Chalukya dynastyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Chalukya dynasty ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯ ರಾಜವಂಶ Empire (Subordinate to Kadamba Dynasty until 543) ← 543–753 → → Extent of Badami Chalukya Empire, 636 CE, 740 CE Capital Badami Languages Kannada Sanskrit Religion Hinduism Jainism Government Monarchy Maharaja - 543–566 - 746–753 Pulakesi I Kirtivarman II History - Earliest records 543 - Established 543 - Disestablished 753 Old Kannada inscription of Chalukya King Mangalesa dated 578 CE at Badami cave temple no.3 Badami Chalukya (543–753) Pulakesi I (543–566) (566–597) (597–609) (609–642) Kirtivarman I Mangalesa Pulakesi II Vikramaditya I (655–680) Vinayaditya (680 -696) (696–733) (733–746) (746–753) (735–756) Vijayaditya Vikramaditya II Kirtivarman II Dantidurga (Rashtrakuta Empire) The Chalukya dynasty (Kannada: ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯರು [tʃaːɭukjə]) was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three related yet individual dynasties. The earliest dynasty, known as the "Badami Chalukyas", ruled from Vatapi (modern Badami) from the middle of the 6th century. The Badami Chalukyas began to assert their independence at the decline of the Kadamba kingdom of Banavasi and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of Pulakesi II. After the death of Pulakesi II, the Eastern Chalukyas became an independent kingdom in the eastern Deccan. They ruled from Vengi until about the 11th century. In the western Deccan, the rise of the Rashtrakutas in the middle of the 8th century eclipsed the Chalukyas of Badami before being revived by their descendants, the Western Chalukyas, in the late 10th century. These Western Chalukyas ruled from Kalyani (modern Basavakalyan) until the end of the 12th century. The rule of the Chalukyas marks an important milestone in the history of South India and a golden age in the history of Karnataka. The political atmosphere in South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires with the ascendancy of Badami Chalukyas. A Southern India based kingdom took control and consolidated the entire region between the Kaveri and the Narmada rivers. The rise of this empire saw the birth of efficient administration, overseas trade and commerce and the development of new style of architecture called "Chalukyan architecture". Kannada literature, which had enjoyed royal support in the 9th century Rashtrakuta court found eager patronage from the Western Chalukyas in the Jain and Veerashaiva traditions. The 11th century saw the birth of Telugu literature under the patronage of the Eastern Chalukyas. 1 Chalukyas of Badami o 2.1 Natives of Karnataka o 1.3 Legends 2 Periods in Chalukya history o 2.2 Chalukyas of Kalyani o 2.Chalukya emblem of Aihole in Karnataka depicts Vishnu in Varaha form. Contents [hide] 1 Origins o 1.3 Chalukyas of Vengi 3 Architecture 4 Literature 5 Badami Chalukya country 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Origins [edit] Natives of Karnataka [edit] . A 6th century stone emblem.2 Historical sources o 1. Virupaksha Temple.Old Kannada inscription on victory pillar. 733–745 CE Part of a series on the History of Karnataka Political history of medieval Karnataka Origin of Karnataka's name Kadambas and Gangas Chalukya Empire Rashtrakuta Empire Western Chalukya Empire . Pattadakal. the proposed ancestors of Pallavas. the consensus is that the founders of the empire at Badami were native to the modern Karnataka region. the Chalukya were descendants of the "Seleukia" tribe of Iraq and that their conflict with the Pallava of Kanchi was. but a continuation of the conflict between ancient Seleukia and "Parthians".[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] According to one theory.Southern Kalachuri Hoysala Empire Vijayanagara Empire Bahmani Sultanate Bijapur Sultanate Kingdom of Mysore Keladi Nayaka Nayakas of Chitradurga Unification of Karnataka Societies Economies Architectures Forts This box: view talk edit While opinions vary regarding the early origins of the Chalukyas. . [20] The writing of 12th century Kashmiri poet Bilhana suggests the Chalukya family belonged to the Shudra caste while other sources claim they were Kshatriyas. However. Hence.[11] Another theory. the place of origin of their ancestors may have been of no significance to the kings of the empire who may have considered themselves natives of the Kannada speaking region. Smith and A. It has been proposed that the word "Chalukya" originated from Salki or Chalki which is a Kannada word for an agricultural implement. A. that they were descendants of a 2nd century chieftain called Kandachaliki Remmanaka.[25][26] The Rashtrakuta inscriptions call the Chalukyas of Badami Karnatabala ("Power of Karnata").However scholars such as D. The Kandachaliki feudatory call themselves Vashisthiputras of the Hiranyakagotra.[17][18] While the northern origin theory has been dismissed by many historians.[13][14][15][16] It was a popular practice in the 11th century to link South Indian royal family lineage to a Northern kingdom. which is the same lineage as their early overlords. P. The Badami Chalukya records themselves are silent with regards to the Ayodhya origin. it is inconceivable how that province could have named Gurjaratra (country ruled or protected by Gurjars) when it was up-till their advent known as Lata.[21] The Badami Chalukya inscriptions are in Kannada and Sanskrit. address themselves as Harithiputras of Manavyasagotra in their inscriptions. Jackson also endorsed the view that Chalukyas were branch of famous Gurjars(or Gujjars).[12] A later record of Eastern Chalukyas mentions the northern origin theory and claims one ruler of Ayodhya came south.[29] Dr. and their subsequent Kannadiga identity may have been due to their earlier migration into present day Karnataka region where they achieved success as chieftains and kings. however. a feudatory of the Andhra Ikshvaku (from an Ikshvaku inscription of 2nd century) was put forward. The Chalukyas took control of the territory formerly ruled by the Kadambas. The names of some Chalukya princes end with the pure Kannada term arasa (meaning "king" or "chief"). this theory has been rejected as it seeks to build lineages based simply on similar sounding clan names. M. defeated the Pallavas and married a Pallava princess.[22][23][24] Their inscriptions call them Karnatas and their names use indigenous Kannada titles such as Priyagallam and Noduttagelvom. the epigraphist K V Ramesh has suggested that an earlier southern migration is a distinct possibility which needs examination.However. the complete absence of any inscriptional reference of their family connections to Ayodhya. Dikshit argues that Chalukyas ruled over that part of country formerly known as Lata and taken as Gurjaratra or Gujarat didn't imply the Chalukyas didn't make any change in the nomenclature because of their close association with the region.Bhandarkar explains that If the chalukyas had not been Gurjars. there are Badami Chalukya inscriptions that confirm Jayasimha was Pulakesi I's grandfather and Ranaranga.V. But this has failed to explain the difference in lineage.[27][28] Historians such as D R Bhandarkar and Hoernle hold the view that Chalukyas were one of the ruling clans of Gurjaras (or Gujjars). This makes them descendants of the Kadambas. The Chalukyas. T. citing the name change of Lata province to Gurjaratra during the reign.[30] . the Kadambas of Banavasi. She had a child called Vijayaditya who is claimed to be the Pulakesi I's father. his father.[19] According to him. Persian emperor Khosrau II exchanged ambassadors with Pulakesi II. Peddavaduguru inscription of Pulakesi II.[42] The Chalukyas claimed to have been nursed by the .[33][34][35] The reign of the Chalukyas saw the arrival of Kannada as the predominant language of inscriptions along with Sanskrit. was engaged in the performance of the sandhya (twilight) rituals. the Mahakuta Pillar inscription of Mangalesa (595) and the Aihole inscription of Pulakesi II (634) are examples of important Sanskrit inscriptions written in old Kannada script. At the time of this visit. the Badami cave inscriptions of Mangalesa (578). as mentioned in the Aihole record.[36] Several coins of the Badami Chalukyas with Kannada legends have been found. the Kanchi Kailasanatha Temple inscription and Pattadakal Virupaksha Temple inscription of Vikramaditya II (all in Kannada language) provide more evidence of the Chalukya language. Maharashtra and coastal Konkan.[38][39] Hsüantsang.Historical sources [edit] Inscriptions are the main source of information about the Badami Chalukya history. 700.[37] Portrait of Hsüan-tsang Travelogues of contemporary foreign travellers have provided useful information about the Chalukyan empire. Brahma looked steadily into the Chuluka-jala (the water of oblation in his palm) and out sprang thence a great warrior. Kappe Arabhatta record of c. This empire possibly covered present day Karnataka. Indra approaced and beseeched him to create a hero who could put to an end the increasing evil on earth. On being thus requested. the creator. Pulakesi II had divided his empire into three Maharashtrakas or great provinces comprising 99. the progenitor of the Chalukyas".[31][32] The Badami cliff inscription of Pulakesi I (543). impressed with the governance of the empire observed that the benefits of king's efficient administration was felt far and wide. All this indicates that Kannada language flourished during this period. Later.[40][41] Legends [edit] Court poets of the Western Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani narrate: "Once when Brahma. Among them. in areas of the Indian peninsula outside what is known as Tamilaham (Tamil country). The Chinese traveller Hsüan-tsang (Xuanzang) had visited the court of Pulakesi II.000 villages each. Vishnu. Kubera. Pulakesi I and his descendants are referred to as "Chalukyas of Badami". Surya.[56][57] Pulakesi II extended the Chalukya Empire up to the northern extents of the Pallava kingdom and halted the southward march of Harsha by defeating him on the banks of the river Narmada.Sapta Matrikas ("seven divine mothers") and were worshippers of many gods including Siva. was so named as he was born in the "hollow of the hands" of God Brahma.[41][62] . Karnataka) under his control and made it his capital.[46] The Chalukya dynasty was established by Pulakesi I in 543. died fighting. Chalukyas of Badami [edit] In the 6th century. They ruled over an empire that comprised the entire state of Karnataka and most of Andhra Pradesh in the Deccan.[58][59][60][61] Pallava Narasimhavarman however reversed this victory in 642 by attacking and occupying Badami temporarily. It is presumed Pulakesi II. Solankis were born out of fire-pit (Agnikund) at Mount Abu. sixteen more of this family ruled from South India where they had migrated.[47][48][49] Pulakesi I took Vatapi (modern Badami in Bagalkot district. who ruled between the 6th and the 8th century. "Chalukya". says prof. whose precoronation name was Ereya.[44][45] In these circumstances.[30] Periods in Chalukya history [edit] The Chalukyas ruled over the Deccan plateau in India for over 600 years. Sathianathaier. with the decline of the Gupta dynasty and their immediate successors in northern India.[50] commanded control over the entire Deccan and is perhaps the most well-known emperor of the Badami dynasty. the "Chalukyas of Kalyani" (also called Western Chalukyas or "Later Chalukyas") and the "Chalukyas of Vengi" (also called Eastern Chalukyas). and later. According to a myth mentioned in latter manuscripts of Prithviraj Raso. clans with whom the Chalukyas maintained close family and marital relationships. and the two sibling dynasties. Chamundi. During this period. Some scholar connect the Chalukyas with the Solankis of Gujarat. However it has been reported that the story of Agnikula is not mentioned at all in the original version of the Prithviraj Raso preserved in the Fort Library at Bikaner. Parvati. The age of small kingdoms had given way to large empires in this region. He then defeated the Vishnukundins in the southeastern Deccan. they ruled as three closely related. Vinayaka and Kartikeya. the Chalukyas originally hailed from Ayodhya where fifty-nine kings ruled.[43] According to the Nilagunda inscription of King Vikramaditya VI (11th century or later).[53][54][55] His queens were princess from the Alupa Dynasty of South Canara and the Western Ganga Dynasty of Talakad. major changes began to happen in the area south of the Vindyas – the Deccan and Tamilaham. "the great hero". Pulakesi II.[51][52] He is considered one of the notable kings in Indian history. it is best to take the Chalukyas as allied to the Gurjaras. These are the "Chalukyas of Badami" (also called "Early Chalukyas"). but individual dynasties. R. who claims that the first member of the family. This is repeated by his court poet Bilhana. Most subsequent Chalukya inscriptions are dated in this new era. the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi. One theory. the Pandyas.[87] Chalukyas of Vengi [edit] . The genealogy of the kings of this empire is still debated. Under his leadership the Western Chalukyas were able to end the Chola influence over Vengi (coastal Andhra) and become the dominant power in the Deccan. he abolished the original Saka era and established the Vikrama Era. re-established the Chalukya rule in the western Deccan and recovered most of the Chalukya empire. the Chalukyas ruled a vast empire stretching from the Kaveri in the south to the Narmada in the north. the Cholas and the Cheras in addition to subduing a Kalabhra ruler.[68][70][71] He later overran the other traditional kingdoms of Tamil country. was overthrown by the Rashtrakuta King Dantidurga in 753. and with their cousins. but also for his benevolence towards the people and the monuments of Kanchipuram. a Rashtrakuta feudatory ruling from Tardavadi – 1000 (Bijapur district) overthrew Karka II.[83][84] The Western Chalukya period was an important age in the development of Kannada literature and Sanskrit literature. the Kakatiya and the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri.[79][80] Starting from the very beginning of his reign.The Badami Chalukya dynasty went into a brief decline following the death of Pulakesi II due to internal feuds when Badami was occupied by the Pallavas for a period of thirteen years. which lasted fifty years. who succeeded in pushing the Pallavas out of Badami and restoring order to the empire.[65] The thirty-seven year rule of Vijayaditya (696–733) was a prosperous one and is known for prolific temple building activity.[85][86] They went into their final dissolution towards the end of the 12th century with the rise of the Hoysala Empire. Chalukyas of Kalyani [edit] Main article: Western Chalukya Empire The Chalukyas revived their fortunes in 973 after over 200 years of dormancy when much of the Deccan was under the Rashtrakutas.[66][67] The empire was its peak again during the rule of the illustrious Vikramaditya II (733–744) who is known not only for his repeated invasions of the territory of Tondaimandalam and his subsequent victories over Pallava Nandivarman II. the Pandyas. Vikramaditya I took the title "Rajamalla" (lit "Sovereign of the Mallas" or Pallavas).[66][68][69] He thus avenged the earlier humiliation of the Chalukyas by the Pallavas and engraved a Kannada inscription on the victory pillar at the Kailasanatha Temple. based on contemporary literary and inscriptional evidence plus the finding that the Western Chalukyas employed titles and names commonly used by the early Chalukyas.[76] Tailapa II.[72] The last Chalukya king. Vikramaditya VI is widely considered the most notable ruler of the dynasty. suggests that the Western Chalukya kings belonged to the same family line as the illustrious Badami Chalukya dynasty of the 6th century[74][75] while other Western Chalukya inscriptional evidence indicates they were a distinct line unrelated to the Early Chalukyas.[63][64] It recovered during the reign of Vikramaditya I. the Pallava capital.[73] At their peak. Kirtivarman II.[81][82] Vikramaditya VI was an ambitious and skilled military leader.[77][78] The Western Chalukyas ruled for over 200 years and were in constant conflict with the Cholas. [90] After the death of Pulakesi II. After the death of Bhima I.[97] Architecture [edit] See also: Badami Chalukya Architecture.808-847). the Andhra region once again saw succession disputes and interference in Vengi affairs by the Rashtrakutas. and his subsequent death on the battlefield opened up a new era in Chola–Chalukya relations. the elder son of Danarnava was crowned as the ruler of Vengi in 1000. the Vengi Viceroyalty developed into an independent kingdom and included the region between Nellore and Vishakapatnam.[92] Apart from a rare military success. Saktivarman I. who had by then replaced the Rashtrakutas as the main power in the western Deccan. territorial disputes flared up between the Rashtrakutas. the new rulers of the western deccan. though. Danarnava's two sons took refuge in the Chola kingdom. after a period of time.892-921) that these Chalukyas were able to celebrate a measure of independence. Western Chalukya architecture. During this time. it was only during the rule of Bhima I (c.[92][94] Initially. The Western Chalukyas sought to brook the growing Chola influence in the Vengi region but were unsuccessful. the Eastern Chalukyas had to accept subordination towards the Rashtrakutas. and the Eastern Chalukyas. Danarnava. though under the control of king Rajaraja Chola I. local factors took over and they gave importance to Telugu language.[88][89] Thus the Eastern Chalukyas were originally of Kannada stock.[95][96] Telugu literature owes its growth to the Eastern Chalukyas. defeating the remnants of the Vishnukundina kingdom.Main article: Eastern Chalukyas Pulakesi II conquered the eastern Deccan. For much of the next two centuries. such as the one by Vijayaditya II(c. Choda Bhima 's invasion of Tondaimandalam. and Aihole .[92] The fortunes of the Eastern Chalukyas took a turn around 1000. corresponding to the coastal districts of modern Andhra Pradesh in 616. Pattadakal.[93] This new relationship between the Cholas and the coastal Andhra kingdom was unacceptable to the Western Chalukyas. was killed in battle in 973 by the Telugu Choda King Bhima who then imposed his rule over the region for twenty-seven years. He appointed his brother Kubja Vishnuvardhana as Viceroy in 621. Badami Cave Temples. the Eastern Chalukyas had encouraged Kannada language and literature. a Chola territory. their king.[89][91] After the decline of the Badami Chalukya empire in the mid-8th century. 1 in Badami Papanatha temple at Pattadakal – fusion of southern and northern Indian styles. Their style of architecture is called "Chalukyan architecture" or "Karnata Dravida architecture". built 740 CE Dancing Shiva in cave no. 680 CE The Badami Chalukya era was an important period in the development of South Indian architecture. are found in the Malaprabha river basin in modern Bagalkot district of northern Karnataka. Badami. the Chalukyan workshops concentrated most of their temple building activity in a relatively small area within the Chalukyan heartland – Aihole. Though they ruled a vast empire.Virupaksha temple in dravidian style at Pattadakal.[100] The building material they used was a reddish-golden Sandstone found locally.[98][99] Nearly a hundred monuments built by them. Pattadakal and Mahakuta in modern Karnataka state. built 740 CE Mallikarjuna temple in dravidian style and Kashi Vishwanatha temple in nagara style at Pattadakal. rock cut (cave) and structural.[101] . is dated accurately to 578 CE). the Virupaksha Temple (740–745) and the Mallikarjuna Temple (740–745) in the southern style.[107] Some well known names of Chalukyan architects are Revadi Ovajja.[110] Inscriptional evidence suggests that the Virupaksha and the Mallikarjuna Temples were commissioned by the two queens of King Vikramaditya II after his military success over the Pallavas of Kanchipuram. a columned hall (mantapa) and a cella (shrine. six in southern dravida style and four in the northern nagara style. large medieval workshops built numerous monuments. the Durga Temple with its northern Indian style tower (8th century) and experiments to adapt a Buddhist Chaitya design to a brahminical one. the Meguti Jain Temple (634) which shows progress in structural design.[104] The second phase of temple building was at Aihole (where some seventy structures exist and has been called "one of the cradles of Indian temple architecture"[105]) and Badami. the Malegitti Sivalaya Temple (upper) and the Jambulingesvara Temple at Badami. Though the exact dating of these temples has been debated. marks the culmination and mature phase of Badami Chalukyan architecture. prominent among which are three elementary cave temples at Aihole (one Vedic.[116] These monuments. a Vaishnava temple.[109] Other dravida style temples from this period are the Naganatha Temple at Nagaral. Mahishasuramardhini.[106][107][108] These are the Lad Khan Temple (dated by some to c. Varaha. built in the 8th century and now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. the Banantigudi Temple. encompassing the present-day Dharwad district.[103] In Badami. there is consensus that the beginnings of these constructions are from c. Trivikrama. three caves temples are Vedic and one in Jain. regional variants of pre-existing dravida temples. Narasobba and Anivarita Gunda. each has a plain exterior but an exceptionally well finished interior consisting of a pillared verandah. connecting the sanctum to the hall. defined the Karnata dravida tradition. 450 but more accurately to 620) with its interesting perforated stone windows and sculptures of river goddesses. The early phase began in the last quarter of the 6th century and resulted in many cave temples. Their architecture served as a conceptual link between the Badami Chalukya architecture of the 8th century and the Hoysala architecture popularised in the 13th century.[114][115] Here. in that.[102] These cave temples at Badami are similar. The Vedic temples contain large well sculpted images of Harihara.[111] The reign of Western Chalukyas was an important period in the development of Deccan architecture. one Jain and one Buddhist which is incomplete). followed by four developed cave temples at Badami (of which cave 3.Their temple building activity can be categorised into three phases. Well known among these are the Sangamesvara Temple (725). The Papanatha temple (680) and Galaganatha Temple (740) are early attempts in the nagara – dravida fusion style. There are ten temples at Pattadakal. Narasimha. The Bhutanatha group of temples at Badami are also from this period. and the Lower Sivalaya Temple. 600.[117] .[112][113] The centre of their cultural and temple-building activity lay in the Tungabhadra region of modern Karnataka state. it included areas of present-day Haveri and Gadag districts. cut deep into rock) which contains the deity of worship.[107] The structural temples at Pattadakal. Vishnu seated on Anantha (the snake) and Nataraja (dancing Shiva). a vestibule. the Mahakutesvara Temple and the Mallikarjuna Temple at Mahakuta. the Huccimalli Gudi Temple with a new inclusion. Adikavi Pampa. a book on Hindu law. however. who is said to have authored the Prabhrita. and Srivaradhadeva (also called Tumubuluracharya.[128][129] The Eastern Chalukyas built some fine temples at Alampur. By the 9th–10th centuries.[133] From the period of the Badami Chalukyas.[142][143] In the 11th century.[136][137] Karnateshwara Katha.[33][131] A few verses of a poetess named Vijayanaka who describes herself as the "dark Sarasvati" have been preserved. It is possible that she may have been a queen of prince Chandraditya (a son of Pulakesi II). is a major event in the history of Kannada and Telugu literatures respectively.[126][127] and the Amrtesvara Temple at Annigeri (Dharwad district). Kannada language had already seen some of its most notable writers.The most notable of the many buildings dating from this period are the Mahadeva Temple at Itagi in the Koppal district. a noted scholar.[123] Other notable constructions are the Dodda Basappa Temple at Dambal (Gadag district).[134] Inscriptions however refer to Kannada as the "natural language". in modern eastern Andhra Pradesh. the possible author of the Chudamani ("Crest Jewel").[121] and the Kallesvara Temple at Bagali. 650 or earlier). in Sanskrit language and old Kannada script The Aihole inscription of Pulakesi II (634) written by his court poet Ravikirti in Sanskrit language and Kannada script is considered as an classical piece of poetry.[102][130] Literature [edit] See also: Western Chalukya literature Poetry on stone at the Meguti temple (Aihole inscription) dated 634 CE. Telugu .[124][125] the Siddhesvara Temple at Haveri (Haveri district).[122] both in the Davangere district. a lengthy commentary on logic. which was quoted later by Jayakirti. though not much has survived.[120][121] the Mallikarjuna Temple at Kuruvatti. is believed to be a eulogy of Pulakesi II and to have belonged to this period. references are made to the existence of Kannada literature. 700 in tripadi (three line) metre is the earliest available work in Kannada poetics.[137] Other probable Kannada writers.[135] The Kappe Arabhatta record of c. The "three gems" of Kannada literature.[118][119] the Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi in the Gadag district. whose works are not extant now but titles of which are known from independent references[138] are Syamakundacharya (650).[132] Famous writers in Sanskrit from the Western Chalukya period are Vijnaneshwara who achieved fame by writing Mitakshara. who compiled an encyclopedia of all arts and sciences called Manasollasa.[134][139][140][141] The rule of the Western and Eastern Chalukyas. and King Somesvara III. Sri Ponna and Ranna belonged to this period. Groups of mahajanas (learned brahmins) looked after agraharas (called ghatika or "place of higher learning") such as at Badami which was served by 2000 mahajans and Aihole which was served by 500 mahajanas. At the lower levels of administration. an elephant corps and a powerful navy.[149] Local assemblies and guilds looked after local issues.literature was born under the patronage of the Eastern Chalukyas with Nannaya Bhatta as its first writer. Taxes were levied and were called the herjunka – tax on loads.[145] It consisted of an infantry.[143][144] Badami Chalukya country [edit] Army Bhutanatha group of temples facing the Badami tank The army was well organised and this was the reason for Pulakesi II's success beyond the Vindyas. the bilkode – sales tax. the Kadamba style prevailed fully.[148] In addition to imperial provinces. at higher levels.[41][146] It was with their navy that they conquered Revatidvipa (Goa). siddaya – land tax and the vaddaravula – tax levied to support royalty. was closely modelled after the Magadhan and Satavahana administrative machinery.[41] The empire was divided into Maharashtrakas (provinces). The Chinese traveller Hiuen-Tsiang wrote that the Chalukyan army had hundreds of elephants which were intoxicated with liquor prior to battle. and Puri on east coast of India. Vishaya (district). Bhoga (group of 10 villages) which is similar to the Dasagrama unit used by the Kadambas. there were autonomous regions ruled by feudatories such as the Alupas. the pannaya – betel tax. The Sanjan plates of Vikramaditya I even mentions a land unit called Dasagrama.[149] Coinage . then into smaller Rashtrakas (Mandala).[147] Land governance The government. Rashtrakuta inscriptions use the term Karnatabala when referring to the powerful Chalukya armies. the kirukula – tax on retail goods in transit. the Gangas. a cavalry. the Banas and the Sendrakas. religious vows (vrata) and the giving of gifts (dana) was important.[150] The coins had Nagari and Kannada legends.Jain Cave temple No. Kartikeya.[153] The Badami kings were initially followers of Vedic Hindusim and dedicated temples to popular Hindu deities in Aihole. a fertility goddess is known. Ganapathi.[152] Famous temples were built in places such as Pattadakal. and priests (archakas) were invited from northern India. in old-Kannada. The kings of the dynasty were however secular and actively encouraged . which later came to be known as varaha (their royal emblem). hun (or honnu) and had fractions such as fana (or fanam) and the quarter fana (the modern day Kannada equivalent being hana – which literally means "money"). 6th century The Badami Chalukyas minted coins that were of a different standard compared to the coins of the northern kingdoms. 4 at Badami.[154] The worship of Lajja Gauri. Sculptures of deities testify to the popularity of Hindu Gods such as Vishnu. though it seems the former was more popular. Few of the chalukya kings were jains. Shiva. The coins weighed 4 grams and were called.[150] Religion Vaishnava Cave temple No. The Badami kings also performed the Ashwamedha ("horse sacrifice"). Jainism too was a prominent religion during this period.[151] A gold coin called gadyana is mentioned in a record at the Vijayeshwara Temple at Pattadakal. Vedic sacrifices. 3 at Badami. Pulakesi II's coins had a caparisoned lion facing right on the obverse and a temple on the reverse.[23] The coins of Mangalesa had the symbol of a temple on the obverse and a 'sceptre between lamps' or a temple on the reverse. 578 CE Both Shaivism and Vaishnavism flourished during the Badami Chalukya period. Shakti. Surya and Sapta Matrikas ("seven mothers"). Aihole and Mahakuta. Queen Vinayavati consecrated a temple for the Trimurti ("Hindu trinity") at Badami.Jainism. having made its ingress into Southeast Asia.[159] In popular culture [edit] .[154] Buddhism was on a decline. Aihole. Jain temples were also erected in the Aihole complex. Sculptures of the Trimurti. This is confirmed by the writings of Hiuen-Tsiang. Harihara (half Vishnu. was popular and is seen in many sculptures and is mentioned in inscriptions. Kurtukoti and Puligere (modern Lakshmeshwar in the Gadag district) were primary places of learning.[132] Kumkumadevi. Sage Bharata's Natyashastra.[158] and the queens of Vikramaditya II. the temple at Maguti being one such example. Lokamahadevi and Trailokyamahadevi made grants and possibly consecrated the Lokesvara Temple (now called Virupaksha temple) and the Mallikarjuna temple respectively at Pattadakal. One of the Badami Cave temples is dedicated to the Jain faith. the classical dance of South India.[157] Some women from the royal family enjoyed political power in administration. the court poet of Pulakesi II was a Jain. the younger sister of Vijayaditya (and queen of Alupa King Chitravahana) made several grants and had a Jain basadi called Anesajjebasadi constructed at Puligere. Badami. half woman) provide ample evidence of their tolerance. Devadasis were however present in temples. Society Vishnu image in Cave temple No. 3 The Hindu caste system was present and devadasis were recognised by the government. the precursor to Bharatanatyam. Some kings had concubines (ganikas) who were given much respect.[156] and Sati was perhaps absent since widows like Vinayavathi and Vijayanka are mentioned in records. Queen Vijayanka was a noted Sanskrit poetess. half Shiva) and Ardhanarishwara (half Shiva.[155] Ravikirti. Satyasraya Pulakesi (Pulakesi II). During this period. craft. music and dance. the expanding Sanskritic culture mingled with local Dravidian vernaculars which were already popular. a three-day festival of music and dance. Ravikirti Vedike after the famous poet and minister (Ravikirti) in the court of Pulakesi II. This is seen clearly in the field of architecture. Perhaps the greatest work in legal literature.[161] It was during the Western Chalukya rule that the Bhakti movement gained momentum in South India. famous sculptural masterpieces such as Durga. Englishman Henry Thomas Colebrooke later translated into English the section on inheritance. The Chalukyas spawned the Vesara style of architecture which includes elements of the northern nagara and southern dravida styles. poets and other artists from all over the country take part in this event. A celebration called Chalukya utsava. 400 art troupes took part in the festivities. Badami and Aihole.[46] Dravidian languages maintain these influences even today. Colorful cut outs of the Varaha the Chalukya emblem. Rajkumar celebrates the life and times of the great king. Singers. Gundan Anivaritachari. dancers.[162] See also [edit] Eastern Chalukyas Western Chalukyas Chalukya Cholas Hoysala Empire Chola dynasty Kamboi Kamboja [hide] v t . organised by the Government of Karnataka.[162] The event is a celebration of the achievements of the Chalukyas in the realm of art. The program at Pattadakal is named Anivaritacharigund vedike after the famous architect of the Virupaksha temple. The program. in the form of Ramanujacharya and Basavanna.The Chalukya era may be seen as the beginning in the fusion of cultures of northern and southern India. This influence helped to enrich literature in these languages. Mitakshara is a commentary on Yajnavalkya and is a treatise on law based on earlier writings and has found acceptance in most parts of India. is held every year at Pattadakal. is inaugurated by the Chief Minister of Karnataka. Mahishasuramardhini (Durga killing demon Mahishasura) were present everywhere. which starts at Pattadakal and ends in Aihole. At Badami it is called Chalukya Vijayambika Vedike and at Aihole. Immadi Pulakeshi. In the 26 February 2006 celebration. making way for the transmission of ideas between the two regions. giving it currency in the British Indian court system. a Kannada movie of the 1960s starring Dr.[160] The Hindu legal system owes much to the Sanskrit work Mitakshara by Vijnaneshwara in the court of Western Chalukya King Vikramaditya VI. later spreading into northern India. e Historical places of Chalukyas Badami Aihole Pattadakal Mahakuta Sudi Banashankari Lakkundi Dambal Gadag Mahadeva Temple. Itagi Lakshmeshwara Annigeri Kundgol Chaudayyadanapura Galaganatha Hangal Hooli Jalasangvi Basavakalyan Manyakheta Chandramouleshwara Temple Unkal Hubli-Dharwad Haveri Kuruvatti Karnataka Maharashtra Elephanta Caves Ajanta cave #1 paintings . Mahbubnagar Panagal Andhra Pradesh . Sangli Sangli State Hottal near Deglur Kolhapur Latur Dhule Solapur Manapura Mumbai Akola Nanded Hottal in Nanded District Naldurg Aurad Omerga Daitya Sudan temple Shiva temples at Pen Naldurg Narasimhula Palle 9 storey building in Barabati Fort Vengi Terela village in Durgi mandal in Guntur district Bhadrakali Temple in Warangal Someshwara temple in Warangal Thousand Pillar Temple in Hanamakonda Ramappa Temple near Warangal Alampur. Warangal Nidumolu. Bhuvanagiri Fort Kulpakji and Jangaon. Patan Gujarat Junagadh Danteshwari Temple Dantewada Chatthisgarh Kamboi Navsari Gujarath. near Machilipatnam Baroda Dilwara Temples Mount Abu Rajasthan Rani ki vav. Rajasthan & India Classical India v t e Northeastern India Timelin e: Northwestern India Northern India Southern India Gandhara 6th century BCE (Persian rule) 5th (Greek century conquests) BCE 4th century IndoBCE Greek Kingdom 3rd Yona century BCE 2nd century IndoBCE Scythians Magadha Shishunag a dynasty Nanda empire Kalinga Maurya Empire Sunga Empire MahaMeghavah ana Dynasty Pandyas Cholas Cheras Satavahana Empire Varman dynasty Kamarupa kingdom Kalabhras . stepwell. ^ N. p. 3. Nandinath have claimed the Chalukyas were Kannadigas (Kannada speakers) and very much the natives of Karnataka (Kamath 2001.C. 4. Part-1. 2000. 1960. 2. Reprint 2007. 339 ^ The Chalukyas hailed from Karnataka (John Keay. Sircar in Mahajan V. p. p. 5. 2007. p. Chand and Company. ISBN 81-219-0887-6) ^ Natives of Karnataka (Hans Raj. 58) . New Delhi. Ancient India. p.. 360) ^ The Chalukyas of Badami seem to be of indigenous origin (Kamath 2001. Advanced history of India: From earliest times to present times. 57) ^ The Chalukyas were Kannadigas (D.1st century BCE 1st century CE IndoParthians Pahlava Kushan Empire Kuninda Kingdom 2nd Indocentury Sassanids 3rd Kidarite century Kingdom 4th Indocentury Hephthali 5th tes century (Huna) 6th century 7th (Islamic century conquests) 8th century Kabul 9th Shahi century 10th (Islamic Empire) century 11th century Western Satraps Gupta Empire Maitraka Vakataka dynasty. 6. S. C. 168) ^ Quote:"They belonged to Karnataka country and their mother tongue was Kannada" (Sen 1999. Surgeet publications. Laxminarayana Rao and Dr. 690. Harsha dynasty Kadamba Dynasty Western Ganga Dynasty Vishnukundin a Pallava Kalachuri Chalukya Rashtrakuta Yadava dynasty Mlechchh a dynasty Pala dynasty KambojaPala dynasty GurjaraPratihara Western Chalukyas Kakatiya dynasty Hoysala Empire Pala Empire Paramara dynasty Solanki Eastern Ganga dynasty Sena dynasty Notes [edit] 1.D. New Delhi. 41. Abhinav Publications. 171) ^ Kamath (2001). 73. p. 14. Spectrum. Archived from the original on 2007-02-10. pp. 2) ^ a b Kamath (2001). Vol. Dikshit (1980). ^ Kamath (2001). 253–268. pp. ^ Jayasimha and Ranaraga. Political History of the Chalukyas of Badami. 51–52) ^ The Chalukya base was Badami and Aihole (Thapar 2003. Dr. 21. p. p. Krishnasvami Aiyangar clarify that Arasa is Kannada word. 11. 56 ^ Moraes (1931). Kamath 2001. 159. 33. "Badami Chalukyans' magical transformation". July 26. 343] in Moraes. p. 75. p. 17. 10. 13. p. 32.C. 30) ^ From the Badami Cliff inscription of Pulakesi I and from the Hyderabad record of Pulakesi II which states their family ancestry (Kamath 2001. 540 and took control of the Kadamba Kingdom (Kamath 2001. 10. 102. 20 ^ Bilhana. 60) ^ a b c d Chopra (2003). 31. 9. 10–11 ^ Ramesh (1984). Hoernle suggests a non-Sanskrit origin of the dynastic name. pp. p. 1947. and hence were Kshatriyas (Ramesh 1984. (2003). 25. p. 57) ^ The word Chalukya is derived from a Dravidian root (Kittel in Karmarkar 1947. Rao has pointed out that some of their family records in Sanskrit have also named the princes with "arasa". 57. 154 ^ Chopra (2003).L. 326 ^ Kamath (2001). Retrieved 2006-11-10. 26) ^ D. ISBN 978-81-7156-928-1 Check |isbn= value (help).7. p. p. p. p. 12. "The Mahakuta Pillar and Its Temples". equivalent to Sanskrit word Raja – Journal of Indian History p. S. p. 23. 16. 41. 12. p. Retrieved 2006-11-10. 19 ^ Ramesh (1984). pp. 29. ISBN 81-7156-928-5. 27. part 1 . 146. p. 67 ^ Pulakesi II's Maharashtra extended from Nerbudda (Narmada river) in the north to Tungabhadra in the south (Vaidya 1924. p. 39. the first members of the Chalukya family were possibly employees of the Kadambas in the northern part of the Kadamba Kingdom (Fleet [in Kanarese Dynasties. 328) ^ Inscriptional evidence proves the Chalukyas were native Kannadigas (Karmarkar. p. 35. p. 57. 2/3 (1979). pp. in his Sanskrit work Vikramanakadevacharitam claims the Early Chalukya family were born from the feet of Hindu God Brahma. 30. 22. Lewis's theory has not found acceptance because the Pallavas were in constant conflict with the Kadambas. Deccan Herald. 57) ^ Pulakesi I of Badami who was a feudatory of the Kadamba king Krishna Varman II. 57–60) ^ Historians Shafaat Ahmad Khan and S. pp. 67 ^ Ramesh (1984). Published by Department of Modern Indian History. p. part 1 ^ Kamath (2001). pp. P. pp. 56 –58) ^ Sastri (1955). p. University of Allahabad ^ Dr. while other sources claim they were born in the arms of Brahma. 6. pp. 34. 26) ^ Dr. p. such as Kattiyarasa (Kirtivarman I). 28. Nandinath feels the Chalukyas were of agricultural background and of Kannada origin who later took up a martial career. ^ a b N. p. p. 57 ^ Houben (1996). p. 40. ^ Thapar. implying they were Shudras by caste. p. No. History of India. p. 161 –162 ^ a b Kamath (2001). an agricultural implement (Kamath 2001. p. 19. 215 ^ Professor N. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. 36. p. 59. 1931. Artibus Asiae publishers. 38. Bittarasa (Kubja Vishnuvardhana) and Mangalarasa (Mangalesa. p. 24. 8. 59 ^ Azmathulla Shariff. p. 76. 26. 20. 18. prior to the rise of Chalukyas (Kamath 2001. Both Jayasimha and Ranaranga (Pulakesi I's father) are known from Mahakuta inscription of 599 CE and Aihole record of 634 CE (Ramesh 1984. Jayapalan (2001). 51–52) ^ Pulakesi I must have been an administrative official of the northern Kadamba territory centered in Badami (Moraes 1931. ^ Carol Radcliffe Bolon. overpowered his overlord in c. 60 ^ From the notes of Arab traveller Tabari (Kamath 2001. 37. 35) ^ Jayasimha (Pulakesi I's grandfather) is known from the Kaira inscription of 472 –473 CE. 15) ^ Though the script is mostly South Indian (Michell 2002. 15. 26–27. He feels the word Chalki found in some of their records must have originated from salki. p. 2005. with the consent of their masters. ^ Kamath (2001). According to the record. 173–174 . p. 76. ^ The name probably meant "One endowed with the strength of a great lion" (Chopra 2003. some principalities may have submitted to Pulakesi II out of fear of Harsha of Kanauj (Kamath 2001. As far as the Chalukyas of Vatapi are concerned. pp. p. S. ^ Sastri (1955). 159 73. Pulakesi II took titles such as Prithvivallabha and Dakshinapatha Prithviswamy (Kamath 2001. ^ Sastri (1955). 75 part 1) 54. p. ^ Ramesh (1984). p. Berar. 79–80. ^ Kamath 2001. 14 43.C. pp. he conquered the Kadambas. ^ Quote:"Thus began one of the most colourful careers in Indian History" (Ramesh 1984.S. 58–60) 55. ^ The name probably meant "the great lion" (Sastri 1955. 16) 46. pp. 74 part 1) 59. ^ From the Gadval plates dated c. ^ a b From the Kannada inscription at the Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram (Sastri 1955. p. pp. pp. 136 63. Pishtapura (Pishtapuram in eastern Andhra) and Kanchipuram. pp. the Kalingas and the Kosalas. ^ Quote:"The Aihole record gives an impressive list of his military conquests and other achievements. ^ Quote:"His fame spread far and wide even beyond India" (Chopra 2003. p. ^ Quote:"One of the great kings of India". 56 45. ^ His other queen. Maharashtra and Kuntala (with their nine and ninety thousand villages). Pole – "lustrous" in Kannada.R. pp. p. ^ S. on the part of the court poets. ^ Sastri (1955).G (2005). ^ Ramesh (1984). the Latas. He successfully defied the expansion of king Harshavardhana of Northern India into the deccan. Bakshi. once again. 76 52. part 1) 50. the Malwas. pp. who later revived the Chalukya fortunes was born to Pulakesi II and the daughter of Western Ganga monarch Durvinita (Chopra 2003. the north Konkan by naval victory. have concocted the following long list of fifty-two names commencing with no less a personage than the divine preserver"(Ramesh 1984. p. p. part 1) 66. to invent mythical genealogies which seek to carry back the antiquity of the royal families not merely to the periods of the epics and the Vedas but to the very moment of their creation in the heavens. 74. ^ Quote:"Another unhistorical trend met with in the epigraphical records of the 11th and subsequent centuries is the attempt. ^ Ramesh (1984). again. The Aihole inscription by Ravikirti describes how King Harsha lost his Harsha or cheerful disposition after his defeat. 73. 74. Gai in Kamath 2001. 331 71. Majumdar. ISBN 978-81-7625-537-0. the Gurjaras (thereby obtaining sovereignty over the Maharashtras). pp. part 1 65. part 1) 57. ^ a b Thapar (2003). ^ Chopra (2003). for instance. ^ Popular theories regarding the name are: Puli – "tiger" in Kannada and Kesin – "haried" in Sanskrit. p. p. ^ Ramesh (1984). p. ^ According to Dr. p. the blame of engineering such travesties attaches. the Western Gangas. part 1 53. 138 68. The Eastern Chalukyas. p. ^ Kamath (2001)." 44. whose king had opposed the rise of his power" (Chopra 2003. p. p. part 1 67. to the Western Chalukyas of Kalyani and their Eastern Chalukya contemporaries. ^ Chopra 2003. "It has been reported that the story of agnikula is mot mentioned at all in the original version of the Raso preserved in the Fort Library at Bikaner. p. 136) 64. p. ^ Ramesh (1984). ^ Ramesh (1984). 59) 61. 326 47. p. 86–87 60. p. no doubt. 674 of Vikramaditya I (Chopra 2003. 58–59 51. 63 70. ^ Thapar (2003). 76) 56. 140) 69. 94) 58. 135–136 62. Pole – from Tamil word Punai (to tie a knot. 134) 49. ^ a b Chopra (2003). ^ Vikramaditya I.42. 325. 31 –32) 48. 159–160 72. p. p. Harsha of Thanesar. Early Aryans to Swaraj. ^ This is attested to by an inscription behind the Mallikarjuna temple in Badami (Sastri 1955. R. 75–76. an Alupa princess called Kadamba was the daughter of Aluka Maharaja (G. Ramesh 1984. p. pp. 76. from his earliest Badami cliff inscription that literally spells Polekesi. The Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsiang also confirms Pulakesi II's victory over King Harsha in his travelogue. ^ The first work of Telugu literature is a translation of Mahabharata by Nannaya during the rule of Eastern Chalukya king Rajaraja Narendra (1019–1061. 101 79. Sastri 1955. part 1 84. University of Hyderabad. ^ a b Chopra (2003). 1955 p. ^ Pulakesi II made Vishnuvardhana the Yuvaraja or crown prince. p. 67 108. 60 92. p.965 records (Kamath 2001. K. Names such as "Satyasraya" which were used by the Badami Chalukya are also name of a Western Chalukya king. 957 and c. p. p. Bhandarkar and Altekar in Kamath 2001. 408 . 68 96. 100) 76. ^ Hardy (1995). p. 100) 77. ^ Kings of the Chalukya line of Vemulavada. ^ Vijnyaneshavara.S. p. p. ^ Sastri (1955). p. ^ Sastri (1955). alike in heroism in battle and cultural magnificence in peace. The use of titles like Tribhuvanamalla marked them of as a distinct line (Fleet.R. pp. p. p. p. ^ Sastri (1955). ^ Narasimhacharya (1988). 407 107. 18–20 87. Dr. ^ Poet Bilhanas 12th century Sanskrit work Vikramadeva Charitam and Ranna's Kannada work Gadayuddha (982) and inscriptions from Nilagunda. who were certainly from the Badami Chalukya family line used the title "Malla" which is often used by the Western Chalukyas. 134 –136. p. p. ^ Unlike the Badami Chalukyas. 8 91. Sounder Rajan in Kamath 2001. ^ The writing Vikramankadevacharita by Bilhana is a eulogy of the achievements of the king in 18 cantos (Sastri. p. Seshan. ^ a b c Chopra (2003). ^ From his c. ^ Kamath 2001. "APOnline-History of Andhra Pradesh-ancient period-Eastern Chalukyas". ^ Kamath 2001. ^ Hardy (1995). 100) 75. Yevvur. in Kamath 2001. in the western Deccan" (K. 175 85. 132. Later Vishnuvardhana become the founder of the Eastern Chalukya empire (Sastri 1955. ^ Cousens 1926. 367) 98. ^ a b Hardy (1995). 114–115 86. seventh in descent from Bhima. 165 95. 469) 83. brother of Badami Chalukya Vikramaditya II (Kamath 2001. 65 102. p. 192 88. p. p. 407–408 110. the Sanskrit scholar in his court. ^ Kamath (2001). p. p. 11 109. 162) 78. p. ^ The Eastern Chalukya inscriptions show a gradual shift towards Telugu with the appearance of Telugu stanzas from the time of king Gunaga Vijayaditya (Vijayaditya III) in the middle of 9th century. 68 – 69) 105.V. 68 106. part 1 90. p. 406 104. 106) 80. 133 93. p. 11 82. 312) 89. ^ a b c Hardy (1995). ^ Sastri (1955). ^ Quote:"The Chalukyas cut rock like titans but finished like jewellers"(Sheshadri in Kamath 2001. ^ Sastri (1955). (Gopal B. 68) 100. ^ Sastri (1955). 97. 68 101. Kauthem and Miraj claim Tailapa II was son of Vikramaditya IV. ^ Sastri (1955). ^ Percy Brown in Kamath (2001). Revenue Department (Gazetteers). p. ^ Foekema (2003). p. the Kalyani Chalukyas did not claim to be Harithiputhras of Manavysya gotra in lineage. Government of Andhra Pradesh .S. p. p. p. 66 103. ^ Sastri (1955). ^ Kamath (2001). 139. pp. ^ Narasimhacharya (1988). pp. Retrieved 2006-11-12. ^ Quote"The Badami Chalukyas had introduced a glorious chapter. ^ Vikrama–Chalukya era of 1075 CE (Thapar 2003. p. Tata Consultancy Services.74. pp. pp. eulogised him as "a king like none other" (Kamath 2001. p. pp. 5 99. p. ^ Chopra (2003). 315) 81. ^ Later legends and tradition hailed Tailapa as an incarnation of the God Krishna who fought 108 battles against the race of Ratta (Rashtrakuta) and captured 88 fortresses from them (Sastri 1955. 164–165 94. p. 321 130. pp. 65) 151. p. p 17 115. 326 126. in imitation of the Gupta dynasty (A. p. part1 146. 156 117. 69 112. pp.111. 345 136. part 1 156. p. 366 135. p. p. 57. ^ Sastri (1955). 312) 132. ^ Hardy (1995). ^ a b Sastri. ^ a b However. An earlier inscription in Mahakuta. dance etc. (Kamath 2001. ^ Thapar (2003). p. ^ Quote:"He deemed himself the peer of Bharavi and Kalidasa". ^ Sahitya Akademi (1988). ^ Cousens (1926). 114–115 125. p. 1955. ^ Cousens (1926). 65 148. 115) 113. S. 77. p. in prose is comparable to the works of Bana (Sastri. p. ^ Kamath 2001. Bhattakalanka's Sabdanusasana of 1604 (Sastri 1955. 330 128. 355) 139. 14 116. 106) 134. music. p. 66 155. ^ a b Chidananda Murthy in Kamath (2001). ^ Vinopoti. p. part 1 144. ^ Sastri (1955). ^ a b Chopra (2003). 36. 68. November 1. ^ Cousens (1926).[dead link] 152. 64 147. pp. 79–82 121. 78. p 117) 124. ^ One record mentions an artist called Achala who was well versed in Natyashastra (Kamath 2001. p. 100–102 119. 4–5). they issued gold coins that weighed 120 grams. ^ Cousens (1926. ^ The breakup of land into mandalas. ^ Hardy (1995). ^ Narasimhacharya (1988). p. 67) 157. 1955. 391 154. 52 129. part 1 153. ^ a b Hardy (1995). 367 145. 427 114. p. 66) 149. ^ Mugali (1975). a concubine of King Vijayaditya is mentioned with due respect in an inscription (Kamath 2001. ^ Chopra (2003). pp. p. p. p. ^ Hardy (1995). ^ Kamath (2001). p. 356 143. ^ Govindaraya Prabhu. ^ Sastri (1955). 13 141. ^ Foekema (1996). 65. ^ The Mahadeva Temple at Itagi has been called the finest in Kannada country after the Hoysaleswara temple at Halebidu (Cousens in Kamath 2001. p. p. 333 120. pp. Narasimha Murthy in Kamath 2001. p. "Indian coins-Dynasties of South-Chalukyas". ^ The writing is on various topics including traditional medicine. 191. ^ a b Kamath (2001). p. 1717 137. 67 138. Prabhu's Web Page On Indian Coinage. ^ Kamath (2001). ^ Foekema (2003). p. p. Devachandra's Rajavalikathe (Narasimhacharya. ^ Such as Indranandi's Srutavatara. p. ^ Hardy (1995). ^ Chopra (2003). pp.V. ^ a b Sen (1999). ^ Quote:"Their creations have the pride of place in Indian art tradition" (Kamath 2001. vishaya existed in the Kadamba administrative machinery (Kamath 2001. ^ Sastri 1955. ^ Hardy (1995). p. 85–87 127. 312 133. 67) . p. 2001. pp. 65 150. p. 355 140. Retrieved 2008-08-06. ^ Sastri (1955). p. ^ Hardy (1995). pp. 323 123. ^ The Badami Chalukyas influenced the art of the rulers of Vengi and those of Gujarat (Kamath 2001. pp. 196. ^ Chopra (2003). p. 69) 131. 6–7 118. 1934. precious stones. ^ Hardy (1995). p. p. 4 142. p. 336 122. p. p. ^ a b Kamath 2001. ^ Cousens (1926). History of Kannada literature. Adam (1995) [1995]. ISBN 81-215-1089-9. R (1988) [1988]. New Delhi: Abhinav. Architecture decorated with architecture: Later medieval temples of Karnataka. Chalukyas of Vatapi. Suryanath U. Bangalore: Jupiter books. Mugali. 1000–1300 AD. NewIndia Press. OCLC 7796041. Sunday February 26. George (2002) [2002]. ^ Cousens (1926). Keay. NewIndia Press. 309 161. New Delhi: Indian Branch. Narasimhacharya. John (2000) [2000]. T. Houben. Karmarkar. Brill. Cousens. A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present. (1947) [1947]. Medieval and Modern) Part 1. ISBN 81-2190153-7. ISBN 0-19560686-8. Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan. Kamath. 144) 159. Cultural history of Karnataka: ancient and medieval. (1975) [1975]. Pattadakal – Monumental Legacy. ISBN 81-206-0303-6. Retrieved 2006-11-12.158. OCLC 8221605.M. Moraes. . India: A History. 707 and Gudigeri inscription dated 1076 (Ramesh 1984. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Sahitya Akademi. 142. Nilakanta K. New Delhi. LCCN 8095179. ^ Sastri (1955). A. Michell. ^ From the Shiggaon plates of c. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. p.V. The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts. OCLC 37526233. History of South India (Ancient. OCLC 2492406. (1996) [1996]. ^ a b Staff correspondent.N. History of Kannada Literature. R.. (2002) [1955]. p. Ravindran. Hardy. Jan E. ISBN 08021-3797-0. 324 162. Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit language.. Madras: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-7017312-4. Subrahmanian.P. Henry (1996) [1926].S. A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka. Foekema. New Delhi: Chand Publications. ISBN 0-19-566057-9. ISBN 398710333 Check |isbn= value (help). N (2003) [2003]. Dharwad: Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha. ISBN 81-7017-345-0. Ltd. New Delhi. "Chalukya Utsava: Depiction of grandeur and glory".A. Oxford University Press. pp. References [edit] Books Chopra. K. Gerard (1996). (1984). Ramesh. Gerard (2003) [2003]. ^ Sastri (1955). The Kadamba Kula. Abhinav Publications. Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples. p.K. ISBN 90-04-10613-8. 59 160. ISBN 81-2060595-0. 2006. Oxford University Press. George M. Sastri. (1990) [1931]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. P. Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation-The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries. Madras: Asian Educational Services. Foekema. New York: Grove Publications. (2001) [1980]. Gunther. Spectrum. Ancient Indian History and Civilization. pp. an article by Azmathulla Shariff in Deccan Herald. Retrieved 2013-04-17. Bardez. The Penguin History of Early India. ISBN 81-260-1194-7. External links [edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chalukya dynasty "Chalukyan Art by Dr. Archived from the original on 2007-02-10. 20 September 1996. "Aihole Temples. C. Thapar. Chalukyas of Kalyana (973–1198 CE) by Dr. Retrieved 2006-11-10. Photographs by Michael D. 2002". Jyotsna Kamat. Retrieved 2006-11-10. ISBN 81-224-1198-3.V. Vol. "Badami Cave Temples. Sailendra Nath. Retrieved 2006-11-12. India". Retrieved 2006-11-10. "Rich slice of history". Retrieved 2011-07-11. Jyotsna Kamat. Goa. "History of the Kannada Literature.php?title=Chalukya_dynasty&oldid=553357816" . Retrieved 2013-03-29. Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2. Takeyo Kamiya. Gunther. 41. "APOnline – History of Andhra Pradesh-ancient period-Eastern Chalukyas by Tata Consultancy Services". Retrieved 2006-1110. Vaidya. Artibus Asiae publishers. Retrieved 2006-11-10. on Kamat's Potpourri. Carol Radcliffe Bolon. Poona: Oriental Book Supply Agency. History of Mediaeval Hindu India (Being a History of India from 600 to 1200 A. 2002". "Coins of Chalukyas".[dead link] "Coins of Alupas". "Badami Chalukyans' magical transformation. 2/3 (1979). Timeless Theater-Karnataka-History of Kannada.wikipedia. "Pattadakal Temples. New Age Publishers. 4 November 2006". Sahitya Akademi. Sen. Retrieved from "http://en. Retrieved 2006-11-12. 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