CCNACisco Certified Network Associate Tuhin Dey COLLEGE:.Computer Science and Engineering SEMESTER:.Omdayal College of Engineering and Architecture STREAM:.7th Semester TRAINING INSTITUTE:.IIHT (Indian Institute of Hardware and Technology) .NAME:. . networked computing devices exchange data with each other along network links (data connections). In computer networks. The connections between nodes are established using either cable media or wireless media.INTRODUCTION A computer network or data network is a telecommunication network which allows computers to exchange data. The best-known computer network is the Internet. The OSI Model The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a reference tool for understanding data communications between any two networked systems. . It divides the communications processes into seven layers. Each layer both performs specific functions to support the layers above it and offers services to the layers below it. . . . TCP/IP MODEL . The workstations can communicate with each other using non-routable protocols. What does it mean to say that they “communicate with each other as though they were on a single. .VIRTUAL – LAN( VLAN) In simple terms. isolated LAN. a VLAN is a set of workstations within a LAN that can communicate with each other as though they were on a single. For example. it means that: broadcast packets sent by one of the workstations will reach all the others in the VLAN broadcasts sent by one of the workstations in the VLAN will not reach any workstations that are not in the VLAN broadcasts sent by workstations that are not in the VLAN will never reach workstations that are in the VLAN The workstations can all communicate with each other without needing to go through a gateway. IP connections would be established by ARPing for the destination IP and sending packets directly to the destination workstation —there would be no need to send packets to the IP gateway to be forwarded on. isolated LAN”? Among other things. though. but often do not work well in practice. routers that forward data in software become a bottleneck as LAN data rates increase. printers. then they can be put off. . Formation of virtual workgroups. This is much harder when a network is physically divided up by routers. etc. 1. 3. It turns out that users are usually more interested in accessing company-wide resources (file servers. Performance. If users move their desks. Ease of partitioning off resources. They can then more easily share files and resources with each other. 4. Greater flexibility. then. and still be within the same VLAN. or just move around the place with their laptops. 2. they can plug their PC in at the new location. Doing away with the routers removes this bottleneck. If there are servers or other equipment to which the network administrator wishes to limit access. it is relatively easy to put all the people working together on a particular project all into a single VLAN. Because workstations can be moved from one VLAN to another just by changing the configuration on switches. if the VLANs are set up the right way.) than files on each others' PCs. As mentioned above.Advantages of using VLANs Then users in other VLANs can be given access selectively. To be honest. virtual workgroups sound like a good idea in theory. such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). are addressed by an upper layer transport protocol. These aspects. nor does it assure proper sequencing or avoidance of duplicate delivery. in that it does not guarantee delivery. It operates on a best effort delivery model. including data integrity. and was the first version deployed for production in the ARPANET in 1983. [1] despite the ongoing deployment of a successor protocol. It still routes most Internet traffic today. It is one of the core protocols of standards-based internetworking methods in the Internet. IPv4 is a connectionless protocol for use on packet-switched networks.IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP). . .IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP). Device mobility. security. the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. In particular. and provides additional optimization for the delivery of services. IPv6 provides other technical benefits in addition to a larger addressing space. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion . and configuration aspects have been considered in the design of the protocol. it permits hierarchical address allocation methods that facilitate route aggregation across the Internet. The use of multicast addressing is expanded and simplified. and thus limit the expansion of routing tables. IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4. LAB WORK A complex network designed with the usage of some networking protocols :EIGRP routing protocol NAT applied on Router 1 VLAN 20 cannot access VLAN 30 and VLAN 40 PPP encapsulation work between Router 1 and Router 2 . . Even though it is only 12 weeks of training. I would like to thank Tuhinendru sir for helping me out through out the course. the experience in the institute during 12 weeks is valuable for me. I have learned the working logics of CCNA. . I would like to conclude that I have learned a lot of knowledge which I cannot obtain in the books or references.CONCLUSION In conclusion. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IIHT (Indian Institute of Hardware and Technology) Tuhinendru Nath Mrinmoy Ghosh . THANK YOU .