chapter-3

Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, 4e (Bauman) Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function 3.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Using a microscope, you observe an amoeba moving toward a food source. This is an example of A) reproduction. B) cellular structure. C) metabolism. D) growth. E) responsiveness. Answer: E Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Processes of Life 2) Which of the following is NOT a component of bacterial flagella? A) flagellin B) basal body C) tubulin D) filament E) hook Answer: C Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: External Structures of Bacterial Cells 3) Which of the following statements concerning the characteristics of life is FALSE? A) Reproduction is defined as an increase in the size of an organism. B) Viruses have some, but not all, of the characteristics of living things. C) Organisms may not exhibit all of the characteristics of life at all times. D) Reproduction can occur asexually or sexually in living things. E) Living things store metabolic energy in the form of chemicals such as ATP. Answer: A Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Processes of Life 4) Bacterial pili can be described as A) composed of tubulin. B) solid, rigid protein structures. C) composed of peptidoglycan. D) specialized fimbriae. E) a means of locomotion. Answer: D Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: External Structures of Bacterial Cells 1 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Inc. Answer: E Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 7) A bacterial cell moving toward light would be an example of A) tumbles. D) Treponema is an example of a bacterium that has an endoflagellum. D) positive chemotaxis. D) pseudopodia. B) flagella. C) negative phototaxis. C) Prokaryotic flagella are composed of tubulin. B) positive phototaxis. C) fimbriae. E) negative chemotaxis. hairlike structures used only by eukaryotic cells for movement are called A) pili. Answer: B Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: External Structures of Bacterial Cells 8) Which of the following statements concerning prokaryotic flagella is FALSE? A) Prokaryotic flagella can rotate 360 degrees. E) Prokaryotic flagella are anchored to the cell wall by means of the basal body.5) Which of the following bacterial cell structures plays an important role in the creation of biofilms? A) glycocalyces B) flagella C) fimbriae D) pili E) both fimbriae and glycocalyces Answer: E Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: External Structures of Bacterial Cells 6) Short. . E) cilia. Answer: C Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: External Structures of Bacterial Cells 2 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education. B) A "run" results from counterclockwise movement of the flagellum. D) mycolic acid. Answer: A Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: External Structures of Bacterial Cells 10) Which of the following is NOT a component of bacterial cell walls? A) peptidoglycan B) lipoteichoic acids C) mycolic acid D) tetrapeptide E) tubulin Answer: E Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Bacterial Cell Walls 11) Bacterial cell walls that are resistant to drying contain A) carbohydrates. B) Pili facilitate the transfer of DNA among bacterial cells.9) Which of the following statements concerning pili is FALSE? A) Pili are longer than fimbriae and flagella. Inc. E) A bacterial cell will usually have only one or two pili. E) waxes. Answer: E Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Bacterial Cell Walls 12) Lipid A is also known as A) endotoxin. C) Pili are long. B) teichoic acid. hollow tubules. D) Not all bacteria have pili. Answer: A Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: Bacterial Cell Walls 3 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education. C) tetrapeptide. . C) lipopolysaccharide. D) tubulin. B) amino acids. E) lipopolysaccharide. 13) Bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma are distinguished from other bacterial cells by A) unique ribosomes. Answer: B Bloom's Rank: Application Section: Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes 4 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education. Answer: C Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Bacterial Cell Walls 14) Lipid-soluble molecules would be expected to cross the cytoplasmic membrane by which of the following processes? A) osmosis B) facilitated diffusion C) diffusion D) active transport E) group translocation Answer: C Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes 15) ATP is expended in which of the following processes? A) facilitated diffusion B) diffusion C) group translocation D) active transport E) both active transport and group translocation Answer: E Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes 16) Which of the following statements concerning osmosis is FALSE? A) Osmosis requires a selectively permeable membrane. C) the absence of a cell wall. B) During osmosis. D) cell walls composed solely of amino acids. E) Osmosis stops when the system reaches equilibrium. D) Crenation results when cells are placed in a hypertonic solution. Inc. E) the absence of a cytoplasmic membrane. B) the presence of mycolic acid in their cell walls. . water crosses to the side of the membrane with a lower solute concentration. C) Cells placed in hypotonic solutions will gain water. C) passive transport. . E) glycoproteins. B) anchoring cells to each other. C) hopanoids. E) strengthening the cell surface. Answer: D Bloom's Rank: Application Section: Cytoplasm of Bacteria 18) The glycocalyx of a eukaryotic cell performs all of the following functions EXCEPT A) protection against dehydration. E) plasmalemma. Answer: A Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes 5 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education. This process is called A) crenation. B) endocytosis. D) periplasm.17) Endospores survive a variety of harsh conditions in part because of the presence of A) mycolic acid. B) lipopolysaccharide. they lose water and shrivel. Inc. Answer: D Bloom's Rank: Application Section: External Structures of Eukaryotic Cells 19) Which of the following is unique to archaea? A) LPS B) peptidoglycan C) hami D) fimbriae E) pili Answer: C Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: External Structures of Archaea 20) When cells are placed in a hypertonic solution. C) cellular recognition and communication. D) transfer of genetic material between cells. D) dipicolinic acid. Answer: C Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 22) One lipid found in eukaryotes but NOT in prokaryotes is A) hopanoid. Inc. . C) phospholipid. E) Centrioles are composed of microtubules. D) Waste products and secretions are exported from the cell during endocytosis. B) Centrioles are believed to play a role in cellular processes such as mitosis and cytokinesis. E) steroid. Answer: D Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 24) Which of the following is classified as a membranous organelle of eukaryotic cells? A) endoplasmic reticulum B) ribosome C) cytoskeleton D) centriole E) both ribosomes and centrioles Answer: A Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 6 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education.21) Which of the following statements concerning endocytosis and exocytosis is CORRECT? A) These processes occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. B) Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis in which liquids are brought into the cell. Answer: E Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 23) Which of the following statements concerning centrioles is FALSE? A) The structure of centrioles is similar to that of eukaryotic flagella and cilia. E) Endocytosis is a form of passive transport. whereas exocytosis is a form of active transport. D) fatty acid. D) Centrioles are found in all organisms except prokaryotes. C) Centrioles are found in a region of the cell called the centrosome. C) Endocytosis produces a structure called a food vesicle. B) lipopolysaccharide. B) The smooth ER has ribosomes associated with it. Answer: D Bloom's Rank: Application Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 27) Which of the following organelles is responsible for producing most of the ATP in a eukaryotic cell? A) lysosome B) Golgi body C) mitochondrion D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum E) nucleus Answer: C Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 28) Chloroplasts differ from mitochondria in that they have A) DNA. B) two lipid bilayers. . D) light-harvesting pigments. D) The ER is a transport system within the cytoplasm. C) 70S ribosomes. Inc. Answer: D Bloom's Rank: Application Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 7 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education. E) cristae. C) The ER is a lipid storage organelle.25) Which of the following is NOT associated with the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell? A) chromatin B) cristae C) histones D) nucleoplasm E) nucleolus Answer: B Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 26) Which of the following statements about the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is CORRECT? A) The rough ER is the site of lipid synthesis. E) The smooth ER is a site of ATP synthesis. C) osmosis. Answer: B Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes 8 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education. chitin.29) Which of the following is paired INCORRECTLY? A) plants: cellulose cell wall B) algae: glycocalyx present C) bacteria: peptidoglycan cell wall D) fungi: cellulose. B) Mitochondria and chloroplasts can divide independently of the cell. E) diffusion. E) The endosymbiotic theory is not universally accepted. Answer: A Bloom's Rank: Application Section: Endosymbiotic Theory 31) Which of the following is NOT a function of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton? A) anchors organelles B) gives shape to the cell C) packages cellular secretions D) performs endocytosis E) aids in contraction of the cell Answer: C Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 32) The accumulation of glucose 6-phosphate inside a bacterial cell via phosphorylation of glucose is an example of A) facilitated diffusion. Inc. . and/or glucomannan cell wall E) archaea: polysaccharide cell wall Answer: B Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 30) Which of the following statements concerning the endosymbiotic theory is FALSE? A) Eukaryotes were formed from the union of small anaerobic cells by larger aerobic cells. D) The cristae of mitochondria evolved from the cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes. C) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes. B) group translocation. D) plasmolysis. A) archaeal cells B) bacterial cells C) eukaryotic cells D) both bacterial and eukaryotic cells E) archaeal. and eukaryotic cells Answer: D Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 9 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education.33) Which of the following molecules would be expected to cross the cytoplasmic membrane rapidly and without the use of transport proteins? A) large molecules B) ions C) small hydrophobic molecules D) small hydrophilic molecules E) both ions and hydrophilic molecules Answer: C Bloom's Rank: Application Section: Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes 34) Which of the following processes requires a carrier protein? A) diffusion B) facilitated diffusion C) active transport D) endocytosis E) both facilitated diffusion and active transport Answer: E Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 35) Which of the following chemical substances contributes to the unique characteristics of acid- fast bacteria? A) N-acetylglucosamine B) peptidoglycan C) lipoteichoic acid D) endotoxin E) mycolic acid Answer: E Bloom's Rank: Application Section: Bacterial Cell Walls 36) The cytoplasmic membranes of __________ contain phospholipids and proteins. . bacterial. Inc. Answer: B Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 39) Some __________ use group translocation as a means of transport. Answer: C Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 38) Endocytosis and exocytosis are means of transport used by A) bacteria. E) both archaea and eukaryotes. B) bacteria. A) eukaryotic B) bacterial C) archaeal D) prokaryotic E) no Answer: B Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes 10 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education. A) eukaryotes B) bacteria C) archaea D) prokaryotes E) eukaryotes and prokaryotes Answer: B Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes 40) Hopanoids are found in __________ cytoplasmic membranes. C) archaea. D) both archaea and bacteria. B) eukaryotes. C) eukaryotes. E) No cells use both processes. .37) Membrane rafts are found in the cytoplasmic membranes of A) archaea. Inc. D) all prokaryotes. A) archaea B) bacteria C) eukaryotes D) both archaea and bacteria E) both bacteria and eukaryotes Answer: A Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: External Structures of Eukaryotes 44) __________ may have pili. Inc. A) Eukaryotes B) Archaea C) Bacteria D) Prokaryotes E) Eukaryotes and bacteria Answer: C Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: External Structures of Eukaryotes 11 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education.41) The cell walls of __________ contain peptidoglycan. A) archaea B) bacteria C) eukaryotes D) prokaryotes E) bacteria and eukaryotes Answer: B Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 42) Cytoplasmic membranes of __________ are composed of phospholipids. A) bacteria B) eukaryotes C) archaea D) prokaryotes E) both bacteria and eukaryotes Answer: E Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 43) Some members of __________ have hami. . A) Gram-negative bacteria B) Gram-positive bacteria C) both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria D) archaea E) all prokaryotes Answer: C Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Archaeal Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 48) Which of the following have external structures containing a periplasmic space? A) Gram-negative bacteria B) Gram-positive bacteria C) both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria D) archaea E) eukaryotes Answer: A Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 12 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education. Inc. and eukaryotes Answer: E Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: External Structures of Eukaryotes 46) Which of the following may have cell walls containing teichoic acids? A) Gram-negative bacteria B) Gram-positive bacteria C) archaea D) both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria E) all prokaryotes Answer: B Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Archaeal Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 47) The cell walls of __________ contain tetrapeptides. A) Archaea B) Bacteria C) Eukaryotes D) Prokaryotes E) Archaea.45) __________ may have flagella. . bacteria. A) Gram-negative bacteria B) Gram-positive bacteria C) both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria D) archaea E) all prokaryotes Answer: E Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: Archaeal Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 3. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 3) Bacterial protein synthesis can begin before the reading of the gene is complete.49) Which of the following prokaryotic cells contain an outer membrane? A) Gram-negative bacteria B) Gram-positive bacteria C) both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria D) archaea E) all prokaryotes Answer: A Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Archaeal Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 50) The cytoplasmic membranes of __________ contain lipids. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview 4) All cell membranes contain phospholipids and a wide variety of proteins. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 2) Peroxisomes contain enzymes used to digest nutrients that have been brought into the cell through phagocytosis. Inc. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Rank: Application Section: Archaeal Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 5) The process of facilitated diffusion requires an input of energy. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes 13 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education. .2 True/False Questions 1) Chloroplasts use light energy to produce ATP and carbohydrates. Answer: wall Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes 3) A higher concentration of solutes corresponds to a __________ (higher/lower) concentration of water in a given solution. Answer: hypotonic Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes 2) The presence of a cell __________ enables bacterial and plant cells to resist the effects of hypotonic solutions. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 10) The Golgi body prepares cellular products for export.3 Short Answer Questions 1) In a(n) __________ solution. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Cytoplasm of Bacteria 9) Chromatin is composed of DNA and special packaging proteins called hopanoids. Answer: lower Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes 14 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education. Answer: FALSE Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 8) Formation of a biofilm may contribute to bacteria's ability to cause disease. . an animal cell can gain so much water that it may burst. Inc. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 7) Lysosomes result from the endocytosis of food particles by eukaryotic cells.6) Eukaryotic ribosomes are composed of 60S and 40S subunits. Answer: TRUE Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 3. Answer: membranous Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 15 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education. Answer: capsule Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: External Structures of Bacterial Cells 12) The type of organelles found only in eukaryotic cells are described as __________.4) A(n) __________ is a carrier protein that transports two substances in the same direction across a membrane. .) Answer: A Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Bacterial Cell Walls 9) Paired structures composed of tubulin that play a role in eukaryotic mitosis are known as __________. Answer: symport Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes 5) The __________ body anchors the bacterial flagellum in the cell wall. and shock when it is released into the bloodstream. Answer: hami Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: External Structures of Archaea 11) A(n) __________ is a type of glycocalyx that is firmly attached to the cell. inflammation. Answer: inclusions Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Cytoplasm of Bacteria 7) Eukaryotic cells use a process known as __________ to obtain liquids from their environment. Answer: basal Bloom's Rank: Knowledge Section: External Structures of Bacterial Cells 6) The reserve deposits of starch or other compounds found in many prokaryotic cells are called __________. Answer: pinocytosis Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 8) Lipid __________ is a part of the Gram-negative cell wall that can produce fever. Inc. Answer: centrioles Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 10) Fibrous structures some archaea use for attachment to surfaces are __________. (Be sure to use capital letters. with particular attention to the features that lead to their placement in separate taxa. Inc. and function. however. but this region is not surrounded by a membrane. whereas prokaryotes do not have membranous organelles. whereas archaeal cell walls are composed of a variety of carbohydrate forms but never peptidoglycan.4 Essay Questions 1) Compare and contrast the characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. a membrane lipid found in both bacteria and eukaryotes. RNA metabolism in the two prokaryotic groups differs. but some ribosomal components of archaea are more like those of eukaryotic ribosomes than those of bacteria. Answer: nucleoplasm Bloom's Rank: Comprehension Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 14) A structural molecule found in eukaryotic cytoskeletons. Bloom's Rank: Application Section: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview 2) Compare and contrast archaea and bacteria.13) The semiliquid matrix of the nucleus is called the __________. Answer: tubulin Bloom's Rank: Application Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 15) Another name for a channel protein in the cell membrane is __________. Bloom's Rank: Analysis Section: Cytoplasm of Archaea 16 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education. Archaeal cytoplasmic membranes lack phospholipid. have a true nucleus that is surrounded by a nuclear membrane. including size. Even though the two types of cells may have various structures in common. . such as cell walls and flagella. The ribosomes of archaea and bacteria are of similar size. eukaryotic cells have a variety of membranous compartments known as organelles within the cell. cilia. these structures can vary widely in their molecular composition. Additionally. and centrioles is __________. archaea have a distinctive attachment structure called a hamus that is somewhat like a barbed grappling hook. a region within the cytoplasm where the DNA is found. Answer: permease Bloom's Rank: Application Section: Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes 3. and the archaeal genetic code is more like that of eukaryotes than that of bacteria. flagella. manner of assembly. Answer: Prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid. The flagella of the two groups of prokaryotes have several differences. Prokaryotic cells tend to be smaller and less structurally complex in general than eukaryotic cells. Although both have fimbriae. Answer: Bacterial cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan. Eukaryotic cells. In this way. This difference is enough to allow some drugs to preferentially affect bacterial ribosomes while leaving eukaryotic ribosomes unharmed. Bloom's Rank: Analysis Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 4) Describe the similarities and differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts. They both contain 70S ribosomes and their own DNA that exists as a single. whereas eukaryotic ribosomes have an 80S structure. Differences: Chloroplasts are capable of gathering light energy and using it to create ATP and sugars in a process called photosynthesis. which are not found on eukaryotic cells. List and describe at least three cellular features of bacteria that could be targeted to inhibit or kill a bacterial pathogen. circular molecule. many bacteria have fimbriae and pili. The cytoplasmic membranes of bacterial cells are composed of phospholipids. whereas mitochondria do not use light energy in the production of ATP. Additionally. The only molecules that can easily cross the membrane are small.3) Most antibacterial drugs disrupt or destroy bacterial cellular characteristics that are different from those of eukaryotic cells or that may not even be present in eukaryotic cells. lipid soluble molecules. the two types of cells use structurally different types of flagella. They both have two phospholipid bilayer membranes. human cells do not have a cell wall at all. Both of these organelles use inner membranes to increase the surface area needed for their chemical reactions. however. The cytoplasmic membrane can also be used for energy production and for photosynthesis in prokaryotic cells. Answer: 1) Cell wall: The cell wall of almost all bacteria contains peptidoglycan. which create a semipermeable barrier to the cell's outer environment. Furthermore. Answer: The structure and function of the cytoplasmic membrane are explained in the fluid mosaic model. Other types of molecules must use the wide variety of transport proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer to cross the membrane. Answer: Similarities: Both of these are eukaryotic organelles that are thought to have arisen from formerly free-living prokaryotic cells. 2) Ribosomes: Bacterial ribosomes have a 70S structure. Gram-negative cell walls contain unique molecules such as lipopolysaccharide and structures such as porins. 4) Cell membrane: Most cells use a phospholipid bilayer with inserted proteins as a cell membrane. which are absent in eukaryotic cell membranes. . Both mitochondria and chloroplasts can produce ATP. Inc. Bloom's Rank: Application Section: Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 5) Describe how the structure of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane relates to its function of selective permeability. the cell can control the concentration of both its nutrients and its waste products. bacterial cell membranes may contain hopanoids. 3) Cellular appendages: Although both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells can have flagella. Bloom's Rank: Application Section: Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes 17 Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education. a molecule absent in eukaryotic cell walls. which are not present in eukaryotic cells.