Chandragupta MauryaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Chandragupta Maurya Mauryan Emperor Reign 320–298 BCE Born 340 BCE Birthplace Patliputra (Patna), Bihar, India Died 298 BCE (aged 42) Sravana Belgola, Karnataka, India[1] Place of death Predecessor Dhanananda of Nanda Dynasty Successor Bindusara Consort Durdhara Royal House Mauryan dynasty Religious beliefs Hinduism for major part of life, Jainism in older days Chandragupta Maurya (Sanskrit: चन्द्रगप्त मौर्य Hindi: चन्द्रगप्त मौर्य), (born c. 340 BCE, ruled ु ु c. 320 BCE,[2] – 298 BCE[3]) was the founder of the Maurya Empire. Chandragupta succeeded in conquering most of the Indian subcontinent. Chandragupta is considered the first unifier of India and its first genuine emperor.[4] In foreign Greek and Latin accounts, Chandragupta is known as Sandrokyptos (Σανδρόκσπτος), Sandrokottos (Σανδρόκοττος) or Androcottus.[5] Contents 1 Origins 2 Early life 3 Foundation of the Maurya Empire o 3.[6] After Chandragupt's conquests. the same play describes the Nandas as of Prathita-kula.Prior to Chandragupta's consolidation of power.4 Conquest of Macedonian territories in India 4 Expansion o 4. Dhundiraja.3 Conquest of the Nanda Empire o 3. daughter of a Vrishala (shudra). i. More than half a millennium later.[9] His achievements. while the Nanda Dynasty dominated the middle and lower basin of the Ganges.2 Southern conquests 5 Jainism 6 Successors 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Origins Further information: Ancestry of Chandragupta Maurya Many Indian literary traditions connect him with the Nanda Dynasty of Magadha in modern day Bihar in eastern India. was son of the Nanda king Sarvarthasiddhi by a wife named Mura. small regional kingdoms dominated the northwestern subcontinent. to Kashmir and Nepal[8] in the north. . Over two thousand years later. Again more than a millennium later..e. Mudrarakshasa uses terms like kula-hina and Vrishala for Chandragupta's lineage. which ranged from conquering Macedonian satrapies in the northwest and conquering the Nanda Empire by the time he was only about 20 years old. a commentator of 18th century on Mudrarakshasa states that Chandragupta alias Maurya who. to Afghanistan and Balochistan in the west. the accomplishments of Chandragupta stand out in the history of South Asia. the Maurya Empire extended from Bengal and Assam[7] in the east.1 Chanakya o 3.[10][11] On the other hand. remain some of the most celebrated in the history of India. to achieving an alliance with Seleucus I Nicator and establishing centralized rule throughout South Asia.2 Nanda army o 3. This reinforces Justin's contention that Chandragupta had a humble origin. and to the Deccan Plateau in the south.1 Conquest of Seleucus' eastern territories o 4. the Sanskrit drama Mudrarakshasa not only calls him Mauryaputra (Act II) but also a Nandanvaya (Act IV). is also styled a Kshatriya. The medieval commentator on the Vishnu Purana informs us that Chandragupta was son of a Nanda prince and a dasi (English: maid). who is considered. Nanda dynasty was started by Mahapadma Nanda. at least. and explains how he later led a popular uprising against the Nanda king. The Mahaparinnibhana Sutta of the Buddhist canon states that the Moriyas (Mauryas) belonged to the Kshatriya community of Pippalivana. It is stated that the Maurya line sprang from Suryavamsi Mandhatri. mura. These traditions. son of prince Yuvanashva of the solar race. The Buddhist text of the Mahavamsa calls Chandragupta a section of the Khattya (Kshatriya) clan named Moriya (Maurya). a clan which also belongs to the race of Aditya.e. He was paragon for later rulers. . son of Chandragupta. and we are told that he often said in later times that Alexander narrowly missed making himself master of the country. saw Alexander himself. indicate that Chandragupta has come from a Kshatriya lineage.9 ” According to this text. and that he viewed the ruling Nanda Empire in a negative light: “ "Androcottus. an anointed Kshatriya. the first Shudra king of Magadha. See the page shakya for more details. The poets Kshmendra and Somadeva call him Purvananda-suta. and in the same work. Early life Very little is known about Chandragupta's youth. Kshatriya Murdhabhishikata. Junianus Justinus (Justin) describes the humble origins of Chandragupta. All the puranas and vedas together proved shakya clan as a branch of ikshwaku vamsha or surya vamsha. solar race by all the vedas and Hindu puranas. probably around Takshasila in the northwest. son of genuine Nanda as opposed to YogaNanda. suggesting a birth date for Chandragupta around 340 BCE. the encounter would have happened around 326 BCE. i.illustrious lineage. Parallel Lives: Life of Alexander 62." —Plutarch. The Mahavamshatika connects him with the Sakya clan of the Buddha. All the Buddhist texts shows the genealogy of shakya kings of suryavamsha. when he was a stripling. son of Bindusara. Divyavadana calls Bindusara. i. since its king was hated and despised on account of his baseness and low birth. as well as classical Greek and Latin sources which refer to Chandragupta by the names "Sandracottos" or "Andracottus". what is known about his youth is gathered from later classical Sanskrit literature. Ashok Maurya's inscription claiming to be 'Buddhi Sakya' further proves the Mauryas to be an offshoot of the Shakyas to whom 'Sakyamuni' Siddhartha Buddha belonged. pseudo Nanda.e. king Ashoka. Plutarch reports that he met with Alexander the Great.. A medieval inscription represents the Maurya clan as belonging to the solar race of Kshatriyas.. Chanakya. Following his victory. with the help of Chanakya. and immediately took the young boy under his wing to fulfill his silent vow. Chanakya by chance met Chandragupta in whom he spotted great military and executive abilities.[12] but he was denied any such help. Chanakya started to convince his disciple Chandragupta of the need to build an empire that could protect Indian territories from foreign invasion. Chanakya then went to Magadha further east. however. At the time of Alexander's invasion. Parvateshwara (Porus).[14] he is thrown out of the Nanda court by the king. defeated the Magadha kings and the bulk army of Chandravanshi clan. is regarded as the architect of Chandragupta's early rise to power. was the only local king who was able to challenge Alexander at the Battle of the Hydaspes River. The king of Takshasila and Gandhara. Nanda army . made signed a peace treaty with Alexander. After this incident. with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BCE.Foundation of the Maurya Empire Further information: Magadha and Maurya Empire Silver punch mark coin of the Maurya empire. Chanakya was a teacher at Takshasila University. Ambhi (also known as Taxiles). planned to defeat the foreign invasion and sought help from other kings to unite and fight Alexander. began laying the foundation of the Maurya Empire. who is also known as Kautilya and was the author of the Arthashastra. a king of Punjab. with the help of Chanakya. defeated generals of Alexander settled in Gandhara (Kamboja kingdom of Aryan race Mahajanpada). In all forms of the Chanakya legend. Chandragupta Maurya. whereupon he swears revenge. to seek the help of Dhana Nanda. who ruled a vast Nanda Empire which extended from Bihar and Bengal in the east to Punjab and Sindh in the west. but was defeated. Chanakya was impressed by the prince's personality and intelligence. Chanakya Main article: Chanakya Chandragupta's teacher and later his prime minister[13] Chanakya. While in Magadha. today's Afghanistan. Chandragupta Maurya. Chandragupta needed to raise a formidable army of his own. as they learned.[12] Conquest of the Nanda Empire Further information: Nanda Dynasty Main article: Nanda War . the width of which. at the time of Alexander's Battle of the Hydaspes River.000 infantry. was thirty-two furlongs. "Life of Alexander" 62. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen. For having had all they could do to repulse an enemy who mustered only twenty thousand infantry and two thousand horse. its depth a hundred fathoms. and six thousand fighting elephants. they violently opposed Alexander when he insisted on crossing the river Ganges also.The Nanda Empire at its greatest extent under Dhana Nanda circa 323 BCE. 8. the size of the Nanda Empire's army further east numbered 200. eight thousand chariots. who reigned there not long afterwards. while its banks on the further side were covered with multitudes of men-at-arms and horsemen and elephants. their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. Parallel Lives.000 war elephants. 80.000 chariots. And there was no boasting in these reports. which was discouraging for Alexander's men and stayed their further progress into India: “ "As for the Macedonians. made a present to Seleucus of five hundred elephants. For Androcottus. two hundred thousand footmen." —Plutarch. however. Main article: Nanda Dynasty According to Plutarch. and 6. and with an army of six hundred thousand men overran and subdued all India.000 cavalry.1-4 ” In order to defeat the powerful Nanda army. The Mudrarakshasa of Visakhadutta as well as the Jaina work Parisishtaparvan talk of Chandragupta's alliance with the Himalayan king Parvatka. Regardless. Chandragupta faced off against Bhadrasala – commander of Dhana Nanda's armies. 320 BCE. He was eventually able to defeat Bhadrasala and Dhana Nanda in a series of battles. sometimes identified with Porus. ending with the siege of the capital city Pataliputra[12] and the conquest of the Nanda Empire around 321 BCE.Chandragupta's empire when he founded it c. Conquest of Macedonian territories in India . in the ensuing war. by the time he was about 20 years old.[15] It is noted in the Chandraguptakatha that the protagonist and Chanakya were initially rebuffed by the Nanda forces.[12] thus founding the powerful Maurya Empire in Northern India by the time he was about 20 years old. Chanakya had trained Chandragupta under his guidance and together they planned the destruction of Dhana Nanda. Chandragupta had defeated the remaining Macedonian satrapies in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent by 317 BCE. in which Antigonus was slain. proceeded to join in the war against Antigonus. which he would further expand in later years. Chandragupta. After Alexander's death in 323 BCE. as if tamed down to gentleness. The Roman historian Justin described how Sandrocottus (Greek version of Chandragupta's name) conquered the northwest: “ "Some time after. having thus acquired a throne. As soon as the forces. Chandragupta. where he defeated the satrapies (described as "prefects" in classical Western sources) left in place by Alexander (according to Justin). Nicanor and Philip. a wild elephant of great bulk presented itself before him of its own accord. ruler of the Greek colonies along the Indus until his departure for Babylon in 316 BCE. when Seleucus was laying the foundations of his future greatness. ruler in western Punjab until his departure in 317 BCE. XV. took him on its back. who. to the Indus River in the west. had founded a vast empire that extended from the Bay of Bengal in the east. as he was going to war with the generals of Alexander. and settling his affairs in the east. Historiarum Philippicarum libri XLIV.4. Sandrocottus. and his son Demetrius put to flight. and conspicuous in fields of battle. " —Junianus Justinus.19 ” Expansion By the time he was only about 20 years old.[disambiguation needed ][4][12] The satrapies he fought may have included Eudemus. and Peithon. after making a league with him. turned his attention to Northwestern India (modern Pakistan). Conquest of Seleucus' eastern territories . son of Agenor. and. and became his guide in the war. who had succeeded in defeating the Macedonian satrapies in India and conquering the Nanda Empire. of all the confederates were united. was in possession of India. therefore. a battle was fought. and may have assassinated two of his governors. Paropamisadae. History of Rome. He crossed the Indus and waged war with Sandrocottus [Maurya]. modern day Afghanistan. The Syrian Wars 55). Seleucus appears to have fared poorly. Hyrcania. . and the Balochistan province of Pakistan. king of the Indians. C. concrete indications of Mauryan rule. strong in arms and persuasive in council. As noted by scholars such as R. Armenia. Some of these exploits were performed before the death of Antigonus and some afterward. 'Seleucid' Cappadocia. 305 BCE. as far as the river Indus. Mainstream scholarship asserts that Chandragupta received vast territory west of the Indus. including the Hindu Kush. Kosambi. who fought Chandragupta Maurya. Arabia. The whole region from Phrygia to the Indus was subject to Seleucus. and later made an alliance with him. reconquered most of Alexander's former empire and put under his own authority eastern territories as far as Bactria and the Indus (Appian. History of Rome. Gedrosia. until they came to an understanding with each other and contracted a marriage relationship.Silver coin of Seleucus I Nicator. Arachosia. Bactria. Parthia. and other adjacent peoples that had been subdued by Alexander. he acquired Mesopotamia. who dwelt on the banks of that stream. Sogdia. and Aria. a Macedonian satrap of Alexander. Seleucus I Nicator. Seleucus surrendered Arachosia. so that the boundaries of his empire were the most extensive in Asia after that of Alexander. Chandragupta extended the borders of his empire towards Seleucid Persia after his conflict with Seleucus c. such as the inscriptions of the Edicts of Ashoka. Tapouria. are known as far as Kandhahar in southern Afghanistan. The Syrian Wars 55 ” The exact details of engagement are not known. until in 305 BCE he entered in a confrontation with Chandragupta: “ "Always lying in wait for the neighboring nations.[17][18] Archaeologically. D. Majumdar[16] and D. Due to his defeat. having ceded large territories west of the Indus to Chandragupta. Persis." —Appian. at the Mauryan court at Pataliputra (modern Patna in Bihar state).[12] By the time his conquests were complete. by reference to some of the presents which Sandrakottus." —Junianus Justinus. Chola and Satyaputra) and Kalinga (modern day Orissa). the king of the Indians. Seleucos went to war against Antigonus. After annexing Seleucus' eastern Persian provinces. the ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt and contemporary of Ashoka the Great.[24] Classical sources have also recorded that following their treaty.[16][19][20][21][22][23] a military asset which would play a decisive role at the Battle of Ipsus in 302 BCE. .15 ” It is generally thought that Chandragupta married Seleucus's daughter. to Chandragupta. Chandragupta sent 500 war-elephants. Seleucus dispatched an ambassador. a gift from Seleucus to formalize an alliance. were to banish love. from the Bay of Bengal to the Arabian Sea. which were to act like charms in producing a wonderful degree of affection. or a Greek Macedonian princess. Chandragupta and Seleucus exchanged presents. 300 BCE. on the contrary.“ "After having made a treaty with him (Sandrakotos) and put in order the Orient situation. is also recorded by Pliny the Elder as having sent an ambassador named Dionysius to the Mauryan court. sent to Seleucus. XV. Chandragupta had a vast empire extending across the northern parts of Indian Sub-continent. while some." —Athenaeus of Naucratis ” Southern conquests The extent of the Maurya Empire after Chandragupta's southern conquests c. and later Deimakos to his son Bindusara. Chera. Megasthenes. In addition to this treaty. such as when Chandragupta sent various aphrodisiacs to Seleucus: “ "And Theophrastus says that some contrivances are of wondrous efficacy in such matters [as to make people more amorous]. Historiarum Philippicarum libri XLIV.4. And Phylarchus confirms him. Later Ptolemy II Philadelphus. In a return gesture. Chandragupta then began expanding his empire further south beyond the barrier of the Vindhya Range and into the Deccan Plateau except the Tamil regions (Pandya. Natural History VI. but one may say in all India. which was dedicated to Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. Bindusara's son Ashoka the Great.000 soldiers.[25] A small temple marks the cave (Bhadrabahu Cave) where he is said to have died by fasting. 30. migrating south with them and ending his days in sallekhana at Shravanabelagola. Chandragiri (Chikkabetta) and Vindyagiri. are believed to have meditated here. who also drew from Megasthenes' work. Ashoka the Great after witnessing the results of his wars. gives even larger numbers of 600. Bindusara. though fifth-century inscriptions in the area support the concept of a larger southern migration around that time. 22. not only in this quarter.000 elephants: whence may be formed some conjecture as to the vastness of his resources.000 men" —Strabo.000foot-soldiers.Chandragupta succeeded in unifying most of Southern Asia.53 ” On the other hand. a very large and wealthy city. after which some call the people itself the Palibothri. 30. The last shruta-kevali. their capital Palibothra. Successors Main article: Maurya Empire Chandragupta Maurya renounced his throne to his son. 15. and 9.1. Geographica.000 cavalry. in present day Karnataka.000 infantry. Their king has in his pay a standing army of 600. In popular culture . according to Strabo: “ "Megasthenes was in the camp of Sandrocottus. was originally built there by Emperor Ashoka in the third century BC. Megasthenes later recorded the size of Chandragupta's acquired army as 400. Chandragupta Basadi. Chandragupta Maurya (formerly the King)." —Pliny.000 cavalry.4 ” Jainism Chandragupta gave up his throne towards the end of his life and became an ascetic under the Jain saint Bhadrabahu. became a devoted Buddhist and a man of peace. which consisted of 400. who became the new Mauryan Emperor.000 war elephants: “ "But the Prasii surpass in power and glory every other people. and 9. Bhadrabahu Swami. There are two hills in Shravanabelagola. Pliny.--nay even the whole tract along the Ganges. became one of the most influential kings in India's history due to his important role in the history of Buddhism. and his pupil. 40 ^ Kulke. claims his grandfather's sword. Chandragupta Maurya. He throws away the sword but the young prince Asoka reclaims and unsheathes it whereupon it accidentally slashes his dear birds on a tree. Hermann. Television series Chanakya is archetypal account of the life and times of Chanakya. 2. pp. Also the sword of Chandra Gupta Maurya plays an important role in the film. Emperor Asoka understands that his grandfather's advice about the sword was right. Emperor Asoka mentions that he "want to be a greater emperor than Chandra Gupta Maurya".[26] In Santosh Sivan's 2001 epic Hindi language film Asoka. ^ Kulke and Rothermund 1998:62 . Dietmar (1998) [1986]. Rothermund.no. whenever unsheathed. His favorite grandson. 59. prince Asoka. had thrown it and embracing Buddhism. The film ends with Emperor Asoka throwing the sword at the same spot his grandfather. London: Routledge. Prakash. A History of India (Third ed. craves blood without regard to friend or foe. 3. the last moments of Chandra Gupta Maurya as an emperor is portrayed. At one point.Pg. ^ ChandraguptaMaurya and his times By Radhakumud Mookerji. Mysore N. based on the play "Mudra Rakshasa" (The Signet Ring of "Rakshasa") A Television series on Imagine TV available as "Chandragupta Maurya" (The serial is based on the life of Indian ruler "Chandragupta Maurya" and "Chanakya")[27] See also History portal India portal Bhagrathi community (Western UP) Ancient Macedonian army Arthashastra Ashoka Bindusara Chanakya Dasaratha Maurya Greco-Bactrian Gupta Indo-Greek Kingdom List of Indian monarchs List of people known as The Great Mauryan art References 1.Kautilya's role in the formation of the Mauryan Empire is the essence of a historical/spiritual novel The Courtesan and the Sadhu by Dr. The film opens with an old and tired Chandragupta Maurya giving away all his material possessions and taking the life of a Jain saint. ISBN 0-415-15481-2.). Chandra Gupta Maurya explains that the sword is in fact a demon that. 705-6 ^ Shastri. H. after his fatigue. Asian Educational Services. W.4. (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 13. 9. ISBN 978-0-9818237-0-6. i. doi:10. ^ Ancient India.196) ^ The Imperial Gazetteer of India. Age of the Nandas and Mauryas. ^ William Smith (ed). 17. 18. pp. Geopolitics 9 (2): 440–459 [442]. ^ Vincent A. A Novel about Maya. Classical Philology 14 (4): 297–313. while others say that it refers to Alexandrum. Roger (January 2003). (1940). "Kautilya's Arthaśāstra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India".p.1353/jmh. 8. 14. "Kautilya [is] sometimes called a Chancellor or Prime Minister to Chandragupt. Brill. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. "Indian Geopolitics. Further reading . doi:10. ^ a b Boesche. p. ^ Pliny the Elder. and al.1353/jmh. and God.2003. Kamat's Potpurri. (Kachroo . Alexander the Great's Art of Strategy. 1870. 6. 4th ed. Tarmita". which many scholars believe is reference to Nanda (Dhana Nanda of Magadha). 15. Leiden: E. Vol 3 p. October 2008. but was stimulated to aspire to regal power by supernatural encouragement. The Journal of Military History 67 (1): 9–37. having offended Alexander by his boldness of speech. http://muse. "The Natural History". Asoka. accessed 9 September 2007 ^ "He (Seleucus) next made an expedition into India. and put his governors to death.0006. ^ Vaughn. 23." ^ Trautmann. "Kautilya's Arthaśāstra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India". a wild elephant of great bulk presented itself before him of its own accord. Bruce (2004). Kauṭilya and the Arthaśāstra: A Statistical Investigation of the Authorship and Evolution of the Text. Smith (1998). The Journal of Military History 67 (1): 9–37. who afterwards. was in possession of India" (Justin "Epitome of the Philippic History" XV-4) ^ There is a controversy about Justin's account. (Hunter. left him. for. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ^ Boesche. a lion of great size having come up to him. however. Justin actually refers to a name Nandrum. Library of Congress Control Number: 2008934274 ^ TV. ^ Goetz. doi:10. the United States and Evolving Correlates of Power in Asia". 7. Nilakantha (1967). (1955).1080/14650040490442944. Chap. for. doi:10. ISBN 81208-0465-1. 28–33. Ancient India. 24.1boesche. ISBN 8120804368. something like a Bismarck. 10. ^ The Span of the Mauryan Empire.jhu. Being first prompted by this prodigy to conceive hopes of royal dignity. ^ a b Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977). 25.p. with a cruel tyranny. The Journal of Hellenic Studies 60: 84–94. p. Sandrocottus.jhu. 22. Imagine. Chandragupta Maurya and His Times. making himself king. It makes some difference which version one believes ^ a b c d e f Radha Kumud Mookerji. licked off with his tongue the sweat that was running from him. (1971). Overview of World Religions. 2.. 26. 12. accessed 9 September 2007 ^ The Courtesan and the Sadhu. TV Channel. Clark (1919). http://www.2307/3248838. "The Importance of Hellenism from the Point of View of Indic-Philology". "The Cāṇakya-Candragupta-Kathā". which.0006.1boesche. turned their semblance of liberty into slavery.J. http://muse. and while he was lying asleep. 20. had shaken. he oppressed the people whom he had delivered from a foreign power.imagine. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISSN 0899-3718. and orders being given to kill him. "Channel". Roger (January 2003).p. (Darlington . as he was going to war with the generals of Alexander. as if tamed down to gentleness.223) ^ Tarn.. Artibus Asiae 18 (1): 61–74. ^ Partha Sarathi Bose (2003). ISBN 1592400531. 27. Alexander. Gotham Books.pdf. 21. Seleucus' 500 Elephants. "Early Indian Sculptures from Nepal".pdf. and after gently waking him. he saved himself by swiftness of foot. "Two Notes on Seleucid History: 1. W. ISSN 0899-3718... 11. doi:10. 19. 18. ^ Walter Eugene. 1988 [1966]).1086/360246.167) ^ The evolution of man and society. Dharma. after the death of Alexander. Some time after.tv/in/shows/subhome/123/1779/. having thus acquired a throne.edu/demo/journal_of_military_history/v067/67. ISBN 8120613031.2003. as it were. and solicited the Indians to support his new sovereignty.edu/demo/journal_of_military_history/v067/67. 31. 26. and. 5. the yoke of servitude from its neck. took him on its back. 21 ^ Digambaras. 16.2307/626263. and became his guide in the war. ^ John Marshall Taxila. This man was of mean origin. The author of this liberation was Sandrocottus. Dharma Vision LLC. he drew together a band of robbers. doi:10. Thomas R.e. and conspicuous in fields of battle. Pandit. 2004. 160 pp. Buddhism and Society in Southeast Asia (Chambersburg. K. Irfan.org article on Chandragupta Maurya Chandragupta Maurya by Purushottam Lal Bhargava (BTM format) Preceded by Mauryan Emperor Succeeded by 322–298 BC Nanda Dynasty Bindusara Retrieved from "http://en. Chandragupta Maurya aur Uska Kaal (Rajkamal Prakashan. Kosambi. Donald. P. India: A History (Grove Press.L.org/w/index. 2004. R. Mauryan India: A People's History of India. Origin and Growth of Feudalism in Early India: From the Mauryas to AD 650 (Munshiram Manoharlal January 2004) ISBN 81-215-1028-7 Keay.php?title=Chandragupta_Maurya&oldid=460165228" Categories: 298 BC deaths Jain monarchs Indian monarchs Mauryan dynasty Santhara 3rd-century BC rulers .New Delhi:Tulika Books. D. G. Vivekanand. Pennsylvania: Anima Books. New Delhi:D. 1981) ISBN 0-89012-023-4 Nilakanta Sastri. Bombay: Popular Prakashan. 2001) ISBN 0-80213797-0 Radha Kumud Mukherji.D. Gian. Chandragupta Maurya. Habib. [1967] c1952) ISBN 0-89684-167-7 Bongard-Levin. 189pp Vishakadatta. Mauryan India (Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division May 1986) ISBN 0-86590-826-5 Chand Chauhan.wikipedia.Mudraraksasa (The Signet Ring of Rakshasa).. 2002. Re Print 1990) ISBN-81-7171-088-1 External links Shepherd boy Chandragupta Maurya 1911encyclopedia. 1985 Bhargava. and Jha. Age of the Nandas and Mauryas (Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. Printworld. A.K. edited by Ramesh Chandra Swearer. John. M. An Introduction to the Study of Indian History. ISBN 81-8220-009-1. New Delhi:Global Vision Publishing House.S. 1 Grove Pr edition May 10. 4th-century BC rulers 340 BC births Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Articles containing Sanskrit language text Articles containing Hindi language text Articles containing explicitly cited English language text All pages needing cleanup Articles with links needing disambiguation from July 2011 Persondata templates without short description parameter Hidden categories: Personal tools Log in / create account Namespaces Article Discussion Variants Views Read View source View history Actions Search Special:Search Search Navigation Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Interaction . 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