CHAPTER21 Bambangan (Mangifera pajang ) Seed Kernel: Antioxidant Properties and Anti-cancer Effects Mohd Fadzelly Abu Bakar1, Maryati Mohamed1, Asmah Rahmat2, Jeffrey R. Fry3 1 Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia 2 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 3 School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom 183 CHAPTER OUTLINE Introduction 184 Botanical Description 184 Historical Cultivation and Usage 185 Present-Day Cultivation and Usage 185 Applications to Health Promotion and Disease Prevention 185 Phytochemical components 185 Antioxidant activity 186 Anticancer activity 186 Cytoprotective activity 186 Adverse Effects and Reactions (Allergies and Toxicity) 187 Summary Points 187 References 187 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Caov3, human ovarian carcinoma cell line DPPH, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl FRAP, ferric reducing/antioxidant power GR, glutathione reductase GSH, glutathione HepG2, human Caucasian hepatoma carcinoma cell line HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography HT-29, human colon carcinoma cell line MCF7, Hormone-dependent breast carcinoma cell line Nuts & Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-375688-6.10021-0 Copyright Ó 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. The fruit of M. (B) Whole fruit. The most common species in this genus is Mangifera indica. with a somewhat strong turpentine aroma (Wong & Siew. potato-brown skin which distinguishes it from the other Mangifera fruits. as well as an ingredient for nutraceuticals and functional foods. . It has a rough. This tree grows in the wild.1 Fruit of Mangifera pajang. or the common mango. This fruit has been extensively utilized as a foodstuff. although rather fibrous.5-dimethylthiazo-2-yl)-2. one of the important species in this genus is Mangifera pajang. 184 (A) (B) (C) FIGURE 21. and juicy.5e1kg or more. sweet-sour. The fruit of the bambangan weighs about 0. 1994). of which at least 26 are known to produce edible fruits (Verheij & Coronel. Nowadays. tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide INTRODUCTION The Mangifera genus comprises about 40 species. 3-(4.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide t-BHP.PART 2 Effects of Specific Nuts and Seeds MDA-MB-231. 1991). non-hormone-dependent breast carcinoma cell line MTT. and Indonesia e Kalimantan). pajang is shown in Figure 21. also known as bambangan (in Malay) or wild mango. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION Mangifera pajang (bambangan) is native to Borneo Island (Malaysia e Sabah and Sarawak. (A) Fruits on a tree. Brunei. Other than common mango. When ripe. and is endemic to Borneo Island. and is the largest known in the Mangifera genus. (C) Fruit with skin removed. the flesh is bright yellow in colour. which is cultivated in many tropical regions and consumed worldwide. this tree is also cultivated by local people on Borneo Island. Phytochemical components The kernel of M.e..0 Æ 513. and. The flesh is eaten fresh by indigenous people. with the total phenolic content representing approximately 10% of its total weight. coumaric. Bambangan fruits and products (i.1. Further analysis by HPLC was conducted to identify individual phenolic phytochemicals in the kernel.1 Æ 1. rutin. and is only occasionally used to make pickle. although no anthocyanins were detected.1 . ferulic. whilst the kernel (15e20% of the total weight) and peel (10e15% of the total weight) are usually discarded (Abu Bakar et al.0 Æ 325.6 Æ 28. and has also been cultivated by seed propagation by local people (i. and also made into pickle or cooked with fish. the Dayak and Kadazan-dusun) on Borneo Island. which is delicious eaten with the local staple food (rice). is used to make pickle. 2010). chlorogenic) and flavonoids (naringin. The flesh of the fruit is used to make juice. caffeic. chicken. sinapic. (2010).1 20.1 2386.0 Æ 13.e.0 150. and displays numerous potential healthbeneficial properties. Our recent study has shown that bambangan kernel contains diverse antioxidant phytochemicals. APPLICATIONS TO HEALTH PROMOTION AND DISEASE PREVENTION The kernel of bambangan is considered to be a waste product.5 5334. hesperidin. diosmin) were identified. (2009a) reported that an alcoholic extract of the kernel is a rich source of plant phenolics. which represents 60e65% of the total weight. is used as a food.9 721.6 Æ 24. Abu Bakar et al.5 Æ 98.. The flesh..1 Æ 19. this tree is cultivated commercially in farms or planted locally in the backyards of people’s homes.. pickle and juice) are sold commercially in markets on Borneo Island. 185 TABLE 21. pajang has been investigated in terms of its selected phytochemical components.9 14.1 Polyphenol Phytochemical Composition of Bambangan Kernel Phytochemical Gallic acid p-Coumaric acid Sinapic acid Caffeic acid Ferulic acid Chlorogenic acid Naringin Hesperidin Rutin Diosmin Data are presented as mean Æ SEM (n ¼ 3) Adapted from Abu Bakar et al.9 294. many of which are recognized as potent antioxidants with demonstrable health-beneficial properties (Abu Bakar et al.2 221. A variety of phenolic acids (gallic. The flesh of bambangan is also sometimes cooked with onion and chilli. or meat for a distinctive “mangoey” and sour flavour.CHAPTER 21 Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties of Bambangan Kernel Seed HISTORICAL CULTIVATION AND USAGE The bambangan tree grows in the wild.1 Æ 34. and the results are presented in Table 21.1 Æ 0. and served as side dishes or “sambal”.3 301. 2009a). together with the grated kernel. Concentration (mg/g Dry Weight) 236. PRESENT-DAY CULTIVATION AND USAGE Currently. since it is not eaten fresh. using MTT assay as the marker for proliferation.5 34.3 Inhibition of Proliferation of Cancer Cell Lines by Crude Extracts of Bambangan Sample Flesh Peel Kernel HepG2 > 100 36.2d 20.5 HT-29 > 100 > 100 63. and flesh of bambangan against the proliferation in vitro of cancer cell lines derived from human liver (HepG2).0 MDA-MB-231 > 100 > 100 30.0 92. the same trend as shown in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay.3).0 Æ 35. The reducing ability of the tested extracts was in the order of kernel > peel > flesh. Anticancer activity Abu Bakar et al.0 MCF-7 > 100 > 100 23. peel. Again.9 Æ 0. data are presented as mean of three separate experiments. followed by the peel and flesh extracts (Table 21. 2009a). and MDA-MB-231.4c 343.2 Antioxidant Properties of Different Parts of Bambangan Sample Flesh Peel Kernel DPPH Free Radical Scavenging1 9. ..1b 23. at least partially. colon (HT-29). Cytoprotective activity 186 The potential cellular antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of bambangan kernel.0 mg/ml. (2010) investigated the cytotoxic effects of the kernel.0 Æ 1.2b 3130. The previously identified polyphenol phytochemicals (see above) are most likely responsible for the antioxidant activity of the kernel of bambangan. and flesh extracts were tested against oxidative stress toxicity induced by t-BHP in the HepG2 cell TABLE 21. by the presence of the phenolic phytochemicals described previously. synergistically. peel.05 (ANOVA and Duncan’s post-hoc test) Adapted from Abu Bakar et al.5 mg/ml) (Table 21. 30. the inhibition of proliferation of the selected cancer cell lines can be explained. ovary (Caov3). peel. The results showed that the kernel extract of the fruit displayed the highest DPPH scavenging effect.0a FRAP2 150. and/or antagonistically with other (unidentified) compounds to display the antiproliferative activity (Yang et al. concentration of extract inhibiting cell proliferation by 50%). different superscript letters indicate significant difference at P < 0. 2009). These phenolic phytochemicals might act additively.5 Inhibition expressed as IC50 values (mg/ml.2). (2009a). 1 DPPH free radical scavenging activity was expressed as mg ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC) in 1 g of dry sample 2 FRAP was expressed as mM ferric reduction to ferrous in 1 g of dry sample. 23. especially the breast cancer lines (IC50 for MCF-7. The results showed that bambangan kernel induced strong cytotoxic activity against all cancer cell lines tested. and kernel. (2010). and the antioxidant assessment of alcoholic extracts was conducted by a free radical scavenging assay (using DPPH) and a ferric reduction (FRAP) assay. and breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231).2 Æ 0.3 Æ 0.5a Values are presented as mean Æ SEM (n ¼ 3). The fruits were separated into flesh.0 Caov3 > 100 55. many of which have well-characterized antitumor actions. Adapted from Abu Bakar et al.2 Æ 7. TABLE 21.PART 2 Effects of Specific Nuts and Seeds Antioxidant activity Our recent study showed that bambangan fruit displayed high antioxidant activity (Abu Bakar et al.. E. C. Burr. 2007). Four Points by Sheraton. 9. possible toxic effects of bambangan kernel extracts at high doses and/or with long-term exposure should be considered. 40. (2009b). & Pereira-Wilson. Valentao. Fernandes-Ferreira. F. Yang. Abu Bakar. F. Meanwhile. Rahmat. The kernel extract has been shown to display superior antioxidant activity compared to other parts of the fruit. M. C. Cytoprotective activity of Bambangan (Mangifera pajang) extracts against t-BHP induced oxidative damage in hepatocyte (HepG2) cell line. 167. R. 173e178. 187 References Abu Bakar. (2007). Mohamed..CHAPTER 21 Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties of Bambangan Kernel Seed line (Abu Bakar et al. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common edible nut seeds. M. comparable to the well-known cytoprotective compound. Rahmat. Nutrition and Food Science.3 Æ 0. K. & Fry. Plant resources of South East Asia. S. Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of different parts of bambangan (Mangifera pajang) and tarap (Artocarpus odoratissimus). both quercetin and M. M.. Bambangan has also been shown to protect against t-BHP induced oxidative stress in mammalian cell lines. since it is eaten with the flesh as a pickle by the local community. W. Wong. no cytotoxic activity was observed in normal human (MRC-5) and rat fibroblast (3T3) cell lines after incubation with bambangan kernel extract at concentrations of up to 100 mg/ml (unpublished data). J. . LWT-Food Science and Technology. 29e38. & Siew. H. (2009). Liu. A.2 Æ 0. as indicated by a higher cytoprotective index value of 5. R. S.. t-BHP has been reported to exert its cytotoxic activity via glutathione (GSH) depletion (Lima et al.. (1994). S. L. Mohamed. R. Burr. Abu Bakar. Flavour and Fragrance Journal... A. the positive control (quercetin) showed lower cytoprotective activity. However.... In addition.. Water and methanolic extracts of Salvia officinalis protect HepG2 cells from t-BHP induced oxidative damage. 113. pajang kernel extract significantly induced the expression of glutathione reductase (GR). Sarawak. M. Andrade. Bambangan kernel extract has displayed a broad spectrum of anticancer properties. indicating that both materials (quercetin and kernel extract) may exert their cytoprotective action by a combination of direct (radical scavenging) and indirect (protein upregulation) antioxidant activities. Edible fruits and nuts. No.. (2010).. In addition. 1e8. Verheij. R. The results showed that only the kernel extract displayed protective activity against oxidative damage caused by t-BHP in HepG2... E. Lima. P. C. (2009a). (1991). F. Malaysia: 4th Global Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. P.1 mg/ml. with a cytoprotective index value (concentration producing 50% protection) of 1. M. & Halim. M.. & Fry. M. Chemico-Biological Interactions.). A. S. R. A. (Eds. M. 42. Wageningen: Pudoc. Food Chemistry. F. especially against breast cancer cells. Cytotoxicity and polyphenol diversity in selected parts of Mangifera pajang and Artocarpus odoratissimus fruits. 107e115. & Coronel. Preliminary data reveal that bambangan kernel extract has great potential as a chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent. M. Seabra. R. The kernel of bambangan can be regarded as safe. A... B. quercetin. upregulation of GR serves to maintain the GSH status and thereby provide protection against oxidative stress. SUMMARY POINTS l l l l l Bambangan kernel contains diverse phenolic phytochemicals... Volatile components of the fruits of bambangan (Mangifera pajang Kostermans) and binjai (Mangifera caesia Jack).. J. J.7 mg/ml. Further study is needed to determine the efficacy of this extract in vivo and in human clinical trials. J. R. 2009b). 479e483. Mohamed. Kuching. ADVERSE EFFECTS AND REACTIONS (ALLERGIES AND TOXICITY) No adverse effects or toxicity have been reported for bambangan kernel in humans or animals. such as phenolic acids and flavonoids. & Fry. 2.. Rahmat. C.. which might be responsible for the potent health-beneficial properties.