevermind.Major Events Major events of April 1865 Word Count: 305 April 30. This month’s been both a disaster and a miracle. He’d run away after the first journal entry. April 14. uh. at least our South enjoys one victory. but I guess it was one of those interesting sideshows they show ya on the news. right. and did surrender at the Appomattox Courthouse. Actor by the name of John Wilkes Booth shot ‘im right in the head April 14. Well. yessir. hyuck hyuck. heheheh… that’s the “gossip” the guy was tellin’ about. even though the damned war’s already finished… Well. Oh. yessir. Johnny? Yep. Nope. but. From the Translator: Really. Lee had finally been cornered sometime this month. it’s been two weeks. ‘Night. despite the war… hell. yup. no? Southerners’ll probably be partying everywhere in the next month. I did hear that the darned General E. we at least got Lincoln. With that. little stupid gossip like that. yessir. 1865 had no real importance whatsoever. hyuck. he’s back now. He’s such an ass. something else happened… it couldn’t have been very big news. I’ll be signing off. Johnny. hyuck hyuck. but I finally got this darned translator to start writing for me again. or I would have known about it… hmm. 24 | State of America . yessir. New York. <http://www.p. Web. n.abrahamlincolnsclassroom. Print. Catton.asp? ID=140&CRLI=197>. 24 June 2012. “Carnage at Antietam.html>.” Georgia’s Blue and Grey Trail Presents America’s Civil War. OSU Department of History. Kevin.. 24 June 2012. <http://kms. Web.” Eyewitness to History.bluegrass. Fergerstrom. <http://ehistory. NY: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill..edu/‌world/‌articles/‌articleview.. Web.html>.org/‌library/‌newsletter. 1862. Eisert.” Civil War Heritage Ring. May 1865 | 25 . Joyce Oldham. 415-16. 24 June 2012. N.osu. n. 5 May 2003. N. 24 June 2012.p. n. <http://blueandgraytrail. <http://it.. 22 June 2012.uga. Web. <http://civilwar. <http://www.” eHistory Archive. Web.d.d. n. and Albert Broussard.p. The American Vision: Modern times..ksbe. Alan Brinkley. Appleby. et al. 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Edward J.” United States History.edu/‌staff/‌k/‌a/‌kab4/‌WebPro_Projects/‌ist6773/‌day1.. 24 Mar. 28 | State of America . May 1865 | 29 .