Chapter 35-39 Reading Guide Unit 6

AP Biology Reading GuideFred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development Name Period Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development In this unit on plants, the challenge for students will be to learn the new vocabulary. As we work through this unit, you will find an emphasis on labeling and explaining plant diagrams and specific directions for which terms you should know. Concept 35.1 The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells 1. This concept is organized into three sections—plant organs, tissues, and cells. Begin by defining a tissue and an organ. 2. The three plant organs are 3. On Figure 35.2, label the shoot system, root system, apical bud, axillary bud, and root system. 4. Define root and then explain the difference between a taproot and lateral roots. , , and . Root Taproot and lateral roots Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. -1- 5. This photograph shows the root hairs of a radish. What is the function of root hairs? 6. What is the advantage of apical dominance to a plant? 7. The main function of a leaf is 8. What are five additional functions that modified leaves can perform? 9. Plants have three types of tissues. Place the name of each tissue type and its function in the table below. Tissue type . Function 10. What is the function of the cuticle? 11. Xylem conducts 12. Xylem transport tends to be in one direction, but phloem transport is more complicated. Explain the pattern of sugar flow in phloem tissue. . AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development 13. The two major tissues of the ground tissue system are pith and cortex. Where are they found in the plant? 14. Plants have five major types of cells. Below you will find a picture of each cell type. Give the major function of each cell type. Specific questions may follow your general description of the cell type. Parenchyma cells Function Collenchyma cells Sclerenchyma cells Xylem cells Label vessel elements, tracheids, and pits. At the end of this first extensive concept. Compare and contrast the following structures: Tracheids and vessel elements Label companion cell. sieve tube element. and sieve p Sieve tube elements and companion cells 16. do not lose sight of the big picture.2 Meristems generate cells for new plant organs 17. What is the difference between indeterminate growth and determinate growth? . The three plant organs are The three basic plant tissues are The five basic plant cells are Concept 35. Complete the following summary charts.Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Phloem cells 15. Explain the following relationships. apical meristem. Apical meristems and primary growth Lateral meristems and secondary growth Primary growth and secondary growth Concept 35.” Label the nine structures shown in the figure: cortex. zone of differentiation.3 Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots 22. Although plants generally show indeterminate growth. root hair. and zone of cell division. plants are categorized into three groups. . root cap. Plants are capable of indeterminate growth because they have perpetually embryonic tissues called 21.Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 18. Annuals Biennials Perennials 20. zone of elongation. and provide an example. epidermis. what are three examples of plant parts that show determinate growth? 19. vascular cylinder. Based on the length of their life cycle. Explain what each category means below. The figure below shows an image that is like a slide many students study in a mitosis lab and is labeled for this lesson as the “Primary growth of a root. . Explain what events occur in the zone of cell division. The figure below shows the stele of a dicot root. and Development 23. phloem. Why must new roots formed by the pericycle originate in the center of the root? .AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 35: Plant Structure. Label the xylem. In most roots. 24. endodermis. Growth. Endodermis Pericycle 25. and zone of differentiation. and pericycle. zone of elongation. the xylem and phloem is a solid cylinder of vascular tissue located in the center of the root and called the stele. Also define the two new terms as indicated. and vascular bundles. epidermis. What structure in this figure is responsible for primary growth? 28. leaf primordia. From Figure 35. It is possible to tell a young eudicot from a monocot by the structure of the stem. label shoot apical meristem.26. label the eudicot. 27. 29. In the following figure.16. monocot. and axillary bud meristems. How is the arrangement of vascular bundles different in monocot and dicot stems? . young leaf. developing vascular strand. Explain what is produced by these structures. What gas critical to photosynthesis enters the leaf through stoma? 32.4 Secondary growth adds girth to stems and roots in woody plants 34. Secondary growth arises from cambium and results in increased 35. C4. Primary growth arises from apical meristems and results in stems. . and of roots and stems.30. and leaves. label each structure just as shown in the text. What is lost through the stoma that leads to transpiration? 33. 31. To understand the process of photosynthesis. Is this a C3. or CAM leaf? Concept 35.18. students are expected to know leaf structure in greater detail. Vascular cambium Cork cambium of roots. Using Figure 35. Chapter 35: Plant Structure. cork. bark. Look back at the stem in Figure 35. periderm. You may have noticed lenticels on the young twigs of trees or shrubs. known as lenticels.AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 36. 40. . On this figure.5 is omitted. Place your answers here: 1. add these labels: cork cambium. What tissues are included in the bark of a tree? 39. What results in primary growth of the stem? b. What vascular tissue forms the bark. 3. What is the difference in the formation of primary xylem and phloem versus secondary xylem and phloem? 37. and Development Read the text that accompanies Figure 35. and what is the function of the bark? 38.19 and find the horizontal slits in the bark. 4. 6. growth ring. Testing Your Knowledge: Self-Quiz Answers Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. 5. a. These topics have not been included on recent AP Biology exams. What cells are formed to the inside and the outside of the vascular cambium? c. 2. secondary xylem. secondary phloem.19 and then answer these questions. Growth. and vascular cambium. What is the function of lenticels? Concept 35. Diffusion and Osmosis. What are mycorrhizae. Orientation Type of Plant Advantage vertical leaf orientation horizontal leaf orientation 4. What is passive transport? 6. What is active transport? 7. It covers the concept of water potential. and each orientation affects light capture. and nutrients is intense among the land plants.AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 36: Resource Acquisition & Transport in Vascular Plants Name Period Chapter 36: Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants Concept 36. Let’s look first at adaptations to increase light capture. many AP courses do AP Laboratory 1.2 Transport occurs by short-distance diffusion or active transport and long-distance bulk flow This section gives you a good review of the transport mechanisms you studied in Chapter 7. and describe the advantage. Also. water. How do plants reduce self-shading? 2. so now might be a good time to review that lab activity.1 Land plants acquire resources both above and below ground 1. The information in the next group of questions should be familiar to you. along with Chapter 7. 5. and what is their role in resource acquisition? Concept 36. What is the role of transport proteins? Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. -1- . There are different leaf orientations. Inc. What triggers self-pruning? 3. Competition for light. Compare the following as to the type of plant that has each orientation. 8. where is water potential. 11. s is solute potential. By definition. What are the most important plant cell transport proteins? How do they work? 9. 13. Define water potential. The understanding of this formula is an objective from Laboratory 1 in the AP Laboratory book. Plant cells have a rigid cell wall. which adds another factor that affects osmosis: pressure. The solute potential of a solution is therefore always 16. What is membrane potential? How can it be established? 10. what is the s of pure water? 14. What is osmosis? 12. What is pressure potential? Under what conditions will it decrease? A B C . and p is the pressure potential.. Explain cotransport. (negative or positive) D . How does adding solutes to pure water affect water potential? 15. The equation for water potential is =  s +  p. In the figure below.7 MPa is placed into two different conditions. pressure is being applied on the right side. 22. In tube B. what is happening in each case. in terms of water potential. why the level of the liquid is higher on the right side of tube A. Is the water potential on the right side of tube A positive or negative? 19. To summarize. why the level of liquid is the same on both sides even though the two solutions are not isotonic to each other. in terms of water potential. 20. water moves from regions of water potential to regions of water potential. What is the water potential on the left side of tube A? Why? 18. in terms of water potential. b. . 21. Explain. This is much like the pressure exerted by the cell wall when a plant cell takes up water. a. Explain. Explain.AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 36: Resource Acquisition & Transport in Vascular Plants 17. Define these terms: flaccid turgid plasmolysis 23. a plant cell that has an initial water potential of –0. What is bulk flow? Concept 36. symplastic route. What are aquaporins? 25. plasmodesmata. use colored pencils to trace the uptake of water and minerals from root hairs to the xylem and phloem in a root. On the sketch. Then. following a symplastic route and an apoplastic route. . plasma membrane. On the sketch. endodermis. label and explain: transmembrane route apoplast symplast 26. Casparian strip.3 Water and minerals are transported from roots to shoots 27. stele. and apoplastic route. label each of the following elements: root hair.AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 36: Resource Acquisition & Transport in Vascular Plants 24. There are three major pathways of transport between plant cells. from roots to leaves.AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 36: Resource Acquisition & Transport in Vascular Plants 28. using all the terms in question 27. What is transpiration? 31. . Explain root pressure. There are two mechanisms that pull water up through the plant. What is the role of the Casparian strip? 29. Write a short essay to explain the movement of water from the soil into the stele of the root. 30. and stomata. Include each of these terms in your essay. adhesion. and label them on the figure: lower water potential. higher water potential. Beginning from where you stopped in question 29. hydrogen bonding. The arrow on the left side of the figure shows this gradient. .AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 32. Chapter 36: Resource Acquisition & Transport in Vascular Plants The second mechanism that pulls water up through the plant is transpiration-cohesion-tension. Note that water is moving from a region of high water potential to a region of lower water potential. write an essay to explain the movement of water from the roots to the leaves. cohesion. Refer to this sketch in your text. xylem tubes. Give an advantage and disadvantage of these traits. Plants lose 95% of their water through stomata! What controls the amount of water loss? 35.AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 36: Resource Acquisition & Transport in Vascular Plants Concept 36.4 Stomata help regulate the rate of transpiration 33. On the sketches. advantage disadvantage 34. + Stimulus for Stomatal Opening and Closing Explanation . Name and explain how each one works. K . Three types of stimuli can cause guard cells to open. stomata. Explain why the stoma opens + when K accumulates in the guard cells. Leaves generally have large surface areas and high surface-to-volume ratios. and H2O. label the guard cell. 36. What is translocation? 40.5 Sugars are transported from leaves and other sources to sites of use or storage 39. . Refer to your text. 41.37. Explain the process of pressure flow by annotating the figure below. List four different physiological or morphological adaptations of xerophytes. and what is a sugar sink? Give an example of each. and explain how each of them reduces water loss. and divide this process into four steps. Concept 36. What is a sugar source. What plant hormone is produced in response to water deficiency? 38. What cell types transport the sugars? 42. and describe the function of each signal. 4. Testing Your Knowledge: Self-Quiz Answers Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. Place your answers here: 1. How do aphids feed? When houseplants are infested with aphids. 8. why is there a sticky mess on the floor around them? Concept 36. 3.21. 9. 5. Give two specific signals that move through the symplast. 2. 10. 6. 7. Study Figure 36. .6 The symplast is highly dynamic 44.43. What is a primary role of magnesium? 4. What three macronutrients are most commonly deficient? You should notice that these are the same three nutrients found in most fertilizers. which plants cannot use. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as Rhizobium are able to convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2). Which nutrient is most limiting to plant growth on a global scale? 6.3 Plant nutrition often involves relationships with other organisms 5.) 3. -1- .2 Plants require essential elements to complete their life cycle 1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education.Chapter 37: Soil and Plant Nutrition AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Name Period Chapter 37: Soil and Plant Nutrition Concept 37. (You may use atomic symbols. Concept 37. to ammonia (NH3). Review the nitrogen cycle by labeling this diagram. What are the nine macronutrients? List them in order of relative abundance in plants. which they can use. What is an essential nutrient? 2. Inc. Plants have mutualistic relationships with bacteria that help make nitrogen more available. The principle of crop rotation employs alternation of a crop that depletes nitrogen with a legume crop that fixes nitrogen. 12. Which of these two crops is the nitrogen depleter? The nitrogen fixer? 9. What is its negative impact on native species.7. In the United States. and how does it appear to do this? 11. How do they obtain nutrients? . garlic mustard has become a serious pest. What is an epiphyte? Name three different plant types that are epiphytic. Dodder and Indian pipes are nongreen. How do mycorrhizae enhance plant nutrition? 10. In many parts of the eastern United States. this often means alternation of corn with soybeans. nonphotosynthetic flowering plants. Where is the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Rhizobium found? 8. 2. Place your answers here: 1.AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 13. do they capture insects? Testing Your Knowledge: Self-Quiz Answers Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. 3. 9. 4. 5. then. 7. 10. Why. 6. 8. Chapter 37: Soil and Plant Nutrition Carnivorous plants such as the Venus flytrap and sundews are photosynthetic. . 3 on angiosperm life cycles. Fruits.1 and 30. Then. Name each cell. Then. a good memory aid: Flowers. and tell what will come from each of them. all of which start with the letter F. What does cell produce? -1- .5 would be a good starting point. review Concepts 30. The angiosperm life cycle has three unique features. circle the flower parts that are essential for reproduction. The male gametophyte is composed of only two cells. double fertilization. .AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 38: Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology Name Period Chapter 38: Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology Concept 38. and double Fertilization. What is another name for the microsporangia? 3. You will want to remember these! 1. Each microspore undergoes mitosis to produce the male 5. and fruits are unique features of the angiosperm life cycle This may be a good time for you to go back to Chapter 29 and review alternation of generation and the terms associated with it. 2. Figure 29.1 Flowers. Label also the stamen and carpel. Inc. label all floral parts and give the function of each. Each microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to form four haploid 4. On this sketch of a flower. Male Gametophyte Cells Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education. . What occurs in pollination? Annotate the figure to the right to explain pollination. 8. embryo sac. microspores. megasporangium. Label these parts: anther.6. synergids. pollen grain. How many survive? 9. male gametophyte. surviving megaspore. generative cell. tube cell. and egg. polar nuclei. Meiosis in the female part of the plant produces four megaspores. What makes up a pollen grain? 7. . pollen sac. megaspore mother cell. .. Describe what is happening in each sketch. what is formed? . polar nuclei. pollen tube. Label the figures below to show two sperm nuclei. synergids. Which of these are fertilized in double fertilization? 13. egg.AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 10. 12. Study the figure on the left above. When the polar nuclei are fertilized. ovule. For each mode. You should be able to count a total of 7 cells and 8 nuclei. describe a feature of the flower that aids pollination. Chapter 38: Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology List five modes of pollination. Study the section in this concept under the heading “Double Fertilization” very carefully. female gametophyte. Mode Feature of Flower 11. and zygote. How many cotyledons does each type have? 20. After double fertilization. 16. (b) diploid. 15. What is the role of the endosperm? 17. After double fertilization. (b) diploid. what does each ovary become? 19. The chromosome number of endosperm is (a) haploid. What are some mechanisms that maintain seed dormancy? . what does each ovule become? 18. or (c) triploid. or (c) triploid. What part of the embryo plant emerges first? 22. The chromosome number of the zygote is (a) haploid. Let’s compare the seeds of eudicots and monocots. What is the function of a seed coat? 21.Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 14. 24.Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 23. 26. Describe three different types of asexual reproduction in plants. and endosperm. 28. What is imbibition? 25. You may use the same term several times. asexually. eudicot. Below are sketches of a bean seed and a corn seed. a fruit is a ripe pod is a fruit. seed coat. Why is it important for plants to have mechanisms to prevent self-fertilization? . cotyledons. epicotyl. hypocotyl. or both 27. An important function of the fruit is to aid in dispersal. Label them to show: monocot. It does not have to be sweet! A pea Concept 38. A green pepper is a fruit. What are three primary methods of dispersal? . radicle.2 Flowering plants reproduce sexually. To a botanist. Asexual reproduction in plants is also known as vegetative propagation. Place your answers here: 1. c. b. 5. c.3 Humans modify crops by breeding and genetic engineering 30. List four genetically modified plant species. What are two mechanisms to prevent self-fertilization? Concept 38. Today. a. 31. 9. 7.Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 29. d. . Testing Your Knowledge: Self-Quiz Answers Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. and describe the advantage each species shows. b. 3. What are three of the possible risks? a. 10. 4. 8. 6. 2. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) offer great promise but are also controversial. Humans have used selective breeding to develop useful varieties since the dawn of agriculture. biotechnology has accelerated the introduction of desirable traits. increasing or decreasing mRNA production b. Cellular response is primarily accomplished by two mechanisms: a. response. The figure below gives a specific example of a signal transduction in plants for the greening or de-etiolation response described above. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education.1 Signal transduction pathways link signal reception to response This concept brings together the general ideas on cell communication from Chapter 11 with specific examples of signal transduction in plants. sturdy stems and broad. Transduction is a multistep pathway that amplifies the signal. protein kinase. As with animals. If you move the potato into the light.AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Chapter 39: Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals Name Period Chapter 39: Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals Concept 39. and DNA. Have you ever seen a shriveled potato sending out skinny. -1- . Let’s begin with a review of three steps in signal transduction. phytochrome. What is this response to light called? 3. Ca channel. pale sprouts? What is this called? 2. Step 2: Transduction. transcription factor. Inc. Step 1: Reception. plants have receptors that trigger signal transduction pathways when activated. 2+ transduction. signal. second messenger (cGMP). This effect allows a small number of signal molecules to produce a large cellular response. Label these parts of the figure: reception. Cell signals are detected by receptors that undergo changes in shape in response to a specific stimulus. activating existing enzyme molecules 1. the sprout will respond by forming short. green leaves. Step 3: Response. development. What are they? 7. You may choose to number the steps. What term do they use instead? 8. and responses to stimuli 6. 5. Plant physiologists think the term hormone as defined above doesn’t quite fit plants. Both plants and animals have hormones. What can be concluded from these experiments? CONCLUSION . What is a tropism? 9. as shown in the figure in your text.2 Plant hormones help coordinate growth. The sketch below describes early experiments on phototropism conducted by Charles and Francis Darwin. The definition of a hormone has three parts. Return to the figure and explain how the light signal causes the greening response. What are the two second messengers in this pathway? Concept 39.4. Explain the results of this experiment. Frits Went modified the experiment using agar cubes with a chemical from the coleoptile tips. . In 1926. What conclusions can be drawn from it? CONCLUSION 11. Chapter 39: Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals Here is a sketch of the Boysen-Jensen experiment.AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 10. Boysen-Jensen’s work was published in 1913. Did you catch the discussion of auxins as herbicides? Perhaps you have used Weed-B-Gone to kill dandelions in your lawn. List and describe four functions of auxin. Cytokinin Functions 17. Auxin has so many functions. Explain how this product kills dandelions without killing the grass.12. How did cytokinins get their name? 16. In jest. Description Description Gibberellins occur naturally in plants. just answer auxin. 15. What name did Went give to this chemical messenger? What was its chemical structure found to be? 13. Describe three of them. List and describe three functions of cytokinins. they have several effects. we tell our students that when in doubt about which plant hormone causes which plant response. Gibberellin Functions Description . Auxin Functions 14. and like the previous two hormones. this answer often works. Let’s try to summarize it by completing the following chart. Under what conditions is ethylene produced? 21. The effects of ethylene are many and varied. Why? 19. Description You have just finished a very complex look at plant hormones. Hormone Action leaf abscission . Abscisic Acid Functions Description 20. Ethylene is the only hormone in our group that is a gas. Abscisic acid (ABA) is misnamed. Ethylene Functions 22.18. Describe them here. Describe three effects of abscisic acid. What are three different responses initiated by blue light? 26.3 Responses to light are critical for plant success 23.breaking seed dormancy maintaining apical dominance making internodes of grape bunches elongate to obtain larger fruit gravitropism drought tolerance senescence phototropism cell elongation increased cell division Concept 39. 24. What is the wavelength of red light? light? Of far-red . Researchers have determined that plants have two major classes of light receptors. What wavelengths of light are absorbed by phytochromes? 25. List each class. Read carefully the discussion of phytochromes and how they work. Pay attention to the two types of red light. Pr or Pfr? 29. and also chromophore. What determines the seed’s response? 30. What is a circadian rhythm? Give one plant example and one human example. Pr and Pfr. To make sense of all this. What is the active form of phytochrome.27. 32. you will want to read carefully the “Phytochromes and Shade Avoidance” section. Sketch the conversion of Pr to Pfr on this figure. What is the photoperiod? . Phytochromes are photoreceptors that have two isomer forms. Label all of the boxes. 28. phytochrome. Which type of red light is more common in a shaded area? Why? 31. Look again at the effect of light exposure on lettuce seed germination. For each line. 35. and give an example of a plant that is in the group. What is thigmotropism? How is it adaptive? .4 Plants respond to a wide variety of stimuli other than light 36. Chapter 39: Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals Plants detect photoperiod. and critical dark period. short-day plant long-day plant day-neutral plant 34.AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 33. Label R. Explain each of the following. What is florigen? Concept 39. What is gravitropism? How may a plant detect gravity? 37. The plant in the sketch below is a short-day plant. explain why flowering occurs or does not occur. FR. and in many species it affects their time of flowering. List six different ways in which a plant responds to water deficit. What are the two ways in which a plants combat excess herbivory? 42. Describe an example of a rapid leaf movement. Describe two examples of a plant producing chemicals to deal with herbivory. 40. Testing Your Knowledge: Self-Quiz Answers Now you should be ready to test your knowledge.Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 38. 4. 8.5 Plants respond to attacks by herbivores and pathogens 41. Select any other stress situation besides water deficit. 5. Place your answers here: 1. What do these action potentials resemble? 39. and explain plant mechanisms for dealing with this. . 2. 9. 10. 6. 3. 7. Concept 39.