6Works Cited Aalbers, Manuel B.. “Big Sister Is Watching You! Gender Interaction and the Unwritten Rules of the Amsterdam Red-light District”. The Journal of Sex Research 42.1 (2005): 54–62. Web. This article discusses how prostitution breaks down the varied gender roles that are found in society. This idea that prostitution challenges the patriarchy because of all the bonds and relationships that tie in to power, sex, and money. Women in the industry are exploited while men also in this industry are seen as power and masters of sex due to social norms associated with sex. With this article, the group would like to use the different apparent roles that women have compared to the social norms of society. While these women may be exploited they still have to be strong in order to defend themselves. Aalbers, Manuel B., and Magdalena Sabat. "Re-making a Landscape of Prostitution: The Amsterdam Red Light District." City 16.1-2 (2012): 112-28. Web. This article helps take a look of the re-making of the red light district of from it was before the policy was enacted. It gives a brief history of the times before and how things are evolving now. Allows the reader to make comparisons between the past and future to conclude which time was better before or after the policy. Amsterdam: The Legality of Prostitution." Gaughand0. N.p., 04 Dec. 2012. Web. 22 Feb. 2016. This article will help analyze the attitude towards women in prostitution now and how it was before It was made legal. We analyze the stigmas put on women in the profession and how 7 now a day’s it is becoming a normality to the people living in Amsterdam. This has helped build their economy and create different jobs for people. Amsterdam. The Seventeenth Century, 28(1), 112-114. Retrieved from http://0search.proquest.com.books.redlands.edu/docview/1530406220?accountid=14729 This article gives a good synopsis on the history of prostitution. It mentions what that seamen and sailors were the most frequent visitors to brothels because of the location of the Red Light District to the Port of Amsterdam were very close in proximity. It also lays out the levels of a prostitution organization and who runs what, surprisingly the majority of the keepers of prostitutes were women themselves. Finally it says what happened when changes needed to be made in the rules and regulations of prostitution. Brants, Chrisje. “The Fine Art of Regulated Tolerance: Prostitution in Amsterdam”. Journal of Law and Society 25.4 (1998): 621–635. Web. This chapter gives a good history on who, when and how Amsterdam handled and tolerated prostitution and other questionable hobbies throughout the years. Amsterdam thinks under the regulationist perspective, meaning prostitution is socially accepted but heavily regulated for not only the prostitute’s safety, but for the public as well. There are many complex rules that have to be followed for a prostitute not to get in trouble, for example street walking is not allowed and no one can be coerced into becoming a prostitute. Another regulation is that new brothels have to be on a probationary period for a year before the government deems them suitable and legal. 8 Cruz, Joshua, and Swaan Van Iterson. "The Audacity of Tolerance: A Critical Analysis of Legalized Prostitution in Amsterdam's Red Light District." Humanity In Action. Web. 29 Mar. 2016. This source breakdowns how the new policy is affecting the lives of these workers, it gives a look at the different sides of how people are reacting to the new policy. Opinions are seen by unions and officials that work with these women and are trying to create change in their lives. Cruz, Laura (2012). A Review of “The Burgher and the Whore: Prostitution In Early Modern Amsterdam”. Seventeenth - Century News (Online), 70, 158-160. Retrieved from http://0-search.proquest.com.books.redlands.edu/docview/1248423869?accountid=14729 This article really focuses on the subculture of prostitution. It uses more slang terms and focuses on the tourism aspect of prostitution. It also defends the workers and their rights by highlighting the fact that prostitutes pride themselves’ on being honest and not stealing and upholding contracts and obligations. Doezema, J. "Now You See Her, Now You Don't: Sex Workers at the UN Trafficking Protocol Negotiation." Social & Legal Studies 14.1 (2005): 61-89. Web. The UN signed the treaty “Protocol to Suppress, Prevent and Punish Trafficking in Persons” in December 2000. This was only 2 months after the Netherlands legalized prostitution. While there were many feminists groups lobbying for a women’s choice to choose prostitution and many against women working on the streets claiming it was a human violation. This article showed the different side’ o the issue and how at the beginning, countries did not know what oath to take. What was best for these “women of the night?” Soon enough, the world was going to find a solution the problem. 9 “Dutch Policy on Prostitution”. Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2012). 1-18. Web. http://www.minbuza.nl/binaries/content/assets/minbuza/en/import/en/you_and_the_nethe rlands/about_the_netherlands/ethical_issues/faq-prostitutie-pdf--engels.pdf-2012.pdf This article provides specific details on the Dutch Policy on Prostitution. It also provides information on human trafficking and the fight to end it, as well as other forms of forced prostitution. In addition to information on policy, laws and regulations, the article provides information on the rights of prostitutes as legal and documented workers. It is used to identify these current policies on prostitution. Jackson, Matthew. (2013). The Burgher and the Whore: Prostitution In Early Modern Amsterdam. The Seventeenth Century, 28(1), 112-114. Retrieved from http://0earch.proquest.com.books.redlands.edu/docview/1530406220?accountid=14729 This article gives a good synopsis on the history of prostitution. It mentions what that seamen and sailors were the most frequent visitors to brothels because of the location of the Red Light District to the Port of Amsterdam were very close in proximity. It also lays out the levels of a prostitution organization and who runs what, surprisingly the majority of the keepers of prostitutes were women themselves. Finally it says what happened when changes needed to be made in the rules and regulations of prostitution. Kilvington, Judith, Sophie Day, and Helen Ward. “Prostitution Policy in Europe: A Time of Change?”.Feminist Review 67 (2001): 78–93. Web One of the main issues with the legalization of prostitution is the increasing number of prostitutes who still practice their work illegally. The article discusses that while new laws to normalize the practices and try to bring more health benefits and regulation as any other jobs, 10 these new laws do not erase the social stigma. Many prostitutes turn to the illegal practices in order not be reported to the authorities and keep their records clean. If their records state about their nigh time activities that makes it harder for these women to find other jobs. We will use this article to talk about the consequences of legalizing prostitution. While, adopting these new laws try to make prostitution a safer option, the truth is that the legalization make women choose the illegal pathway. Lindner, Christoph, and Andrew Hussey, eds.. Paris-amsterdam Underground: Essays on Cultural Resistance, Subversion, and Diversion. Ed. Christoph Lindner and Andrew Hussey. Amsterdam University Press, 2013. Web... Gives an idea of how prostitution was before it was made legal in Amsterdam in 2000. This also explains how women worked back then and how once it was made legal the business had to leave the position of being underground and work out in the open. It analyzes stories of women who have used this industry to get through school as well as others who use this to make a living for years. Outshoorn, Joyce. "The Political Debates on Prostitution and Trafficking of Women."Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 12.1 (2005): 141-55. Web. There is much controversy and complications with the ideas of prostitution, making the UN (United Nations) and the EU (European Union) have debates and conversations on exploiting women, The article talks about the Netherlands and other nations and their regulations and policies are and have changed over time. The line of allowing a woman to freely choose her work and preventing the exploitation of women can be tricky to see. This article specifically helps our group because it discussed how prostitution can deal with immigration. For example 11 those who come to Amsterdam for job opportunities, Amsterdam provides temporary resident permits who those who are willing to testify against their traffickers. Overall, each nation takes their perspective on the issue. Pol, Lotte Van De. "Poor Women's Migration to the City: The Attraction of Amsterdam Health Care and Social Assistance in Early Modern Times." Journal of Urban History 32.1 (2005): 44-60. Web. This article gives very specific statistics on how many prostitution cases and convicted prostitutes there were in the 16 and 1700s. It was made sure that where the prostitute was from was written in the court document, to prove that “these women” were not originally from Amsterdam. After being displaced and left with no home or family, girls would often immigrate to Amsterdam because there was nondiscriminatory and free healthcare. Rae, Lily. "Why Amsterdam's Prostitution Laws Are Still Failing to Protect or Empower Women." International Business Times RSS. 30 Sept. 2014. This article is about whether or not the rules and regulations are actually working. It is said that the regulation and legalization help to empower women, but is that really true? Although a prostitute may be safer and healthier, working in the Red Light District is expensive, paying high rent and taxes. Although it is very regulated, there is still a huge problem with pimps and trafficking and having women alter their body such as surgery, tattoos, and sometimes even forced abortion. The largest successful sting operation, arresting a total of 8 men for trafficking nearly 150 girls ages 14-23 happened in 2008 and 2009, not that long ago. So clearly some things need to change and regulations and inspections need to be tighter. 12 San, Marion Van, and Frank Bovenkerk. "Secret Seducers." Crime Law Soc Change Crime, Law and Social Change 60.1 (2013): 67-80. Web. While the focus of prostitution is always on the women themselves, a article is finally written about the pimps who run and regulate the Red Light District of Amsterdam. The article touches on not only how the behind the scenes work, but also provides some examples on how some pimps are able to convince women to become prostitutes. The role of a pimp has a major influence, easily prostitutes can lose their windows and sacrifice their safety and well being every day. The workers are verbally, physically, and sexually assaulted by the pimps and must deal with feeling that there is nothing they can do to change their status. While women rule the streets in the Red Light District, it is the pimps have the full power. Scoular, J. (2010), What's Law Got To Do With it? How and Why Law Matters in the Regulation of Sex Work. Journal of Law and Society, 37: 12–39. This article talks about sex work in general and briefly sex work in the Netherlands and Sweden. Scoular brings up different approaches to sex work by society and by law, including legalization and abolitionism. This article will also be used to help with information on laws and regulations. It may also help when considering if laws actually matter or not in regards to prostitution and benefits for sex workers and the sex industry. Vanderstok, Sammi. “$ex: The Effectiveness of the Legalization of Prostitution in the Netherlands”. National Collegiate Honors Council Student Interdisciplinary Research Panel. (2010). Retrieved from http://nchchonors.org/wpcontent/uploads/2012/11/Vanderstok-Sammi-Final-Paper.pdf 13 This article actually helped the group to have a better understanding of the 2000 policy that the Dutch passed. While there were many benefits to the law, the cons outweighed the pros and this essay focuses on both sides of the spectrum. Also, the essay provided examples of other nations and their path to deal with prostitution. Reading this article helped to inspire the group with the idea to encourage these women to speak up and have their voices be heard for once. The law was supposed to protect and improve working conditions, but in reality traps the workers and creates a tense and competitive environment. It seems that the idea of the policy was built on good intentions, but in reality failed the workers. Weitzer, R. "The Social Ecology of Red-Light Districts: A Comparison of Antwerp and Brussels." Urban Affairs Review 50.5 (2013): 702-30. Sage Journals. Web. This helps take a look at different red light districts in surrounding areas. Helping create connections between the policys that are used in Amsterdam compared to those in other countires. Allows us to analyze what is working better for these women which country is better assisting the needs of these workers. West, J “Prostitution: Collectives and the Politics of Regulation”. Gender, Work & Organization, 7 (2000) : 106–118. Web. The article is about prostitution in various places including the Netherlands. It focuses on prohibition of prostitution and legalization. Trafficking has been a problem for the sex industry in the Netherlands for quite some time but with legalization of brothels authorities are able to regulate the industry. Furthermore the article brings up health and safety issues and the pressure put on the Dutch government to enforce health and safety measures. 14