XAVIER UNIVERSITY – ATENEO DE CAGAYANCOLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES Corrales Avenue, Cagayan de Oro City 9000 Misamis Oriental, Philippines APPROVAL SHEET In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in International Studies, this research entitled GLOBAL TECHNOPOLITICS IN CHINA (2004-2014) Has been prepared and submitted by MalonnaNemeño and Khael Valentino Lambinowho are recommended by for the corresponding ORAL EXAMINATION Ms. Herminia Q. Yaptenco Adviser APPROVED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in International Studies by the Oral Examination Committee Mrs. LaarniPacamalan Chairperson __________________ __________________ Panel Member Panel Member ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor of Arts in International Studies March 2013 Ms. LaarniPacamalan Chairperson History | International Studies | Political Science Department Global TechnoPolitics in China 2004-2014 A Research presented to the History/International Studies/Political Science Department, Xavier University Cagayan de Oro City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in International Studies By Reggae Torres KrieslerLabatos MalonnaNemeño Khael Valentino Lambino Krys Danielle Dumanglas Research 1-XC 2013 Acknowledgment First and foremost we would like to thank God for the life He has given us. For the grace and understanding He showered upon us. For the guarantee of His unfailing love, that He would never leave us, nor forsake us. And for the wisdom He give us upon writing this study. The researchers have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals. The researchers would like to extend sincere thanks to all of them. We are highly grateful to our Prof. HerrminiaYaptenco for her guidance and her constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the study& also for her support in completing the writing. We would like to express our gratitude towards our parents & relatives for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help us in completion of this project. Our thanks and appreciations also go to our colleague in developing the project and people who have willingly helped us out with their abilities. Preface The intent of this study is to present technological strategies of the Chinese Global Technopolitics and the effects it gives to China and in the international community. Since China is now famous of being a trading powerhouse of technological products, the researchers will cover how China contributes in globalizing and modernizing the world and how certain political goals are being run through in China’s Global technopolitics. The study aims not to provide a comparative study with the technologies of other countries but to provide details of how and why the Chinese government is offering cheaper cost products of technologies domestically and internationally but in innovative ways. Another aspect is the insights that the researchers gained upon studying Global technopolitics in China, it gives wonderful insights into real life, that China is a contributing factor of how lives become easier, faster and enjoyable through the advanced technologies they offer in the international community. As the researchers, there are also problems during the writing of this study, like how would the researchers provide a new idea out of this topic, and to provide answers of how and why there are products from China that doesn’t have a better quality. But the researchers dealt with these trials by reading variety of materials to provide better answers to the questions, and to support the idea that China as a trading powerhouse will provide a better quality product at a cheaper cost so people could benefit from it. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Over the years Science and technology in the People's Republic of China has developed rapidly. The Chinese government has placed importance through funding, reform, and societal status on science and technology as animportant part of the socio- economic development of the country as well as for national reputation.In a single generation, China has transformed itself from a largely agrarian country into a global manufacturing and trading powerhouse. China’s economy is 20 times bigger than it was two decades ago and is on track to surpass the United States’ as the world’s largest.The effects of Global technopolitics in China will create a great response in the society of how cheaper goods and products can change a country’s economic growth. Also, the technological strategies like open market trading will provide an impact to other countries, for Chinese believes that it can cost jobs and even lives, as cheaper goods flood the market. As a famous global manufacturing and trading powerhouse China will promote cheaper cost of technological products just like computers, mobile phones, cars, and other technological products that can be useful for political goals,because China’s political-economic system allows a greater degree of economic freedom and provides an environment more beneficial to entrepreneurial, innovative and inventive activity. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATEDLITERATURE In examining the emergence of China’s technology in relation to their politics, the researcher’s come up with the review of related literature which is taken up with their sources that includes sources from books, e-books, journals, periodicals etc. which gives the researchers a review of what the study is about. History of China’s Techno political Strategies Chow, G. C. China’s Economic Transformation. (2007). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the historical, institutional and theoretical factors that have contributed to China's economic success. It also reveals new findings concerning the roles of market institutions, Chinese human capital, and private ownership, forms of government, political conditions, and bureaucratic economic institutions. This book also covers a diverse set of important issues: environmental restraints; income distribution; rural poverty; the education system; healthcare; exchange rate policies; monetary policies; and financial regulation. This is a useful source in our research because it shows us the contribution of China’s technology to the politics and to their economic success. We can used this source in our topic by taking down notes of their economic progression and make some graphs about their economic transformation. Townsend, J.R. Politics in China. (2000). Boston: Little, Brown and Cam. Pp. 56- 57. This book is all about the politics in China and explains how China’s politics evolved and continued to evolve following Mao’s death. It covers the political history of China. Their political history and political changed. It also covers the ideological governance and political economy of China. The reform era has brought a long period of relative stability and growth to China. Chinese politics seems to have passed beyond the cycles of crisis and recovery that characterized the Mao era. It helps us understand the history of China’s politics and how it has changed through the years in transforming to a better and more power country. Aims of Technological Advancement Innovations (Global times Sci-tech, p.6, 2009) This tells us that China will continue a dream of peace and stay firmly on the path of peaceful development. This document reflects research achievements of GVice Chairman Wan Jinzhen’s Speech in 2nd Annual Global Forum on Innovation Creativity and Intellectual Property Protection (feb. 26, 2007). Retrieve from http://www.usibc.com/sites/default/files/initiatives/files/jinzhenspeech.pdf Innovation is the core of the nation’s competitiveness and the strategic motif of the future science and technological development. The core technologies cannot be purchased but can only be achieved by independent innovation. Chinese government is fully aware of the importance of innovation and has outlined major tasks and work plans for building an innovation-oriented country. The basic tasks of innovation are to seek leapfrog development in key areas, to make breakthroughs in key technologies, to conduct basic research with the long-term perspective global news from China, and the academic opinions and policy recommendations that researchers achieved in practice. (Sun,W. 2009) Emerald. The Author’s article, develop a method of technology policy quantification to analyze the evolution of Chinese technology policy. They build econometric models to assess its technological and economic performance from the visual angle of “ Market in Exchange for Technology” strategy. The results show the blunder of “ Market in exchange for Technology” strategy from policy formulation to execution. They develop a method to assess the coordination of technology policy based on the quantification of policy, analyse the evolution of Chinese technology policy coordination and its contribution to technology progress and to the economy. Technological Innovations ( New York Times,2009) In an effort to bolster its competitiveness, China is acquiring overseas technology directly from Chinese scientists working in the United States and other countries in order to compete with other country abroad. This article can help us in our topic because it shows how persistent China is to become more productive and more powerful country. They are engaging themselves into technological inventions and entries in terms of technology; China is practicing overseas technology from Chinese scientist that is working overseas that can help them become richer and powerful. Quingsheng, Lou. The Publishing of Annual Report of Science and Technology Development of China Research on Strategic Emerging Industries (2010).A comprehensive research on strategic emerging industries. It has two parts. The first three chapters compose the first big part, focusing on solving the problems of strategic emerging industries on theoretical level. The first chapter analyses the financial crisis background of strategic emerging industries, and generalizes the features and tend of S&T innovation. It also points out the special significance of strategic emerging industries to China’s industrialization. The second chapter tries to explain the concept and features of strategic emerging industries from a systematic and comprehensive way. It raises several general rules of strategic emerging industries development. The third chapter solves the problems about development path and model strategic emerging industries, and also proposes some theoretical premise for government policy making. Bill, D. China Fast Forward: The Technologies, Green Industries and Innovations Driving the Mainland’s Future. (2012) Singapore: John Wiley & Sons PTE Ltd. In this book, Bill Dodson explores China's reincarnation from a closed, agrarian nation into a modern, high-tech superpower bent on literally cleaning up its act. Taking a look inside China's march toward becoming a sustainable superpower through innovation, China Fast Forward presents a balance sheet of the country's technological and social progress on its path to becoming a world leader. In this article, it is useful for us to know how China becomes one of the superpower counties in this generation, exploring such high-tech innovations to be considered as one of the most productive country. We can use this article in our research to be able to know the technological innovations China has made in driving to become one of the superpowers in this world. Kuang, H. Technological innovation in People’s Republic of China.Mainland China Magazine. This article gives us a comprehensive description of China’s innovation system through in-depth analysis of its transformation in the past two decades. The most recent developments are included in order to summarize Chinese experience of reforming its industry and academy sector to meet the challenge of innovation. The discussion is not only centered on the policy and its impact, but goes further to find the logic behind the actions. The book also examines the strengths and weaknesses of China’s innovation system in the global context. This article helps R&D managers, business professionals and academics grasp an understanding of the new changes in China from the perspective of innovation. It also facilitates policy makers and academics to understand the Chinese experience of building a dynamic and innovative economy. It fits our research because we focuses on the technopolitics in China and how it pushes them to become superpowers and such technological innovations are the main purpose of our argument that providing technological innovations can make China become superpower. Zhou, Y., & Tong, X. An innovative region in China: interaction between multinational corporations and local firms in a high-tech cluster in Beijing. This chapter tells us that the literature on innovative regions has stressed the role of spatial clustering in the endogenous formation, accumulation, and sharing of knowledge in technology hubs in advanced countries. Little has been written, however, on how spatial clusters may also affect technological dynamics in developing countries where external factors, such as multinational corporations (MNCs), are the main source of new technology. This research was supported by grant SCS107 from the Pacific Cultural Foundation, a World Bank fellowship from the China Centre Economic Research at Peking University. Role of Politics and Technological Strategy Pirages, D. Global Technopolitics: The international politics of technology & resources. (2006).Wesport: Prager. The book will be interest to anyone concerned with technology and international relations, technology and globalization. It covers theoretical paradigms in international relations, the technology revolutions and social paradigms and also about the political economy. It is a concise review of the impact of modern technology on the world system. The authors rightly recognize that technological development is not a catastrophe, and warn that while it leads toward growing interdependence it also sharpens political competition among nations. Tidd, J., Bessant, K., &Pavitt, K. (2003). Managing Innovation: integrating Technological, Market and Organizational change. (2005). New York: John Wiley. The scope of this book is unique as it seeks to provide a framework which integrates the management of technological, market and organizational innovation. The integrating themes are the identification and development of core competencies, the constraints imposed by different technologies and markets, and the structIres and processes for organizational learning. It draws on the very latest management research and international best practice in strategy, marketing, organizational behavior and technology management to provide managers with the knowledge to understand and the skills to exploit innovation at all levels. This is part of our sources because it gives us the knowledge on how technological innovations change the culture and politics of our country. That managing innovations can integrate technological and organizational change. Issues/Problems Kuang, H. Technological innovation in People’s Republic of China.(2003). Mainland China Magazine. This article gives us a comprehensive description of China’s innovation system through in-depth analysis of its transformation in the past two decades. The most recent developments are included in order to summarize Chinese experience of reforming its industry and academy sector to meet the challenge of innovation. The discussion is not only centered on the policy and its impact, but goes further to find the logic behind the actions. The book also examines the strengths and weaknesses of China’s innovation system in the global context. This article helps R&D managers, business professionals and academics grasp an understanding of the new changes in China from the perspective of innovation. It also facilitates policy makers and academics to understand the Chinese experience of building a dynamic and innovative economy. It fits our research because we focuses on the technopolitics in China and how it pushes them to become superpowers and such technological innovations are the main purpose of our argument that providing technological innovations can make China become superpower. China's High-End Equipment Manufacturing Industry Intelligence Is Urgent. StudyMode.com.(2013,03).Retrieved03,2013,fromhttp://www.studymode.com/essays/C hina-s-High-End-Equipment Manufacturing-Industry-Intelligence- 1485303.html.Establish and improve the technological innovation system is the key to the sustainable development of China's equipment manufacturing industry. Technological innovation system of the equipment manufacturing industry constitutes a generic technology research in basic research product development industrialization. This structure is based on common technology is indispensable, the system reform of China's research institutes weakening or even the absence of the basis of common technology research and development , already evident, is not conducive to the overall impact of the innovation. Currently, the restructuring of research institutes rebuild basic and generic technology research public service platform has become essential, otherwise it will affect our entire strategic process to build an innovation-oriented country. It also one of China’s technologies to provide high equipment manufacturing industry that can lead them to their economic success. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter discusses the research methods used and procedures which were employed in this study. It includes research design, the respondents, data gathering instrument and method of data collection. Research Designs A quantitative descriptive, theoretical, and, analytical approach was followed to evaluate the effects of China’s Global technopolitics on becoming the new world superpower based on all of the data gathered from different sources such as online reading materials, databases, books and journals. Data Collection The sources of data used were both primary and secondary sources. Primary sources were taken mostly from legal documents that regards to China’s Techno- politics retrieved from reliable internet sources. Secondary sources include online reading materials, databases, books and journals that expound and describe the subject matter. Aside from note-taking of the facts, there will be images to be presented to give examples for those technological goods that China is introducing. The method of data collection relies on the annotation, verification, and synthesis of evidences presented by the primary and secondary sources regarding the topic. Evaluation of the gathered data from primary and secondary sources is important to know its appropriateness and potential contribution in answering the research questions and attaining the objectives of the study. The dates of the publication and the credibility of the sources of information are also checked to have a reliable source and have a productive and fruitful research paper. Data Analysis China’s Techno-politics are then analyzed and evaluated in order to answer, attain the most important objective of this study which is to know the effects and the general trend of innovation in global techno politics in line on becoming world’s superpower. Problem StatementThe study will focus on the effects oftechnopolitics in China and will answer the following: 1. what are the technopolitical strategies take hold by China 2. What are its effects on China and the international community? Objective of the Study The aims of the study are: 1. To determine the technopolitical strategies of China 2. The researchers will analyze the Chinese global technology within the context of politics and globalization. 3. And to analyze the effects of technopolitics in China. Significance of the study The importance of this study to the students is that it gives a clearer understanding on the importance of technologies in our society, of how they make lives easier, faster, and enjoyable, to think that the significant political struggles today against globalization are meditated with technopolitics, that the intervention of the new technologies and new scientific activities has significance to advanced goals in politics. To the researchers, it expands the interest of studying Chinese technological goods and to realize its impact to international community. Scope and Limitation This research focuses in scientific and technological innovation in China, the effects of Chinese global technopolitics and the role of politics in technological advancement, but it is limited to the sources in the library and the period of time from 2003-2013. Theoretical Frameworkthe following theories are being used in the study, the researchers will discuss the characteristics of each theories and its relation in the study: Modernization and Social Change Theory Since the basic principles of modernization can be derived from the idea of progress, it considers that the idea of people themselves could develop and change their society. The concept of new advancements and improvements would need to have speed with a constantly changing world. Basically, modernization developed advancements, which China adapted,by being a third world country, and this advancement is clearly seen through technologies, and accordingly, new technology is a major source of social change. As modernization deals with social change from agrarian societies to industrial ones, just like China, it is important to look at the technological viewpoint of China. Primarily, new technologies do not change societies by it. Rather, it is the response to technology that causes change.As Neil Postman has said, technological change is not additive, it is natural. A new technology does not merely add something but it changes everything. People in society are always coming up with new ideas and better ways of making life easier and more enjoyable. Technology makes it possible for a more innovated society and broad social change. What becomes of this is anintense change throughtimes that has evolved socially, industrially, and economically, which is summed up by the term modernization. Cell phones, for example, have changed lives of millions throughout the world. It facilitates other business's communication among each other, and it provides internet access, which also gives greater value in literacy. And in connection with development, China has created new advanced mobile phones into 4G or the fourth generation;it is built specifically to handle mobile internet and data more efficiently, allowing faster and more reliable mobile connectivity. Like organisms, China believes that societies progress through several stages generally starting at a basic level and then developing into a more complex level. Societies adapt to their surrounding environments, but they interact with other societies which further contribute to their progress and development. Trade Liberalization Theory China has become a major world economy, and since China is promoting a free trade market throughout the international community which is in the context of trade liberalization theory, Chinese believes that it can cost jobs and even lives, as cheaper goods flood the market. By means of advancing its technology, China’s open door policy and free trade market could promote beneficial effects to China and to other neighbouring countries. A supporter, however, say that trade liberalization ultimately lowers consumer costs but increases efficiency and fosters economic growth. This shows that cheaper goods will promote a better effect in China and in the international community.In simple terms, Free trade increases competition, which generates further benefits, including lower prices, greater use of new technology and technology transfer between countries. Free trade will also encourage the breakdown of domestic monopolies, and provide greater choice for consumers and firms. The purpose of trade liberalization theory is to give a theoretical explanation to the historical development of the Chinese free trade market and its outcomes. Chinese government objective is not to maximize the value of the political support role but to enhance the politically committed objective of the open door policy toward foreign trade and capital subject to the condition that the government can maintain a certain level of political support in the international community.Open economies are likely to see an increase in the quality of products available as overseas firms compete on non- price factors, such as design and reliability Globalization Theory Since globalization is related to the spreading of modernization across borders. It imagines the development of a global economy in the sense that the world is moving in the direction of more effective use of resources and the means of production.For China, globalization is often seen as a double-edged sword that brings opportunities and challenges, advantages and disadvantages. China has learnt many lessons and accumulated rich experiences in dealing with globalization from its practice of reform and opening-up. To adopt opening-up policy. China's opening to the outside world is comprehensive. It opens not only to developed countries, but also to developing countries, not only in economic field, but also in all areas of social development. At the same time, it is not a blind opening, but a self-conscious one, not a disorganized opening but a systematic one. China's opening proceeds and deepens in a slow and step by step method. Globalization theory also presents a global overview of changes, like China's governmental national technology innovation system and also the progress of Research and Development system of enterprises.Chinese companies are getting bigger and stronger. As a result, China is rapidly industrializing itself into an economic superpower. A recordpointestablished by China's agreement to the World Trade Organization. During its opening-up, China paid special attention to give full play to its reasonable advantages to actively conduct international cooperation and competition. For instance, China has fully subjected its advantages of low cost of labour to attract foreign investment and technology to push economic development and better efficiency and quality of economic growth. These measures have brought the Chinese economy increasingly integrated with the world’s economy through its advanced technological products. Definition of Terms The following termswill be used in the study: CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences) is the national academy for the natural sciences of the People's Republic of China. It is an institution of the State Council of China, functioning as the national scientific think-tank, providing advisory and appraisal services on issues stemming from the national economy, social development, and science and technology progress. It is headquartered in Beijing, with institutes all over the People's Republic of China. CyberspaceA metaphor for describing the non-physical terrain created by computer systems. Online systems, for example, create a cyberspace within which people can communicate with one another (via e-mail), do research, or simply window shop Free trade marketA market economy based on supply and demand with little or no government control. A completely free market is an idealized form of a market economy where buyers and sellers are allowed to transact freely (i.e. buy/sell/trade) based on a mutual agreement on price without state intervention in the form of taxes, subsidies or regulation. Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchanged of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. Put in simple terms, globalization refers to processes that increase world-wide exchanges of national and cultural resources. Advances in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the telegraph and its posterity the Internet, are major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities. Global technopoliticsenters the complex political terrain of the twenty-first century as an agonistic intersection of politics and technology, or as a conscious strategic practice of designing or using technology to constitute, embody, or enact political goals. Innovation The action or process of innovation. Innovation is the application of new solutions that meet new requirements, inarticulate needs, or existing market needs. This is accomplished through more effective products, processes, services, technologies, or ideas that are readily available to markets, governments and society. The term innovation can be defined as something original and new that "breaks in to" the market or into society. Modernization or modernization refers to a model of an evolutionary transition from a 'pre-modern' or traditional to a modern society. The teleology of modernization is described in social evolutionism theories, existing as a template that has been generally followed by societies that have achieved modernity. Modernization theory is a theory used to explain the process of modernization within societies. The theory looks at the internal factors of a country while assuming that, with assistance, traditional countries can be brought to development in the same manner more developed countries have. Modernization theory attempts to identify the social variables which contribute to social progress and development of societies, and seeks to explain the process of social evolution. Modernization theory not only stresses the process of change but also the responses to that change. It also looks at internal dynamics while referring to social and cultural structures and the adaptation of new technologies. Open-door policy is a concept in foreign affairs, which usually refers to the United States policy in late 19th century and early 20th century that would grant multiple international powers with equal access to China, with none of them in total control of that country. On paper, the policy was aimed to safeguard Chinese sovereignty and territorial integrity from partition. In fact, it was mainly used to mediate competing interests of the colonial powers without much meaningful input from the Chinese, thus creating lingering resentment and has been seen as a symbol of national humiliation by many Chinese historians. Peaceful-rise it seeks to characterize China as a responsible world leader, emphasizes soft power, and vows that China is committed to its own internal issues and improving the welfare of its own people before interfering with world affairs. The term suggests that China seeks to avoid unnecessary international confrontation. Political mobilization is defined as the actors' attempt to influence the existing distribution of power. A directional variable is introduced in order to define more precisely the type of relationship which develops between individuals and parties. Scientific Progression is the idea that Science increases its problem-solving ability through the application of the scientific method. According to a scientist the evolving structure of science and technology and frequent reversals of policy under the People's Republic have combined to give Chinese science a distinctive character. Social change theoryis defined as a social process whereby the values, attitudes, or institutions of society become modified. Many individual theories exist that contribute to the broader notion of social change, either naturally or as a result of community action. Social change theory is studied and applied by people in marketing, communications, social work, business and more. Technological Progression is an improvement in the ability to use the factors in the production of goods and services. That is, technological progress is an advance in the technical efficiency with which resources are combined in production. In contrast to factor accumulation, technological progress is an increase not in the quantity of the factor of production, but in the ability to transform the existing ones into output. That is, the ability to produce more output with given inputs or fewer inputs for a given output. Third World country a group of nations especially in Africa and Asia not aligned with either the Communist or the non-Communist blocs; an aggregate of minority groups within a larger predominant culture Trade liberalization theoryThe removal or reduction of restrictions or barriers on the free exchange of goods between nations. This includes the removal or reduction of both tariff (duties and surcharges) and non-tariff obstacles (like licensing rules, quotas and other requirements). The easing or eradication of these restrictions is often referred to as promoting free trade. Trading Powerhouse A business that specializes in facilitating transactions between a home country and foreign countries. A trading house is an exporter, importer and also a trader that purchases and sells products for other businesses. Trading houses provide a service for businesses that want international trade experts to receive or deliver goods or services. Bibliography Primary Sources Global times.Sci-tech (current news daily from China) retrieve from http://www.globaltimes.cn/HOME.aspx CHINA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NEWSLETTER.PresidesbyPresident Hu Jintao. Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) P.R.C October 2012. Retrieve from http://www.china-un.org/eng/chinaandun/economicdevelopment/kj/t1001676.htm Chinese Academy Forum on Science and Technology in China. The Publishing of Annual Report of Science and Technology Development of China (2010) ---Research on Strategic Emerging Industries. LuoQingsheng. (April 2011) retrieve from http://www.casted.org.cn/en/web.php?ChannelID=71 Vice Chairman Wan Jinzhen’s Speech in 2nd Annual Global Forum on Innovation, Creativity and Intellectual Property Protection (Feb. 26, 2007). Retrieve from http://www.usibc.com/sites/default/files/initiatives/files/jinzhenspeech.pdf Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the UN. President Hu Jintao (October 2012) Retrieve from http://www.china- un.org/eng/chinaandun/economicdevelopment/kj/t1001676.htm Primary Sources Books Bill, D. China Fast Forward: The Technologies, Green Industries and Innovations Driving The Mainland's Future. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons PTE Ltd. (2012) Pirages, D. Global Technopolitics: The international politics of technology & resources. Wesport: Prager. Pp. 19, 21. (2006). Chow, G. C. China’s Economic Transformation. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. (2007) Towsend, J.R. Politics in China. Boston: Little, Brown and Cam. Pp. 56-57.(2000). Tidd, J., Bessant, K., &Pavitt, K. Managing Innovation: integrating Technological, Marketand Organizational change. New York: John Wiley. (2005). Secondary Sources Ward, B. Spaceship Earth. New York: Columbia University Press. (1966 Sun, W. Examining China’s Technology Strategy of Marketing in Exchange for Technology.Emerald, 4 (3), p.195. (2009) Daim, T. Managing Technological Innovation. Emerald, 5 (1), p.6. (2010). Campbell, J. R. Becoming a Techno-Industrial Power: Chinese Science and Technology Policy.Brookings, 2 (8), p.6. . (2013, April). Lu, L. Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation. Emerald, 6 (1), p.7. . (2011). Zhao, J., & De Pablos, P. O. Human factors in ergonomics & Manufacturing-Emerging information Technopolitics for effective knowledge management towards high performance business organization and value networks. 20 (2), pp.149-152. (2010). Zhou, Y., & Tong, X. An innovative region in China: interaction between multinational corporations and local firms in a high-tech cluster in Beijing. Wiley. Pp. 129-152. (2008) Journals China Seen in Push to Gain Technology Insights.New York Times.Pp.42-43. (2013, June). Kuang, H. Technological innovation in People’s Republic of China. Mainland China Magazine.P.13. (2003). Chao, Y., &Zheng, Z. State material Eng. &techno Innovation center.The magazine house of EPA.P.26. (2004) Internet Source China's High-End Equipment Manufacturing Industry Intelligence Is Urgent. StudyMode.com. (2013, 03). Retrieved 03, 2013, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/China-s-High-End-Equipment Manufacturing- Industry-Intelligence- 1485303.html An Innovative Region in China: Interaction between Multinational Corporations and Local Firms in a High-Tech Cluster in Beijing.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com (2003) Retrieved fromhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2003.tb00205.x/abstract Douglas Kellner. Techno-Politics, New Technologies, and the New Public Spheres. http://www.uta.edu Retrieved from http://www.uta.edu/huma/illuminations/kell32.htm Upstart: China’s emergence in technology and innovation. http://knowledge.insead.edu Retrieved from http://knowledge.insead.edu/world/china/upstart-chinas-emergence-in- technology-and innovation-1180 Technopolitics. http://www.thenextlayer.org. Retrieved from http://www.thenextlayer.org/node/1199 Chinese Premier’s Parting Words Include Warning. http://www.nytimes.com. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/06/world/asia/chinas-wen-gives-final-speech-as-prime- minister.html?_r Chapter 4 FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS This chapter responses the questions what are the technopolitical strategies and what are its effects on China and in the international community The answer to the first question in which what are the technopolitical strategies take hold to China’s (1) free trade; (2) political support; and (3) global development. First, since China is one of the fastest growing economy in the world by embracing free market in their economy, they’re consuming Free trade as one of its technopolitical strategies, for it increases competition, which generates further benefits, including lower prices, greater use of new technology and technology transfer between countries.Societies that enact free trade policies creates their own economic dynamism- fostering a well-spring of freedom, greater oppurtunity and prosperity that every citizens can benefit from itfor the benefit of companies, this will make them to innovate and develop better products and to bring more of their goods and services to market by keeping low prices and maintain the good quality of the products in order to retain or increase their market share. Free trade will also encourage the breakdown of domestic monopolies, and provide greater choice for consumers and firms. By this, consumers will have the best opportunities to improve their standard of living. It also allows easier access of exporting goods to other states. And also binds strong relationship with each other in terms of economic and political aspect. And adds greater job opportunities to people locally and domestically. Secondly, in the case of political support as it’s part of technopolitical strategies, Chinese government objective is not to get the best out of the value of the political support role but to enhance the politically committed objective of the open door policy toward foreign trade and capital subject to the condition that the government can maintain a certain level of political support in the international community. Open economies are likely to see an increase in the quality of products available as overseas firms compete on non-price factors, such as design and reliability. Lastly, China’s technopolitical strategies also focus in Global development in which Chinese government focusing on how they can make China a great nation. The Chinese government and scientific elites regard possessions of a high-tech autonomous innovation capability as central in their endeavors in order to build a prosperous and powerful nation. China embraced globalization by welcoming medium and small overseas entrepreneurs to invest and also sets great store by investments from International Corporation and big international enterprises. By globalization, in results, economic interdependence and interaction of countries are becoming ever stronger. Development, progress and prosperity could only be achieved through opening to and integrating with the outside world, through stepping up exchanges and cooperation with other countries and through absorbing all fine results of human civilization. China in becoming a global developed country, makes them one of the major actors in the global arena.(China Seen in Push to Gain Technology Insights.New York Times.Pp.42-43. (2013, June). By having this strategy, this will create many effects such as cheap labor that the country can offer to its business partners and other wealthy business magnates. China sports the largest population of a single country in the entire world, and therefore it has a huge workforce, and cheaper labor because of the minimum wages the country accepts. All these are very essential for a business entity that needs a huge workforce to operate a factory. Cheap labor will then lead to investments that businessmen would almost always want a labor that is cheap, in order to maximize their profits, and China is the best place for cheap labor. Competition would then take place. As China is accepting more and more foreign investors, particularly in technologies, in return for providing jobs for its people, competition is slowly forming, as many opportunists and enthusiastic businessmen would want to create their own business empire from a cheap labor. Lastly, cooperation would then take place. This is very important since it leads to creating trusts between China and other states, and since China is becoming the center of trade and products, the international community values China at most. This would also benefit China politically because its grandeur in business can be used as a medium in politics, utilizing the strong trade relations that China has for their political means.(Firms in a High-Tech Cluster in Beijing. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2003.tb00205.x/abstract) With these things, China will also become a very influential state, as changes with its political atmosphere can create a chain effect into affecting its economy, and eventually, the world’s economy. Chapter 5 DATA ANALYSIS This chapter presents and discusses the findings. The data collected are structured and analyzed in relation to the framework established in Chapter 3.This chapter also summarizes the findings, generated conclusions and recommendations based on the analysis of the results of the study on the effects of the Global technopolitical strategies in China which evaluates the effects of technopolitical strategies done by the researchers. Relationship between technopolitical strategies China has been the fastest growing major economy in the past 30 years with an average annual GDP growth rate of over 10%. Around 8 % of the world’s total manufacturing output comes from China, and the nation ranks third worldwide in industrial output. This makes it very interesting to study the country’s technology acquisition behaviour and to examine whether it contributed to the growth performance of its manufacturing firms.(China technological development. Retrieve frmhttp://www.casted.org.cn/en/web.php?ChannelID=71) Graphics shows gross domestic product and growth rates from 2008 to 2012 issued by National Bureau of Statistics of China on February 22, 2013. (Xinhua/Lu Zhe) But in the year 2013, China’s GDP reach about 9.3% which was because of the innovation of their technologies. Analysis in terms of performance in technology Like other developing countries, China has two main objectives in acquiring foreign technology: enhancing technological capability and facilitating economic growth by increasing productivity. This research looked at the innovation sourcing strategies of small and medium-size Chinese manufacturing firms in the 2004–2014periods. (Small firms are those having fewer than 500 employees; medium-size firms have between 500 and 2,000 employees; this is based on the number of long-term employees according to the classification of small, medium and large Chinese manufacturing firms from the National Bureau of Statistics of China.)On the other hand, acquiring technology externally helps improve the efficiency of doing in-house Research and Development. As Lu (2011) points out, external technology sourcing plays two important roles in developing economies: filling gaps in domestic technological capability and upgrading the existing technologies to international standards. (Lu, L. Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation. Emerald, 6 (1), p.7. . 2011) In summary, China’s Global technopolitical strategies is found to contribute significantly to the occurrence of product or process innovation, whereas technology purchasing has no significant direct effect on the measures of innovation output and affects the creation of new products and processes only by raising the knowledge acquired from internal Research and development. The technology acquisition strategies are complementary in making firms innovative, but when innovation is split into product and process innovation, complementarity only shows up in product innovation. When it comes to explaining labor productivity, technology purchases yield higher returns than internal R&D efforts in Chinese small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises. But in terms of its relationship with other country China is making a great deal through its technopolitical strategies likeChina's trade, aid and investment policies integrate. One of the key features of the latest China’s plans is the so-called Going Global Strategy, which encourages Chinese companies to invest overseas. As part of this economic expansion, China’s outward investment has surged and the trend is likely to continue. With that plan, China has adopted a number of significant environmental targets. It is important that the same principles of sustainability are applied to overseas investments, so that China’s development can benefit partner countries, while contributing to the conservation of the planet’s natural environment. (Technopolitics. Retrieved from http://www.thenextlayer.org/node/1199)
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