Chemistry Project Extraction of Nicotine Sulphate from Samples of CigarettesSharun Joshi Class: XII-A Roll Number (CBSE):___________ Session: 2012-13 His endeavours from conceptualising to completing this project titles “Extraction of Nicotine Sulphate from sample of Cigarettes” up to my satisfaction have been successful. Mayur Vihar has completed this project under by guidance and surveillance. Deepti Srivastava) Extraction of NicotineSulphate from Sample of Cigarettes Page 2 .Chemistry Project 2012-13 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Sharun Joshi of Class XII-A of Salwan Public School. ___________________ Teacher’s Signature (Ms. He has expressed deep interest and has shown utmost sincerity in the completion of this project. SHARUN JOSHI . My sincere thankfulness to my classmates for their extended cooperation and assistance. especially with regards to troubleshooting. guidance and moral & technical assistance during the course of completion of this project.Chemistry Project 2012-13 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my chemistry teacher Ms. Deepti Srivastava who provided me with her constant & invaluable support. XII-A Extraction of NicotineSulphate from Sample of Cigarettes Page 3 . I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to our lab assistant for her extensive support while working on this project. ....................18 RESULT ......................................................Chemistry Project 2012-13 CONTENTS TOBACCO ..........................................................................................................................................................................10 APPARATUS REQUIRED.............................................14 OBSERVATIONS ..............................................................................................8 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................15 CONCLUSION ......................................... MANUFACTURING OF TOBACCO ..........6 ......................................................................................................17 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................8 ADDICTIVE NATURE OF NICOTINE PHYSICAL ADDICTION B .........................................................................13 PROCEDURE ............................................................7 ADDICTIVE NATURE OF TOBACCO ...............................................................................................8 1 HEALTH EFFECTS ..............12 CHEMICALS AND OTHER MATERIALS REQUIRED ............................................................5 NICOTINE .......................16 PSYCHOLOGICAL ADDICTION ..........................................................................................9 N Extraction of NicotineSulphate from Sample of Cigarettes Page 4 .................................................................................... Chemistry Project 2012-13 APPARATUS REQUIRED 250 ml Beaker Filter Paper Separating funnel China Dish Physical Balance Glass Rod Extraction of NicotineSulphate from Sample of Cigarettes Page 12 . Chemistry Project 2012-13 CHEMICALS AND OTHER MATERIALS REQUIRED Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] Kerosene as solvent Concentrated Sulphuric Acid Cigarettes Extraction of NicotineSulphate from Sample of Cigarettes Page 13 . Remove the covers and collect the contents of the cigarettes on separate pieces of papers. Open the valve of the funnel and let the heavy layer out through the open valve. Stir them with the help of a glass rod. Collect them separately in separating funnels. Add two test tubes of Kerosene Oil to each separating funner. Open the valve of the separating funnel and collect the heavier layer in a test tube. Before pouring. Extraction of NicotineSulphate from Sample of Cigarettes Page 14 . Two layers – one heavy layer in the bottom and the second lighter layer in the top separates out. Two layers are formed – one heavy (dark drown) layer at the bottom and another lighter (almost transparent) layer on the top. Heat the crystals in liquid form and ultimately subject them to cold water and leave them for a day or two. Repeat the same procedure for the different samples and label them after the name of the cigarettes from which they have been obtained. Place them in a dry place. ensure that the valve is closed. The lighter layer remains in the separating funnel. Filter the different solutions after the Nicotine has fully dissolved. Weigh the crystals hence obtained with the help of a physical balance. After Pouring shake the mixture vigorously in order to mix the two liquids and leave it for two days without disturbing. Dissolve each sample in Calcium Hydroxide solution taken in 100ml beakers. Weigh 1 gram of each sample using a physical balance and label them. Add half a test tube of concentrated Sulphuric Acid to each separating funnel. Now transfer the contents into a china dish. Again shake it vigorously in order to mix them and leave it for sometime.Chemistry Project 2012-13 PROCEDURE Collect different samples of cigarettes. 2.Chemistry Project 2012-13 OBSERVATIONS S.06 gram 0. Cigarette Sample Country Cigarette (Beedi) Sample A Sample B Quantity of Nicotine Suphate 0. 3.17 gram 0.no 1.05 gram Extraction of NicotineSulphate from Sample of Cigarettes Page 15 . Chemistry Project 2012-13 RESULT The analysis showed relatively higher levels of nicotine in tobacco from beedis (0.05g in Sample B and 0.06g in Sample A). Extraction of NicotineSulphate from Sample of Cigarettes Page 16 .17g) as compared to cigarettes (0. Extraction of NicotineSulphate from Sample of Cigarettes Page 17 .Chemistry Project 2012-13 CONCLUSION This study concludes that the nicotine content in tobacco contained in country cigarettes (beedi) is higher compared to the content in company manufactured branded cigarettes. formaldehyde. The chief commercial species. and Russia. tobacco is stored for curing. and pipe and chewing tobacco. flue-cured tobacco is one of the principal reasons smoking causes lung cancer and other diseases association with smoke inhalation. and some of the 60 species are grown as ornamentals. and then transplanted into the fields. used as a pesticide and. is believed native to tropical America. phenols. tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). Tobacco is an annual crop. Most cigarettes incorporate flue-cured tobacco. a mild-flavored. It is most commonly used as a drug. but it is now grown chiefly in Turkey. which include smoking. N. which allows for the slow oxidation and degradation of carotenoids. and many others. China. and is a valuable cash crop for countries such as Cuba. and so on. and the United States. This allows for the agricultural product to take on properties that are usually attributed to the "smoothness" of the smoke. snuffing. chewing. tabacum.India. inhalable. N. which is usually harvested mechanically or by hand. more inhalable smoke. used in some medicines. cadmium. fast-burning species. Seeds are sown in cold frames or hotbeds to prevent attacks from insects. was the tobacco originally raised in Virginia.Chemistry Project 2012-13 TOBACCO Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. in the form of nicotine tartrate. Tobacco is cultivated similarly to other agricultural products. snuff. tobacco is packed into its various forms of consumption. nickel. India. radioactive polonium-210. which produces a milder. including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzpyrene). Use of lowpH. It can be consumed. like most nicotiana plants.Rrustica. After harvest. Following this. The alkaloid nicotine is the most characteristic constituent of tobacco and is responsible for its addictive nature. Extraction of NicotineSulphate from Sample of Cigarettes Page 5 . The harmful effects of tobacco derive from the thousands of different compounds generated in the smoke. but has been so long cultivated that it is no longer known in the wild. Tobacco is a name for any plant of the genus Nicotiana of the Solanaceae family (nightshade family) and for the product manufactured from the leaf and used in cigars and cigarettes. Tobacco plants are also used in plant bioengineering. arsenic. and one study found that there was an average increase of 1. therefore. The nicotine content of popular American-brand cigarettes has slowly increased over the years. The biosynthesistakes place in the roots and accumulation occurs in the leaves of the Solanaceae.6% per year between the years of 1998 and 2005. while high amounts (30–60 mg) can be fatal. According to the American Heart Association. nicotine was widely used as an insecticide in the past and nicotine analogs such as imidacloprid are currently widely used. the substance acts as a stimulant in mammals. while the pharmacological and behavioral characteristics that determine tobacco addiction are similar to those determining addiction to heroin and cocaine.0% of the dry weight of tobacco and is present in the range of 2–7 µg/kg of various edible plants.6–3. This was found for all major market categories of cigarettes.Chemistry Project 2012-13 NICOTINE Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae) that acts as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. This stimulant effect is the main factor responsible for the dependence-forming properties of tobacco smoking. It functions as an antiherbivore chemical. Extraction of NicotineSulphate from Sample of Cigarettes Page 6 . nicotine addiction has historically been one of the hardest addictions to break. In low doses (an average cigarette yields about 1 mg of absorbed nicotine). It constitutes approximately 0. A key ingredient that makes cigarettes more addictive is the inclusion of reconstituted tobacco. paper. and often also a cellulose acetate–based filter. Rolling paper to cover the Tobacco 4. PVA glue to bond the outer layer of paper together. Extraction of NicotineSulphate from Sample of Cigarettes Page 7 . Tipping paper to cover the filter 3.Chemistry Project 2012-13 MANUFACTURING OF TOBACCO 1. in particular the tobacco blend. Filter Paper made up of 95% Cellulose Acetate 2. which has additives to make nicotine more volatile as the cigarette burns. much focus is given to the creation of each of the components. Tobacco blend Modern commercially manufactured cigarettes are seemingly simple objects consisting mainly of a tobacco blend. While the assembly of cigarettes is straightforward. The speed with which a given individual becomes addicted to nicotine varies with the substance. also referred to as tobacco dependence. Some people may exhibit Extraction of NicotineSulphate from Sample of Cigarettes Page 8 . we feel more alert and calm. causing it to become used compulsively. the frequency of use. Soon the brain's chemical structure actually changes. involves behavioural as well as physical factors. Nicotine dependence. which help regulate mood and behavior. actually. Getting that dopamine boost is part of the addiction process. your brain wants nicotine. the intensity of pleasure or euphoria. When the brain stops getting the nicotine it's used to. You think you want a cigarette when. Each puff on a cigarette sends nicotine to the brain within 10 seconds. so we have another puff. although with continued use the goal is not so much to induce pleasure as it is to relieve the anxiety caused by the absence of a given addictive substance. It increases the release of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters. which makes one feel good. the initial primary attribution of an addictive substance is usually its ability to induce pleasure. and the individual's genetic and psychological susceptibility. And another. So. Physical Addiction Over 13 million smokers try to quit each year. the means of ingestion. It becomes hooked into wanting more and more nicotine to make the effects last. Physical dependence on nicotine is defined by the appearance of characteristic withdrawal symptoms when the substance is suddenly discontinued. Let's take a look at how nicotine addiction works. yet less than 5% of those who attempt to quit unaided are cigarette-free after 6-12 months. Immediately. while physical dependency can be a major factor in the psychology of addiction and most often becomes a primary motivator in the continuation of an addiction. you begin feeling strong withdrawal cravings. It feels good. For one simple reason: a nicotine addiction is harder to beat than most people realize.Chemistry Project 2012-13 ADDICTIVE NATURE OF TOBACCO Addictive Nature of Nicotine Nicotine is very addictive. Nicotine from smoking changes the structure and function of your brain. One of these neurotransmitters is dopamine. Psychosocial Addiction Psychological dependency is a dependency of the mind. Addiction can in theory be derived from any rewarding behaviour. etc). if they become uncontrollable. insomnia. if that person is psychologically dependent. replacing normal positive stimuli not otherwise attained. in addition to the adoption and twin studies that have been well replicated. social. Some claim that it is a habitual means to avoid undesired activity. although this may be due to a variety of other factors. while most people can smoke socially without ever becoming addicted. or psychological dysfunctions (psychological addiction is defined as such). one's genetic makeup may regulate how susceptible one is to a substance and how easily one may become psychologically attached to a pleasurable routine. but typically it is only so to a clinical level in individuals who have emotional.Chemistry Project 2012-13 addictice tendencies from the moment of first intoxication. as opioid use heavily stimulates pleasure-inducing neurotransmitters in the brain. but not psychologically dependent can have their dose slowly dropped until they are no longer dependent. A person who is physically dependent. Opioid dependent individuals have different responses to even low doses of opioids than the majority of people. and is believed to be strongly associated with the dopaminergic system of the brain's reward system (as in the case of cocaine and amphetamines). Nonetheless. they are still at serious risk for relapse into abuse and subsequent physical dependence. irritability. That is. even activities and behavioural patterns can be considered addictions. and leads to psychological withdrawal symptoms (such as cravings. because of these variations. However. depression. anorexia. much of the medical community is satisfied that addiction is in part genetically moderated. Extraction of NicotineSulphate from Sample of Cigarettes Page 9 . Psychological dependence does not have to be limited only to substances. Also.4 million deaths in 2004 and 100 million deaths over the course of the 20th century. or secondhand smoke. with smoking being a major risk factor for heart attacks. liver and lungs. shown has to been cause adverse health effects in people of all ages. Similarly. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that tobacco caused 5. potentially increasing vulnerability tobacco-related disease regions. Starting smoking earlier in life and smoking cigarettes higher in tar increases the risk of these diseases. in these Source: netdoctor.uk to Extraction of NicotineSulphate from Sample of Cigarettes Page 10 . and are less likely to be filtered. and cancer (particularly lung cancer. The effects depend on the number of years that a person smokes and on how much the person smokes. It also causes peripheral vascular disease and hypertension.co. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (including emphysema andchronic bronchitis). Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart.Chemistry Project 2012-13 HEALTH EFFECTS Tobacco is the single greatest cause of preventable death globally. cancers of the larynx and mouth. and pancreatic cancer). environmental tobacco smoke. strokes. Cigarettes sold in underdeveloped countries tend to have higher tar content." Several countries have taken measures to control the consumption of tobacco with usage and sales restrictions as well as warning messages printed on packaging. the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature death worldwide. nicotine causes physical and psychological dependency.Chemistry Project 2012-13 Smoke contains several carcinogenic pyrolytic products that bind to DNA and cause many genetic mutations. Tobacco also contains nicotine. it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the fetus such as premature births and low birth weight and increases by 1.4 to 3 times the chance forSudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). and is a key factor causing erectile dysfunction(ED). When tobacco is smoked. There are 45 known or suspected chemical carcinogens in cigarette smoke. Incidence ofimpotence is approximately 85 percent higher in male smokers compared to non-smokers. The result of scientific studies done in neonatal rats seems to indicate that exposure to cigarette smoke in the womb may reduce the fetal brain's ability to recognize hypoxic conditions. Tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers. thus increasing the chance of accidental asphyxiation. which is a highly addictive psychoactive drug. Extraction of NicotineSulphate from Sample of Cigarettes Page 11 . righthealth.com/article/287555overview.co. o “Practical Chemistry for Class XII” by Ratna Sagar Publications. o http://emedicine.netdoctor.uk.com. o “World Health Survey” by the World Health Organisation (WHO).medscape.Chemistry Project 2012-13 BIBLIOGRAPHY o www. 2010 edition. o www. o www.wikipedia. Extraction of NicotineSulphate from Sample of Cigarettes Page 18 .nicorette.com. o “Science Reporter” July.com. o www.en.